{"id":7229,"date":"2020-12-02T06:10:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/tong-luan-ve-yet-ma\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:10:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:10:05","slug":"tong-luan-ve-yet-ma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/tong-luan-ve-yet-ma\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 Y\u1ebft-Ma"},"content":{"rendered":"

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T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 Y\u1ebft-Ma<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

TI\u1ebeT 1. Y\u1ebeT-MA TRONG SINH HO\u1ea0T<\/span> C\u1ee6A C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG<\/span> T\u0102NG L\u1eee<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1<\/span>. KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M T\u1ed4NG QU\u00c1T V\u1ec0 C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG<\/span> T\u0102NG L\u1eee<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u0103ng <\/i>hay n\u00f3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0<\/i>, l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb sa\u1e45gha c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Phan [1]. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang h\u1ed9i<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u1ebfn t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i qui v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span>, c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> chung, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng c\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> khi t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> qu\u00e1n l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span>, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o trong h\u00e0ng Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>, l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span>; t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>; v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea9u h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> chung, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y. Cho n\u00ean, d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t<\/span>, c\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span>, c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> chung, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ti\u1ebfng sa\u1e45gha hay T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> do \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sa\u1e45gha [2]. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do \u1edf n\u1ed9i dung qu\u00e1n l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb, m\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam x\u00e1c theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, n\u1ebfu sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang theo c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma th\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p trong phi ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. TH\u00c0NH PH\u1ea6N<\/span> C\u1ee6A T\u0102NG<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ee9c th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span> T\u0103ng [3]. T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n [4]. Nh\u01b0ng trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 th\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo tr\u1edf l\u00ean c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9<\/span>, c\u00f9ng thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eebng m\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng. D\u00f9 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n g\u00ec c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng. Ch\u00ednh trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>; ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span>. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III sau).<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 sau, c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1m k\u1ec9nh ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 t\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1ef3-kheo-ni T\u0103ng n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 t\u1ef3-kheo-ni \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo hay t\u1ef3-kheo-ni, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb<\/span> l\u00e0 sa-di, sa-di-ni v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c-xoa-ma-na [5]. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y do ch\u01b0a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o<\/span> h\u00e0ng T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> hay r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I T\u0102NG<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 ba ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng: 1. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00fac s\u1ed1; 2. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00ednh ph\u00e1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 3. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo tr\u00fa x\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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i. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00fac s\u1ed1<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed7i t\u1ef3-kheo hay t\u1ef3 ni l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u1ef1, ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111u t\u00fac s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. Trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng [6].<\/span><\/p>\n

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a. T\u0103ng g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi: <\/i>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00fac s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng. V\u1edbi t\u00fac s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, T\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma cho nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1edbi v.v\u2026.Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>, th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac, xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed9i T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00fac s\u1ed1 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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b. T\u0103ng g\u1ed3m n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i>: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span> t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef3-kheo \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u00edt. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00fac s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb<\/span>, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed9i T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00fac s\u1ed1 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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c<\/i>. T\u0103ng g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i>: Tr\u1eeb xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed9i T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi t\u00fac s\u1ed1 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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d<\/i>. T\u0103ng g\u1ed3m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i>: T\u00fac s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed9i T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cho ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb t\u00fac s\u1ed1 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00ednh ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh ph\u00e1i<\/span>, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u1ed9: t\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef3-kheo-ni T\u0103ng. Tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n, t\u1ea1i Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo-ni l\u00e0 \u00e1 T\u0103ng, c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y thi\u1ec7t ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>. C\u1ea3 hai b\u1ed9 t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00e0 t\u1ef3-kheo-ni \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 T\u0103ng c\u1ea3. Cho n\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, danh t\u1eeb \u00e1 T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo tr\u00fa x\u1ee9<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chung v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai h\u1ea1ng T\u0103ng: chi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> T\u0103ng [7] v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa T\u0103ng. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o. T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> g\u1ed3m n\u0103m v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c nh\u00f3m A-nh\u00e3 Ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0<\/span> [8]. Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00f3m Da-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u00e2n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 55 ng\u01b0\u1eddi [9]. Sau khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111i ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i: M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i m\u1ed7i h\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111i chung [10]. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> chi\u00eau-\u0111\u1ec1 T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u1ec1 sau c\u00e1c tinh x\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf l\u00e2u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa chi\u00eau-\u0111\u1ec1 T\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span>. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa T\u0103ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh do s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. C\u00c1C NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC CHI PH\u1ed0I<\/span> \u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG<\/span> C\u1ee6A T\u0102NG<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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i. B\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheo c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng chung trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u0103ng l\u1eef<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u1eeb Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 [11] \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 C\u00e2u-thi-na [12], n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a vua A-x\u00e0-th\u1ebf [13] \u0111\u1ebfn tham v\u1ea5n<\/span> \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> d\u00e2n ch\u00fang B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 [14], \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ea3y nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng [15]. B\u1ea3y nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. C\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. C\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea3i t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp<\/span> trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. Ch\u00fang t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>, nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e3i b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc; s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> T\u0103ng l\u1eef<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. C\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span>, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> trong Ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p Lu\u1eadt<\/span>, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nghe theo nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. C\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tham \u00e1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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6. Tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 nh\u00e0n t\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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7. C\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo s\u1ed1ng an tr\u00fa<\/span> tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3y nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>; ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span>. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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R\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111i v\u1ec1 C\u00e2u-thi-na, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn sa la song th\u1ecd<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i sinh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Ma-la. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, tin t\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Ni-ki\u1ec1n Th\u00e2n T\u1eed [16] t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni-ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nhau k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> lo ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt. Do th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span> gian c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean d\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> [17] .<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. B\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u00e1nh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, khi A-nan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb Sa-di Chu-na [18] b\u00e1o tin cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> d\u1eef d\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ni-ki\u1ec1n T\u1eed, Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u00ablo s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1ng t\u00f3c g\u00e1y<\/span>,\u00bb v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng Chu-na \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i n\u00eau l\u00ean b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 \u00fd<\/span>, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a k\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng chung trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> [19].<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n (hay hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>) ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span>. Khi T\u0103ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> g\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. \u1ee8c (hay \u1ee9c ni\u1ec7m<\/span>) ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i. Sau khi T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ecb c\u1eed t\u1ed9i; cac t\u1ef3-kheo khac sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> bi c\u1eed t\u1ed9i \u1ea5y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o coa ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. B\u1ea5t si ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng si cu\u1ed3ng. T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 vi\u00eac m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. Ph\u00e1t l\u1ed3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt, hay t\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n tr\u1ecb<\/span>; lu\u1eadt ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn<\/span>. T\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 tranh lu\u1eadt, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, hay t\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>; lu\u1eadt ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng ch\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01a1n. Khi t\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u01b0uy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y ch\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i quanh co<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u1ea5p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i<\/span>, c\u1ea5m t\u1ef3-kheo l\u00e0m m\u1ed1t vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quuy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, cho \u0111\u00ean khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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6. Tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt, hay \u0111a nh\u00e2n ng\u1eef, hay \u0111a nh\u00e2n m\u00edch t\u1ed9i; lu\u1eadt ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 di\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo b\u1ecb c\u1eed t\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo v\u00ea ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. T\u0103ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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7. Nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 tranh lu\u1eadt, hay nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ecba; lu\u1eadt ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u tranh nh\u01b0 qu\u0103ng b\u1ecf<\/span> d\u1ebb r\u00e1ch, hay nh\u01b0 r\u1ea3i c\u1ecf che l\u1ea5p<\/span> ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01a1 [20].<\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. S\u00e1u ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 h\u1ef7<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u00e1u ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 h\u1ef7, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0<\/span> k\u1ec9nh, t\u1ee9c s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo s\u1ed1ng chung h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn<\/span> trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00e1c. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Th\u00e2n ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng tr\u00fa, hay th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> t\u1eeb ho\u00e0, t\u1ee9c c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span> khi\u00eam cung v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Kh\u1ea9u h\u00f2a<\/span> v\u00f4 tr\u00e1nh<\/span>, hay \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> t\u1eeb ho\u00e0.; S\u1ef1 n\u00f3i n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u1ed1n, ho\u00e0 nh\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. \u00dd h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng duy\u1ec7t, hay \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> t\u1eeb ho\u00e0, t\u00e2m \u00fd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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4. L\u1ee3i ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. Gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng tu, c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> chung; kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd \u0111\u0103t c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7<\/span> ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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6. Ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3i; c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, chia x\u1ebb<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u00e1u ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0<\/span> k\u1ec9nh hay kh\u1ea3 h\u1ef7 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>. T\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, trong t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> ph\u00e0m phu<\/span>, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Tuy v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0<\/span> k\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec T\u0103ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ecb v\u1ee1. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> ho\u00e1 s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0<\/span> k\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, s\u00e1u ho\u00e0 k\u1ec9nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebb hi\u1ec3u \u00fd<\/span> ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0 h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> ri\u00eang. