{"id":7128,"date":"2020-12-02T05:44:08","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:44:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/con-duong-giac-ngo\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T05:44:08","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:44:08","slug":"con-duong-giac-ngo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/con-duong-giac-ngo\/","title":{"rendered":"Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9"},"content":{"rendered":"

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CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG<\/span> GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/span><\/b><\/span>
Nguy\u1ec5n Huy<\/span>
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\"con-duong-giac-ngo-nguyenhuy\"

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\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> chi\u00eam b\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0 H.W. Schumann t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda<\/span> l\u1ea1i l\u00fac \u00f4ng vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Giao th\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> x\u1ee9 Ph\u1eadt. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng v\u1eafng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u00eam b\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u00edch<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an<\/span> h\u01a1n khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. H\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m sau, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba danh t\u1eebng in d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span>:
<\/span> \u201cT\u00f4i b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i trong K\u1ef3-vi\u00ean (Jetavana) tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> h\u1eb9p tr\u00e1ng xi-m\u0103ng m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea1ch b\u00f3ng sau c\u01a1n m\u01b0a v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh an<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh, \u1edf Vesali m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed s\u1eafc v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3, \u1edf Bodh Gaya m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m t\u01b0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3, \u1edf Linh Th\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, \u1edf C\u00e2u-thi-na m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed l\u1ef1c m\u00e1t l\u1ea1nh bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, \u1edf L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng h\u00e2n hoan<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>, l\u00f2ng b\u00ecnh an<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n chan h\u00f2a trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n cho ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi\u201d1.<\/i>
\u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf<\/span> m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> cao qu\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ea5y b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 tu\u00f4n ch\u1ea3y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> d\u1eabn d\u1eaft thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.
T.W. Rhys Davids n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gotama l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay an \u1ed5n<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span>, \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f32. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> Nik\u00e0ya thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u1ec7 P\u00e0li l\u01b0u l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i: \u201cC\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1edd ih\u00e3y l\u00f3ng tai, Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ta s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, Ta s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span>. N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang theo l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, sau khi t\u1ef1 tri, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, s\u1ebd an tr\u00fa<\/span>.\u201d Trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ng\u00e0i: \u201cTh\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u201d3<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/b><\/span>
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S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf Gay\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Trung Hoa t\u1eebng ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang T\u00e2y Tr\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tu s\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i gian nan<\/span> b\u0103ng r\u1eebng v\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00fai sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u0103n minh<\/span> xa x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng thua g\u00ec \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3 v\u0103n minh<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m linh<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 k\u00e9m \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc. Nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u0103n minh<\/span> b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 t\u00edch<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> x\u00e2m l\u0103ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc.
\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Siddhattha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u01b0u t\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh th\u00e0nh Kapilavatthu, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gotama l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> Ariyapariyesana Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span>:
<\/span> \u201cR\u1ed3i n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, Ta t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb sanh, sau khi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u1ecb sanh, t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng sanh, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng sanh, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb gi\u00e0\u2026 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh\u2026 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft\u2026 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb s\u1ea7u\u2026 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, sau khi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span>, kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. V\u00e0 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i Ta. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ta, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> n\u1eefa.\u201d4<\/i>
Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y vai tr\u00f2<\/span> khai s\u00e1ng t\u00e2m linh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span> n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, tam thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> chung quanh l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ta x\u00e9t qua b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ee9c tin<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0, ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, sang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Upanisad, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> Sa-m\u00f4n trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t d\u1ecdc d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span>, c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u01b0a s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Samm\u00e0sambuddho) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ef9 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3n h\u1eefu l\u1eafm m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi 5. Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span> Asita ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Siddhattha s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed96. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> 32 h\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng7. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u00f4n s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eddi, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> ng\u1ed9\u201d8.
