{"id":7221,"date":"2020-12-02T06:08:31","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:08:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/doi-dieu-ghi-chep-ve-dai-tang-kinh\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:08:31","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:08:31","slug":"doi-dieu-ghi-chep-ve-dai-tang-kinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/doi-dieu-ghi-chep-ve-dai-tang-kinh\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d0\u00f4i \u0110i\u1ec1u Ghi Ch\u00e9p V\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00d0\u00f4i \u0110i\u1ec1u Ghi Ch\u00e9p V\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Li\u00ean H\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh ghi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"dai-tang-kinh\"

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Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, hi\u1ec3u, n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kinh v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u1ed5, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1eabn kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u1ed5i. Ngay t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u00e0i Loan, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1eadt t\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 kinh Di \u00d0\u00e0, ph\u1ea9m Ph\u1ed5 M\u00f4n<\/span>, ph\u1ea9m Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n H\u1ea1nh Nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u phi\u00ean \u00e2m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u00edt c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0<\/span> ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 B\u1ea1ch Tho\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00edch<\/span> (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft<\/span> A Di<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Kinh B\u1ea1ch Tho\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3ng Gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nam \u00d0\u00ecnh H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>: m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00e1nh kinh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cdi\u1ec5n n\u00f4m\u201d \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ai \u00edt hi\u1ec3u c\u1ed5<\/span> v\u0103n c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u00f3). C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u0103n trong Qu\u00e1n Kinh S\u1edb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111em \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u1ea5y h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u00d0\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng s\u1edf, sau m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i \u0111\u0103m chi\u00eau suy ngh\u0129<\/span>, c\u00f4 c\u0169ng l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu thua<\/span> v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean n\u00ean \u0111em v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a T\u00e0u h\u1ecfi th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span>. C\u00f4 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u00e0i Loan tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9! <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng th\u1eeba n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng may m\u1eafn<\/span> sao, su\u1ed1t hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1 H\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> B\u1eafc Truy\u1ec1n. Th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, t\u00f9y h\u1ef7<\/span> c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u0103ng<\/span> t\u1ee5c di\u1ec7m, thi\u1ec7u long<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfc thay, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u00edt trang webpages c\u1ed5 v\u0169, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span> h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> T\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1nh<\/span>. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eefu<\/span> quen bi\u1ebft<\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh! <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1ee3n trang nh\u00e0 Di \u00d0\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7n H\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e9t ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> B\u1eafc Truy\u1ec1n (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng) v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eefu<\/span> s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u00d0\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u00f3p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> may m\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a. D\u00f9 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t t\u00f2ng t\u00e2m n\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> kh\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng mong c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span>, ph\u1ee7 ch\u00e1nh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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A.<\/b> Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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* Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo ti\u00ean sinh<\/span> K\u00f2gen Mizumo, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong khi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Magadhi (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Magadha, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 Ma Ki\u1ec7t<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 hay Ma Gi\u00e0 \u00d0\u00e0. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf trung l\u01b0u<\/span> s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>). Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u1ed7i giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ri\u00eang. Giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Vedic Sankrit (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Sankrit) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh th\u01b0 V\u1ec7 \u00d0\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00ednh ch\u00fang<\/span> d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c giai t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span> Magadhi r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Vedic Sankrit \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> kh\u1eafp x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o \u1ee9ng c\u01a1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ngay nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p \u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi vua Asoka (A D\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>), ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Paishachi r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Magadhi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Paishachi. D\u1ea7n d\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfng Paishachi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n cao nguy\u00ean Dekan, Nam \u1ea4n. Khi t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Mahinda, con trai c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span>, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sang T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Pali \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Khi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> l\u00e2n c\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 Mi\u1ebfn, L\u00e0o, Th\u00e1i, c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> chung \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, Pali (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e1nh Th\u01b0\u201d) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam Truy\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf B\u1eafc \u1ea4n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ba ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng ti\u1ec1n-Sankrit, Gatha Sankrit v\u00e0 Gandhari Prakrit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Ti\u1ec1n-Sankrit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Vedic Sankrit, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> (Sarvastivada). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadn Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Sau n\u00e0y, ti\u1ec1n-Sankrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Sankrit v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1edf B\u1eafc \u1ea4n. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sankrit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Gatha Sankrit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Sankrit, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1edfi giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span>. C\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> Gatha Sankrit c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span>, Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>. V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00ean th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gatha Sankrit hay Buddhist Hybrid Sankrit. <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. Gandhari Prakrit c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Pali v\u00e0 nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u1edf Khotan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1890. <\/span><\/p>\n

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* V\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span>: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Brahmi v\u00e0 Kharoshti. C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam (cuneiform) c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Phoenician. Ch\u1eef Kharoshti c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n ch\u1eef Brahmi, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc \u1ea4n. Sau n\u00e0y ch\u1eef Brahmi chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> khi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Kharoshti bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, ch\u00ednh Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span> (Brahma) \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> ra ch\u1eef Brahmi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a ta, \u0111\u1ec1u tho\u00e1t thai<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Phoenician. Qua th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef Brahmi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1eef Brahmi \u1edf B\u1eafc \u1ea4n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh, trong khi ch\u1eef Brahmi \u1edf Nam \u1ea4n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u00f2n tr\u1ecba h\u01a1n (b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> Mi\u1ebfn, Mi\u00ean, L\u00e0o, Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef Brahmi Nam \u1ea4n). V\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef Siddhan (T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0m) c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 d\u1ea1ng Brahmi B\u1eafc \u1ea4n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0o Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, ch\u1eef T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Brahmi qua danh t\u1eeb \u201cPh\u1ea1n t\u1ef1\u201d. V\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n ti\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ch\u1eef Devanagari. Ch\u1eef T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 Hindi, Punjabi\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Devanagari. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy ti\u1ebfng Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Nam Truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Pali. Do v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc Tam T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nam Truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Nam T\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1ch k\u00fd \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Latin. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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B.1. Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trung Hoa l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung \u00d0\u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u1ea4n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Silk Road. Theo ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 tu s\u0129<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u (mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t<\/span> Nam) r\u1ed3i qua Trung Hoa ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Hoa d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng<\/span> (246-210 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean<\/span>) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ti\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c r\u1ee3 H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> khu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> qu\u1ed1c \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea7n khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>. T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i phong t\u1ecfa<\/span> bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y V\u1ea1n L\u00fd<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi vua H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u00d0\u1ebf (141-87 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean<\/span>), n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean minh, ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa Trung Hoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Trung \u00c1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Hoa d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Minh \u00d0\u1ebf<\/span> (57-75 sau C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean<\/span>). Huy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 trong gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng<\/span>, H\u00e1n Minh \u00d0\u1ebf<\/span> m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a quan Th\u00e1i S\u1eed \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9ng, vua \u0111\u00e3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span> th\u1ec9nh kinh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Ca Di\u1ebfp<\/span> Ma \u00d0\u1eb1ng (Kasyapamatanga) v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p Lan<\/span> (Dharmaraksa) \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, kinh \u0111\u00f4 nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu H\u00e1n. B\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 kinh T\u1ee9<\/span> Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb<\/span> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng, x\u00e9t tr\u00ean v\u0103n phong, c\u00fa ph\u00e1p<\/span>, kinh T\u1ee9<\/span> Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb<\/span> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> (220-280). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span> (m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 170) v\u00e0 Chi L\u00e2u Ca S\u1ea5m<\/span> (Lokakshema 147-185). <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span> kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 sinh n\u0103m n\u00e0o, ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc An T\u1ee9c<\/span> (Parthia), \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ng\u00f4i xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 55 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span>. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1o. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i Chi L\u00e2u Ca S\u1ea5m<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ea1i Nh\u1ee5c Chi<\/span> (v\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00ean ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u th\u00eam ch\u1eef Chi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc), \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Ho\u00e0n \u00d0\u1ebf (147-167), d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 12 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 kinh B\u00e1t Ch\u00e2u Tam Mu\u1ed9i<\/span>, kinh A X\u00e0 Th\u1ebf V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, kinh V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh T\u1ecbnh<\/span> B\u00ecnh \u00d0\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c, kinh B\u1ea3o T\u00edch<\/span>. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> kinh B\u00e1t Ch\u00e2u Tam Mu\u1ed9i<\/span>, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y – T\u1ea5n, s\u01a1 t\u1ed5<\/span> T\u1ecbnh T\u00f4ng<\/span> Hu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec5n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft x\u00e3 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. D\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Thi\u00ean T\u1ee5ng<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> (Ashtasahasrika prajaparamita sutra, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh \u00d0\u1ea1o H\u00e0nh B\u00e1t<\/span> Nh\u00e3). Kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n H\u1ecdc<\/span> Thanh \u00d0\u00e0m r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y – T\u1ea5n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ng\u00e0i Chi L\u00e2u Ca S\u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba h\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Trung Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> uy\u00ean \u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> th\u1eddi s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> L\u00e3o Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span>. Danh t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n g\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> L\u00e3o Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1ch ngh\u0129a\u201d. V\u1ec1 sau, khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> L\u00e3o Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch s\u01b0, t\u00f4ng s\u01b0<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An, quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n (25-220) \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean (1280-1368). S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh, lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng (618-907) v\u1edbi 1.191 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a 261 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng ((960-1280). \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean (1280-1368), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u00ecnh ng\u00e0i Sa La Ba<\/span> d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi qu\u1ef9<\/span> M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 trong vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y th\u1eed x\u00e9t qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, tuy ng\u00e0i Chi L\u00e2u Ca S\u1ea5m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t Thi\u00ean T\u1ee5ng<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u01b0 Ch\u00e2u S\u0129 H\u00e0nh (203-282), m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft<\/span> sang T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> g\u1ed1c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 260, S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Vu \u00d0i\u1ec1n (Khotan) v\u00e0 nghe n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, b\u00e8n xin qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cho th\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n. Khi \u0111\u00f3, Vu \u00d0i\u1ec1n theo Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 coi kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y kinh. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ng\u1ee5y thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> ra ngo\u00e0i n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 toan \u0111\u1ed1t kinh. Ch\u00e2u S\u0129 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c m\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua cho xin b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111em v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 291, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u00fac Th\u00fac Lan<\/span> v\u00e0 V\u00f4 La Xoa<\/span> m\u1edbi d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u00f3ng Quang<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> (Panchavimshati sahasrika prajnaparamita sutra, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb Th\u1eadp Ng\u0169 Thi\u00ean<\/span> T\u1ee5ng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>). M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kinh Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea3nh T\u00f4n Th\u1eafng<\/span>: khi ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0 Ba L\u1ef5 d\u1ecbch xong kinh n\u00e0y, th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o<\/span> qu\u00e1 vi di\u1ec7u<\/span>, vua \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbch thu c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch l\u1eabn Ph\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef k\u00edn<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> trong cung. Sau bao l\u1ea7n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u, ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0 Ba L\u1ef5 m\u1edbi xin l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kinh L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>: kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o<\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> n\u00ean vua nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0i B\u00e1t L\u1ea1t M\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e9p kinh tr\u00ean l\u1ee5a, m\u1ed5 b\u1eafp tay nh\u00e9t v\u00e0o, gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u1edbi mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (176 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> (153 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed9<\/span> (91 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> (91 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> (74 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> (70 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span> (55 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> (49 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), X\u00e0 Na<\/span> Qu\u1eadt \u00d0a (35 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Ch\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ebf (32 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span> (29 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), C\u1ea7u Na<\/span> B\u1ea1t \u00d0\u00e0 La (28 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Tr\u00fac \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 Lan (27 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Ch\u00ed (25 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Kim Cang Tr\u00ed<\/span> (24 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Thi\u00ean T\u1ee9c Tai<\/span> (18 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m), Thi\u1ec7n V\u00f4 \u00day<\/span> (18 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m)\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Trung Hoa b\u1ecb chia n\u0103m x\u1ebb b\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c sau khi nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n m\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> ngang tr\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ec1n l\u00f2ng d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ebf (Paramartha 499-569). Ng\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u<\/span>. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span> lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c<\/span> tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0n t\u00e2m phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, s\u1ee9c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c (32 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn). Nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 kinh Kim Quang Minh<\/span> (Suvarnaprabhasa sutra), kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft Gi\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebft Kinh<\/span> (t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kinh Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt<\/span>), Th\u1eadp Th\u1ea5t \u00d0\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn (Saptadasha bhumika sastra, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Du Gi\u00e0 S\u01b0<\/span> \u00d0\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn), A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma C\u00e2u X\u00e1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Abhidharmakosha sastra). Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn s\u1edb<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c h\u1ebft. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m: Ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch s\u01b0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u1eddi B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi \u0111\u00f3, B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Th\u00e1c B\u1ea1c qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1. B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y. B\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Di\u00eau H\u01b0ng<\/span> nh\u00e0 Dao T\u1ea7n<\/span> s\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, vua B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y \u0111\u00f2i nh\u00e0 B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i giao c\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m. Vua B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Th\u01b0 C\u1eeb M\u00f4ng T\u1ed1n<\/span> e s\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i tr\u00ed l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh m\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> khi ng\u00e0i \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y ki\u1ebfm th\u00eam t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ebf, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t quy m\u00f4: <\/span><\/p>\n