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ki\u00ean quan \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u01b0 h\u1eefu<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00ean bi\u00eat l\u00e0, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u01b0 h\u1eefu<\/span> ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> trong t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 trong t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 y ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00e2n ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00fa, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> vi\u00eac \u1ea5n \u0111inh c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng quy \u0111inh t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ee3c l\u00e0m g\u00ec hay hay<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m g\u00ec b\u00ean trong hay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1ea9u ho\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1nh<\/span>, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng quy \u0111inh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i t\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cac y\u1ebft-ma ph\u00e2n v\u1eadt, \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u00f5ng \u1ed1c, \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span> n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa T\u0103ng, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span> n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c chi\u00eau-\u0111\u1ec1 T\u0103ng; l\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> ho\u00e1 nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c l\u1ee3i ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n. C\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ecf s\u1edf b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p di\u00eat tr\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> hi\u00ean cac nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u00fd ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t theo nh\u01b0<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t tr\u00ean, th\u00ec n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span>, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u01a1 hi\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 cho kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1eady, y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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TI\u1ebeT 2. PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH N\u1ed8I DUNG C\u1ee6A Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span> L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb karman [21] c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n. H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u00abbi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\u00bb [22], v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0<\/span> Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u00abV\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec7n c\u1ed1.\u00bb Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u do n\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. Trong ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, karman hay \u00aby\u1ebft-ma\u00bb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay h\u00e0nh vi<\/span>. C\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> r\u00f5 hai ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, phi\u00ean \u00e2m y\u1ebft-ma ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 [23].<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/span> \u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span>, t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 [24]. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> ngang qua s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef. Khi \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n hay thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n [25]. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u1ee9c giai \u0111\u1ecdan chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, l\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> mong mu\u1ed1n. V\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sau khi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span> [26]. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> hay n\u00f3i<\/span> r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> [27] \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span>, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c do t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, t\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea7u th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u0103ng, th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> gi\u1edbi s\u01b0<\/span> v.v\u2026 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n y\u1ebft-ma, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Sau khi T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9 y\u1ebft-ma<\/span>, gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n trao ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9 y<\/span>, t\u1ee9 kh\u00ed<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o<\/span> gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb t\u00e2n t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> mu\u1ed1n s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> v\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> khinh tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t. H\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng c\u0169ng v\u1eady, y\u1ebft-ma th\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c khinh tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, do s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00e0nh hay ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p hay h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span>. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> do d\u1ef1<\/span> hay c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> do d\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/span>, th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch, b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, t\u1eeb karman thay v\u00ec d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec H\u00e1n v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u1ee7, cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma, t\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n n\u00f3i sa\u1e45ghakarman \u2013 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> chung th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean; nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u0103n<\/span> c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u1ea5y trong quan h\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1ef3-kheo trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, y\u1ebft-ma, hay n\u00f3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma<\/i>, l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> tu\u00e2n theo<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. \u0110\u1ed0I T\u01af\u1ee2NG C\u1ee6A Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u0169u: \u00abC\u00e1i g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>.\u00bb T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>, m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Y x\u1ee9<\/span> t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 [28]. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sinh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> hay nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m hay \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span>. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> v\u1eadt n\u00e0o. Cho n\u00ean, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sinh<\/span>. Y x\u1ee9<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gia h\u00e0nh<\/span>, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi. N\u1ebfu t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng bao tr\u00f9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, t\u1ee9c y x\u1ee9<\/span> b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft, th\u00ec d\u00f9 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gia h\u00e0nh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Y x\u1ee9<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> [29]. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i gi\u01a1i c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng y x\u1ee9<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t<\/span> sinh c\u1ee7a c\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span> (u-b\u00e0-t\u1eafc\/di) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng trong gi\u1edbi c\u1eadn tr\u1ee5<\/span>, th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> tr\u1ecdng hay khinh l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 to\u00e0n hay khuy\u1ebft; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng th\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay y x\u1ee9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> truy\u1ec1n lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 S\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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i. Nh\u00e2n <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. T\u0103ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, y\u1ebft-ma tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t v.v\u2026 Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, T\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u1ec3 trao gi\u1edbi c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span> ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e0 n\u1ea1n, tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ee7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, ba y v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 [30]. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo. T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady y\u1ebft-ma c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eefa y\u1ebft-ma v\u00e0 y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o T\u0103ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1p T\u0103ng<\/span> t\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>; n\u1ebfu tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng t\u1ed9i T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>. Y\u1ebft-ma s\u00e1m T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi y x\u1ee9<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo ph\u1ea1m T\u0103ng<\/span> t\u00e0n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sa-di hay c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. Ph\u00e1p <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1p, hay b\u1ec9nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> [31], ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed7i n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng, hay t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> v.v\u2026 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng [32]. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng chung trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9<\/span>. Trong s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> y x\u1ee9<\/span> n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00fa x\u1ee9. N\u1ebfu trong l\u00fac T\u0103ng \u0111ang t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef3-kheo \u1ea5y \u0111ang \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady y x\u1ee9<\/span> n\u00e0y b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, n\u1ebfu l\u00fac T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c t\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady y x\u1ee9<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3; n\u1ebfu T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma n\u00e0y m\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y x\u1ee9<\/span> b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o, y\u1ebft-ma thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. S\u1ef1 <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. N\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ti\u1ec3u gi\u1edbi<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> T\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng<\/span>, T\u0103ng v\u1eadt<\/span> v.v\u2026 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e1i t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00ed du, \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh; T\u0103ng v\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a chi\u00eau-\u0111\u1ec1 T\u0103ng, hay c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa T\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang theo qui lu\u1eadt, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 y x\u1ee9<\/span> to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa T\u0103ng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span>, th\u00ec y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma s\u1ebd b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n hay h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n khuy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> kh\u00e1c; \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> to\u00e0n khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y x\u1ee9<\/span> t\u00f9y theo<\/span> lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma: t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00fa [33] v\u00e0 T\u0103ng ph\u00e1p. T\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 nghe. Nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u1ed1-t\u00e1t hay t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ed1i th\u00fa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai hay ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t hay hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nghe. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00fac s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh T\u0103ng ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9 [34]. \u0110\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, t\u1ee9c th\u00ec T\u0103ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. B\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma. B\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n y\u1ebft-ma. Ngo\u00e0i ba lo\u1ea1i T\u0103ng ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> lu\u1eadt T\u0103ng k\u1ef3<\/span><\/i> th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u1eefa: c\u1ea7u th\u00ednh y\u1ebft-ma [35]. C\u1ea7u th\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> T\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1o tri<\/span> s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma, theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0nh vi<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef, n\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> ph\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u nghe v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf y\u1ebft-ma m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span>, c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> v.v\u2026 nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u1eef, t\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo trong T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo trong T\u0103ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c y\u1ebft-ma, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u00e0y trong khi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, khi m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u00e1p nh\u0129<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span>, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Cho n\u00ean, trong khi T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hai t\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f9ng v\u0103n c\u00fa<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh hai quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng d\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t [36].<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong ba lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t [37] c\u1ee7a Y\u1ebft-ma ch\u1ec9 nam<\/i>, c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 44 ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch y\u1ebft-ma. T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> cho T\u0103ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb y\u1ebft-ma, t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 78 ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch y\u1ebft-ma. Do \u0111\u00f3, sau khi t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> cho T\u0103ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 T\u0103ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, r\u1ed3i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd h\u1ecfi xem c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng c\u00f3 ai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, hay ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft<\/span>, th\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9 y\u1ebft-ma<\/span>, t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 39 ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n y\u1ebft-ma, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> cho T\u0103ng bi\u1ebft T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m r\u1ed3i ba l\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> sau khi ba l\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Y\u1ebft-ma th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> th\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo trong T\u0103ng. Sau khi y\u1ebft-ma th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span>, khinh hay tr\u1ecdng t\u00f9y theo<\/span> lo\u1ea1i T\u0103ng s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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161 ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 khinh hay tr\u1ecdng c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c y\u1ebft-ma \u1ea5y. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> y x\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c y\u1ebft-ma n\u00e0o cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. C\u00c1C GIAI \u0110O\u1ea0N TI\u1ebeN H\u00c0NH C\u1ee6A Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n<\/span> ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00f3 ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma: gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>; c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ee9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n y\u1ebft-ma th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi T\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ea7n theo m\u1ed9t qui t\u1eafc v\u0103n c\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n m\u1ea1ch qui \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n n\u00f3i sao th\u00ec n\u00f3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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i. Ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> hay ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng, t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00fang theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p [38]. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u1edbi l\u1eddi v\u0103n nh\u01b0 sau: M\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecfi; m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb duy-na [39] c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u0103ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>; h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 1:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp ch\u01b0a?
\u0110\u00e1p: T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 2:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: H\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng?
\u0110\u00e1p: H\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 3: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 ra ch\u01b0a?
\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u00e3 ra <\/i>(ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i: Trong \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 4:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng?<\/i> [40]
<\/span> \u0110\u00e1p: Kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ai g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c. C\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ee5c<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 5: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u0103ng nay h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec?
