{"id":7185,"date":"2020-12-02T06:01:40","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:01:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/buoc-dau-khao-sat-cum-tu-phung-chieu-dich\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:01:40","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:01:40","slug":"buoc-dau-khao-sat-cum-tu-phung-chieu-dich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/buoc-dau-khao-sat-cum-tu-phung-chieu-dich\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea7u Kh\u1ea3o S\u00e1t C\u1ee5m T\u1eeb “Ph\u1ee5ng Chi\u1ebfu D\u1ecbch”"},"content":{"rendered":"

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C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ea5y, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong c\u00e1c kinh thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong v\u0103n h\u1ec7 Pali so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, t\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3o, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i> trong \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh t\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> (\u0110CTT\u0110TK) \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng suy ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Trung Hoa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e0i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 kinh v\u0103n do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh t\u00e2n tu, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1i<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1eeb A-h\u00e0m b\u1ed9<\/i> (\u963f\u542b\u90e8)\u00a0cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Nghi t\u1ee3 b\u1ed9 <\/i>(\u7591\u4f3c\u90e8) th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u. Trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> 2.372 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1eb1m trong 56 t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i> l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 625 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kinh, lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadn, s\u1eed truy\u1ec7n, th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa\u2026 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, con s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n do quy c\u00e1ch b\u1ed5 sung ABCD sau m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, do trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau; nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0110CTT\u0110TK, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu<\/i>. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed, trong 151 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kinh A-h\u00e0m<\/i>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 10 kinh v\u0103n do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu<\/i> d\u1ecbch; ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 B\u1ea3n duy\u00ean<\/span>, tuy c\u00f3 68 kinh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 12 kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1ecbch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 do ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> hay tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt b\u1ed9<\/i>, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, trong s\u1ed1 83 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Lu\u1eadt b\u1ed9<\/i> th\u00ec c\u00f3 27 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i> v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec xem ra<\/span>, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Trung Hoa r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> do ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3-ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a kinh<\/i> (\u5927\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u7d93), g\u1ed3m 600 quy\u1ec3n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf t\u1eadp 5-6-7 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1ng. Theo t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt, ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft 3 n\u0103m 10 th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 23 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu h\u1ecdc h\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng(1)<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Nghi\u00eam<\/span> c\u00f9ng ch\u01b0 t\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1eefu t\u00e2m<\/span> trong nh\u00f3m d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> Linh S\u01a1n<\/span> Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span>, trong 16 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p li\u00ean hoa kinh<\/span><\/i> do C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>(2)<\/sup>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0110o\u00e0n Trung C\u00f2n, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed T\u1ecbnh<\/span>, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Tr\u00ed Quang<\/span>, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Trung Hoa th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung r\u1ea5t cao \u1edf M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ed9.<\/i> Trong b\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, h\u01a1n ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9. V\u00ec trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> 572 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 321 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch,<\/i> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa Trung Hoa(3)<\/sup>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> trong M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ed9<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Trung Hoa, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> b\u1ed7ng h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> ch\u1ee9a n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ec7 Can-Chi nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1p, \u1ea4t, B\u00ednh, \u0110inh\u2026xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>: Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea9u th\u1ea5t tinh di\u00ean m\u1ec7nh kinh<\/span> <\/i>(\u4f5b \u8aaa \u5317 \u6597 \u4e03 \u661f \u5ef6 \u547d \u7d93)(4)<\/sup>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> do ch\u00ednh B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n (Br\u0101hma\u1e47a) so\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span>: Th\u1ea5t di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0\u01a1ng tai quy\u1ebft<\/span> quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/i>(\u4e03 \u66dc \u6518 \u707d \u6c7a \u5377 \u4e0a), do B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n T\u0103ng Kim C\u00e2u Tr\u00e1 so\u1ea1n t\u1eadp(5)<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ed9, <\/i>t\u1eadp 21, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd<\/span> n\u01a1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Nghi t\u1ee3 b\u1ed9<\/i>, t\u1eadp 85. M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ed9 <\/i>Trung Hoa c\u00f2n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u00e0i An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span>, T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0<\/span>, C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng, Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span>, B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> cao, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gia<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gia<\/span> Thi H\u1ed9<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tri\u1ec7u T\u1ed1ng (960 – 1279), phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>. Theo kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> do Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i> l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 103 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> 10 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb A-h\u00e0m,<\/i> B\u1ed5n duy\u00ean,<\/i> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Lu\u1eadt b\u1ed9.<\/i> N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu do Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng(6)<\/sup>. Trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Thi H\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 M\u1eadt b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 48 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>, trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> 321 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch.<\/i><\/p>\n

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Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, t\u1eeb khi T\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00ean ng\u00f4i<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>, mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec hay, l\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111\u00f4. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m t\u0103ng<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3. Trong T\u1ed1ng cao t\u0103ng truy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/i> quy\u1ec3n 3 ch\u00e9p(7)<\/sup>, c\u00f3 Sa-m\u00f4n Ph\u00e1p Ti\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1edf ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0 Trung<\/span> am t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> hi\u1ec3n m\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> Vu B\u1ed3 T\u00e2n<\/i> (\u4e8e\u84b2\u6d25) (sic). C\u00e1c ch\u00e2u, ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u d\u00e2ng l\u00ean, vua duy\u1ec7t y<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u theo \u0111\u00f3! Vua ban chi\u1ebfu l\u1eadp D\u1ecbch Kinh Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> (\u8b6f\u7d93\u9662) t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh<\/span> H\u01b0ng Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ban chi\u1ebfu t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u01a1i. Ng\u00e0i Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u00e0y trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, theo lu\u1eadn \u00e1n<\/span> ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Nhan, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan<\/span> (Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>) n\u0103m 1983 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> suy vi<\/span>(8)<\/sup>. Theo \u00f4ng, \u201ckhi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m Trinh Qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d<\/i>(9)<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> T\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>, Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 103 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span>; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi v\u1ea5n<\/span> l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb t\u00e1c gia<\/span> Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> theo kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu <\/b><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo<\/span> chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n. Chi\u1ebfu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0. T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng<\/span> b\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 trong s\u00e1ch S\u1eed k\u00fd<\/i>: \u201cM\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf, l\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu\u201d. S\u00e1ch H\u00e1n Th\u01b0, truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u1ecdng Th\u01b0: \u201cB\u1ec7 h\u1ea1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ee9c, h\u1ea1 minh chi\u1ebfu\u201d (\u8a54, \u8a54 \u66f8 \u4e5f. \u53f2 \u8a18 \u79e6 \u59cb \u7687 \u7d00: \u201c\u547d \u70ba \u5236, \u4ee4 \u70ba \u8a54, \u6f22 \u66f8 \u8463 \u4ef2 \u8212 \u50b3: \u201c\u965b \u4e0b \u767b \u5fb7 \u97f3, \u4e0b \u660e \u8a54\u201d)(10)<\/sup>. Chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quan<\/span> tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> phong ki\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu vua \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> tr\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Nho gia<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00ean, m\u1ecdi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi Nho