{"id":7141,"date":"2020-12-02T05:53:38","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:53:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/nguyen-nhan-phan-phai-dau-tien-trong-phat-giao-an-do-va-ky-kiet-tap-thu-hai\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T05:53:38","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:53:38","slug":"nguyen-nhan-phan-phai-dau-tien-trong-phat-giao-an-do-va-ky-kiet-tap-thu-hai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/nguyen-nhan-phan-phai-dau-tien-trong-phat-giao-an-do-va-ky-kiet-tap-thu-hai\/","title":{"rendered":"Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e2n Ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 V\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Ki\u1ebft T\u1eadp Th\u1ee9 Hai"},"content":{"rendered":"

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<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n<\/span> Ph\u00e2n Ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> V\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Ki\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> Th\u1ee9 Hai<\/span><\/span><\/b>

Th\u00edch Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
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S\u1eed li\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>(1)<\/sup>, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m: 100, 116, 137 v\u00e0 160 n\u0103m sau n\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 236 sau n\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>(2)<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, hai th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 236 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> t\u1eeb 100 \u0111\u1ebfn 160 n\u0103m sau n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n x\u00e9t trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly, ho\u1eb7c \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi T\u1ef3-kheo \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3-kheo, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 t\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly (Vai\u015b\u0101li) (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II), c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y(3)<\/sup>. Nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span>. Theo Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> (Therav\u0101da), m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 (Vajji),<\/i> th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly, cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d (Dasavatth\u016bni<\/i>). \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef mu\u1ed1i trong \u1ed1ng s\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 khi c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng<\/span>, s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng; 2. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0103n qu\u00e1 tr\u01b0a khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> ng\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng ch\u01b0a qu\u00e1 hai ng\u00f3n tay;(4)<\/sup> 3. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7, oai nghi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3, ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p d\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0o trong x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, \u0103n th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa; 4. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u00e1c tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi, y\u1ebft-ma b\u1ed1-t\u00e1t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t; 5. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ebfn sau t\u00f9y h\u1ef7<\/span> ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma n\u00e0y; 6. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> A-x\u00e0-l\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>; 7. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p u\u1ed1ng s\u1eefa ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00f4ng sau b\u1eefa \u0103n<\/span>; 8. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y l\u00ean men (r\u01b0\u1ee3u pha lo\u00e3ng); 9. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a t\u1ecda c\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec1n; 10. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Da-x\u00e1 (Yasa), du h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong d\u00e2n gian, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly (Skt. Vai\u015b\u0101li), bi\u1ebft tin c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phi gi\u1edbi, phi lu\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. C\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly y\u1ebft-ma quy k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u<\/span> ch\u00fang T\u0103ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t t\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0o Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Da-x\u00e1 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh n\u00f3i sai tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Da-x\u00e1 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d n\u00e0y v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng sai, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d \u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 theo ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 sai ph\u1ea1m, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly (Skt. Vai\u015b\u0101l\u012b), Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Da-x\u00e1 (Yasa) \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh P\u0101v\u0101, Avanti \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Da-x\u00e1 \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span>: Sambh\u016bta S\u0101\u1e47av\u0101s\u012b, Revata, S\u0101\u1e37ha, Sabbak\u0101m\u012b \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> ng\u00e0i. Sau khi nghe tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng, mu\u1ed1n tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00fang sai v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly, \u0111\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng g\u1ed3m 700 T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u0101lika, th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly. \u0110\u1ea1i T\u0103ng<\/span> ch\u1ecdn ra 8 v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho hai ph\u00eda: \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, g\u1ed3m: Sabb\u0101k\u0101min, S\u0101\u1e37ha, Khujjasobhita v\u00e0 V\u0101sabhag\u0101mika. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo P\u0101v\u0101 (P\u0101\u1e6dheyyaka), \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Da-x\u00e1, thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, g\u1ed3m: Revata, Sambh\u016bta, Yasa (Da-x\u00e1) v\u00e0 Sumana. T\u0103ng sai Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Revata l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> h\u1ecfi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sabb\u0101k\u0101min v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sabb\u0101k\u0101min l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u0103ng<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3, th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly l\u00e0 phi gi\u1edbi, phi lu\u1eadt, sai ph\u1ea1m l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> (Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng) c\u0169ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u0101li c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> t\u1ea1i l\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 phi gi\u1edbi, phi lu\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, theo Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ma-ha T\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika), nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u0103ng<\/span> tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span>. V\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span>, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0-ta-b\u00e0-la, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span>, th\u01b0a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00f3 5 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span>: n\u1ebfu T\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> (D\u012bpava\u1e43sa)(5)<\/sup>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV TL, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> (Mahava\u1e43sa),(6)<\/sup> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V TL, t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da). Theo hai ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, sau khi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly (Vai\u015b\u0101l\u012b) trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua K\u0101l\u0101soka, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 phi gi\u1edbi phi lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d b\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m 10 ng\u00e0n T\u1ef3-kheo, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> (mah\u0101sa\u1e45g\u012bti). <\/i>M\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n T\u1ef3-kheo trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9: \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong hai ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 100 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt, khi bi\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Da-x\u00e1 (Yasa) \u0111ang \u0111i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> ph\u00e2n x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p<\/span>, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Revanta. H\u1ecd d\u00e2ng c\u00fang Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Revanta nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span>, lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi \u0110\u1ea1i t\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a 10 ng\u00e0n T\u1ef3-kheo nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> (D\u012bpava\u1e43sa) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> (Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa) t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span>, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span>, lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u1ea1 s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt (m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 mua chu\u1ed9c) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Revanta (Ly-b\u00e0-\u0111a). V\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng T\u1ef3-kheo \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, th\u00ec ngay trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span><\/i>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn<\/span> trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, theo \u00c9. Lamotte, n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh sau \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> P\u0101li. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Samantap\u0101s\u0101dika<\/i>, ng\u00e0i Budhaghosa (Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span>), m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> (Therav\u0101da), kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, trong Nik\u0101yasa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>graha<\/i>, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>, ng\u00e0i Sa\u1e43ghar\u0101ja Dharmak\u012brti cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> (P\u0101\u1e6daliputra) do ng\u00e0i M\u1ee5c Li\u00ean<\/span> \u0110\u1ebf Tu<\/span> (Moggaliputta Tissa) ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec(7)<\/sup>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hai ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> P\u0101li cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9: \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da) l\u00e0 do b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> (D\u012bpava\u1e43sa) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span> <\/i>(Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa). H\u1ecd kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sa\u1e43mat\u012bya). <\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo s\u1eed li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span>,(8)<\/sup> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 do trong T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau: m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9: \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d (pa\u00f1cavastu<\/i>) n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng: 1. A-la-h\u00e1n, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t tinh nh\u01b0ng trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00e0m cho xu\u1ea5t tinh; 2. A-la-h\u00e1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y; 3. A-la-h\u00e1n, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri<\/span> nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri<\/span>; 4. A-la-h\u00e1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>) d\u1eabn v\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 5. A-la-h\u00e1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfng \u201cKh\u1ed5\u201d (ph\u00e1t ra trong l\u00fac thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>) m\u1edbi v\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Samayabhedoparacanacakra<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu<\/span> (Vasumitra), m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch(9)<\/sup> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng d\u1ecbch. C\u1ea3 ba b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0: v\u00e0o 116 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> (P\u0101\u1e6daliputra),(10)<\/sup> trong l\u00fac vua A-d\u1ee5c \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u00f5i Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1<\/span> (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>), c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang T\u1ef3-kheo, ho\u1eb7c ba ch\u00fang t\u00ean: N\u0103ng, Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span> (Th\u1eadp b\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn); ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n ch\u00fang<\/span>: \u0110\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, Ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span>, Ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ee9c (B\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn) ho\u1eb7c Long t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3, \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> (D\u1ecb b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00f4n lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn) \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh A-la-h\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Do \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d n\u00e0y, T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh hai: \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da), \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Therav\u0101da). Hai b\u1ea3n T\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, b\u1ea3n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00eau t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> (Mah\u0101deva), n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i thi\u00ean ng\u0169 s\u1ef1\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa (Vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101) c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>, trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa,<\/i>(11)<\/sup> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> (Mah\u0101deva) kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n<\/span>, vi\u1ebft th\u00eam ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span>; theo \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> ph\u1ea1m ba tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i<\/span> ng\u0169 ngh\u1ecbch<\/span>: gi\u1ebft cha, gi\u1ebft m\u1eb9, gi\u1ebft A-la-h\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span>, sau khi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> theo Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh<\/span>, h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vua quan v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c<\/span>. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Trung Hoa, nh\u01b0: Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>, C\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>, c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ti\u00ean n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ng\u00e0i Khuy C\u01a1<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span>. Theo Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o cao \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua quan k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ecb quy g\u00e1n ba t\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ngh\u1ecbch<\/span>, khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh A-la-h\u00e1n(12)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1eed li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sa\u1e43mat\u012bya) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (Bhavya ho\u1eb7c Bh\u0101vaviveka) ghi l\u1ea1i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Tarkajv\u0101l\u0101 (Mdo XIX, tr. 162b 6-163; cf. Mdo XC, No. 12) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI TL. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Bu ston, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, Gzon nu dpal, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XV v\u00e0 T\u0101ran\u0101tha, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XVII tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> hai ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn n\u00e0y. Theo ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, 136 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua Nanda ho\u1eb7c Mah\u0101padma, m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi T\u1ef3-kheo t\u00ean Bhadra (m\u1ed9t T\u0103ng s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span>). Do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd. V\u00e0 theo ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 hai, 160 n\u0103m sau n\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, trong l\u00fac vua A-d\u1ee5c (A\u015boka) \u0111ang cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> (P\u0101\u1e6daliputra), T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9: \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>.(13)<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da) v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sa\u1e43mat\u012bya) thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m 137 sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> vua Mah\u0101padma, ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m 116 v\u00e0 160 sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> vua A-d\u1ee5c (A\u015boka); nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9: \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>, l\u00e0 do b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft, khi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai l\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n ly: m\u1ed9t, do \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-\u0110\u1ea1t-\u0111a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>,(14)<\/sup> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, do b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1ea1i Kosambi. Tuy hai l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c uy t\u00edn<\/span> trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau c\u0169ng v\u1eady. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3-kheo hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. L\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn<\/span> trong T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n T\u1ef3-kheo, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3-kheo, nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111a v\u0103n<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/span>, c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u Sanskrit v\u00e0 Trung Hoa), m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3-kheo \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi: \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. H\u1ecd \u00edt quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n, m\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u1ea3, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> trong d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00e0nh hai \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Andr\u00e9 Bareau, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span>, C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span><\/i>, cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0m cho T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu, t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n ly th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Bareau ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 do \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u00e0 l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, theo Andr\u00e9 Bareau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua A-d\u1ee5c (A\u015boka) nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu<\/span>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> vua A-d\u1ee5c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1eed li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c x\u01b0a h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Kasmir kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ghi l\u1ea1i danh t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee9c vua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean vua A-d\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 vua A-d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c vua tr\u1ecb v\u00ec trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Bareau k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 140 sau n\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> (P\u0101\u1e6daliputra) d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> vua Nanda ho\u1eb7c Mah\u0101padma do T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span>.