{"id":7159,"date":"2020-12-02T05:56:33","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/vai-net-lich-su-phat-giao-dai-thua-tai-sri-lanka\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T05:56:33","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T22:56:33","slug":"vai-net-lich-su-phat-giao-dai-thua-tai-sri-lanka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/vai-net-lich-su-phat-giao-dai-thua-tai-sri-lanka\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e0i N\u00e9t L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba T\u1ea1i Sri Lanka"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V\u00c0I N\u00c9T L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec<\/span>
PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span> \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1eeaA<\/span> T\u1ea0I SRI LANKA<\/b>
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Th\u00edch Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c
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\"tuong_bo-tat_quan_the_am_tai_kelaniya_srilanka\"

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Theo c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, kho\u1ea3ng 200 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9, vua A-d\u1ee5c (A\u015boka) g\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> do ng\u00e0i Mahinda, con vua A-d\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka. \u0110o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Dev\u0101na\u1ef5piya-tissa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Sri Lanka tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9c vua quy y<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>. \u00d4ng x\u00e2y tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra d\u00e2ng c\u00fang cho Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mahinda v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, theo g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i, l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ecdn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> P\u0101li l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Therav\u0101da l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i: Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra (\u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 Abhayagiri (V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>). V\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV TL, T\u1eeb b\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ra th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u1edf tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Jetavana (K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span>), n\u00ean ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> (Jetavana). Ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>, sau n\u00e0y, trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka. V\u00e0 ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Therav\u0101da b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 43 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, kinh th\u00e0nh Anur\u0101dhapura c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Tamil t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng<\/span>. Khi kinh th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, vua Va\u1e6d\u1e6dag\u0101mani Abhaya v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng<\/span> tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi kinh th\u00e0nh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n an to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Hambugallaka do Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil theo B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cai tr\u1ecb Sri Lanka trong 14 n\u0103m. Su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0y, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn T\u0103ng Ni<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i ch\u1ebft. H\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn tu s\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n sang t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 29 TTL, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u01a1<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span>, vua Abhaya kh\u1edfi binh t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm kinh th\u00e0nh Anur\u0101dhapura. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i<\/span>, vua Abhaya tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> ngai vua. \u0110\u1ec3 tri \u00e2n<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa, vua x\u00e2y c\u00fang Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> tinh x\u00e1<\/span> Abhayagiri (V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>). Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> (Abhayagiri) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n. Khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>, theo Nik\u0101ya-sa<\/i>\u1e45graha<\/i> thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra), Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>. H\u1ecd y\u1ebft-ma k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u00fang T\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1o<\/span> bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n(1).<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra) v\u00e0 V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> (Abhayagiri) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng sai ph\u1ea1m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u1edf hai tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u0101tissa v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129<\/span> thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> Vajjiputtaka \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, theo c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span>(2). Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. K\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>, thay v\u00ec bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit(3). \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TL, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> c\u00e0ng th\u00eam s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng khi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> Vaitulyav\u0101da (P\u0101li: Vetullav\u0101da) t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka. Theo ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span> (Buddhaghosa), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mah\u0101su\u00f1\u00f1av\u0101da<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0y mang theo<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh Vaitulya<\/i>. Theo ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (Asanga) trong Abhidharma-Samuccaya<\/i>, ba thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb Vaitulya, Vaipulya<\/i> v\u00e0 Vaidalya<\/i> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng theo ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, kinh Vaipulya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t t\u1ea1ng(4). Kinh Vaipulya <\/i>c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kern v\u00e0 Paranavitana, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> Vaitulyav\u0101da l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>(5). Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> (Abhayagiri) th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra) ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, theo Nik\u0101ya-sa<\/i>\u1e45graha<\/i>, vua Voh\u0101rika-Tissa – ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Kapila – ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>, duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t n\u1ed9i dung kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng. Sau khi x\u00e9t duy\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Kapila k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201ck\u1ebb d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Sri Lanka.