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– Khi ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, ng\u00e0i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ebf h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn n\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> r\u1ea5t cao nh\u01b0 T\u0103ng Du\u1ec7<\/span>, T\u0103ng Tri\u1ec7u<\/span> v.v\u2026 Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb b\u00fat th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m Ma La<\/span> S\u00e1t (Dharmaraksa), ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Xoa La<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3o ch\u00e1nh. Sau khi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ngh\u0129a<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u0129 s\u1ebd nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc, tu t\u1eeb, g\u1ecdt d\u0169a sao cho b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u1eeba b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y v\u1eeba l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 La Th\u1eadp<\/span> g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 ba \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh: t\u00edn (ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>), \u0111\u1ea1t (d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>) v\u00e0 nh\u00e3 (thanh tao<\/span>, b\u00f3ng b\u1ea3y).<\/span><\/p>\n

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– \u00d0\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> c\u00f2n quy m\u00f4 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Khi d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean<\/span> Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n sang H\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb b\u00fat th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi kh\u1ea9u d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, trong khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea1n do Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1eebng c\u00e2u, t\u1eebng ch\u1eef trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m t\u1eebng ch\u1eef trong b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng sai hay ch\u00e9p sai n\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sao cho l\u1eddi v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh nh\u00e3<\/span>, l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m tu s\u1ebd th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u1ea5y. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 tinh x\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Cung c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ch\u00edn c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n. D\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Tam T\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Chi Khi\u00eam<\/span>, th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn: <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i C\u1ef1u D\u1ecbch<\/span>: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u00fd kinh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. <\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i T\u00e2n D\u1ecbch<\/span>: do ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng. \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 ch\u1ee7<\/span> tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef n\u00e0o. D\u1ecbch trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c d\u00f9 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0<\/span> c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo truy\u1ec7n k\u00fd, khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 62 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d0\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ba b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n mang t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u1ec1. Xin m\u1edf ngo\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> trong \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span>), Ph\u00f3ng Quang<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, Kim Cang<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, Ti\u1ec3u Ph\u1ea9m<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, Nh\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> v.v\u2026 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> 600 quy\u1ec3n do ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch. V\u00ec b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xin th\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>. Trong khi c\u00f2n \u0111ang ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp<\/span> g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang tr\u00e8o l\u00ean v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 cheo leo v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1c th\u00fa<\/span> t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam b\u1edbt<\/span> g\u00ec. Ngay \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y, ng\u00e0i m\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn, ph\u00f3ng quang<\/span> minh t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea1ch h\u00e0o<\/span> khi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ng\u00e0i ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n ph\u00e1p h\u1ef7<\/span>. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng m\u00ecnh ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u0169ng m\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> n\u0103m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cng\u0169 ch\u1ee7ng b\u1ea5t phi\u00ean\u201d (n\u0103m l\u00fd do<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n): <\/span><\/p>\n

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a. B\u00ed m\u1eadt b\u1ea5t phi\u00ean<\/span>: <\/b>\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0 ra ni v\u00e0 m\u1eadt ch\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span>, m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>, b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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b. \u00d0a ngh\u0129a b\u1ea5t phi\u00ean: <\/b>M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a, n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1eef Bhagavat c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u ngh\u0129a n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 B\u00e0 Gi\u00e0 B\u00e0<\/span> hay B\u1ea1c Gi\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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c. Phi h\u1eefu<\/span> b\u1ea5t phi\u00ean: t\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1edf Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e2y, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u1ecdc qu\u00fd, c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o<\/span>, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0n (Jambhudana). <\/span><\/p>\n

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d. C\u1ed5 d\u1ecbch b\u1ea5t phi\u00ean: C\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 A N\u1eadu<\/span> \u00d0a La Tam Mi\u1ec3u Tam B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1. <\/span><\/p>\n

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e. Th\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a b\u1ea5t phi\u00ean: Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch ra s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>. B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng phi\u00ean. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 sau th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u00e0 \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, Tam T\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh: r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, n\u00f3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u00edch c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3<\/span>, hoa m\u1ef9<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 Trung Hoa. Khi ng\u00e0i Chi Khi\u00eam<\/span> th\u1eddi \u00d0\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, ng\u00e0i toan v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng thi ph\u00e1p b\u00f3ng b\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Duy K\u1ef3 N\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span> qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch<\/span>. Theo Duy ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span>, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 tinh t\u00fay<\/span>, hay \u0111\u1eb9p, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng hoa ng\u00f4n<\/span>, \u1ef7 ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd v\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00eam khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Chi Khi\u00eam<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> l\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea5y n\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c, trong s\u00e1ng<\/span>, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B.2. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 xin n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t: <\/span><\/p>\n

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a.\u00a0C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/b> (Kumarajiva 344-413): <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Quy T\u01b0<\/span> (Kucha), cha l\u00e0 C\u01b0u Ma La Vi\u00eam<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. Cha ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i tu. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh du h\u00f3a<\/span>, C\u01b0u Ma La Vi\u00eam<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Quy T\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ecb vua x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa<\/span> em ru\u1ed9t vua. Trong khi mang thai \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0, b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00f9ng t\u00edn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi sinh ra \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> thu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 hai ra \u0111\u1eddi. L\u00fac b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 v\u1eeba tr\u00f2n b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi l\u00ean ch\u00edn, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 theo m\u1eb9 sang \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Bandhudatta, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y hai b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung A H\u00e0m<\/span>. D\u00f9 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t tr\u1ebb, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi t\u0103ng s\u0129 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> Quy T\u01b0<\/span> n\u0103m 20 tu\u1ed5i, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tham h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u01a1i thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1. \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 h\u1ecdc T\u0103ng<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t A H\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0m t\u1ea1i Kashgar. S\u01b0 h\u1ecdc Th\u1eadp T\u1ee5ng Lu\u1eadt<\/span> (Sarvastidin Vinaya) v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0 Da X\u00e1<\/span> (Buddhayasas), h\u1ecdc Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn (Madhyamaka Shastra), B\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Shatika sastra) v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb M\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Dvadashamukha sastra) v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Suryasoma \u1edf Yarkand. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba c\u00f9ng t\u00e0i lu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Trung Hoa c\u0169ng m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ng\u00e0i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vua nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Ki\u00ean<\/span> (cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 357-385) \u0111\u00e3 sai t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u1eef Quang sang \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Quy T\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Ki\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 Di\u00eau (Dao) Tr\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 so\u00e1n ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 384, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, L\u1eef Quang chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eef ri\u1ec7t \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u1edf L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi Di\u00eau Tr\u00e0nh ch\u1ebft, con trai l\u00e0 Di\u00eau H\u01b0ng<\/span> (cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 393-415) h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u1eef Quang, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u00f3, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 50 tu\u1ed5i. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Di\u00eau H\u01b0ng<\/span> t\u00f4n \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 l\u00e0m Qu\u1ed1c S\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n tham d\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>. Ba d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m: Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, B\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb M\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 l\u00e0 ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Tam Lu\u1eadn T\u00f4ng<\/span> Trung Hoa. D\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> v\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1eddi v\u0103n thanh nh\u00e3<\/span>, mang \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7u. \u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>, lu\u1eadn, lu\u1eadt sau \u0111\u00e2y: <\/span><\/p>\n

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Kinh Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> H\u1ea3i B\u00e1t \u00d0\u1ee9c kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u00f3ng Ng\u01b0u kinh, \u00d0\u1ea1i Trang Nghi\u00eam Kinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Ch\u00fang Kinh So\u1ea1n T\u1ea1p Th\u00ed D\u1ee5<\/span>, Ma Ha B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt kinh<\/span>, Ti\u1ec3u Ph\u1ea9m B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt kinh<\/span>, Kim Cang B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Nh\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt kinh<\/span>, Ma Ha B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Minh Ch\u00fa<\/span> kinh, Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa kinh<\/span>, Th\u1eadp Tr\u1ee5 kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trang Nghi\u00eam<\/span> B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 t\u00e2m kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Tu Ma \u00d0\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> A Di<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 kinh, T\u1eadp Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c Tam Mu\u1ed9i<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt Th\u00f9y B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> L\u01b0\u1ee3c Thuy\u1ebft Gi\u00e1o Gi\u1edbi kinh<\/span>, T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Thi\u00ean Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Di L\u1eb7c H\u1ea1 Sanh Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Di L\u1eb7c<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kinh, V\u0103n Th\u00f9 S\u01b0 L\u1ee3i<\/span> V\u1ea5n B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 kinh, Duy Ma C\u1eadt S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft kinh<\/span>, Tr\u00ec Th\u1ebf kinh, B\u1ea5t T\u01b0 Ngh\u1ecb Quang B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft kinh<\/span>, T\u01b0 \u00cdch Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean S\u1edf V\u1ea5n kinh<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n B\u00ed Y\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p kinh<\/span>, T\u1ecda Thi\u1ec1n<\/span> Tam Mu\u1ed9i<\/span> kinh, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Ha S\u1eafc D\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p kinh<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p Y\u1ebfu Gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, T\u01b0 Duy L\u01b0\u1ee3c Y\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5 Kh\u1ea9n Na La<\/span> V\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u1edf V\u1ea5n kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Th\u1ee7 L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam Tam Mu\u1ed9i kinh<\/span>, Ch\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p V\u00f4 H\u00e0nh kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft Hoa Th\u1ee7 kinh<\/span>, \u00d0\u0103ng Ch\u1ec9 Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span> kinh, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u01b0\u1edbc V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00fa kinh<\/span>, Th\u1eadp T\u1ee5ng T\u1ef3 Kheo<\/span> Ba La<\/span> \u00d0\u1ec1 M\u1ed9c Xoa<\/span> Gi\u1edbi B\u1ea3n<\/span>, Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng kinh<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u00d0\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn, Th\u1eadp Tr\u1ee5 T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb M\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, B\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Ph\u00e1t B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span> Lu\u1eadn, M\u00e3 Minh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> Truy\u1ec7n, Long Th\u1ecd B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> Truy\u1ec7n, \u00d0\u1ec1 B\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> Truy\u1ec7n.
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b.\u00a0Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span><\/b> (596-664) <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> sanh kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 596 trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c<\/span> \u1edf L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n h\u00fay Huy. Cha ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb quan<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ec9nh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u00d0\u1ebf (604-618). Khi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y m\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i, th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5<\/span> ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1o quan v\u1ec1 \u1edf \u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u00fang b\u1ea5n. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tu \u1edf ch\u00f9a T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9. Tuy m\u1edbi tr\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh Duy Ma<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> v\u00e0 ham h\u1ecdc t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m ng\u00e0i tr\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, t\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 vang d\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u1eafp L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn<\/span>. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y th\u00eam v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, ng\u00e0i li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Trang Nghi\u00eam<\/span> \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> th\u00eam. Tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc, hai anh em ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean<\/span>. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd C\u1ee5<\/span> T\u00fac gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tham h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Hoa B\u1eafc, h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o Th\u00e2m, h\u1ecdc kinh Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Hu\u1ec7 H\u01b0u<\/span>. C\u00e0ng tham h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ng\u00e0i c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u nghi t\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u1ea3y sinh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed<\/span> sang T\u00e2y Thi\u00ean<\/span> tham ph\u1ecfng, c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. \u00d0\u00e3 bao l\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> sang Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb b\u00e1c v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span> do c\u00e1c r\u1ee3 H\u1ed3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00eda T\u00e2y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 629, khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f2n 30 tu\u1ed5i, ng\u00e0i l\u00e9n theo ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tha ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00ec h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh<\/span> sang T\u00e2y. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t gian kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u phen ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng<\/span> trong sa m\u1ea1c. Sau khi tham h\u1ecdc<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u1edf Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Nalanda c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Gi\u1edbi Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> (Silabhadra). V\u1eeba g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t ng\u00e0i, ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Gi\u1edbi Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3c n\u1ee9c n\u1edf. Theo th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gi\u00e1c Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> (Budhabhadra), ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Gi\u1edbi Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u00e1c t\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea7m kha t\u1eeb ba n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> n\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u phen S\u01b0 toan t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. S\u01b0 Gi\u1edbi<\/span> Hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u1edd ch\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u00e0i m\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> V\u0103n Th\u00f9<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> b\u1ea3o: \u201c\u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec trong ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp<\/span>, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> kh\u00f3 nh\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn tham h\u1ecdc<\/span>. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng t\u1eadn t\u00e2m<\/span> d\u1ea1y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft cho \u00f4ng \u1ea5y th\u00ec m\u1ecdi \u00e1c t\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0nh!\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> h\u1ecdc Du Gi\u00e0 S\u01b0<\/span> \u00d0\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Gi\u1edbi Hi\u1ec1n<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i \u0111i kh\u1eafp Nam \u1ea4n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba l\u1eabn Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span> su\u1ed1t 17 n\u0103m. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111a v\u0103n<\/span>, ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i<\/span>. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> V\u00f4 Gi\u00e0<\/span> n\u0103m 641 do vua Harsha (Gi\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt) t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Kh\u00fac N\u1eef th\u00e0nh<\/span> (Kanyakubja) c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 7 ng\u00e0n v\u1ecb t\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> tham d\u1ef1<\/span>, ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft Ch\u00e2n Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Vua Gi\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt ghi d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n: \u201cN\u1ebfu ai nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, tr\u1eabm xin c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1 l\u1ed7i\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 s\u01a1 s\u00f3t n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y. Do v\u1eady, ng\u00e0i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba. N\u0103m 645, sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>, ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span> mang theo<\/span> 150 vi\u00ean x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i<\/span>, 6 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ed7 tr\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 657 Ph\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m 224 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 192 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n mang theo<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span> . <\/span><\/p>\n