gia<\/span>, t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh<\/span> <\/i>mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed<\/span>(11)<\/sup>, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> h\u1eadu T\u1ea7n, qua nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u1ecdng Th\u01b0, th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> xem vua l\u00e0 con Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>: \u201cho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eddi, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d,<\/i> hay \u201cTr\u1eddi sinh ra d\u00e2n, cho c\u00e1i t\u00ednh c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean l\u1eadp ra vua \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho thi\u1ec7n, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u00fd Tr\u1eddi<\/i>\u201d(12)<\/sup>. V\u1edbi thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> phong ki\u1ebfn<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> n\u00f3i chung, vua c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n uy<\/span> n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y du th\u1ec9nh kinh. \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: Th\u1ea7n, Sa-m\u00f4n Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng, nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi<\/span>, may g\u1eb7p quang huy<\/span>, qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> h\u01b0ng v\u1eadn, ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, tham h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec1m m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i, kinh v\u0103n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb.<\/i> (\u6c99 \u9580 \u7384 \u5958 \u8a00. \u540d \u65e9 \u9810 \u7384 \u9580. \u5e78 \u9022 \u660c \u904b. \u5e0c \u805e \u81f3 \u9053. \u904a \u5fc3 \u6cd5 \u839a. \u6bcf \u6068 \u6b63 \u89ba \u907a \u6587 \u5c1a \u672a \u8a73 \u5099)(13)<\/sup>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai h\u1eefu t\u00e2m<\/span> ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc vua ch\u00faa c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span> Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, tuy c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch <\/i>kinh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u1ea5y, \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c ban chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen<\/span> trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia<\/span>, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ban chi\u1ebfu mang ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span>, nh\u1edd c\u1eady. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc vua ch\u00faa Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00ec mong mu\u1ed1n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u1eady nh\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cao t\u0103ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ban chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua th\u00e2m t\u00edn<\/span> Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>. \u0110\u1ecdc \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng<\/span> ban chi\u1ebfu ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1 l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span><\/i> (\u592a \u5b97 \u6587 \u7687 \u5e1d \u5831 \u7384 \u5958 \u6cd5 \u5e2b \u8b1d \u8868 \u6555 \u66f8)(14)<\/sup> m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 cung, khi\u00eam c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc vua ch\u00faa: Tr\u1eabm \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/span> \u00edt \u1ecfi, ng\u1eef l\u00fd ch\u01b0a th\u00f4ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> kinh v\u0103n, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span>. B\u00e0i t\u1ef1a h\u00f4m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u1eef kh\u00ed v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1<\/span>, l\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 e r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ef1c lem s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd. G\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 hoang s\u01a1<\/span>, h\u00e1 c\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc<\/span>. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t nh\u1eadn th\u01b0, th\u1eeba \u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u00e1n<\/span>. Nay tr\u1eabm x\u00e9t suy, l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean x\u01b0ng t\u00e1n<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 lao t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean th\u00e2m t\u1ea1. <\/i>(\u6715 \u624d \u8b1d \u73ea \u748b.\u8a00 \u615a \u535a \u9054. \u81f3 \u65bc\u5167 \u5178. \u5c24 \u6240 \u672a \u9591. \u6628 \u88fd \u5e8f \u6587. \u6df1 \u70ba \u9119 \u62d9. \u552f \u6050 \u7a62 \u7ff0 \u58a8 \u65bc \u91d1 \u7c21. \u6a19 \u74e6 \u792b \u65bc \u73e0 \u6797. \u5ffd \u5f97 \u4f86 \u66f8. \u8b2c \u627f \u8912 \u8b9a. \u8129\u00a0\u8eac \u7701 \u616e. \u5f4c \u76ca \u539a \u984f. \u5584 \u4e0d \u8db3 \u7a31. \u7a7a \u52de \u81f4 \u8b1d)(15)<\/sup>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Di\u00eau H\u01b0ng<\/span> phong ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0<\/span>, bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 cung th\u1ec9nh d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng(16)<\/sup>; L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 B\u00e0 La<\/span>; V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> \u0110\u1ecba B\u00e0 Ha La<\/span>(17)<\/sup>\u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng minh ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Trung Hoa. Th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ebf d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen<\/span> mang t\u00ednh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> phong ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, sai s\u1eed ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee9 hai, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>, \u0111\u00f4i khi vua v\u1eabn xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ban chi\u1ebfu, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>. Ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i> trong ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, do vua sai b\u1ea3o<\/span>. \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1eddi v\u0103n th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng<\/span> vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span>, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi vua v\u1eabn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>: Th\u00e1ng hai n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i<\/span>, ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, nay \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u0103m b\u1ed9, n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m quy\u1ec3n, sao ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp<\/span> t\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a Ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00fac, v\u1eeba k\u1ecbp ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, Th\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e2n l\u00e2m, khai quang<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e3n. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u1eeba phi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> ng\u1eabu h\u1ee3p. Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nguy\u1ec7n b\u1ec7 h\u1ea1, kh\u01a1i ng\u1ecdn b\u00fat th\u1ea7n, m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c x\u00e9t soi, v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u1ef1a Minh T\u00f4ng C\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/i>( \u53bb \u5e74 \u4e8c \u6708, \u5949 \u8a54 \u7ffb \u8b6f, \u4eca \u898b \u6210 \u4e94 \u90e8,\u00a0\u7e3d \u4e94 \u5341 \u516b \u5377. \u7e55 \u5beb \u5982 \u5225, \u7aca \u898b \u5f18 \u798f \u5bfa \u5c0a \u50cf \u521d \u6210. \u8056 \u4e0a \u89aa \u964d \u947e \u8f3f. \u958b \u9752 \u84ee \u4e4b \u76ee. \u4eca \u7d93 \u8ad6 \u65b0 \u7ffb. \u6562 \u7de3 \u65af \u7fa9 . \u4f0f \u9858 \u965b \u4e0b \u66f2 \u5782 \u795e \u7ff0 . \u8868 \u767c \u7d93 \u984c . \u89aa \u7d06 \u7384 \u85fb . \u5e8f \u660e \u5b97 \u6975)(18)<\/sup>.\u00a0\u0110\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0 ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong v\u1ebb khi\u00eam h\u1ea1, nhu m\u00ec: Tr\u1eabm v\u1ed1n s\u1edf h\u1ecdc v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1<\/span>, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 th\u00f4 l\u1eadu, vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft<\/span> c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00ea l\u1ea7m<\/span>, sao v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy\u00ean th\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n? H\u00e3y suy x\u00e9t<\/span> k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, khi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m kinh v\u0103n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n T\u00e2y V\u1ee9c K\u00fd v\u1eeba xong, n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh m\u1edf ra xem v\u1eady. Chi\u1ebfu cho Trang H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span>. <\/i>(\u6715 \u5b78 \u6dfa \u5fc3 \u62d9. \u5728 \u7269 \u7336 \u8ff7. \u6cc1 \u4f5b \u6559 \u5e7d \u5fae. \u8c48 \u5b70 \u80fd \u4ef0 \u6e2c. \u8acb \u70ba \u7d93 \u984c. \u975e \u5df1 \u6240 \u805e. \u53c8 \u4e91 \u65b0 \u64b0 \u897f \u57df \u8a18 \u8005. \u7576 \u81ea \u62ab \u89bd. \u6555 \u5958 \u548c \u5c1a (\u5167 \u51fa \u8207 \u7384 \u5958 \u6cd5 \u5e2b)(19)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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Trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y. Ngay nh\u01b0, b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> X\u01b0ng t\u00e1n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(20)<\/sup> do Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>, thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> 37 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, mang \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> kinh v\u0103n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span>, c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i> m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh tr\u0129 mang t\u00ean: Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> li\u1ec7u tr\u0129 b\u1ec7nh kinh(21)<\/sup><\/i>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, theo chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 T\u0103ng nh\u00e2n phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi hai c\u01a1 quan<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Quang L\u1ed9c T\u1ef1<\/i> (\u5149 \u797f \u5bfa) v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng L\u00f4 T\u1ef1<\/span> <\/i>(\u9d3b \u81da \u5bfa). Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0110CTT\u0110TK, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u1eeb hai c\u01a1 quan<\/span> n\u00e0y. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0<\/span> Thi H\u1ed9<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean\u2026<\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee9 ba, mong d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00ean ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ed9<\/i>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ch\u00fa c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 pha t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i lai<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed, b\u00e0i ch\u00fa Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea9u th\u1ea5t tinh di\u00ean m\u1ec7nh kinh<\/span><\/i> (\u4f5b\u8aaa\u5317\u6597\u4e03\u661f\u5ef6\u547d\u7d93)(22)<\/sup>, ngay d\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u0103ng T\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ch\u00fa n\u00e0y cho c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> (\u5a46\u7f85\u9580\u50e7\u5c07\u5230\u6b64\u7d93\u5510\u671d\u53d7\u6301); \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ngay b\u00e0i ch\u00fa La kh\u1ea9u ph\u01b0\u1ee3c noa thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee9u ti\u1ec3u nhi t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh kinh<\/i>(23)<\/sup> do Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ecb. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong l\u1ec5 ph\u1ea9m c\u00fang ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho tr\u1ebb con, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, th\u1ecbt (\u53ca\u767d\u8272\u98f2\u98df\u4e43\u81f3\u9152\u8089\u7b49). V\u00e0, trong b\u00e0i ch\u00fa Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00e1nh di\u1ec7u m\u1eabu<\/span> \u0111\u00e0-la-ni kinh(24)<\/sup><\/i> do Ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kinh v\u0103n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> Trung Hoa nh\u01b0 H\u1ecfa tinh<\/span>, Th\u1ee7y tinh<\/span>, M\u1ed9c tinh<\/span>, Kim tinh<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao nh\u01b0 La H\u1ea7u<\/span>, K\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4<\/span>, Th\u1ee7y Di\u1ec7u\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i ch\u00fa.<\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u v\u1eeba d\u1eabn, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, theo qu\u00e1n l\u1ec7, khi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin theo<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nghi<\/span> v\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ch\u00fa n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 sau; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>, t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u1ea9n danh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn th\u00eam thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch<\/i>, nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng<\/span> trong ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu<\/i> trong li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, song l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1o Tuy\u00ean<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span>. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0: Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt<\/span>, <\/i>do c\u00f4ng lao<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea5t Nh\u00e3 \u0110a La<\/span>, \u0110\u00e0m Ma L\u01b0u Chi<\/span> tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean, C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 Ma La<\/span> Xoa hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>; T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/i> do Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0 Da X\u00e1<\/span> tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ec7m<\/span> d\u1ecbch; Ma-ha t\u0103ng k\u1ef3<\/span> lu\u1eadt<\/i> do Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ecbch; Ng\u0169 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/i> do Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111em v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u00e0 do Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0 Th\u1eadp<\/span>, Tr\u00ed Th\u1eafng v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh<\/span> h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt v\u1eeba d\u1eabn, T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> <\/i>tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Theo T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span>,<\/i> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, ph\u00e1p Y\u1ebft-ma<\/i> \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0. M\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span> b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y h\u01b0, c\u0169 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay truy\u1ec1n th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00e1p\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ph\u00e1p Y\u1ebft-ma<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. T\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo<\/span>. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Y\u1ebft-ma<\/i>(25)<\/sup>. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c m\u1ecdi ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc Y\u1ebft ma<\/span><\/i>, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ra ch\u01b0a?<\/i> lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng l\u00e0 do T\u0103ng t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft. T\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 T\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span>, th\u00f4ng qua. Di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, T\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c do T\u0103ng sai. T\u0103ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng<\/i>, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

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C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> t\u1eeb canh n\u00e0y qua canh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eed h\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u1ec5 Uposatha ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u1ea3 d\u1ea1ng<\/span> T\u0103ng nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span>. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Maha Moggallana n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u00e1nh tay k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3, k\u00e9o ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda<\/span> l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1eed h\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u1ec5 Uposatha(26)<\/sup>, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac gi\u1edbi<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 ra trong khi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n