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vua Voh\u0101rika-Tissa ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m tu s\u0129<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0o Sri Lanka, nh\u01b0ng kho\u1ea3ng 50 sau, khi vua Voh\u0101rika-Tissa b\u0103ng h\u00e0, vua Go\u1e6dh\u0101bahya (309-322) l\u00ean ngai, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, T\u0103ng s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> (Abhayagiri) l\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Ussiliya-tissa thu\u1ed9c V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. N\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Ussiliya-tissa c\u00f9ng 300 T\u1ef3-kheo, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y nghe theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Dakkin\u0101giri. Sau n\u00e0y, ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Dakkin\u0101giri th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i m\u1edbi, do T\u1ef3-kheo S\u0101gala l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i S\u0101galiya. S\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tai vua Go\u1e6dh\u0101bahya (309-322). Theo Nik\u0101ya-sa<\/i>\u1e45graha<\/i>, vua Go\u1e6dh\u0101bahya y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u0103m tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m x\u00e9t kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Sau khi th\u1ea9m x\u00e9t, h\u1ecd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. V\u00e0 kinh Vaipulya<\/i> l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i T\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Sri Lanka(6).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghe kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u T\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sanghamitra, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, v\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u00fap c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebb d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u201d v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> vua Go\u1e6dh\u0101bhaya theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Theo \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span> (Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa), b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, T\u1ef3-kheo Sanghamitra \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Go\u1e6dh\u0101bhaya. Vua Go\u1e6dh\u0101bahya giao hai Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Je\u1e6d\u1e6dha-Tissa v\u00e0 Mah\u0101sena cho ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o<\/span>. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Mah\u0101sena r\u1ea5t k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span> Sanghamitra. Nh\u01b0ng Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Jettha-Tissa kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sanghamitra(7). Sau khi vua Goth\u0101bhaya b\u0103ng h\u00e0, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Jettha-Tissa (323-333) l\u00ean ngai vua, Sanghamitra \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Sri Lanka v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, sau khi vua Jettha-Tissa qua \u0111\u1eddi, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Mah\u0101sena k\u1ebf v\u1ecb<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sanghamitra tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> Sri Lanka. Su\u1ed1t 27 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, vua Mah\u0101sena (334-362) h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> ng\u00e0i Sanghamitra(8).\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua Mah\u0101sena, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sanghamitra mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra) theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u1ea3i h\u00f3a\u201d n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u00e1p l\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u00ean ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n, vua Mah\u0101sena ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kinh th\u00e0nh c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ph\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c cho ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n, ai c\u00fang b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t<\/span> 100 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u201cd\u1ecb gi\u00e1o.\u201d H\u1ecd b\u1ecf tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n<\/span> t\u1ea1i Rohana v\u00e0 Malaya. Trong ch\u00edn n\u0103m, tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra) b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb th\u00e1o g\u1ee1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/span> tu s\u1eeda tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> (Abhayagiri) n\u01a1i ng\u00e0i Sanghamitra \u0111ang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>(9). C\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed T\u00edch Lan<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sanghamitra c\u1ee7a vua Mah\u0101sena, theo c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> d\u1eef d\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u1eeb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n. Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Meghavanna-Abhaya. T\u01b0\u1edbng Abhaya, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua Mah\u0101sena, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> ly khai v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi binh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> vua Mah\u0101sena. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, vua Mah\u0101sena ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng Abhaya v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1i. T\u01b0\u1edbng Meghavanna-Abhaya cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101va) v\u00e0 m\u1eddi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng hay x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> gi\u1eadn d\u1eef<\/span> mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sanghamitra. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng phi<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua y\u00eau m\u1ebfn. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sanghamitra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n So\u1e47a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> Sanghamitra(10). <\/span><\/p>\n