(15)<\/sup>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, theo ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>(16)<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Paul Demi\u00e9ville c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>. Theo Demi\u00e9ville, trong \u201cA Propos du Concile de Vai\u015b\u0101li\u201d, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> h\u01a1n, n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly (Vai\u015b\u0101l\u012b) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>; v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01a1n, n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> (P\u0101\u1e6daliputra) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u0103m ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n(17)<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 J. Nattier v\u00e0 Charles S. Prebish ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Demi\u00e9ville. Theo h\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Demi\u00e9ville l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n kinh<\/i>, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, theo \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Demi\u00e9ville c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>(18)<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nalinaksha Dutt \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Theo N. Dutt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u (M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3) v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00eam nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> (N\u0103m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n)(19)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 J. Nattier v\u00e0 Charles S. Prebish(20)<\/sup> \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n. Theo hai gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y, n\u1ed9i dung \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung th\u1ee9<\/span> n\u0103m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u201cKh\u1ed5\u201d th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n, trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong c\u00e1c chi ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> trong c\u00e1c chi ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda Nam, quanh v\u00f9ng Andhra. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, h\u1ecd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 n\u0103m ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh. Theo h\u1ecd, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c chi ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, do \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span>. J. Nattier v\u00e0 Charles S. Prebish c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u00c9. Lamotte v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> (D\u012bpava\u1e43sa). V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, hai gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i>. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a J. Nattier & Charles S. Prebish d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong kinh X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n. <\/i>Kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Andr\u00e9 Bareau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>(21)<\/sup>. Theo kinh n\u00e0y, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111em lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i Ca-di\u1ebfp<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u. Do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a<\/span>. H\u1ecd nh\u1edd vua n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ph\u00e2n x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang sai. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i Ca-di\u1ebfp<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ecdn th\u1ebb m\u00e0u \u0111en, nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o th\u00ec ch\u1ecdn th\u1ebb m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u1ebb m\u00e0u \u0111en c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 ng\u00e0n, c\u00f2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebb m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 100. Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>. M\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n T\u1ef3-kheo tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. S\u1ed1 T\u1ef3-kheo kia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>)(22)<\/sup>. Kinh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u00ean v\u1ecb vua tr\u00ec v\u1ecb l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u00c9. Lamotte nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng<\/span> vua n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vua A-d\u1ee5c (A\u015boka). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt trong kinh n\u00e0y, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 do c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u trong gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> do T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Up\u0101li v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u0103ng<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, so s\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt Ma-ha T\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span>: 218 gi\u1edbi. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc<\/span> (\u015aaik\u1e63a – dharmas) <\/i>trong gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt. Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ma-ha T\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 66 gi\u1edbi; trong khi lu\u1eadt P\u0101li: 75, T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span>: 100, Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng: 113, C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>: 108. V\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span> Ma-ha T\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t(23)<\/sup>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, theo J. Nattier & Charles S. Prebish, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ly, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lo s\u1ee3 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n ly, n\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u00eam gi\u1ea3m cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00e0ng th\u00eam b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i. Hai gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u trong gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 116 sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>, theo \u0110\u1ea3o s\u1eed<\/span><\/i>, th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>) g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, theo kinh X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n<\/i>, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng T\u1ef3-kheo tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n ly gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da). <\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavirav\u0101da) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i l\u1edbn m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hao t\u1ed1n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u, tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 qua. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 y<\/span> c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng T\u0103ng s\u0129 tr\u1ebb, l\u01a1i l\u1ecfng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, hay b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o<\/span> x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a hai ngu\u1ed3n P\u0101li v\u00e0 Sanskrit v\u1ec1 l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. Khi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 mang m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika). <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/u><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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(1)<\/sup> Trong \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c K\u00fd<\/span><\/i>, ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span>, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 do vua A-d\u1ee5c kh\u1eafc t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i Ca-di\u1ebfp<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec. Nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i Ca-di\u1ebfp<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec. H\u1ecd g\u1ed3m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng T\u1ef3-kheo, kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i Ca-di\u1ebfp<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>. \u00c9tienne Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism, translated from the French by Sara Webb-Boin, Louvaun-la-neuve, 1988, tr. 286. Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> th\u00eam: \u5927\u5510\u897f\u57df\u8a18, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 2087, tr. 923a 2-10.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(2)<\/sup> Theo Nik\u0101yasa\u1e43graha c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Sa\u1e43ghar\u0101ja Dharmak\u012brti, l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ngay sau khi<\/span> k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1ea1i P\u0101\u1e6daliputra (kinh th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span>) do ng\u00e0i Moggaliputta tissa (M\u1ee5c-li\u00ean-\u0111\u1ebf-tu) ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 236. \u00c9tienne Lamotte, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 288-289.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(3)<\/sup> Vinaya Pitaka Vol. V (Cullavagga), I. B. Horner d\u1ecbch, London: Luzac & Company Ltd., 1963, tr.407-430; Lu\u1eadt Ma-ha T\u0103ng-k\u1ef3<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 1425 tr.493 a28; Lu\u1eadt T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 1428, tr.968c19; Lu\u1eadt Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng<\/i> (H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>),\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 1435, tr.450a 28.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(4)<\/sup> Theo T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng <\/i>c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>, gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo: \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7, oai nghi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3, ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p d\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p d\u00f9ng hai ng\u00f3n tay l\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n th\u00eam.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(5)<\/sup> S\u1eed li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3o Sri Lanka<\/i> (D\u012bpava\u1e43sa), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, T\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u Indacanda d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Budsas. <\/span><\/p>\n

