{"id":7213,"date":"2020-12-02T06:07:03","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/nhung-khia-canh-dao-duc-trong-nhap-bo-de-hanh-luan-cua-tich-thien\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:07:03","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:07:03","slug":"nhung-khia-canh-dao-duc-trong-nhap-bo-de-hanh-luan-cua-tich-thien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/nhung-khia-canh-dao-duc-trong-nhap-bo-de-hanh-luan-cua-tich-thien\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"tich-thien\"

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T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1:\u00a0<\/i><\/b> <\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (Bodhicitta) <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> hay t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt. T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span> s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. Trong M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Kim cang th\u1eeba<\/span>), t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101)<\/i>. Trong Guhyasam\u0101jatantra<\/i>, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>, v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1eefu v\u00e0 phi h\u1eefu\u201d(3)<\/sup>. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng mang nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c: l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1ed1t, t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> bi, t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh\u2026<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> hay th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u1ea3i n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1eef t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (k\u1ec7 11).<\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I, k\u1ec7 6). V\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u kinh Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i> n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 tu c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ma nghi\u1ec7p\u201d. <\/p>\n

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Theo T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201cmu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u201d kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u201c\u0111i\u201d, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e2m \u1ea5y. Ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t<\/span>, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb-bi-h\u1ef7-x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> l\u00e0nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> l\u1edbn h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1o \u01a1n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, h\u00e3y n\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>; v\u00e0 g\u00e2y kh\u1ed5 cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m bu\u1ed3n Ph\u1eadt (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI, k\u1ec7 124).<\/p>\n

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Xa h\u01a1n<\/span>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III, k\u1ec7 22-23). Ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u00fd thanh<\/span> t\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> trong tu t\u1eadp<\/span> cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafng nhi\u1ebfc<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c\u2026 Ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1c, nguy\u1ec7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n<\/span>, l\u00e0m k\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh, l\u00e0m c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m thuy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n sang s\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e8n \u0111u\u1ed1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III, k\u1ec7 18). Ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u01b0 x\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u0111\u00fang truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u00f4 danh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0y (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III, k\u1ec7 27).<\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hay t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span>. M\u1ed9t suy ngh\u0129<\/span> t\u1ed1t, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf b\u00ean trong, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng hay \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, hay cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Suzuki cho r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m\u201d(4)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. T\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng do v\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> b\u1ecb t\u1ea1p ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u1ea5y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m \u1ea5y. Mu\u1ed1n cho t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span> l\u00e0m, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1eef t\u00e2m ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Gi\u1eef ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u00fd thanh<\/span> t\u1ecbnh, theo T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> kh\u00e1c. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> coi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng v\u00ed von r\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ki\u1ebfm s\u0129 \u1edf trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y ki\u1ebfm khi ki\u1ebfm b\u1ecb r\u01a1i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> tu B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea3i \u201cnh\u1eb7t\u201d l\u1ea5y l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u1ecb \u201cr\u01a1i\u201d. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0<\/span> vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef b\u00e1t d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ec3 r\u01a1i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb r\u01a1i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m c\u1ed5 (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII, k\u1ec7 68, 70).<\/p>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t con voi \u0111i\u00ean tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tai h\u1ecda<\/span> l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a con \u201cvoi t\u00e2m\u201d (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V, k\u1ec7 1, 2). \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201c\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\/ \u00dd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, \u00fd t\u1ea1o\/ N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u00fd \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m\/ N\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\/ Kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau\/ Nh\u01b0 xe, ch\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u00e9o\u201d. <\/i>V\u00e0, \u201c\u00dd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\/ \u00dd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, \u00fd t\u1ea1o\/ N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u00fd thanh<\/span> t\u1ecbnh\/ N\u00f3i l\u00ean hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\/ An l\u1ea1c<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc theo sau\/ Nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi h\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

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Theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span>: nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1edbi n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh; nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, cho d\u00f9 gi\u1edbi hay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, th\u00ec gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, m\u1ed7i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi, th\u00ec gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> song song v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, ba ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. Gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n\u201d cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong kinh Ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> (Sonadanda sutta): \u201cN\u00e0y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> l\u00e0m cho thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0m cho thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, ch\u1ed7 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>; ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, ch\u1ed7 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh\u201d(5)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c: \u201c\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng tu v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u1edbn, l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> l\u1edbn. Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng tu v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> l\u1edbn, l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> l\u1edbn. T\u00e2m c\u00f9ng tu v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u00f3n l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu<\/span>, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> (tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1eadu), v\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u1eadu\u201d(6)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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Trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, ta th\u1ea5y T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> (gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m \u00fd hay th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh song song tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. <\/p>\n

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T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9 cho l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> sanh c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh; d\u00f9 cho th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00ec v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> g\u00ec. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t cho qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 h\u1ea1nh<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ea7n n\u00ean theo, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 h\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, theo T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm<\/span>, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n, ki\u00eau c\u0103ng<\/span>, t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n, th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o<\/span>, l\u00e9m l\u1ec9nh, l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> khen m\u00ecnh ch\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> g\u00e2y g\u1ed5, bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5<\/span>, s\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3\u2026 B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy chu\u1ea9n h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Pr\u0101timoksha<\/i>, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u00e0nh x\u1eed hay nh\u1eefng \u201ch\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p\u201d. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> quy ph\u1ea1m<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u00e0nh x\u1eed gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> (\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span>).<\/p>\n