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Vua \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> ngh\u00eanh \u0111\u00f3n ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 do qu\u00e1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c t\u00e0i tr\u00ed tr\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u phen c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p ng\u00e0i ho\u00e0n t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh ch\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u1ed1c. Sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t<\/span>, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span>. D\u01b0\u1edbi tay ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 12 v\u1ecb t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng ngh\u0129a<\/span>, 9 v\u1ecb t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng th\u1ea1c h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p. Ngay trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Kinh g\u1ed3m 20 quy\u1ec3n, Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ecba kinh (1 quy\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c M\u00f4n<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Ni kinh (1 quy\u1ec3n). N\u0103m k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 (646), b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma T\u1ea1p T\u1eadp Lu\u1eadn (12 quy\u1ec3n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>. B\u1ed9 Du Gi\u00e0 S\u01b0<\/span> \u00d0\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn (100 quy\u1ec3n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 648. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n t\u00e2m to\u00e0n \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u1ea3. Vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> tri\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o cung \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi han v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c K\u00fd<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng nh\u00e0 vua tham d\u1ef1<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o nh\u00e0 vua cao h\u1ee9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 50, s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ecb n\u1ec3<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Gi\u1edbi<\/span>, gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan. N\u0103m 657, khi V\u0169 H\u1eadu c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, b\u00e0 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ng\u00e0i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u1eefa. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> ph\u1ea3i xin vua \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u1edf ch\u00f9a T\u1eeb \u00c2n<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i theo vua tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span> v\u00e0 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an c\u01b0<\/span> \u1edf cung Ng\u1ecdc Hoa<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>. B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 200 ng\u00e0n b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> (kho\u1ea3ng 6 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n). Khi \u0111\u00f3, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 62 tu\u1ed5i. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch g\u1ed3m 600 quy\u1ec3n (chi\u1ebfm tr\u1ecdn 3 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ea1ng) ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> sau 4 n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c<\/span> qu\u00ean \u0103n b\u1ecf ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 v\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, khi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 m\u01b0a hoa, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nghe thi\u00ean nh\u1ea1c<\/span> ng\u00e2n vang v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ng\u00e0o ng\u1ea1t. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m sau (664), m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> B\u1ea3o T\u00edch<\/span>. V\u1eeba d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng, Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> bi\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u1ed5i n\u00ean ng\u00e0i ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i. Th\u00e1ng Hai \u00e2m l\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u0103m \u1ea5y, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 th\u1ecb t\u1ecbch<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 74 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i ch\u1ecdn d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9, Kim Cang Th\u1eeba<\/span>, Lu\u1eadt, Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span>. Xin h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0: Hi\u1ec3n V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean<\/span> Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c kinh, \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ecba T\u1ea1ng Th\u1eadp Lu\u00e2n kinh<\/span>, Th\u1ecd Tr\u00ec<\/span> Th\u1ea5t Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Danh Hi\u1ec7u<\/span> S\u1edf Sinh C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c kinh, T\u1ecbch Chi\u1ebfu<\/span> Th\u1ea7n Bi\u1ebfn<\/span> Tam Ma<\/span> \u00d0\u1ecba Kinh, X\u01b0ng T\u00e1n<\/span> T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u1ebfp Th\u1ecd<\/span> kinh, Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt kinh<\/span>, X\u01b0ng T\u00e1n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Kinh, Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt T\u00e2m<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Ni kinh, Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ea5t Di\u1ec7n<\/span> Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00fa<\/span> kinh, B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> Quy\u1ebfn S\u00e1ch<\/span> Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00fa<\/span> T\u00e2m kinh<\/span>, Th\u1eafng Tr\u00e0ng T\u00fd \u1ea4n \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Ni kinh, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Gi\u1edbi<\/span> Y\u1ebft Ma<\/span> V\u0103n, A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma T\u1eadp D\u1ecb M\u00f4n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn, A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma Th\u1ee9c Th\u00e2n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma Ph\u1ea9m Lo\u1ea1i T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Nh\u1eadp A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma Lu\u1eadn, Ng\u0169 S\u1ef1<\/span> T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, A T\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma C\u00e2u X\u00e1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00e1c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn Th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Du Gi\u00e0 S\u01b0<\/span> \u00d0\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn, Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Nhi\u1ebfp \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Lu\u1eadn B\u1ed5n<\/span>, Bi\u1ec7n Trung Bi\u00ean Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Hi\u1ec3n D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1o Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Th\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p Lu\u1eadn, Qu\u00e1n S\u1edf Duy\u00ean Duy\u00ean Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Nh\u00e2n Minh Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd M\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn B\u1ea3n<\/span>, D\u1ecb B\u1ed9<\/span> T\u00f4ng Lu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadn\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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c. Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/b> (635-713) <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec7n Tr\u00e1c, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0<\/span> B\u1eafc, h\u1ecd Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ef1 V\u0103n Minh<\/span>. S\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u00f4ng minh<\/span>, tham h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c danh \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span>, ng\u00e0i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u1eadp Tr\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p<\/span>. N\u0103m 671, s\u01b0 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed3i qua \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. Sau khi tham h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>, s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc 400 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 300 vi\u00ean x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i<\/span>. V\u0169 H\u1eadu ra t\u1eadn c\u1eeda Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u00f4ng ngh\u00eanh ti\u1ebfp<\/span> Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 s\u01b0 an tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ecd<\/span> K\u00fd. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> 12 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb 699 \u0111\u1ebfn 711, s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 56 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> g\u1ed3m 230 quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt trong H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> T\u1ef3 N\u1ea1i Da<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay \u0111a ph\u1ea7n do s\u01b0 d\u1ecbch. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, s\u01b0 c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y lu\u1eadt cho h\u00e0ng h\u1eadu h\u1ecdc. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nam H\u1ea3i K\u00fd Quy N\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p<\/span> Truy\u1ec7n (4 quy\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c<\/span> C\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p<\/span> Truy\u1ec7n (2 quy\u1ec3n) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 l\u00e0: Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n<\/span> Giai Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Tam Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Di\u1ec7u S\u1eafc<\/span> V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Kim Cang<\/span> N\u0103ng \u00d0o\u1ea1n B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt<\/span> \u00d0a kinh (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kinh Kim Cang<\/span>), D\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0<\/span> L\u01b0u Ly<\/span> Quang Th\u1ea5t Ph\u1eadt<\/span> B\u1ea3n Nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c kinh (ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee7 D\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ea5t Ph\u1eadt<\/span>), Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ecbnh B\u1ea5t \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u1ea4n kinh, M\u1ea1n Th\u00f9 Th\u1ea5t L\u1ee3i<\/span> Ch\u00fa T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Trung Gi\u1ea3o L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> S\u1ed5 Ch\u00e2u<\/span> C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Gi\u1edbi kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea3nh T\u00f4n Th\u1eafng<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Ni kinh, H\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Ni kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> X\u01b0ng T\u00e1n<\/span> Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00fa<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> B\u1ea1t Tr\u1eeb T\u1ed9i Ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> Ch\u00fa V\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft<\/span> C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Trang Nghi\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span>, Kim Quang Minh T\u1ed1i Th\u1eafng V\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span>, C\u0103n B\u1ea3n<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> T\u1ef3 N\u1ea1i Da<\/span>, C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> B\u00ed S\u00f4 Ni T\u1ef3 N\u1ea1i Da<\/span>, C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> T\u1ef3 N\u1ea1i Da<\/span> An C\u01b0<\/span> S\u1ef1, C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> T\u1ef3 N\u1ea1i Da<\/span> Ph\u00e1 T\u0103ng<\/span> S\u1ef1, C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> B\u00e1ch Nh\u1ea5t Y\u1ebft Ma<\/span>, L\u1ee5c M\u00f4n<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Th\u1ecd<\/span> T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ecbnh Lu\u1eadn, Nh\u00e2n Minh Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd M\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Ch\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c B\u1ea3o Sinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, H\u1ed9 M\u1ea1ng<\/span> Ph\u00f3ng Sinh<\/span> Nghi Qu\u1ef9<\/span> Ph\u00e1p\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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d. B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng Kim Cang<\/span><\/b> (705-774) <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01b0 T\u1eed<\/span> (nay l\u00e0 Sri Lanka). N\u0103m 14 tu\u1ed5i, S\u01b0 theo ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Kim Cang Tr\u00ed<\/span> (Vajrabodhi) h\u1ecdc v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u1ee5ng tr\u00ec<\/span> M\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i S\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span>, m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, theo ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0169 Oai, Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean (Trung Hoa), sau th\u1edd ng\u00e0i Kim Cang Tr\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m 720, S\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. N\u0103m 20 tu\u1ed5i, S\u01b0 th\u1ecd C\u1ee5<\/span> T\u00fac Gi\u1edbi. S\u01b0 th\u00f4ng minh<\/span>, t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00eam c\u1ea9n<\/span>, tu \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span> Ng\u0169 B\u1ed9<\/span> Tam M\u1eadt<\/span>. Sau khi ng\u00e0i Kim Cang Tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ecb t\u1ecbch<\/span>, tu\u00e2n theo<\/span> di hu\u1ea5n<\/span>, S\u01b0 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb H\u00e0m Quang<\/span> v\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 Bi\u1ec7n sang T\u00e2y Tr\u00fac<\/span> h\u1ecdc 18 h\u1ed9i Kim Cang<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea3nh Du Gi\u00e0<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i Bi T\u1ef3 L\u00f4 Gi\u00e1 Na<\/span> Thai T\u1ea1ng, 5 b\u1ed9 Qu\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea3nh Ch\u00e2n Ng\u00f4n<\/span> B\u00ed \u00d0i\u1ec3n. S\u01b0 c\u00f2n tham h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 Ng\u0169 Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m 746, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111\u00f4, s\u01b0 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3nh<\/span> cho vua \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a T\u1ecbnh \u1ea2nh. Do \u0111\u1ea3o v\u0169<\/span> linh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng y<\/span>. Vua \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng phong<\/span> cho S\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng L\u00f4 Khanh, ban hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u00ed<\/span> Tam T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. S\u01b0 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span> M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ng\u0169 \u00d0\u00e0, Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean. S\u01b0 th\u1ecb t\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u0103m 774, l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i 176 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/span>. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng t\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i D\u1ecbch Gi\u1ea3. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Thi\u1ec7n V\u00f4 \u00day<\/span> (Shubhakarasimha) v\u00e0 Kim Cang Tr\u00ed<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khai Nguy\u00ean Tam \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u0129 (ba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129<\/span> trong ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean). S\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/span> Trung Hoa. \u00d0\u1ec7 t\u1eed n\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 Qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Hu\u1ec7 Qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Kh\u00f4ng H\u1ea3i<\/span> (Kukai), khai t\u1ed5<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Ng\u00f4n T\u00f4ng<\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span>: \u00d0\u1ea1i Nh\u1ea1o Kim Cang<\/span> B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Th\u1ef1c<\/span> Tam Ma Da<\/span> kinh, \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ef3 L\u00f4 Gi\u00e1 Na<\/span> Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u1ea7n Bi\u1ebfn Gia Tr\u00ec<\/span> Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ecb Th\u1ea5t Chi<\/span> Ni\u1ec7m T\u1ee5ng<\/span> Nghi Qu\u1ef9<\/span> H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt Kinh<\/span> L\u01b0\u1ee3c Nhi\u1ebfp Ni\u1ec7m T\u1ee5ng<\/span> T\u00f9y H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, Kim Cang<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea3nh Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Th\u1ef1c<\/span> Nhi\u1ebfp \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Hi\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span>, Kim Cang<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea3nh Kinh Du Gi\u00e0<\/span> Th\u1eadp B\u00e1t H\u1ed9i<\/span> Ch\u1ec9 Quy<\/span>, Nhuy H\u1ebf Da kinh, A S\u00fac<\/span> Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> Ni\u1ec7m T\u1ee5ng<\/span> Nghi Qu\u1ef9<\/span>, V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> Qu\u00e1n H\u1ea1nh<\/span> C\u00fang D\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Nghi Qu\u1ef9<\/span>, Kim Cang<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea3nh Kinh Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> Tu H\u00e0nh<\/span> Ph\u00e1p, C\u1eedu Ph\u1ea9m V\u00e3ng Sanh<\/span> A Di<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Tam Ma<\/span> \u00d0\u1ecba T\u1eadp \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Ni kinh, B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 Tr\u00e0ng S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t T\u1ef1<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kinh, B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> Quy\u1ebfn S\u00e1ch<\/span> T\u1ef3 L\u00f4 Gi\u00e1 Na Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea3nh Quang Ch\u00e2n Ng\u00f4n\u2026.<\/span><\/p>\n