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(6)<\/sup> The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka<\/i> (Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa), Ananda W. P. Guruge d\u1ecbch, Colombo: S. Godage & Brothers, 2006, tr. 427.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(7)<\/sup> \u00c9. Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism<\/i>, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 288-9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(8)<\/sup> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a theo b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u201cBuddhist controversy over the Five Propositions\u201d (pa\u00f1cavastu) c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u00c9. Lamotte, \u0111\u0103ng trong Studies of Buddhism, do G. Prasad ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, Delhi: NXB. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2006. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam s\u1eed li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u00c9. Lamotte kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(9)<\/sup> B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp b\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/i>, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch<\/i>, d\u1ecbch kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 385 \u0111\u1ebfn 413; t\u00ean d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 tuy trong s\u00e1ch ghi l\u00e0 do ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> d\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n<\/span> (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, T 2032, tr. 18a 9-14). B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 hai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn,<\/i> do ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> d\u1ecbch, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch<\/i>, d\u1ecbch kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 557 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 569 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, T 2033, tr. 20a 15-25). V\u00e0 b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 ba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Di b\u1ed9 t\u00f4n lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn<\/i>, do ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch<\/i>, d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 662 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 2031, tr. 15a 15-23)<\/span><\/p>\n

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(10)<\/sup> C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba danh tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cN\u0103m vi\u1ec7c\u201d kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh \u0111\u00f3, theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u00c9. Lamotte, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kinh th\u00e0nh Pataliputra.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(11)<\/sup> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 1545, ch. 99, tr. 510c – 512a.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(12)<\/sup> Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>, Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 1829, tr.1b.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(13)<\/sup> \u00c9. Lamotte, \u201cBuddhist controversy over the Five Propositions\u201d, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 51-2.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(14)<\/sup> Trong \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c K\u00fd<\/span>,<\/i> ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng, ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t-\u0111a t\u1ea1i ba Tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf Kar\u1e47asuvarna. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ng\u1eafn sau khi \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t-\u0111a c\u00f9ng 500 T\u1ef3-kheo t\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean, v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> 500 T\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0y \u0111ang tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t-\u0111a v\u00ec t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh, m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi. V\u00e0 theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ed. J. Thomas, trong The life of Buddha as Legend and History<\/i>, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t-\u0111a, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb khi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam b\u00e1i<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>) m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c to\u00e0n ho\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. <\/span><\/p>\n