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/i> (n\u00f3i T\u0103ng s\u1ef1) y\u1ebft-ma<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng qua ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. T\u0103ng c\u00f3 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p th\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 1<\/b>, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p. T\u0103ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p l\u00e1 T\u0103ng t\u00fac s\u1ed1. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u00fac s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 2<\/b>, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. Trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p th\u00ec y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 3<\/b>, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheo, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 4<\/b>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo<\/span> lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma k\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u hay \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> d\u00f9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0o, do \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> thuy\u1ebft d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua [41]. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 duy\u00ean s\u1ef1<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp trong gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. G\u1edfi d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 g\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> T\u0103ng, s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span> cho T\u0103ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheo m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> [42]. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– C\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng<\/i>?<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p c\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng. Chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> [43].<\/span><\/p>\n

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- C\u00f3 ai sai t\u1ef3-kheo-ni \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1o<\/span> gi\u1edbi hay kh\u00f4ng? <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u00ec theo \u0111i\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf, t\u1ef3-kheo-ni T\u0103ng m\u1ed7i n\u1eefa th\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng c\u1ea7u th\u1ec9nh<\/span> gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd s\u01b0<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong T\u00e1m k\u1ec9nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheo-ni, do \u0111\u00f3, sau v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 4, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 5<\/b>, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0 T\u0103ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p l\u00e1: y\u1ebft-ma thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p: y\u1ebft-ma k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>; v.v\u2026.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u0103n ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c y\u1ebft-ma c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 k\u00e9p kh\u00e1c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> cho m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> hay thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>, t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch y\u1ebft-ma. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec T\u0103ng \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> sai ng\u01b0\u1eddih\u00e0nh x\u00e1-la hay h\u00e0nh tr\u00f9 [44] \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u1ed1, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00eam b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u1ec3 T\u0103ng sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh x\u00e1-la. Ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00eam b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u1ec3 T\u0103ng sai t\u1ef3-kheo l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 5, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb T\u0103ng sai t\u1ef3-kheo h\u00e0nh tr\u00f9 hay nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eadp T\u0103ng, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> g\u1ed3m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 1, 2, 3, 4, m\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma, l\u1eddi v\u0103n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> hay ti\u1ec3u gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Sau khi t\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma gi\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ebft-ma k\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00e1c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng chung<\/span> m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> m\u1ed9t cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p:<\/span><\/p>\n

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–\u00a0T\u0103ng nay h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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–\u00a0Y\u1ebft-ma gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi xong t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> 1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng h\u1ecfi:<\/span><\/p>\n

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–\u00a0T\u0103ng nay h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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–\u00a0Y\u1ebft-ma k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ki\u00eam c\u1ea3 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 y\u1ebft-ma k\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi<\/span> v.v\u2026 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> k\u00e9p, nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac v.v\u2026, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1edbi hay t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> v.v\u2026. n\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang theo c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n hay k\u00e9p hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f9y theo<\/span> lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh, v\u00e0 do th\u1ebf y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. V\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, sau \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9<\/span> trong gi\u1edbi kinh<\/span>, t\u1eeb b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> th\u1ea5t Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 t\u00e1n<\/span> gi\u1edbi v.v\u2026 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ec1u ra kh\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, tr\u1ecdn c\u1ea3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. H\u1eadu kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ecdn gi\u1edbi kinh<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu v\u00ec n\u1ea1n duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ecdn, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ngh\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Ho\u1eb7c trong y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Sau \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> n\u00f3i tam s\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp n\u00f3i tam s\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> m\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, th\u00ec h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t ngang, d\u00f9 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Do v\u1eady, trong khi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cho ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3 ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n th\u00eam b\u1edbt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. C\u00c1C Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0<\/span> \u0110\u1ec2 TH\u00c0NH T\u1ef0U<\/span> Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00f9y theo<\/span>, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, y\u1ebft-ma truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, g\u1ed3m 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>: 1) Nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, <\/i>t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. 