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Vua Mah\u0101sena kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101va), nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. Do v\u1eady \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tinh x\u00e1<\/span> K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> (Jetavana)\u00a0b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Tissa thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i S\u0101galiya c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Dakkin\u0101giri, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>. Theo ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Tissa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ecdng<\/span> gi\u1edbi(11). L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Tissa v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trung l\u1eadp<\/span>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau, h\u1ecd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>(12). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng kh\u1eafc kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span>(13). Ph\u00e1i K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XII.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng vua Mah\u0101sena \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua h\u00f9ng d\u0169ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Sri Lanka. Danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111ang h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Theo ng\u00e0i W. Raluha, T\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn vua Mah\u0101sena, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> (Abhayagiri) trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua Mah\u0101sena, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka(14). C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i R\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt, theo ng\u00e0i W. Raluha, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng cho vua Mah\u0101sena v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ecdc x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp cung t\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka th\u00ec vua Mah\u0101sena \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0. M\u1ed9t pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0 voi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Jettha-Tissa, con vua Mah\u0101sena t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ec v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua Mah\u0101sena(15).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Vua Mah\u0101sena qua \u0111\u1eddi, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Sirimeghava\u1e47\u1e47a (362-) k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> ngai v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua cha. \u00d4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi<\/span> xin l\u1ed7i<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n (Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n<\/span> \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. Vua Sirimeghava\u1e47\u1e47a t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mahinda v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i<\/span> k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mahinda truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka. \u00d4ng m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tham d\u1ef1<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5<\/span>. V\u00e0o ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i Sirimeghava\u1e47\u1e47a th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, ng\u1ecdc x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i R\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung t\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka t\u1eeb Kalinga, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Ng\u1ecdc x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u00ed trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i W. Rahula l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i R\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt, sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. N\u00ean theo ng\u00e0i, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung th\u1ec9nh ng\u1ecdc x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>(16). Ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span>, nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam b\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Sri Lanka, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Sri Lanka v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua Buddhad\u0101sa. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u1edf tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span> ghi l\u1ea1i, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> c\u00f3 5.000 T\u1ef3-kheo. Trong khi, tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3.000 T\u1ef3-kheo(17).\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m Sil\u0101k\u0101la th\u1ee9 12, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb Varanasi mang theo<\/span> kinh Dharmadh\u0101tu<\/i> (kinh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u1edbi), m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka. Vua Sil\u0101k\u0101la (524-537), theo ng\u00e0i W. Rahula, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u00f4ng l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u00ean vua Sil\u0101k\u0101la r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> kinh Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. \u00d4ng t\u00f4n tr\u00ed kinh n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n ho\u00e0ng cung<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span>. Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> kinh n\u00e0y(18). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, T\u0103ng s\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u0103ng s\u0129 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n T\u0103ng s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua Aggobodhi I (568-601) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> khi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Jotip\u0101la, m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129<\/span> thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Jotip\u0101la \u0111\u00e3 tham gia<\/span> nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn T\u0103ng s\u0129 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. Theo Nik\u0101ya-sa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>graha<\/i>, trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1eefa ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, Jotip\u0101la \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> Sri Lanka. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng theo Nik\u0101ya-sa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>graha<\/i>, ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> chi ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n(19). <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Jotip\u0101la ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> Sri Lanka. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, theo ng\u00e0i W. Rahula, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Jotip\u0101la \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tu s\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 logic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>. Trong khi, c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u0129 Sri Lanka \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>(20). Sau k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span>, vua Aggabodhi I \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Jotip\u0101la v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Dath\u0101pabhati, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1eefa Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Jotip\u0101la v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng<\/span> \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>(21). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c theo hay kh\u00f4ng theo ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 T\u0103ng s\u0129 c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n theo \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 T\u0103ng s\u0129 c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u1eabn ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, m\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, r\u1ed3i h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 theo \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. Hai ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n hay chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, vua Aggobodhi II (601-612) v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span>(22).