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(15) <\/sup>Andr\u00e9 Bareau, C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span><\/i>, Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, n\u0103m 2003, tr. 54-5.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(16)<\/sup> N. Dutt, Buddhist Sects in India<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998, tr. 31.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(17)<\/sup> J. Nattier & Charles S. Presbish, \u201cMah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika Origins: the Beginning of Buddhist Sectarianism\u201d\u00a0trong Buddhism Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, t\u1eadp. II, do Paul William ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, London & New York: NXB. Routledge, 2005, tr. 201.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

(18)<\/sup>\u00a0S\u0111d., tr. 201.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(19)<\/sup> N. Dutt, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 31.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(20)<\/sup> J. Nattier & Charles S. Presbish, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 199-228.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(21)<\/sup> Andr\u00e9 Bareau, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 26. <\/span><\/p>\n

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(22)<\/sup> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed1 1465, tr. 900b 20-28; v\u00e0 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00c9. Lamotte, trong History of Indian Buddhism, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 172.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

(23)<\/sup> C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0: Andre Bareau, W. Pachow, Hofinger, Erich Frauwallner, v\u00e0 Gustav Roth.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Lu\u1eadt T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 6, T\u1ef3-kheo Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ed7ng Minh v\u00e0 Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, T\u1ef3-kheo Th\u00edch Nguy\u00ean Ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Lu\u1eadt Ma-ha T\u0103ng-k\u1ef3<\/i>, HT.Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01a1n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ti\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m<\/span> (Cullavagga)<\/i>, T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Indacanda Nguy\u1ec7t Thi\u00ean<\/span> d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Budsas .<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

4. D\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, HT.Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Quang<\/span> d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

5. The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka<\/i> (Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa), Ananda W. P. Guruge d\u1ecbch, Colombo: S. Godage & Brothers, 2006.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u00c9tienne Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism<\/i>, translated from the French by Sara Webb-Boin, Louvaun-la-neuve, 1988.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

7. N. Dutt, Buddhist Sects in India<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998.<\/span><\/p>\n

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8. Studies of Buddhism<\/i>, G. Prasad ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, Delhi: NXB. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2006.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

9. J. Nattier & Charles S. Presbish, \u201cMah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika Origins: the Beginning of Buddhist Sectarianism\u201d\u00a0trong Buddhism Critical Concepts in Religious Studies<\/i>, t\u1eadp. II, do Paul William ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, London & New York: NXB. Routledge, 2005.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c<\/i><\/span><\/address>\n<\/div>\n

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