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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> (up\u0101yakau\u015balya) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00ean thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> (up\u0101yakau\u015balya)<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Trong Nikaya, ta th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong kinh Ph\u00e1p hoa<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1ch B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t n\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> hay gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o\u201d v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9<\/span>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, ta th\u1ea5y T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t n\u00ean hy sinh<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V, k\u1ec7 84), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span> tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kinh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span><\/i> (Up\u0101yakau\u015balya S\u016btra)<\/i>. \u1ede m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng\u201d: m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang hay sai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u00f3. N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 sai, nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u m\u1ea1ng<\/span> s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb bi\u201d. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> bi v\u00e0 tr\u00ed. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ai thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> r\u1ed3i bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span>. Trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> (up\u0101ya) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> d\u00e0i l\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m linh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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S\u00e1u Ba-la-m\u1eadt\u00a0<\/i><\/b> <\/p>\n

v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t n\u00ean theo, nh\u01b0ng trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> tu h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> Ba-la-m\u1eadt: b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span>, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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1- B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>:<\/b> \u1ede ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e0i th\u00ed<\/span> (b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span>, th\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng\u2026), ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span> (gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>). Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII, k\u1ec7 38), \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 u\u00fd th\u00ed<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111em an to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00ec lo s\u1ee3, v\u00e0 \u0111em h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y<\/span>. V\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span>, n\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Pr\u0101timoksha<\/i>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, m\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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2- Gi\u1edbi:<\/b> V\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, ta th\u1ea5y T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u1edf trong Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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3- Nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span>:<\/b> Trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u\/ \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> – l\u00e0m ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span>. Nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i \u00fd, nh\u1eefng ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng, vu oan, ganh t\u1ef5<\/span>, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng\u2026 V\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> h\u1ea1nh nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m an nhi\u00ean<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> h\u1ea1nh nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> bi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, th\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u01a1, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f9.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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4- Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>:<\/b> T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, tr\u00e1nh d\u1eef\u201d (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII, k\u1ec7 1). L\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, tr\u00e1nh gi\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a si\u00eang n\u0103ng l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, l\u00e1nh \u00e1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m h\u1ef7<\/span> x\u1ea3, hy sinh<\/span>, v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh\u2026 Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, mu\u1ed1n tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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5- Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span>:<\/b> T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span> t\u00e2m \u00fd l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5<\/span>. V\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span>, \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, xem vi\u1ec7c xa r\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n d\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span>. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng danh v\u1ecdng<\/span>, tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng khen ch\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. \u1ede ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u00e0nh quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span>, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> t\u1eed thi<\/span>, qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh\u2026<\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c? Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eddi xa t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hy sinh<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u2026 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u00e2m ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ee7.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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6- Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>:<\/b> T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> (nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>): ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>), v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3. \u1ee6ng h\u1ed9<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. \u1ede ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u, Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Abhidharma<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u1eafc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf<\/span> vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c Ba-la-m\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. V\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, hay n\u00f3i<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ec7 nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> h\u1ea1 h\u00f3a<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t m\u00e0 T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m \u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh<\/span> (pu<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>ya\/kusala karma)<\/i>, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u00e1u Ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> cho qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, tr\u00ean l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 h\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>: tr\u00e1nh\/ kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec, v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n\/ l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb<\/span> tha\u201d c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(1)<\/sup> Encyclopedia of Buddhism<\/i>, ed. Robert E. Buswell, New York: Gale, 2003, tr.749.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(2)<\/sup> V\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, xem th\u00eam Barbra R. Clayton, Moral Theory in \u015a\u0101ntideva\u2019s \u015aik<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>\u0101samuccaya<\/i>, New York: Routledge, 2006, tr.31-36.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(3)<\/sup> D\u1eabn l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Francis Brassard, The Concept of Bodhicitta in \u015a\u0101ntideva\u2019s Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra,<\/i> tr.25.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(4)<\/sup> D\u1eabn l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Francis Brassard, The Concept of Bodhicitta in \u015a\u0101ntideva\u2019s Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra,<\/i> tr.21.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(5)<\/i><\/sup> Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, T\u1eadp I, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, 1991, tr.222.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(6)<\/sup> Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, T\u1eadp I, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, 199, tr.575.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– Barbra R. Clayton, Moral Theory in \u015a\u0101ntideva\u2019s \u015aik<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>\u0101samuccaya<\/i>, New York: Routledge, 2006.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

- Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra of \u015a\u0101ntideva<\/i> (Entering the Path of Enlightenment), trans. by Marion L. Matics, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2007.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

- Francis Brassard, The Concept of Bodhicitta in \u015a\u0101ntideva\u2019s Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra<\/i>, Montreal, 1996.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

- \u015a\u0101ntideva, Nh\u1eadp h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra)<\/i>, Nguy\u00ean Hi\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2007.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

- \u015a\u0101ntideva, A Guide to the Bodhisattva Way of Life (Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra)<\/i>, trans. Vesna A. Wallace and B. Alan Wallace, Snow Lion, 1997.<\/p>\n

<\/p><\/div>\n

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[ad_1] \u00a0 M\u1eabu B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, v\u1eeba\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7214,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-7213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7213","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7213"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7213\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7214"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7213"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7213"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7213"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=7213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}