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed T\u00edch Lan<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> hay gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1eefa ba b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n \u201ct\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung, sau nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u201ct\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0\u201d n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 ba b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n, V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span>(23).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua Sena I (831-853), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Vajray\u0101na (Kim cang th\u1eeba<\/span> ho\u1eb7c M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Sri Lanka. H\u1ecd mang theo<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kinh \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o<\/span> t\u00edch<\/i> (Ratnakuta) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft kinh B\u1ea3o t\u00edch<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span>, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua Sena II (851-885). Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 do vua Sena II (851-885) t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o(24).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ba b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n, (Mahavihara), V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> (Abhayagira) v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> (Jetavana) c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh suy<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XII. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XII, vua Parakkama B\u0101hu I \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u201ct\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a\u201d T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>(25). Sau l\u1ea7n \u201ct\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a\u201d T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> n\u00e0y, tu s\u0129<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> V\u00f4 \u00fay s\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 vi\u00ean<\/span> ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n t\u1ee5c<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> tu s\u0129<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> vi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> kia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Sri Lanka l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Mah\u0101vih\u0101ra c\u1ee7a Therav\u0101da.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kinh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, l\u00fac th\u1ecbnh l\u00fac suy, g\u1ea7n 1.000 n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Sri Lanka. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Quan Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span>, trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Sri Lanka trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00fac kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n va ch\u1ea1m<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> tr\u00ean ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>. S\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n(26).L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> qua l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> qua l\u1ea1i m\u00e0, ng\u00e0y nay, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Therav\u0101da, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Sri Lanka v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u00e0 T\u0103ng s\u0129 c\u1ee7a hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> xem nhau nh\u01b0 huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 chung c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

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(1)<\/sup> W. Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon<\/i>, Dehiwala: the Buddhist Cultural Centre, 1993, tr.81-4.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(2)<\/sup> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.84-5.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(3)<\/sup> J. C. Holt & Sree Padma, \u201cBuddhism in Andhra and Its influence on Buddhism in Sri Lanka\u201d, Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra, <\/i>State University of New York Press, 2008, tr.115.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(4)<\/sup> W. Rahula, s\u0111d., tr.87-9. <\/span><\/address>\n
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(5)<\/sup> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.89. C\u00f3 xem th\u00eam trong S. Paranavitana, \u201cCivilisation of the Early Period: Religion and Art\u201d, History of Ceylon<\/i>, Colombo: Ceylon University Press, t\u1eadp I, 1959, tr.249-50.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(6)<\/sup> Mah\u0101va<\/i>\u1e43sa<\/i>, s\u0111d., tr.654-5; E.W. Adikaram, Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon<\/i>, Dehiwala: the Buddhist Cultural Centre, 1994, tr.90-1.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(7)<\/sup> Mah\u0101va<\/i>\u1e43sa<\/i>, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.656.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(8)<\/sup> W. Rahula, s\u0111d., tr.93.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(9) <\/sup>Mah\u0101va<\/i>\u1e43sa<\/i>, s\u0111d., tr.658-9.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(10) <\/sup>Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.660.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(11)<\/sup> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.660-1.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(12)<\/sup> G. Panabokke, History of Buddhist Sangha in India and Sri Lanka,<\/i> Colombo: University of Kelaniya, 1993, tr.95.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(13)<\/sup> J. C. Holt & Sree Padma, s\u0111d., tr. 116.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(14)<\/sup> W. Rahula, s\u0111d., tr.96-7.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(15)<\/sup> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.114.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(16) <\/sup>Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.97.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(17)<\/sup> Fa-Hein, A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms,<\/i> J. Legge (d\u1ecbch.) New Delhi: Munshiram Monoharlal, 1991, tr.102, 107.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(18)<\/sup> W. Rahula. s\u0111d., tr.102.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(19)<\/sup> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.103<\/span><\/address>\n
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(20) <\/sup>Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.103.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(21)<\/sup> G. Panabokke, s\u0111d., tr.95-6. <\/span><\/address>\n
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(22)<\/sup> W. Rahula, s\u0111d., tr.103<\/span><\/address>\n
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(23)<\/sup> G. Panabokke, s\u0111d., tr.96.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(24)<\/sup> W. Rahula, s\u0111d., tr.109-10.<\/span><\/address>\n
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(25)<\/sup> Richard F. Gomrich, Therav\u0101da Buddhism<\/i>, London: Routledge, 2006, tr.157-8.<\/span><\/address>\n
<\/address>\n
(26)<\/sup> M\u1ed7i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u hay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Trong khi, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u1edbi. Hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau. Nh\u1edd b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/address>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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