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Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>, khu v\u1ef1c, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 va \u0111\u1eadp gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra. \u1ede Trung Hoa, s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1eefa quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec5 k\u00ednh<\/span> Thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span> v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u0129<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span>. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Hu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec5n<\/span>, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Sa-m\u00f4n b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn(27)<\/sup><\/i> khi minh gi\u1ea3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch thong dong<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u1ea1i<\/span>, t\u00e2m, h\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ee5y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/i> (\u51fa \u5bb6 \u5247 \u662f \u65b9 \u5916 \u4e4b \u8cd3. \u8de1 \u7d55 \u65bc \u7269. \u5176 \u70ba \u6559 \u4e5f)(28)<\/sup> , \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung trong \u1ee9ng x\u1eed gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Th\u00edch t\u1eed<\/span>. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, H\u00e0n Huy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7nh phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb ba d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n hai, so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt v\u1eeba n\u00eau d\u1eabn; quy chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ban chi\u1ebfu cho T\u0103ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> phong ki\u1ebfn<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> ra nhi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c ban chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9<\/i>, l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>; th\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> phi lu\u1eadt, phi ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n danh<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ra chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, s\u1ebd \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> vua ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p<\/span> s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m theo ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111ang b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00e0i M\u1eadt ch\u00fa<\/span> do ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o minh ch\u1ee9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee9 hai, theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb vua l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span>. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ra chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea9n sau v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> cung k\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1edbi Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u00e0 khi\u00eam h\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i chung. Nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n do b\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u1ee9ng x\u1eed khi\u00eam cung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>; \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c ban chi\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen<\/span> trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u nghi ng\u1ea1i<\/span> trong chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi Thanh<\/span> v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t(29)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m t\u1ea1m k\u1ebft<\/b><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu coi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i tung b\u1ecdt tr\u1eafng x\u00f3a qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac khu\u1ef7u, th\u00e1c gh\u1ec1nh, hay \u00e2m th\u1ea7m xu\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1n r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng cho v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i sinh linh<\/span>. L\u1ea7n theo<\/span> d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u1ed5, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Qua kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu <\/i>t\u1eeb \u0110CTT\u0110TK, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> minh qu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> to\u00e0n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p<\/span> s\u01b0, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. Ba ch\u1eef ph\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu<\/i> d\u1ecbch<\/i> trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m nghi\u00eam t\u00fac ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u1eddi x\u01b0a<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mang ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. V\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, trong khi chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi nay, vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf ba ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u1ebd. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia<\/span> \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eabn xen v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00e2m<\/span>. Thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Kalama trong kinh C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1edf Kesaputta<\/i>(30)<\/sup> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh v\u0103n d\u00f9 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o, m\u1ed7i khi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> hay v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span>. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0(1)<\/sup> \u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93, \u7b2c \u56db \u5341 \u4e5d \u518a, \u53f2 \u50b3 \u90e8, No<\/sup><\/u>. 2119 \u5bfa \u6c99 \u9580 \u7384 \u5958 \u4e0a \u8868 \u8a18. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u4ee5 \u986f \u6176 \u4e94 \u5e74 \u6b63 \u6708 \u4e00 \u65e5 \u8d77 \u9996. \u8b6f \u5927\u00a0\u822c \u82e5 \u7d93. \u81f3 \u4eca \u9f8d \u6714 \u4e09 \u5e74 \u5341 \u6708\u5eff \u4e09 \u65e5 \u7d55 \u7b46.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(2) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e5d \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 262, \u5999 \u6cd5 \u84ee \u83ef \u7d93.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(3) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u5341 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 1148, \u4f5b \u8aaa \u865b \u7a7a \u85cf \u83e9 \u85a9 \u9640 \u7f85 \u5c3c.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(4)<\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u5341 \u4e00 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 1307, \u4f5b \u8aaa \u5317 \u6597 \u4e03 \u661f \u5ef6 \u547d \u7d93.