2) T\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, <\/i>T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1, g\u1ed3m n\u0103m hay m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef3-kheo t\u00f9y \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. 3) Gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/i>, gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> hay ti\u1ec3u gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>. 4) Y\u1ebft-ma th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/i>, c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, gia h\u00e0nh<\/span>, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>: y x\u1ee9<\/span>, gi\u1edbi, t\u00fac s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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i. Y x\u1ee9<\/span> – <\/i><\/b>Y x\u1ee9<\/span>, hay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. Gi\u1edbi – <\/i><\/b>Gi\u1edbi, hay c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II)<\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. T\u00fac s\u1ed1 – <\/i><\/b>M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00fac s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span>. C\u00f3 4 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i T\u0103ng theo t\u00fac s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00fac s\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 theo ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi, hay d\u00f9 \u1edf trong c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng bay l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00fac s\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u1ef3-kheo tr\u1edf l\u00ean c\u00f9ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh T\u0103ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng sai, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd sai \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa T\u0103ng. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd sai v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma T\u0103ng sai do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef3-kheo-ni T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> chung. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1ef3-kheo-ni v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

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iv. Ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c – <\/b>Ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> hay y\u1ebft-ma th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n<\/span> ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. Chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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6. GI\u00c0 Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span><\/b> [45]<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> thu\u1eadn T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, th\u00ec y\u1ebft-ma b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1<\/span> m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. Gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ai c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y? c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> [46]:<\/span><\/p>\n

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a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ng\u0103n y\u1ebft-ma (t\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u1ef1): \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma ha tr\u00e1ch<\/span>, y\u1ebft-ma t\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t<\/span>, y\u1ebft-ma y ch\u1ec9<\/span>, y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch y<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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b. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ng\u0103n y\u1ebft-ma: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ea7u th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span> [47].<\/span><\/p>\n

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c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00fac s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ng\u0103n y\u1ebft-ma: nh\u01b0 khi t\u1ef3-kheo T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ef3-kheo-ni kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ng\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m bi\u00ean t\u1ed9i<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eb7c t\u00e2m th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ho\u00e0ng m\u00f4n<\/span>, ng\u0169 ngh\u1ecbch<\/span>, t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> di\u1ec7t t\u1ea9n, bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ee5 trong khi s\u00e1m T\u0103ng t\u00e0n<\/span>, t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> bay c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ef3-kheo \u1edf ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 nghe khi T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba n\u00eau, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ng\u0103n T\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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d. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, t\u1ef3-kheo thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ng\u0103n y\u1ebft-ma. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> b\u1ecb ng\u0103n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, y\u1ebft-ma b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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7. PHI T\u01af\u1edaNG C\u1ee6A Y\u1ebeT MA<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ba y x\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e2n hay nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3-kheo trong t\u00fac s\u1ed1 T\u0103ng, hay to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> T\u0103ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c qui t\u1eafc t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Y\u1ebft-ma th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t trong hai n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span>, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 b\u1ea3y phi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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i. Phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> phi t\u00ec-ni:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong ba lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. V\u1edbi T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng T\u0103ng l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb hay b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9. Ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1ch y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0 y\u1ebft-ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i b\u1ea1ch sau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> hai hay ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 T\u0103ng s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eed t\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> hai hay ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay c\u1eed t\u1ed9i T\u0103ng [48]. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi t\u00ec-ni, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. Phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma do phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span>. Phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span> l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang qui t\u1eafc. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span> hay thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi<\/span>; theo qui t\u1eafc th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 T\u0103ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi do duy\u00ean s\u1ef1<\/span> Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c, ho\u1eb7c g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, T\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh hai ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span> [49]. Ho\u1eb7c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, t\u00fac s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo c\u00f9ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng trong gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. Phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u0103ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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iv. Nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>. D\u00f9 y\u1ebft-ma nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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v. Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb hay b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch theo t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang qui t\u1eafc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i y\u1ebft-ma (l\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft<\/span>) sau m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> sau. Lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebft-ma kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>. Bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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vi. Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p. Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u 5 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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vii. B\u1ecb ng\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span>:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Y\u1ebft-ma b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u0103n \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u0103n, v\u00e0 ng\u0103n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. D\u00f9 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n, t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng T\u0103ng v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y phi t\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, th\u00ec y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cua T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng l\u00e0 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh<\/span>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, T\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo<\/span>. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, t\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Do s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1 l\u1ea1c hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n<\/span> hay cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, thay \u0111\u1ed5i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u00e0nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>; \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n<\/span> l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh do \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 x\u00e9t tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i<\/span> c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, d\u00f9 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i y\u1ebft-ma c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. N\u1ebfu n\u1eafm v\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 y\u1ebft-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p trong Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>: \u00abS\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00bb n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ho\u1eb7c h\u00f3i: \u00abC\u00e1i g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>,\u00bb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd. D\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay n\u00f3i<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. Y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay tan v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng. V\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e0 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o xao l\u00e3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef3-kheo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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[1] Skt. = Pali: Sa\u1e45gha, phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang h\u1ed9i<\/span>, h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[2] Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1eddi Ph\u00e2t, v\u0103n Pali n\u00f3i: aya\u1e43… sa\u1e45gh\u012b c\u2019eva ga\u1e47\u012b ca ga\u1e47\u0101cariyo…, \u00abV\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang h\u1ed9i<\/span>, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u1ed9i<\/span>.\u00bb Cf. D.i. tr. 48.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[3] T\u0103ng theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00fa Pali th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: Supa\u1e6dipanno Bhagavato s\u0101vaka-Sa\u1e43gho, uju-pa\u1e6dipanno Bhagavato s\u0101vaka-Sa\u1e43gho, \u00f1\u0101ya-pa\u1e6dipanno Bhagavato s\u0101vaka-Sa\u1e43gho, s\u0101m\u012bci-pa\u1e6dipanno Bhagavato s\u0101vaka-Sa\u1e43gho yadidam catt\u0101ri purisa-yug\u0101ni a\u1e6d\u1e6dha purisa-puggal\u0101, eso Bhagavato s\u0101vaka-sa\u1e43gho \u0101huneyyo p\u0101huneyyo dakkhi\u1e47eyyo a\u00f1jali-k\u0101ra\u1e47\u012byo anuttara\u1e43 pu\u00f1\u00f1a-kkhetta\u1e43 lokass\u0101ti, (D.33. Sa\u1e45g\u012bti, tr. 227). \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, Cf. T\u1eadp d\u1ecb m\u00f4n 7 (\u0110\u1ea1i 26, tr.393b): Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span> di\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh<\/span>, ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u00f9y ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/span>, ho\u00e0 k\u00ednh h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Trong T\u0103ng \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, c\u00f3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3<\/span>, c\u00f3 Nh\u1ea5t lai h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, c\u00f3 Nh\u1ea5t lai qu\u1ea3<\/span>, c\u00f3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, c\u00f3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, c\u00f3 A-la-h\u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f3 A-la-h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4i t\u00e1m l\u1ebb b\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec9nh m\u1eddi<\/span> (\u01b0ng th\u1ec9nh), x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fai ch\u00e0o<\/span> (\u01b0ng khu\u1ea5t) , x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung k\u00ednh<\/span> (\u01b0ng cung k\u00ednh<\/span>), l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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[4] Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt<\/span> 1 (\u0110\u1ea1i 23, tr.2a): c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng t\u1ef3-kheo: 1. Danh t\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 2. T\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng t\u1ef3-kheo, 3. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 4. Ph\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ef3 n\u1ea1i da<\/span> (\u0110\u1ea1i 23, tr.629c-630a) c\u00f3 n\u0103m h\u1ea1ng t\u1ef3-kheo: 1. Danh t\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 2. T\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n t\u1ef3-kheo, 3. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 4. Ph\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 5. B\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9 y\u1ebft-ma<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo. T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 1 (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr 571a) c\u00f3 8 h\u1ea1ng t\u1ef3-kheo: 1. Danh t\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 2. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 t\u1ef3-kheo, 3. T\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng t\u1ef3-kheo, 4. Thi\u1ec7n lai<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 5. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo, 6. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1t tri\u1ec7t y t\u1ef3-kheo, 7. Ph\u00e1 k\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo. 8. Th\u1ecd \u0110\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9 y\u1ebft-ma<\/span> nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc x\u1ee9 s\u1edf t\u1ef3-kheo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[5] Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[6] Xem T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 44, \u00abChi\u00eam ba ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9\u00bb (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr. 886a).