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e. Chi Khi\u00eam<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u0103m sanh v\u00e0 n\u0103m m\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>. S\u01b0 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i Nh\u1ee5c Chi<\/span>, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Cung Minh. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ed9, \u1edf t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam<\/span>, theo h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Chi L\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Chi L\u00e2u Ca S\u1ea5m<\/span>). S\u01b0 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> s\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng m\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Nang (c\u00e1i t\u00fai tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span>). Sau S\u01b0 qua \u00d0\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u00f4n l\u00e0m B\u00e1c S\u0129<\/span> d\u1ea1y th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> T\u00f4n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> 222-253, S\u01b0 d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, theo L\u01b0\u01a1ng Cao T\u0103ng Truy\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 49 b\u1ed9, theo L\u1ecbch \u00d0\u1ea1i Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span> K\u1ef7, quy\u1ec3n 5, l\u00e0 129 b\u1ed9. Trong \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u00e2n Tu \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> c\u00f3 ghi 51 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m. Khi Th\u00e1i T\u1eed<\/span> l\u00ean ng\u00f4i<\/span>, S\u01b0 lui v\u1ec1<\/span> \u1ea9n c\u01b0<\/span> t\u1ea1i Khung \u1ea2i, theo ng\u00e0i Tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p Lan<\/span> gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, chuy\u00ean tu<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n \u00d0\u1ecbnh. S\u01b0 th\u1ecb t\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u0103m 60 tu\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i S\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> khai ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. L\u1eddi v\u0103n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 trong s\u00e1ng<\/span>, g\u00e3y g\u1ecdn<\/span>, ch\u1eafc th\u1eadt, gi\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c. Do S\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u00d0\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> do S\u01b0 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u ghi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Chi Khi\u00eam<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span>: Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> kinh, Th\u00e1i T\u1eed Th\u1ee5y \u1ee8ng B\u1ea3n Kh\u1edfi kinh<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i Minh \u00d0\u1ed9 kinh\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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f. B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span> (Bodhiruci):<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u0103m sanh, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y (386-534). Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span>, tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea3 ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. N\u0103m 508 th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y Tuy\u00ean V\u0169 \u00d0\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>. Vua th\u1ec9nh ng\u00e0i tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a V\u0129nh Ninh<\/span>, ng\u00e0i chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 39 b\u1ed9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>: C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, ng\u00e0i chia m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh M\u00e3n T\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00e1n T\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i trong 12 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 B\u00e1n T\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 M\u00e3n T\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u1eadp ra gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t \u00c2m Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> n\u00f3i ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh<\/span> nh\u01b0ng mu\u00f4n ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span>. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> c\u0103n t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00ednh ch\u00fang<\/span> m\u00e0 nghe nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> kinh L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00d0\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Do c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch Th\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ecba Kinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i L\u1eb7c Na Ma<\/span> \u00d0\u1ec1, ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ecba Lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n kinh<\/span> Qu\u00e1n V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd<\/span> cho ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m Loan. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 T\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> t\u00f4n ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m S\u01a1 T\u1ed5<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m Loan l\u00e0m nh\u1ecb t\u1ed5. <\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span>: Kim Cang<\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt Danh kinh<\/span> (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Kinh V\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt<\/span>), Gi\u00e0 Da S\u01a1n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea3nh kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> V\u0103n Th\u00f9 S\u01b0 L\u1ee3i<\/span> Tu\u1ea7n H\u00e0nh kinh, Th\u1eafng T\u01b0 \u00cdch Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean S\u1edf V\u1ea5n kinh<\/span>, Nh\u1eadp L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 kinh<\/span>, Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t kinh<\/span>, V\u00f4 T\u1ef1 B\u1ea3o Khi\u1ebfp Kinh<\/span>, Kim Cang<\/span> Ti\u00ean Lu\u1eadn, V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u01afu Ba \u00d0\u1ec1 X\u00e1 kinh, Quy\u1ec1n Hi\u1ec7n<\/span> Kim S\u1eafc<\/span> Ca Na B\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ec3 C\u1eedu M\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean Ph\u00e1p, Sai Ma<\/span> B\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ebf Th\u1ecd K\u00fd kinh<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o T\u00edch Kinh<\/span> Lu\u1eadn\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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g. B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Ch\u00ed (Bodhiruci):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> trong hai th\u1eddi, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Ch\u00ed. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ng\u00e0i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 200 tu\u1ed5i. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, ng\u00e0i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span> d\u1ecbch \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o Kinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Ch\u00ed d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o T\u00edch<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m<\/span> hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1eadt ra, ng\u00e0i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Ch\u00ed tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma L\u01b0u Chi<\/span> (Dharmaruci), thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span>, b\u1ea9m t\u00e1nh th\u00f4ng minh<\/span>, xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> trong ph\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 12 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d0\u1ebfn 60 tu\u1ed5i, S\u01b0 m\u1edbi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, li\u1ec1n \u1ea9n c\u01b0<\/span> trong hang n\u00fai<\/span> tu h\u1ea1nh \u00d0\u1ea7u \u00d0\u00e0. S\u01b0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Da X\u00e1<\/span> C\u00f9 Sa<\/span>, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 5 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span>. \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng nghe ti\u1ebfng li\u1ec1n sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec9nh qua Trung Hoa. N\u0103m 693, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span>, V\u0169 H\u1eadu T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0i d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt C\u1ea3nh Gi\u1edbi<\/span>, B\u1ea3o V\u0169\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong n\u0103m 706, \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Trung T\u00f4ng<\/span>, ng\u00e0i tr\u1ee5 t\u00edch t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a S\u00f9ng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span>, d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> Quy\u1ebfn S\u00e1ch<\/span> Th\u1ea7n Bi\u1ebfn<\/span> Ch\u00e2n Ng\u00f4n<\/span>, Nh\u1ea5t T\u1ef1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea3nh Lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> B\u1ea3o T\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>. Do tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 cao, S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 26 h\u1ed9i n\u1eefa, c\u1ed9ng chung v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1u d\u1ecbch<\/span> th\u00e0nh 49 h\u1ed9i (120 quy\u1ec3n). N\u0103m 722, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecd<\/span>. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 727, ng\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c<\/span>. Ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 5 th\u00e1ng 11, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 th\u1ecb t\u1ecbch<\/span>, th\u1ecd 166 tu\u1ed5i (?). <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00ednh ra ng\u00e0i d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 53 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y; \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 T\u1ee5c T\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 25 b\u1ed9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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h. Th\u01b0 C\u1eeb Kinh Thanh<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00ec Th\u01b0 C\u1eeb Kinh Thanh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ee5c gia c\u01b0<\/span> s\u0129. \u00d4ng sanh n\u0103m n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, l\u00e0 em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 C\u1eeb M\u00f4ng T\u1ed1n<\/span>, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong An D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea7u. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> nh\u1edb dai, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch, gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Thu\u1edf thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi<\/span> \u00f4ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn Vu \u00d0i\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n, g\u1eb7p ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0 T\u01b0 Na t\u1ea1i C\u00f9 Ma \u00d0\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span>, h\u1ecdc Kinh Thi\u1ec1n Y\u1ebfu B\u00ed M\u1eadt<\/span> Tr\u1ecb B\u1ec7nh( Tr\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n B\u1ec7nh B\u00ed Y\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p<\/span>). <\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i H\u00e0 T\u00e2y, g\u1eb7p ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m, \u00f4ng l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn, th\u01b0a h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c. N\u0103m 439 nh\u00e0 B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng<\/span> B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y, \u00f4ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng, trong t\u00e2m ch\u00e1n ng\u00e1n<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p, phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh v\u0103n, c\u00e1c kinh do \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n 16 b\u1ed9, 17 quy\u1ec3n: Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> B\u00e1t Quan Trai kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Qu\u00e1n Di L\u1eb7c B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sanh \u00d0\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> T\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Gi\u00e1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Chi\u00ean \u00d0\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ma \u00d0\u1ea1t Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u0103ng \u00d0\u1ea1i kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Gia K\u1ef3 kinh, Tr\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n B\u1ecbnh B\u00ed Y\u1ebfu<\/span> Ph\u00e1p, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> T\u1ea5n H\u1ecdc Kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ng\u0169 V\u00f4 Ph\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5c Kinh, Ng\u0169 Ph\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ea1i Ngh\u0129a kinh<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ec7 T\u1eed T\u1eed Ph\u1ee5c Sinh<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ca Di\u1ebfp<\/span> C\u1ea5m Gi\u1edbi<\/span> kinh, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ng\u0169 Kh\u1ee7ng B\u1ed1<\/span> Th\u1ebf kinh\u2026. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 464. N\u0103m sinh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb X\u00e0 Na<\/span> C\u1ea5p \u00d0a (Jnanagupta), C\u1ea7u Na<\/span> B\u1ea1t \u00d0\u00e0 La (Gunabhadra), Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> (Danapala), Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> (Dharmabhadra), Ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean<\/span> (Dharmadeva)… C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 15 b\u1ed9 (ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c) nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Th\u1eadt Xoa Nan \u00d0\u00e0 (Siksananda), nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span>, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span>. \u00d0i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>, kinh \u00d0\u1ecba T\u1ea1ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t B\u1ea3n Nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, kinh Th\u1eadp Thi\u1ec7n Nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1o, kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Nh\u1eadp L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0<\/span>, kinh Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> B\u00ed M\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nh\u01b0 \u00dd<\/span> Lu\u00e2n \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00fa<\/span>, kinh Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft<\/span> C\u1ee9u Di\u1ec7n Nhi\u00ean<\/span> Ng\u1ea1 Qu\u1ef7<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Ra Ni Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00fa<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Kh\u1edfi T\u00edn Lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Ri\u00eang hai kinh Qu\u00e1n \u00c2m<\/span> Nh\u01b0 \u00dd<\/span> Lu\u00e2n v\u00e0 kinh C\u1ee9u Di\u1ec7n Nhi\u00ean<\/span> Ng\u1ea1 Qu\u1ef7<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u00f4ng M\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Nh\u01b0 \u00dd Lu\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n \u00c2m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh n\u00e0y. Nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> M\u00f4ng S\u01a1n<\/span> Th\u00ed Th\u1ef1c<\/span> trong th\u1eddi kh\u00f3a c\u00f4ng phu chi\u1ec1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n Gia<\/span> c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i ch\u00fa l\u1ea5y trong kinh C\u1ee9u Di\u1ec7n Nhi\u00ean<\/span> Ng\u1ea1 Qu\u1ef7<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i, ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> (ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>) v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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C1. S\u1edb gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Trung Hoa c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ngh\u0129a kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 S\u1edb nh\u01b0 A Di<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 Kinh S\u1edb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c Huy\u1ec1n Lu\u1eadn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> Hoa Huy\u1ec1n Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i C\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng<\/span>), Huy\u1ec1n Ngh\u0129a<\/span> (Ph\u00e1p Hoa Huy\u1ec1n Ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span>), ho\u1eb7c Ngh\u0129a K\u00fd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> Hoa Kinh Ngh\u0129a K\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n<\/span>), ho\u1eb7c Thu\u1eadt K\u00fd (nh\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Thu\u1eadt K\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>). \u00d0\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u0103n C\u00fa<\/span> nh\u01b0 Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa Kinh V\u0103n C\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed H\u00fac<\/span> (37 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> (36 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), C\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng<\/span> (28 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), Khuy C\u01a1<\/span> (24 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), \u00d0\u1ea1o Tuy\u00ean (23 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), Li\u00ean Tr\u00ec<\/span> Ch\u00e2u Ho\u1eb1ng<\/span> (21 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), Nguy\u00ean Hi\u1ec3u<\/span> (18 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), Qu\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea3nh (14 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>). S\u1edb gi\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Thanh L\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Hi\u1ec1n Th\u1ee7<\/span>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 Thanh L\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> S\u1edb ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>. Ri\u00eang t\u1ed5 V\u00e2n Th\u00ea Ch\u00e2u Ho\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1edb Sao (S\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u00fd kinh, Sao \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, g\u00fat m\u1eafc trong l\u1eddi S\u1edb). C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ra nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> g\u00e2y cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ng\u00e0i Tr\u00fac \u00d0\u1ea1o Sanh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o Sanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cao t\u0103ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1eddi \u00d0\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec7n C\u1ef1 L\u1ed9c (nay thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0<\/span> B\u1eafc). Ng\u00e0i v\u1ed1n h\u1ecd Ng\u1ee5y, nh\u01b0ng th\u1edd ng\u00e0i Tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i sang h\u1ecd Tr\u00fac. Ng\u00e0i t\u1eebng th\u1ecd h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cao t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i L\u00f4 S\u01a1n<\/span> Hu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec5n<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span>. Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u201cxi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1n ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt\u201d b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span>. Sau n\u00e0y, khi ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1edbi kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Chi Khi\u00eam<\/span> qua t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Li\u1ec5u B\u1ea3n Sanh T\u1eed<\/span> Kinh Gi\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An (312-385). Ng\u00e0i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> L\u00e3o Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa. Su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, S\u01b0 tha thi\u1ebft c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o phong<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> C\u01b0u Ma La<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> vua Ph\u00f9 Ki\u00ean<\/span> tri\u1ec1u Ph\u00f9 T\u1ea7n cung th\u1ec9nh Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> nh\u1eadp Hoa. Ti\u1ebfc thay, khi ng\u00e0i La Th\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u0103ng, ni ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef Th\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean nh\u1eb1m thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> \u00fd kinh: m\u1ecdi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca<\/span>, v\u00e0 khi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i<\/span> nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. D\u1ef1a theo kinh lu\u1eadt, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c cho gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng s\u0129 Trung Hoa d\u1ef1a theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu t\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u0103ng \u1ea4n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ed9. T\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u canh c\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u1ebf ra y ca sa<\/span> kho\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i \u00e1o d\u00e0i<\/span> m\u1eb7c trong b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span>, th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00fang theo ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c y\u1ebft ma<\/span>, t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1o An c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nh\u1eb1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00e0y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 374 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> h\u01a1n 500 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng kinh n\u00e0o b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1a (v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ch\u00e9p kinh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ghi t\u00ean kinh \u1edf trang cu\u1ed1i), ng\u00e0i b\u00e8n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong kinh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1a m\u1edbi. <\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean l\u00e1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd c\u1ecd t\u00ean l\u00e0 tala (c\u00e2y \u0111a<\/span> la). Do ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e1 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 pattra (T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/span> la), n\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1i di\u1ec7p kinh v\u0103n\u201d. Khi ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> du h\u1ecdc Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>, ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nam \u1ea4n v\u00e0 T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e1 c\u00e2y palmira v\u00e0 talipot. L\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh d\u00e0i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 25×80 cm. Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng phai, hay d\u00f9ng m\u0169i kim nh\u1ecdn x\u00e2m ch\u1eef xong qu\u00e9t m\u1ef1c l\u00ean. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> ch\u00e9p xong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ecf d\u00e2y bu\u1ed9c r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng hai m\u1ea3nh v\u00e1n \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p kinh v\u00e0 in kinh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y d\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/span> c\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p kinh tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> thu\u1edf x\u01b0a. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede Trung Hoa, kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5c hay x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng quy\u1ec3n. Do khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> d\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 cho d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb. Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia quy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eeba ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 r\u1edbt m\u1ea5t trang, l\u1ea1c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p kinh trong Ph\u1ea1n B\u1ea3n. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau n\u00e0y, khi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in kinh t\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00e2n h\u01a1n, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc T\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1eabn chia th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> g\u1ed3m 8 quy\u1ec3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 khi in ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cquy\u1ec3n\u201d n\u00e0y, hai b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> t\u00e2n d\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u d\u1ecbch<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Th\u1eadp Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u1eadp<\/span> Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> (kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> b\u1ea3n 60 quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> 80 quy\u1ec3n). Khi Trung A H\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t A H\u00e0m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n vi\u1ebft s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i La Th\u1eadp<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span>, phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh, gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba l\u1eabn Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. Noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0i La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh, n\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> Nam B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u<\/span> (317-589), c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. M\u1ed7i kinh ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o khi\u1ebfn cho gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt th\u1eddi<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4i khi hoang mang v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba. \u00d0\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u201cgi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1n th\u00edch\u201d hay g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o\u201d. Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, \u201cph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span>, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00ec nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> nhau. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed: ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh n\u00e0o s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00f9y – \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng (581-907), ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>: ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span>, gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o. \u00d0\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra hai thuy\u1ebft: <\/span><\/p>\n