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt hay b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ef9 t\u01b0\u1edbng xa lu\u00e2n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n Dona kh\u00f4ng tin Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>:
<\/span> – Th\u01b0a Sa-m\u00f4n, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, C\u00e0n-th\u00e1t-b\u00e0 hay D\u1ea1-xoa ch\u0103ng?<\/i>
<\/span> \u2013 Ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, C\u00e0n-th\u00e1t-b\u00e0 hay D\u1ea1-xoa, n\u00e0y B\u00e0- la-m\u00f4n.<\/i>
<\/span> \u2013 V\u1eady Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ai, th\u01b0a Sa-m\u00f4n?<\/i>
<\/span> \u2013 N\u00e0y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, Ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn\u2026 V\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span>, n\u00e0y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, b\u00f4ng sen xanh, hay b\u00f4ng sen h\u1ed3ng, hay b\u00f4ng sen tr\u1eafng, sanh ra trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, sanh ra trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, Ta s\u1ed1ng chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt. N\u00e0y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, Ta l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt.9<\/i>
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Upanisad xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc sang t\u01b0 duy<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Upanisad \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> Sa-m\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1edbcT\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m linh<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span>. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n10 ch\u00e9p \u1edf T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y. Vua Pasenadi n\u01b0\u1edbc Kosala tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>, t\u1eebng d\u00f2 h\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>:
<\/span> – T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gotama c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c?<\/i>
<\/span> \u2013 Th\u01b0a \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ta. Th\u01b0a \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, Ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/i>
<\/span> \u2013 Th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gotama, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, khai t\u1ed5<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i P\u00f9rana Kassapa, Makkhali Gos\u00e0la, Nigantha N\u00e0taputta, Sanjaya Belatthiputta, Pakudha Kacc\u00e0yana, Ajita Kesakambala. Khi con h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng, th\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. V\u1eady l\u00e0m sao T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gotama, tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, sanh sau \u0111\u1ebb mu\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/i>
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V\u0103n \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u1eadt minh tri\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd nh\u1ecb<\/span> khi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n uy\u00ean th\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u01b0 Pasenadi r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i<\/span> kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c, xin quy y Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c tin Sa-m\u00f4n Gotama l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span>, c\u00f2n s\u00e1u v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m<\/span> l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu danh v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c.
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u00edt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sang x\u00e1c t\u00edn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i11. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb c\u00f2n c\u1ea7u xin<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh: \u201cQu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> su\u00fdt n\u1eefa b\u1ecb suy vong. Trong khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 B\u00e0-la- m\u00f4n; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Sa-m\u00f4n, l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Sa-m\u00f4n; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i A-la-h\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Sa-m\u00f4n, m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n.\u201d12
C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Sa-m\u00f4n Gotama, du s\u0129 bi\u1ec7n thuy\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> Saccaka v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ed ch\u1ee7<\/span> Up\u00e0li thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> quy y<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng x\u00e1c t\u00edn Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span>.13 Vua Pasenadi c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> sau khi hi\u1ec3u ra Sa-m\u00f4n Gotama th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>.14 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> Cullavagga thu\u1ed9c Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u00e0li n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nghe m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00e0jagaha d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (Buddho) trong khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n cho Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> gia C\u1ea5p C\u00f4 \u0110\u1ed9c<\/span> (An\u00e0thapindika) h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> g\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c t\u00edn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ebd theo \u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 danh x\u01b0ng \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi.15 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> t\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb gia ch\u1ee7<\/span> gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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X\u00e1c t\u00edn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/b><\/span>
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Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u0103m \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span> do Kondanna \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u1ecf ra<\/span> \u00edt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin Sa-m\u00f4n Gotama l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1ed9t khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u1ed1i tu<\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>:
<\/span> – Hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gotama, v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o tu n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y, Hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n, tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, th\u00ec nay l\u00e0m sao Hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> sung t\u00fac<\/span>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf lui \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n, tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh?16<\/i>
<\/span> L\u00fac n\u00e0y b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng<\/span>:<\/i>
<\/span> \u2013 N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf lui \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span>. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, h\u00e3y l\u00f3ng tai, Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Ta s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, Ta s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Ta ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, sau khi t\u1ef1 tri, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.17<\/i>
<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho nh\u00f3m n\u0103m \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i, n\u1ebfu tu\u00e2n theo<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i do Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00e1 h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tu ti\u1ebfn t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. Theo Ng\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hay gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> theo \u0111\u00fang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>; t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> d\u00f9 do ai \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u g\u00ec.18 Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, m\u1ecdi giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> hay gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra lo t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> Ni gi\u1edbi<\/span>.