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(5)<\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u5341 \u4e00 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 1308, \u4e03 \u66dc \u6518 \u707d \u6c7a.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(6)<\/sup> Xem, H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam b\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, <\/i>Th\u00edch n\u1eef<\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span>, d\u1ecbch, TP. HCM, 1989.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(7) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e94 \u5341 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 2061, \u5b8b \u9ad8 \u50e7 \u50b3, \u5b8b \u9ad8 \u50e7 \u50b3 \u5377 \u7b2c \u4e09, \u5510 \u4eac \u5e2b \u6eff \u6708 \u50b3 (\u667a \u6167 \u8f2a).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(8) <\/sup>\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Nhan, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng,<\/i> HT. Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01a1n, bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, NXB. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng 2008, tr.63.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(9) <\/sup>\u00a0S\u0111d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(10)<\/sup> Theo, T\u1eeb H\u1ea3i<\/i>, b\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00ednh, Trung Hoa th\u01b0 c\u1ee5c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, 1948, tr.1241.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(11) <\/sup>\u00a0Xem, Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Nho Gi\u00e1o<\/span>,<\/i> NXB. TP.HCM, 1992, tr.85.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(12)<\/sup> PTS. Do\u00e3n Ch\u00ednh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span><\/i>, NXB. Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> Gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr.361.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(13) <\/sup>\u00a0\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e94 \u5341 \u4e8c \u518a, \u53f2 \u50b3 \u90e8, No<\/sup><\/u>. 2119 \u5bfa \u6c99 \u9580 \u7384 \u5958 \u4e0a \u8868 \u8a18.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(14)<\/sup> S\u0111d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(15) <\/sup>\u00a0S\u0111d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(16)<\/sup> Xem th\u00eam, V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc, Kumarajiva – C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u1eb7c san Su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n<\/i>, s\u1ed1 3&4, tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Hu\u1ec7 Quang<\/span> \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(17) <\/sup>\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Nhan, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng,<\/i> HT.Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01a1n, bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, NXB. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng 2008, tr.45-46.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(18) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e94 \u5341 \u4e8c \u518a, \u53f2 \u50b3 \u90e8, No<\/sup><\/u>. 2119 \u5bfa \u6c99 \u9580 \u7384 \u5958 \u4e0a \u8868 \u8a18.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(19) <\/sup>\u00a0S\u0111d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(20) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u5341 \u4e03 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 840, \u7a31 \u8b9a \u5927 \u4e58 \u529f \u5fb7 \u7d93.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(21) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u5341 \u4e00 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 1325, \u4f5b \u8aaa \u7642 \u75d4 \u75c5 \u7d93.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(22) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u5341 \u4e00 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 1307, \u4f5b \u8aaa \u5317 \u6597 \u4e03 \u661f \u5ef6 \u547d \u7d93.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(23) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u5341 \u4e00 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 1330, \u56c9 [\u53e3*\u7e1b] \u62cf \u8aaa \u6551 \u7642 \u5c0f \u5152 \u75be \u75c5 \u7d93.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(24) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u5341 \u4e00 \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 1303, \u4f5b \u8aaa \u8056 \u66dc \u6bcd \u9640 \u7f85 \u5c3c \u7d93.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(25)<\/sup>\u00a0HT. Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee7<\/span>, Y\u1ebft ma<\/span> y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9<\/span>,<\/i> NXB. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr.37.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(26) <\/sup>\u00a0Kinh T\u0103ng chi<\/i>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1m ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn, kinh Ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(27) <\/sup>\u5927 \u6b63 \u65b0 \u8129 \u5927 \u85cf \u7d93\u00a0\u7b2c \u4e94 \u5341 \u4e8c \u518a No<\/sup><\/u>. 2102, \u5f18 \u660e \u96c6, \u5f18 \u660e \u96c6 \u5377 \u7b2c \u4e94.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(28) <\/sup>\u00a0S\u0111d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(29) <\/sup>\u00a0Xem, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t gi\u1edbi,<\/i> Tr\u00ed Quang<\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXb. TP. HCM, 1998.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(30) <\/sup>\u00a0Kinh T\u0103ng chi,<\/i> ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ba ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ea9m L\u1edbn, kinh C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1edf Kesaputta. <\/i>Xem th\u00eam, Kinh Trung A H\u00e0m<\/span>, ph\u1ea9m Nghi\u1ec7p T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, kinh Gi\u00e0 lam<\/span><\/i>, s\u1ed1 16. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

<\/p><\/div>\n

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