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1\/ Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n<\/span> S\u01b0 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb y s\u01b0 t\u00f9y b\u1ecbnh cho thu\u1ed1c. T\u00f9y m\u1ed7i c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00f4n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y tu B\u1ea1ch C\u1ed1t Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, B\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh Qu\u00e1n<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean\u2026 Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> (xin l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201ct\u00e1m v\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ee9 th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span>). <\/span><\/p>\n

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2\/ Th\u1ee9 hai, Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng vi\u00ean \u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>: Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> th\u00ednh ch\u00fang<\/span> sai kh\u00e1c n\u00ean nghe th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d0\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t \u00c2m Gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 chia kinh Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: M\u00e3n T\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1o<\/span> (kinh ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u0129a \u00d0\u1ebf) v\u00e0 B\u00e1n T\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1o<\/span> (kinh do \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng n\u00f3i thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, d\u1ec5 l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd<\/span>; gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ebf). L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng kinh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>: V\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00f4 l\u1ea1c, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u00f4 t\u1ecbnh; khi t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> Nh\u1ecb Th\u1eeba<\/span>, ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n d\u1eabn h\u1ecd l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n n\u00ean d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2n Th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1c, Ch\u00e2n Ng\u00e3<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n T\u1ecbnh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m T\u1ee9 T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n trong \u00d0\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u00d0\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. T\u1ee9 T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n l\u00e0: <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c D\u1ee5c<\/span> T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n): t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Nh\u00e2n T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sanh Thi\u1ec7n T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n): t\u00f9y theo<\/span> c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng ra ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. \u00d0\u1ed1i Tr\u1ecb T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n (\u00d0o\u1ea1n \u00c1c T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n): nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> n\u00ean t\u00f9y b\u1ecbnh cho thu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00ec ng\u00e0i T\u00f4n \u00d0\u00e0 La Nan \u00d0\u00e0 tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00ean thi\u00ean cung<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c thi\u00ean n\u1eef<\/span> xinh \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t tr\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> h\u0103ng h\u00e1i<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham \u00e1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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4. \u00d0\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u0129a T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n (Nh\u1eadp L\u00fd T\u1ea5t \u00d0\u00e0n): ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> xu\u00f4ng, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (\u00d0\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u0129a \u00d0\u1ebf, Th\u1eadt T\u1ebf<\/span>, Th\u1eadt T\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>) khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1ebf nh\u1eadp ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00d0\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Hu\u1ec7 Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng. V\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gi\u00e1o<\/span> h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chia l\u00e0m n\u0103m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span>: th\u1eddi A H\u00e0m<\/span>, th\u1eddi B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span>, th\u1eddi Duy Ma<\/span>, th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean Thai<\/span> ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1eadp hai b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i S\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u1ed9i t\u1eadp kinh Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00ec khi ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m (Dharmkshema 385-433) d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua Th\u01b0 C\u1eeb M\u00f4ng T\u1ed1n<\/span> (cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 401-433), ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> Ph\u1ea1n B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang Vu \u00d0i\u1ec1n (Khotan) th\u1ec9nh Ph\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n, b\u1ea3n Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0mV\u00f4 S\u1ea5m d\u1ecbch l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 40 quy\u1ec3n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u quy\u1ec3n. M\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u01b0u khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i Hu\u1ec7 Qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0\u1edbng su\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb danh<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eadp hai kinh Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>. B\u1ea3n h\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ea3n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y, vi\u1ec7c s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t. Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Trung Hoa th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> v\u1edbi hai b\u1ea3n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Hoa Kinh<\/span> Ngh\u0129a S\u1edb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o Sanh (355-434) v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Hoa Kinh<\/span> Ngh\u0129a K\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p V\u1eadn (467-529) vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Nam Kinh<\/span>, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa Kinh Huy\u1ec1n Ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> (538-597) v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Hoa Kinh<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i C\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng<\/span> (549-623) thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4ng Tam Lu\u1eadn<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ng\u1eafn (59 n\u0103m), nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh vi<\/span>, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> \u201cl\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u201d (\u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, xin xem cu\u1ed1n Qu\u00e1n V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd<\/span> S\u1edb Sao c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n T\u00e2m<\/span>) v\u00e0 \u201cng\u0169 tr\u00f9ng huy\u1ec1n ngh\u0129a\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ed9t kinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u sau: <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Th\u00edch danh<\/span>: gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> kinh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Bi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3<\/span>: lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> kinh \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span> l\u1ea5y Th\u1eadt T\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0m th\u1ec3. <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. Minh t\u00f4ng: gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u kinh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9<\/span> kinh A Di<\/span> \u00d0\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00edn h\u1ea1nh tr\u00ec danh\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

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4. Lu\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng: n\u00eau c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh Di \u00d0\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ed5 nhi\u1ebfp tam c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e3ng sanh<\/span> C\u1ef1c L\u1ea1c<\/span>, ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