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn r\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u0169 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> tr\u00e0n l\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u00f5 ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> h\u00e2n hoan<\/span> l\u1eafng nghe l\u1eddi<\/span> khuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u00e0li m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3<\/span>, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> l\u00e0m cho ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch v\u00e0 hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span>, r\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i l\u01b0u luy\u1ebfn<\/span> ra \u0111i m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i.19 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb xa \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1edd nghe \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span>: \u201cCh\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.\u201d Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o<\/span> ch\u00ed t\u00ecnh<\/span> ch\u00ed l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i b\u0103ng ng\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>. 21 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi trang tr\u1ecdng n\u00eau nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i: \u201cNh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ecb qu\u0103ng ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng<\/span>, ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ecb che k\u00edn, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> cho k\u1ebb l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i<\/span>, \u0111em \u0111\u00e8n s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 m\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt\u201d.<\/i>
Jawaharlal Nehru n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1edb nh\u01b0 in m\u1ed7i khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 uy nghi\u00eam<\/span>, thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng<\/span>, v\u00f4 v\u00e0n tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai.\u201d22<\/i>
Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n h\u01a1n 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn t\u1ecfa \u00e1nh d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng<\/span> trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng con tim bi\u1ebft y\u00eau qu\u00fd c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> hay gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh do Ng\u00e0i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span> ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o v\u1eabn t\u1ecf r\u00f5<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong ni\u1ec1m k\u00ednh t\u00edn bi\u1ebft \u01a1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u201c\u0111\u00e3 sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/b>
1. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch, M\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7m, tr. 132.
2. T.W. Rhys Davids, Lectures on some Points in the History of Indian Buddhism, tr. 162.
3. Ti\u1ec3u kinh Saccaka<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
4. Kinh Ariyapariyesana, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
5. Xem Kinh Ambattha, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span>; Kinh Brahm\u00e0yu, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
6. Kinh An s\u0129, Kinh t\u1eadp<\/span>, Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span>.
7. Kinh Brahm\u00e0yu, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
8. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ed5n<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span>; Kinh Cank\u00ec, Kinh Subha<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
9. Kinh T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span>.
10. Kinh Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb<\/span>, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span>.
11. Kinh Ambattha, Kinh Sonadanda, Kinh K\u00f9tadanta, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span>; Kinh Brahm\u00e0yu, Kinh Cank\u00ec, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
12. Ti\u1ec3u kinh V\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n voi<\/span>, Kinh Ph\u00e1p trang nghi\u00eam<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
13. Kinh Mah\u00e0saccaka, Kinh Up\u00e0li, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
14. Kinh Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb<\/span>, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span>.
15. T.W. Rhys Davids & H. Oldenberg, Vinaya Texts, Part III, tr. 180-181.
16. Kinh Ariyapariyesana, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
17. Kinh Ariyapariyesana, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
18. Kinh Assalayana<\/span>, Kinh Kannakatthala, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
19. Kinh Brahm\u00e0yu, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
20. Kinh Mah\u00e0 Sakulud\u00e0yi, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
21. Kinh Cank\u00ec, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span>.
22. Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ee7y Ba<\/span>, Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1eadp I, tr. 212. \u2022<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ed1 152 | Nguy\u1ec5n Huy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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