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5. Ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>: Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kinh Di \u00d0\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f2n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Hu\u1ec7 Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh n\u0103m th\u1eddi: Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>, A H\u00e0m<\/span>, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u1eb3ng, B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span>. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u201cb\u00e1t gi\u00e1o\u201d (t\u00e1m c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span>: T\u1ea1ng, Th\u00f4ng, Bi\u1ec7t, Vi\u00ean, \u00d0\u1ed1n, Ti\u1ec7m, B\u00ed M\u1eadt<\/span>, B\u1ea5t \u00d0\u1ecbnh – xin xem chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> Tinh Y\u1ebfu, cu\u1ed1n 1 c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n T\u00e2m<\/span>). Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/span> nh\u01b0 B\u1ea3n M\u00f4n, T\u00edch M\u00f4n, Quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Th\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Tam \u00d0\u1ebf, Tam Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v.v\u2026 Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ma Ha Ch\u1ec9 Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Hoa V\u0103n C\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean Thai<\/span>. \u00d0a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span>, s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> sau th\u1eddi t\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm phong c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. V\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> qu\u00e1 uy\u00ean \u00e1o<\/span>, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> n\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kh\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1ed9ng hay to\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> do T\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u201cng\u0169 th\u1eddi b\u00e1t gi\u00e1o\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u1ea5n \u00e1t gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u201cng\u0169 gi\u00e1o\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u<\/span> tr\u1edf \u0111i, Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> do t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c<\/span> ti\u1ebfp, thu\u1ea7n ph\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n gia<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o gia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, chia ch\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ch\u00e2n t\u01a1 k\u1ebd t\u00f3c t\u1eebng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 Hoa Nghi\u00eam t\u00f4ng<\/span>, Thi\u00ean Thai t\u00f4ng<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n t\u1ef1<\/span> g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n gia<\/span> hay T\u00f4ng M\u00f4n<\/span>. D\u1ea7n d\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p d\u01b0\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng \u201cng\u1eef l\u1ee5c\u201d nh\u01b0 Th\u1ea7n H\u1ed9i Ng\u1eef L\u1ee5c<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u1ea3nh s\u00e1ch\u201d nh\u01b0 Quy S\u01a1n C\u1ea3nh S\u00e1ch<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma nh\u01b0 Huy\u1ebft M\u1ea1ch<\/span> Lu\u1eadn, Thi\u1ebfu Th\u1ea5t L\u1ee5c M\u00f4n T\u1eadp<\/span>, Thi\u1ebfu Th\u1ea5t<\/span> D\u1eadt Th\u01b0\u2026l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/span> T\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u00e1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 B\u00edch Nham L\u1ee5c<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u1eed truy\u1ec7n ghi l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u00e1c cao t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 Cao T\u0103ng Truy\u1ec7n<\/span>, Truy\u1ec1n \u00d0\u0103ng L\u1ee5c\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u00d0\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n qua vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft x\u00e3 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 Hu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>. N\u0103m\u00a0Sau khi g\u1eb7p ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o X\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 641 t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Huy\u1ec1n Trung \u1edf T\u00e2y H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u00e1p Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u1eb3ng S\u00e1m Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 nghe gi\u1ea3ng kinh<\/span> Qu\u00e1n V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u01b0 Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean tinh<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt Tam Mu\u1ed9i<\/span>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Qu\u00e1n Kinh<\/span> T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ebfp S\u1edb (t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd Kinh Ngh\u0129a S\u1edb<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n quy\u1ec3n n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ebfp S\u1edb hay Kh\u1ea3i \u00d0\u1ecbnh S\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi Qu\u00e1n Kinh Ngh\u0129a S\u1edb<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Tr\u00ed<\/span> Kh\u1ea3i, Linh Chi<\/span> Nguy\u00ean Chi\u1ebfu\u2026) l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9. \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Chuy\u00ean Tu<\/span> Tr\u00ec Danh<\/span> Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o L\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ea1p tu<\/span> l\u1ec5 s\u00e1m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span>, Tu\u00e2n Th\u1ee9c\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0i C\u1ea3m<\/span>, Ho\u00e0i U\u1ea9n<\/span>. \u00d0i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng l\u00e0 T\u1ecbnh T\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 bao gi\u1edd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>. \u00d0a s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span> suy c\u1eed v\u00ec c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> ch\u1ee9 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00f4ng phong<\/span> ri\u00eang. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch t\u1eed truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ng\u00e0i V\u00e2n Th\u00ea Li\u00ean Tr\u00ec<\/span> Ch\u00e2u Ho\u1eb1ng<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ngoa l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 khai s\u00e1ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> T\u1ecbnh t\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb Ng\u1eabu \u00cdch Tr\u00ed H\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 V\u00e2n Th\u00ea Ch\u00e2u Ho\u1eb1ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u00e1ch g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n<\/span> tu T\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> khi th\u1ea5y T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 T\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> coi t\u1ed5 Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 cao t\u1ed5<\/span> T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n cung k\u00ednh<\/span> g\u1ecdi ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u201ccao t\u1ed5\u201d hay \u201ckim gia\u201d ch\u1ee9 hi\u1ebfm khi n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi t\u00ean ng\u00e0i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i kinh, lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadn, ch\u01b0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Trung Hoa c\u00f2n so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> (s\u00e1m ph\u00e1p<\/span>), l\u1ec5 t\u00e1n<\/span>. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u1ed3ng Danh B\u1ea3o S\u00e1m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kim Cang<\/span> Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> B\u1ea5t \u00d0\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u00f9a H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> Nh\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y H\u1ea1<\/span> so\u1ea1n, T\u1eeb Bi<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1o Tr\u00e0ng Th\u1ee7y S\u00e1m<\/span> Ph\u00e1p (Th\u1ee7y S\u00e1m<\/span>) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ng\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1t so\u1ea1n, T\u1eeb Bi<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1o Tr\u00e0ng S\u00e1m Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e1m<\/span>) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ch\u00ed C\u00f4ng<\/span> so\u1ea1n. V\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> so\u1ea1n s\u00e1m ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i T\u1eeb V\u00e2n<\/span> S\u00e1m Ch\u1ee7<\/span> Tri L\u1ec5<\/span> Tu\u00e2n Th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng. Ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh S\u01b0 so\u1ea1n c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m b\u1ea3n s\u00e1m ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi x\u01b0ng t\u1eb7ng ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 B\u00e1ch B\u1ea3n S\u00e1m Ch\u1ee7<\/span>, T\u1eeb V\u00e2n<\/span> S\u00e1m Ch\u1ee7<\/span>, T\u1eeb V\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span>, Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span> S\u00e1m Ch\u1ee7<\/span> v.v\u2026 H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba n\u00e0o, ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng so\u1ea1n s\u00e1m nghi<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>. \u00d0\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 S\u00e1m Nguy\u1ec7n, V\u00e3ng Sanh<\/span> T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 S\u00e1m Nguy\u1ec7n Nghi, Ph\u00e1p Hoa S\u00e1m Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, Kim Quang Minh<\/span> Tam Mu\u1ed9i<\/span> S\u00e1m Nghi\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, ch\u01b0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Trung Hoa c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nh\u1eb1m tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> do m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t minh hay t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 L\u01b0\u1ee3c Lu\u1eadn An L\u1ea1c<\/span> T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u00e0m Loan, An L\u1ea1c T\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o X\u01b0\u1edbc, An T\u00e2m<\/span> Du L\u1ea1c \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Nguy\u00ean Hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, Th\u00edch T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ed9 Qu\u1ea7n Nghi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ho\u00e0i C\u1ea3m<\/span>, Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt Tam Mu\u1ed9i B\u1ea3o V\u01b0\u01a1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Phi T\u00edch<\/span> v.v\u2026 ho\u1eb7c thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> Thi\u00ean Thai<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ma Ha Ch\u1ec9 Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span>, Tu S\u00e1m Y\u1ebfu Ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tu\u00e2n Th\u1ee9c<\/span> (thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> Ph\u00e1p Hoa Tam Mu\u1ed9i<\/span>) ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 V\u1ea1n Thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u00d0\u1ed3ng Quy T\u1eadp v\u00e0 T\u00f4ng K\u00ednh L\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Di\u00ean Th\u1ecd<\/span> V\u0129nh Minh\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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C2. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn lao n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea3y sinh: li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 to\u00e0n t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c kinh l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An. B\u1ea3n danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1ec7nh danh T\u1ed5ng L\u00fd Ch\u00fang Kinh M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 324 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>. Tuy danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng kinh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00edch \u0111\u0103ng<\/span> b\u1ea3n danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o An. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t Tam T\u1ea1ng K\u00fd T\u1eadp<\/span> do ng\u00e0i T\u0103ng H\u1ef1u<\/span> so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 2.211 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1n Ch\u00fang Kinh M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Kinh L\u1ee5c<\/span>, 7 quy\u1ec3n) do ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Kinh<\/span> so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 2.257 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1n L\u1ecbch \u00d0\u1ea1i Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span> K\u00fd 15 quy\u1ec3n do ng\u00e0i Ph\u00ed Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00f2ng<\/span> so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 597 \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 1.076 b\u1ed9. Cu\u1ed1n Ch\u00fang Kinh M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00f9y Nh\u00e2n Th\u1ecd Ni\u00ean N\u1ed9i \u00d0i\u1ec3n L\u1ee5c) g\u1ed3m 5 quy\u1ec3n do ng\u00e0i S\u1ea3n T\u00f4ng so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 602 \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 2.109 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1n \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng N\u1ed9i \u00d0i\u1ec3n M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> (10 quy\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng N\u1ed9i \u00d0i\u1ec3n M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> do ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1o Tuy\u00ean (596-667) bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m 730, ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Th\u0103ng<\/span> (658-740) so\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1n Khai Nguy\u00ean Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 1.076 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> g\u1ed3m 5.048 quy\u1ec3n. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, Khai Nguy\u00ean Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu<\/span> v\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh m\u1edbi d\u1ecbch t\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00ean qu\u00e1 nhanh n\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m Trinh Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 16 (799) \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng, ng\u00e0i Vi\u00ean Chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i so\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1edbi. M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 800, mang t\u00ean Trinh Nguy\u00ean T\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ecbnh Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> (30 quy\u1ec3n) ghi ch\u00e9p danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadn, s\u1eed truy\u1ec7n\u2026 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 67 th\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 800 \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u00ean d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. B\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00e0y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 187 v\u1ecb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, 2.477 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd v\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m th\u00e1ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch y c\u1ee9<\/span>, l\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3, s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec3n, s\u1ed1 trang\u2026 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00e1nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n Khai Nguy\u00ean Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span>. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u0103m 845, ng\u00e0i H\u1eb1ng An l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i so\u1ea1n th\u00eam cu\u1ed1n T\u1ee5c Trinh Nguy\u00ean Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1o L\u1ee5c<\/span> (1 quy\u1ec3n) \u0111\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> th\u00eam 1.258 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1eefa. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0\u00f4ng Kinh \u00c1i T\u1ef1 Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Kinh<\/span> Lu\u1eadn M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> (5 quy\u1ec3n) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i T\u0129nh Th\u00e1i th\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, C\u1ed5 Kim<\/span> D\u1ecbch Kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ed3 K\u1ef7 (4 quy\u1ec3n) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i T\u0129nh M\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00d0\u1ea1i Chu San \u00d0\u1ecbnh Ch\u00fang Kinh M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span> (15 quy\u1ec3n) do ng\u00e0i Minh Thuy\u00ean ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean th\u1eddi V\u0169 Chu, T\u1ee5c C\u1ed5 Kim<\/span> D\u1ecbch Kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ed3 K\u1ef7 (1 quy\u1ec3n) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Th\u0103ng<\/span>, Khai Nguy\u00ean Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1o L\u1ee5c<\/span> L\u01b0\u1ee3c Xu\u1ea5t (4 quy\u1ec3n), \u00d0\u1ea1i Trung T\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00f9 Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o<\/span> L\u1ee5c (22 quy\u1ec3n) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee8c<\/span> th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, Thi\u00ean Th\u00e1nh Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1o<\/span> L\u1ee5c (3 quy\u1ec3n) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Duy T\u1ecbnh<\/span> so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1027, C\u1ea3nh H\u1ef1u T\u00e2n Tu Ph\u00e1p<\/span> B\u1ea3o L\u1ee5c (21 quy\u1ec3n) do ng\u00e0i L\u00e3 Di Gi\u1ea3n so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean<\/span> Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o<\/span> Kh\u00e1m \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1ed5ng L\u1ee5c (10 quy\u1ec3n) do ng\u00e0i Kh\u00e1nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1298 th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C3. Bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u Hi\u1ebfu Minh \u00d0\u1ebf<\/span> (516-528) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y, T\u1ec1 Minh \u00d0\u1ebf<\/span> (494-498) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nam T\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua V\u0169 \u00d0\u1ebf, V\u0103n \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean \u00d0\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n t\u1eadp m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00ednh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ri\u00eang T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u00d0\u1ebf (581-604) \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu sao t\u1ea3 46 b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> h\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span>, danh x\u01b0ng \u201c\u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh\u201d ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00f9y – \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft<\/span> Ch\u00fang T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u00d0i\u1ec3n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 kinh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng (danh t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eadp T\u1ea1ng\u201d) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> s\u1ebd tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> xem b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kinh Ph\u1eadt hay ng\u1ee5y kinh. Sau th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 \u00d0\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: <\/span><\/p>\n

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a. Khai B\u1ea3o T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/b> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng T\u1ea1ng B\u1ea3n, S\u1eafc B\u1ea3n, Th\u1ee5c B\u1ea3n<\/span>): <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n g\u1ed7 kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 971 t\u1ea1i \u00cdch Ch\u00e2u (Th\u00e0nh \u00d0\u00f4) thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c (t\u1ec9nh T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay) theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5<\/span>. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 983, vi\u1ec7c in kinh m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh trong T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 1.076 b\u1ed9. B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho Cao Ly \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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b. \u00d0an Ch\u00e2u T\u1ea1ng<\/b> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0an B\u1ea3n, \u00d0an T\u1ea1ng, Li\u00eau B\u1ea3n): <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y do vua Li\u00eau H\u01b0ng T\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Kh\u1ea5t \u00d0an (\u00d0\u1ea1i Li\u00eau) h\u1ea1 ch\u1ec9 kh\u1eafc b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh<\/span> (nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Kinh. Th\u1eddi Li\u00eau g\u1ecdi B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 Nam Kinh<\/span>, c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nam Kinh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kim L\u0103ng). C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1072 \u0111\u1eddi vua \u00d0\u1ea1o T\u00f4ng m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef in nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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c. Kim T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/b> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u Th\u00e0nh T\u1ea1ng B\u1ea3n, Kim Kh\u1eafc T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>): <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y do \u00f4ng Th\u00f4i Ph\u00e1p Tr\u00e2n<\/span> \u1edf L\u1ed9 Ch\u00e2u, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, kh\u1eafc in v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Kim t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean Ninh, Gi\u1ea3i Ch\u00e2u (S\u01a1n T\u00e2y). \u00d0\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1173 m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u00edt (ch\u1eebng 4.597 quy\u1ec3n) t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ti\u00eau S\u01a1n<\/span> Qu\u1ea3ng Th\u1eafng \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Tri\u1ec7u Th\u00e0nh, t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1934. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> sau c\u01a1n bi\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng<\/span> V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng! <\/span><\/p>\n

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d. T\u1ef3 L\u00f4 T\u1ea1ng<\/b> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u T\u1ea1ng, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u Khai Nguy\u00ean T\u1ef1<\/span> B\u1ea3n) <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ea3n Minh<\/span>, B\u1ea3n Ng\u1ed9, H\u1ea1nh S\u1ee7ng, Ph\u00e1p Di\u00eau, Duy Xung, Li\u1ec5u Nh\u1ea5t quy\u00ean m\u1ed9 kh\u1eafc b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Khai Nguy\u00ean \u1edf Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1112 th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

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e. T\u01b0 Kh\u00ea Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/span> T\u1ea1ng<\/b> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00e2u B\u1ea3n) <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh T\u00f9ng \u1edf T\u01b0 Kh\u00ea (H\u1ed3 Ch\u00e2u), T\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1eeb, Ho\u00e0i Th\u00e2m<\/span> \u1edf vi\u1ec7n Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/span> quy\u00ean m\u1ed9 kh\u1eafc in n\u0103m 132 th\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 1.412 b\u1ed9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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f. T\u01b0 Kh\u00ea T\u01b0 Ph\u00fac T\u1ea1ng <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> do T\u01b0 Ph\u00fac Thi\u1ec1n T\u1ef1<\/span> \u1edf T\u01b0 Kh\u00ea ch\u00e2u An C\u00e1t (nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Ng\u00f4 H\u01b0ng, t\u1ec9nh Tri\u1ebft Giang) g\u1ed3m 1.464 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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g. Cao Ly T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/b> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ti\u00ean B\u1ea3n, Ly T\u1ea1ng<\/span>) <\/span><\/p>\n

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G\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i: <\/span><\/p>\n

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g.1. S\u01a1 \u00d0i\u00eau B\u1ea3n<\/u>: kh\u1eafc in v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1011 d\u00f9ng Th\u1ee5c B\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c so\u1ea1n thu\u1eadt ghi trong Trinh Nguy\u00ean M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span>, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u0103m 1082. <\/span><\/p>\n

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g.2. T\u00e1i \u00d0i\u00eau B\u1ea3n<\/u>: hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a H\u1ea3i \u1ea4n<\/span> (Haein sa) \u1edf \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u00e0n. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc in t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1236 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1251 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean. Hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng CD, gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ec7nh danh b\u1ea3n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Tripitaka Koreana.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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h. Ph\u1ed5 Ninh T\u1ea1ng<\/b> (Nguy\u00ean B\u1ea3n): <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea1o An, Nh\u01b0 Nh\u1ea5t quy\u00ean g\u00f3p<\/span> kh\u1eafc in t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ph\u1ed5 Ninh, huy\u1ec7n D\u01b0 H\u00e0ng<\/span>, t\u1ec9nh Tri\u1ebft Giang. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> T\u00f4ng K\u00ednh L\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i V\u0129nh Minh, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 1.437 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, lu\u1eadn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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i. Ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p<\/span> T\u1ea1ng<\/b>: <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do vua Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u1ed5<\/span> h\u1ea1 ch\u1ec9 kh\u1eafc b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1277 \u0111\u1ebfn 1294 m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>. To\u00e0n t\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m 1.654 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. M\u1ed7i trang in g\u1ed3m 5 h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng 17 ch\u1eef. N\u1ed9i dung kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eadp t\u1ea1ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean<\/span> Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o<\/span> Kh\u00e1m \u00d0\u1ed3ng T\u1ed5ng L\u1ee5c. Hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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j. H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 Nam T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/b>: <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> do vua Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5<\/span> kh\u1eafc in t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a T\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u1edf Kim L\u0103ng n\u0103m 1372 (ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u1ed3ng V\u0169) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1403 th\u1eddi Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 1.625 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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k. V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c Nam T\u1ea1ng<\/span>: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fat \u00edt, chia th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 (nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh): \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Kinh, Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Kinh<\/span>, T\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean Nh\u1eadp T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Ch\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ea1i Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Kinh<\/span>, T\u00e2y \u00d0\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> So\u1ea1n T\u1eadp (c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac<\/span>), \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Lu\u1eadt, Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Lu\u1eadt<\/span>, T\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Ch\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Th\u1eed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng So\u1ea1n Thu\u1eadt (c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5 Trung Hoa). To\u00e0n t\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m 1.625 b\u1ed9, in t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1412 \u0111\u1ebfn 1417 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed7i trang 30 h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng 17 ch\u1eef. C\u1ee9 5 h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t. <\/span><\/p>\n

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l. Long T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/b>: <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc in v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1735 (n\u0103m Ung Ch\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 13) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1738 (n\u0103m C\u00e0n Long th\u1ee9 3) m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>. V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi vua C\u00e0n Long nh\u00e0 Thanh n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e0n Long \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, hay g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Long T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. To\u00e0n t\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m 1.662 b\u1ed9. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t do ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u kh\u1eafc in. <\/span><\/p>\n

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m. Trung Hoa \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span><\/b>: <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do Tu \u00d0\u00ednh Trung Hoa \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> H\u1ed9i \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956. Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m Sanh. To\u00e0n t\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ph\u00e1p: Tuy\u1ec3n T\u1ea1ng, T\u1ee5c T\u1ea1ng, D\u1ecbch T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/span>. T\u1eeb n\u0103m kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> 20 n\u0103m sau d\u00f9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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n. Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span><\/b>: <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do ng\u00e0i Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean tu \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u00e0i Loan t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1977 \u0111\u1ebfn 1983 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ea1ng l\u1eabn T\u1ee5c T\u1ea1ng, g\u1ed3m 2.643 quy\u1ec3n, chia th\u00e0nh 162 t\u1eadp. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ea1ng, T\u00edch Sa T\u1ea1ng, Gia H\u01b0ng T\u1ea1ng, V\u1ea1n Ch\u00e1nh, T\u1ee5c T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> du nh\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Pali. <\/span><\/p>\n

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o. S\u00fac Lo\u00e1t \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span><\/b> (g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee7: \u00d0\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> Hi\u1ec7u \u00d0\u00ednh S\u00fac Kh\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>) <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tokyo Edition. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1880 \u0111\u1ebfn 1885 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n Cao Ly T\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a T\u0103ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u1edf \u00d0\u00f4ng Kinh l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n (H\u1ed3 Ch\u00e2u T\u1ea1ng), Nguy\u00ean T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Minh T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>. To\u00e0n t\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m 1.918 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, s\u00e1ch. <\/span><\/p>\n

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p. V\u1ea1n T\u1ef1<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ee5c T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span><\/b> (\u00d0\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> Hi\u1ec7u \u00d0\u00ednh Hu\u1ea5n \u00d0i\u1ec3m \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>): <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n T\u00e0ng Kinh \u1edf Kinh \u00d0\u00f4 (Kyoto) \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y do ng\u00e0i Nh\u1eabn Tr\u1eebng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1902 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1905. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 1.625 b\u1ed9. Sau khi \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u00e2n Tu \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1905-1912, l\u1ea1i in th\u00eam \u00d0\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> T\u1ee5c T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> g\u1ed3m 750 t\u1eadp ch\u00e9p h\u01a1n 950 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u00e2n Tu \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span>, b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u. Ta quen g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef V\u1ea1n\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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q. \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u00e2n Tu \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span><\/b> (Taish\u00f2 Shinsu Daiz\u00f2ky\u00f2; g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ea1ng) <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do \u00d0\u00f4ng Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Kinh<\/span> San H\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1934 do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Cao Nam Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Lang<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ed9 Bi\u00ean H\u1ea3i H\u00fac v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u D\u00e3 Huy\u1ec1n Di\u1ec7u<\/span> ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean. To\u00e0n t\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m 100 t\u1eadp, 55 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span>. B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00ec m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>, lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o d\u1ecb, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span> t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, c\u00f2n ghi ch\u00fa c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali v\u00e0 Sankrit. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> l\u01b0\u1edbt qua<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Quang S\u01a1n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> do h\u1ecdc h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> Tinh V\u00e2n<\/span> bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> d\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef V\u1ea1n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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D.\u00a0\u00d0\u00f4i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef t\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o. Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd<\/span>, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00ecn chung, do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Hoa. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch s\u01b0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 lo lu\u00f4n chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng danh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u00f4n t\u00fac<\/span>: Tu\u1ec7 T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Tu\u1ec7 Nhu\u1eadn, Kh\u00e1nh Anh, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, Tr\u00ed Nghi\u00eam<\/span>, Tr\u00ed T\u1ecbnh<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n T\u00e2m<\/span>, Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee7<\/span>, Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau, Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u1ed9, T\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Tu\u1ec7 \u00d0\u0103ng, Tu\u1ec7 H\u1ea3i<\/span>, H\u00e0nh Tr\u1ee5, Vi\u00ean \u00d0\u1ee9c, Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Tr\u00ed Quang<\/span>, Minh L\u1ec5, Thi\u1ec7n Tr\u00ec, Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, Thi\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh<\/span>, Thanh T\u1eeb, \u00d0\u1ed7ng Minh, Tu\u1ec7 S\u0129, Tr\u00ed Si\u00eau (L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t), Huy\u1ec1n Quang<\/span>, Thanh Ki\u1ec3m, Hu\u1ec7 H\u01b0ng, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ni\u1ec7m, Huy\u1ec1n Dung, Minh C\u1ea3nh, Nh\u01b0 \u00d0i\u1ec3n, Tr\u00ed Qu\u1ea3ng, s\u01b0 b\u00e0<\/span> Di\u1ec7u Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, s\u01b0 b\u00e0<\/span> H\u1ea3i Tri\u1ec1u \u00c2m<\/span>, s\u01b0 b\u00e0<\/span> H\u1ea3i \u1ea4n\u2026 hay c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u01b0<\/span> s\u0129\u00a0nh\u01b0 T\u00e2m Minh<\/span> L\u00ea \u00d0\u00ecnh Th\u00e1m, Ch\u00e1nh Tri Mai Th\u1ecd Truy\u1ec1n, H\u1ed3ng T\u1ea1i \u00d0o\u00e0n Trung C\u00f2n, Thi\u1ec1u Ch\u1eedu\u2026 R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u1eefa m\u00e0 do d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Tr\u00ed T\u1ecbnh<\/span>. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Nam T\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u1ecb h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 kinh Kim Cang<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam<\/span>, trong khi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Nam Truy\u1ec1n g\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> B\u1eafc Truy\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, sau c\u01a1n Ph\u00e1p N\u1ea1n 1963, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ee6y Ban Phi\u00ean D\u1ecbch<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb<\/span>, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u00e3 d\u1ecbch T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> Pali. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, sau n\u0103m 1975, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Tr\u00ed T\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cung th\u1ec9nh ch\u01b0 t\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ee6y Ban D\u1ecbch Kinh<\/span>, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> r\u1ea5t tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n A H\u00e0m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng hay ch\u0103ng? <\/span><\/p>\n

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Thi\u1ec3n ngh\u0129<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh eo h\u1eb9p, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. Theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n T\u00e2m<\/span> d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u1ea5y \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean<\/span> \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng. Do t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> sau n\u0103m 1975 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m ch\u00fat \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o T\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Tr\u00ed T\u00edch<\/span> b\u1ecb in tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u, ch\u1eef r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, m\u1ef1c in m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00eca s\u01a1 s\u00e0i. Kinh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in n\u0103m 1988 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> (2003) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ed1 v\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec1u trang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec m\u1ef1c in bay m\u1ea5t trong khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span> in n\u0103m 1967 ch\u1eef v\u1eabn s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o, r\u00f5 n\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> in l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00ecn ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Buriat thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Li\u00ean Bang<\/span> Nga, hay m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> ta ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, tham h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm trong \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y? Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00ednh, ki\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1ebf kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc cao t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t do \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span>. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft tay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh! <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc duy\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ee7. \u00c2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, \u00f4m n\u1eb7ng ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng h\u1eadu h\u1ecdc s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/span>, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> T\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, 55 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>, kh\u1ea3o duy\u1ec7t, ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> nh\u01b0 H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u1ed9, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00d0\u1ed7ng Minh, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Minh C\u1ea3nh, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda<\/span> Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda<\/span> Tr\u00ed Si\u00eau v.v… qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quy m\u00f4 nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang trong d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o v\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00ecn chung, vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1edf Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec1u do tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> ho\u1eb7c do to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span> ph\u00e1t B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 t\u00e2m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u1ecbnh t\u00e0i<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1eebng b\u1ea3o: \u201c\u1ea4n t\u1ed1ng kinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang\u201d. M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 1995-2000, khi ch\u00f9a H\u1ea3i \u1ea4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nam H\u00e0n l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Cao Ly \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00f9a H\u1ea3i \u1ea4n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1, t\u00f4ng Chogye (T\u00e0o Kh\u00ea<\/span>) r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> chi nh\u00e1nh kh\u1eafp \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u00e0n, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng<\/span> ty nh\u01b0 Huyndai, Sam Sung… m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u1ed5i. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u00e2n Tu \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> l\u00ean m\u1ea1ng internet v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> CD \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa \u00d0i\u1ec7n T\u1eed Ph\u1eadt \u00d0i\u1ec7n Hi\u1ec7p H\u1ed9i<\/span> (CBETA) c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u00d0\u00e0i Loan, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea4n Thu\u1eadn<\/span> C\u01a1 Kim H\u1ed9i. So ra, t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0y x\u00e9t trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> ta r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9ng ngh\u0129a<\/span>, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>, bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span>, ch\u00fa th\u00edch nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda<\/span>, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ki\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3o, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (database) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c truy t\u1ea7m<\/span> (query) c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, xin h\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u00e2n Tu \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n g\u1ed3m 100 t\u1eadp. T\u00ednh b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 946 trang, m\u1ed7i trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 khung nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed7i khung g\u1ed3m 29 c\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t g\u1ed3m 17 ch\u1eef. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, m\u1ed7i trang \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 3 x 29 x 17 ch\u1eef = 1.479 ch\u1eef. N\u1ebfu tr\u1eeb \u0111i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 ch\u1eeba tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 kinh, s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kinh th\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> g\u1ed3m 946 trang x 1.479 ch\u1eef \u00bb 1.399.000 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span>). <\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> khi d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> v\u0103n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n qu\u00e1 h\u00e0m s\u00fac<\/span>. B\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> 600 quy\u1ec3n do ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft 3 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Tr\u00ed Nghi\u00eam<\/span> khi \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i chia th\u00e0nh 24 t\u1eadp. M\u1ed7i t\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m 769 trang (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 trang in ch\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp m\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i ra nh\u1eefng trang \u0111\u1ea7u, trang m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\u2026), m\u1ed7i trang 24 d\u00f2ng, m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng trung b\u00ecnh 11 ch\u1eef. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 24 x 769 x 24 x 11 = 4.872.384 ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u00e2m th\u1ea7m mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Tr\u1ea1i Th\u1ee7y, Nha Trang. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> T\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 t\u00f4n<\/span> t\u00fac s\u1ebd d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o! <\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>, ki\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3o, nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch. Mu\u1ed1n cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span>, ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb trong ban d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb d\u1ecbch s\u01b0, b\u00fat th\u1ecd<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t b\u1eadc. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. Th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, ch\u01b0 t\u00f4n<\/span> t\u00fac m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, k\u1ebb Nam ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc, v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span>, s\u01a1 khai<\/span> \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng ngh\u0129a<\/span>, nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> qua th\u01b0 t\u1eeb, \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t! Kinh ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9<\/span> kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng, g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a bao Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> vi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Mu\u1ed1n cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span>, Ban Phi\u00ean D\u1ecbch<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u0103m ch\u00e2u. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u00f4n t\u00fac<\/span> trong ban d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi lo l\u1eafng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span>, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, qu\u1ea3ng v\u0103n<\/span> \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 60, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t mai khi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u00e2m hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u1ea5t \u0111i, nh\u1eefng T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> h\u1eadu du\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5? Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch tinh x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u00f4n qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c T\u1eeb Ph\u1ee5<\/span> b\u1ecb sai s\u00f3t v\u00ec l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt hay \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span>. B\u1ea3n \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau<\/span> chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i khi \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng, tr\u00f9ng \u1ea5n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, ki\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3o, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> t\u1ed1i \u0111a nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu t\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n in c\u00f4ng phu<\/span>, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m n\u0103m, thay v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n in ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf t\u00edn ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span>. Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u00f9y ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00f9y l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ecbnh t\u00e0i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y n\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> sao cho m\u1ed7i ch\u00f9a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> T\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1nh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 5.500 dollars. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span> hay to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00edn ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1<\/span> t\u1ea7m tay. Khi th\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng cho ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00ecn gi\u1eef<\/span> ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o<\/span>, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7u long<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> ngay t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a y\u00eau m\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> hu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> cho h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 T\u0103ng Ni<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> hu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u0103ng Ni<\/span> nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> hu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Trong kinh Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Th\u00ed<\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00ec ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span> gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span> hay sao? C\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch \u201cb\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong \u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e1 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> ri\u00eang l\u1ebb hay sao? Kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0ng t\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, ch\u01b0 T\u1ed5, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u hay sao? <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng mong ai n\u1ea5y<\/span> d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh<\/span> ph\u00e1t B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, m\u1edf l\u00f2ng<\/span> h\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n tri\u00eam ph\u00e1p nh\u0169<\/span> cam l\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1eeb Ph\u1ee5<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span>:<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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1.\u00a0Buddhist Sutra: Origin, Development, Tranmission c\u1ee7a K\u00f2gen Mizumo, nxb. Kos\u00e8i Publishing Co., \u00d0\u00f4ng Kinh, \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u0103m 1995. <\/span><\/p>\n

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2.\u00a0Buddhist Spirituality, t\u1eadp 2 (Later China, Korean, Japan and Modern World) do Takeuchi Yoshinori bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span>, nxb: The Crossroad Publishing Company, New York, 1996.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3.\u00a0Hu\u1ec7 Quang<\/span> T\u1eeb \u00d0i\u1ec3n: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda<\/span> Th\u00edch Minh C\u1ea3nh ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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4.\u00a0Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span>, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n do c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i trong webpage: WWW Database of Chinese Buddhist Texts <\/b>do ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> Christian Wittern ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ee5 L\u1ee5c<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> qua t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

H\u1eadu H\u00e1n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

225-220<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

9 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

86<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

An th\u1ebf Cao<\/span>, Chi L\u00e2u Ca S\u1ea5m<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00e0o Ng\u1ee5y<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

220-265<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

34<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Khang T\u0103ng Kh\u1ea3i<\/span>, B\u1ea1ch Di\u00ean<\/span>, \u00d0\u00e0m \u00d0\u1ebf<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

220-280<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

70<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Chi Khi\u00eam<\/span>, Chi Di\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

265-316<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

12<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

149<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p C\u1ef1<\/span>, Tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed9<\/span>, Th\u00e1nh Ki\u00ean<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1n L\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

302-376<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Chi Thi Lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

317-420<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

12<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

64<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span>, \u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 Loan, Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0 B\u1ea1t \u00d0\u00e0 La<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

350-394<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e0m Ma Bi<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ph\u00f9 T\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

350-394<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

9<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Tr\u1eebng<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Di\u00eau T\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

384-417<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

94 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt B\u1ea1t \u00d0\u00e0 La, Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0 Da X\u00e1<\/span>, Tr\u00fac Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

384-417<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

10<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

115 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u1ea7u Na B\u1ea1t Ma<\/span>, T\u0103ng Tri\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5c T\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

385-431<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

10<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh Ki\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Ki\u00ean<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00e2y T\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

385-431<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

9 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p Ki\u00ean<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean Ng\u1ee5y<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

386-534<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

17<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

146<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span>, C\u00f9 \u00d0\u00e0m B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

386-534<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e0m Loan<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

H\u1eadu Ng\u1ee5y<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

386-550<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

14<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

96<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Chi<\/span>, \u00d0\u00e0m Loan<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

397-439<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

28<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

420-479<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

22<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

162<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 C\u1eeb Kinh Thanh<\/span>, C\u1ea7u Na B\u1ea1t Ma<\/span>, \u00d0\u00e0m Ma M\u1eadt \u00d0a, T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nam B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

420-581<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hu\u1ec7 \u1ea2nh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau T\u1ec1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

479-502<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

11<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma<\/span>, C\u1ea7u Na<\/span> T\u1ef3 \u00d0\u1ecba<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

502-557<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

15<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

78<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ebf, T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 B\u00e0 La<\/span>, Nguy\u1ec7t B\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 Na<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f4ng Ng\u1ee5y<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

534-550<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

12<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u1ea1n Thi\u00ean Hy (?)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Cao T\u1ec1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

550-577<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

12<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Na Li\u00ean \u00d0\u1ec1 Da X\u00e1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

B\u1eafc Chu<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

557-581<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

39<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

X\u00e0 Na<\/span> Qu\u1eadt \u00d0a, X\u00e0 Na Da X\u00e1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

557-589<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

16<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

125<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hu\u1ec7 T\u01b0<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ebf, Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00f9y<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

581-618<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

34<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

204<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed Kh\u1ea3i<\/span>, T\u1ecbnh \u1ea2nh Hu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec5n<\/span>, C\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Qu\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea3nh, \u00d0\u1ed7 Thu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

618-907<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

261<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1.191<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o X\u01b0\u1edbc, Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span>, B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, Kim Cang Tr\u00ed<\/span>, Thi\u1ec7n V\u00f4 \u00day<\/span>, Khuy C\u01a1<\/span>, Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1o<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Chu (V\u0169 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

695-705<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

35<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

X\u00e0 Na<\/span> Qu\u1eadt \u00d0a<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Li\u00eau <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

907-1125<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1c Uy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nam \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

923-936<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1eb1ng An<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

960-1280<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

218<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

724<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean<\/span>, Thi H\u1ed9<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed9<\/span>, Tri L\u1ec5<\/span>, Nguy\u00ean Chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, Tu\u00e2n Th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Di\u00ean Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kim<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1115-1234<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00ed Minh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1280-1368<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

51<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

63<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sa La Ba<\/span>, Thi\u00ean Nh\u01b0 T\u1eafc<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Minh<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1368-1644<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

150<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

355<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Tri H\u00fac, Chu Ho\u1eb1ng, Truy\u1ec1n \u00d0\u0103ng, \u00d0\u1ee9c Thanh, Ho\u1eb1ng T\u00e1n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Thanh<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1644-1911<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

155<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

322<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, T\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, B\u00e0nh T\u1ebf Thanh, \u00d0\u1ebf Nh\u00e0n<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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