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[7] Chi\u00eau-\u0111\u1ec1, hay chi\u00eau-\u0111\u1ec1-x\u00e1, Skt. catur-di\u015ba (Pl. catu-disa); H\u00e1n: t\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Chi\u00eau-\u0111\u1ec1-t\u0103ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[8] A-nh\u00e3 Ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0<\/span>; Skt. Aj\u00f1a-Kau\u1e47\u1e0dinya (Pl. A\u00f1\u00f1\u0101-Ko\u1e47\u1e0da\u00f1\u00f1a).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[9] Da-x\u00e1, hay Da-th\u00e2u-gi\u00e0; Skt. Ya\u015ba hay Ya\u015bodha; T\u1ee9 Ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 32 (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr.789b). Pali, Mah\u0101vagga I, Vn.i. tr. 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[10] Theo Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u00e0li, Mah\u0101vagga I, Vn.i. tr. 21 (\u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I ): Caratha, bhikkhave, c\u0101rika\u1e43 bahujanahit\u0101ya bahujanasukh\u0101ya lok\u0101nukamp\u0101ya atth\u0101ya hit\u0101ya sukh\u0101ya devamanussan\u0101\u1e43. M\u0101 ekena dve agamittha, \u00abN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y \u0111i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gian<\/span>; v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i<\/span>, s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. Ch\u1edb \u0111i v\u1edbi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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[11] Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0; Skt. (=Pl.) Magadha, m\u1ed9t trong 16 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn th\u1eddi Ph\u00e2t. Cf. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m 2 \u00abKinh Du h\u00e0nh\u00bb \u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 11tt.; Trung A-h\u00e0m 35, \u00abkinh 142 V\u0169 th\u1ebf\u00bb \u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 647. Tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> Pali, Mah\u0101parinibb\u0101na (D.ii. tr. 4).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[12] C\u00e2u-thi-na; Skt. Ku\u015binagara (Pl. Kusinagara\/Kusin\u0101r\u0101), th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Malla (M\u1ea1t-la); Cf. D.ii. tr. 146<\/span><\/p>\n

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[13] A-x\u00e0-th\u1ebf, hay V\u1ecb Sinh O\u00e1n<\/span>; Skt. Aj\u0101ta\u015batru (Pl. Aj\u0101tasattu), Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc Magadha.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[14] B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3, hay B\u1ea1t-x\u00e0; Pl. Vajji, t\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00f4c, th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A h\u00e0m<\/span> (\u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 11a), Trung A-h\u00e0m 35 (\u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr.648), T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t a h\u00e0m<\/span> 34 (\u0110\u1ea1i 2, tr. 738b); Pl. A.vii. 20. Vassak\u0101ra, D.16. Mah\u0101parinibb\u0101na.B\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span> ph\u00e1p\u4e0d\u9000\u6cd5; Pali: aparih\u0101niya-dhamma, kh\u00f4ng suy tho\u00e1i. Trong kinh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span>: b\u1ea3y b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> (r\u0101j\u0101-aparih\u0101niya-damma) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheoT\u1ef3-kheo (bhikkhu-aparih\u0101niya-dhamma)<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16] Ni-ki\u1ec1n Th\u00e2n T\u1eed, hay Ni-ki\u1ec1n-\u0111\u00e0 Nh\u00e3-\u0111\u1ec1 T\u1eed<\/span>: Skt. Nigrantha-Jtiputra (Pl.Niga\u1e47\u1e6dha-N\u0101taputta), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o t\u1ed5<\/span> K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o (Jainism); m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u T\u00f4n s\u01b0<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1eddi Ph\u00e2t; h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, xem kinh Sa-m\u00f4n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m 17 (\u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 107); Pali, S\u0101ma\u00f1\u00f1aphala-sutta, D.i. tr. 57.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[17] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A h\u00e0m<\/span> 8 (kinh Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 49b). Cf. T\u1eadp d\u1ecb m\u00f4n, \u0110\u1ea1i 26, tr. 367. Pali, D. i. tr. 207, 33. Sa\u1e45g\u012bti,<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18] Sa-di Ch\u00e2u-na. Pali: Cunda sama\u1e47uddesa. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Mah\u0101-Cu\u1e47da em ru\u1ed9t ng\u00e0i S\u0101riputta v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> A-na-h\u00e0m trong l\u00fac l\u00e0 sa-di.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19] Trung A h\u00e0m<\/span> 52 (kinh Chu-na \u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 752c). Cf. Pali : M.103. S\u0101mag\u0101masutt\u0101. H\u00e1n, bi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch No 85 Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> T\u1ee9c tranh nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> kinh, T\u1ed1ng Thi H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ea1i 1, No 85, tr.904. V\u1ec1 7 ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u00e1nh trong Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Ng\u0169 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 23, \u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr. 153tt.; T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 47- 48, \u0110\u1ea1i 22 tr. 913tt.; Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt<\/span> 20, \u0110\u1ea1i 23, tr. 141tt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20] Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> theo Lu\u1eadt T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span>: 1. hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u00ec-ni (Pali: sammukh\u0101vinaya), 2. \u1ee9c ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00ec-ni (sativinaya), 3. b\u1ea5t si t\u00ec-ni (am\u016b\u1e37havinaya), 4. t\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n tr\u1ecb<\/span> (pa\u1e6di\u00f1\u00f1ay\u0101 k\u0101retabba\u1e43), 5. tha nh\u00e2n<\/span> ng\u1eef (yebhuyyasik\u0101), 6. t\u1ed9i x\u1ee9 s\u1edf (tassap\u0101yik\u0101), 7. nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ecba (ti\u1e47avatth\u0101raka).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[21] Skt. n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7: karmav\u0101can\u0101 (Pl. kammav\u0101c\u0101), H\u00e1n: y\u1ebft-ma ng\u1eef; d\u1ecbch: bi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[22] Cf. H\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> sao (\u0110\u1ea1i 40, tr. 11a), \u00abThi\u00ean 5. Th\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma,\u00bb ph\u1ee5 ch\u00fa: \u00abMinh li\u1ec5u lu\u1eadn s\u1edb<\/span> phi\u00ean l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p. Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span> (ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m). C\u0169ng phi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span>. B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec phi\u00ean l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1<\/span>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> ph\u00e1p (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>), cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> gi\u00fap th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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[23] C\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3 Nh\u01b0 T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0<\/span>, Trung A h\u00e0m<\/span> 52 (Kinh \u01afu ba li<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 755c).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[24] Skt. (=Pl.) cetan\u0101: \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span>, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span>. Cf. A. iii., tr. 45: cetan\u0101ha\u1e43 bhikkhave kamma\u1e43 vad\u0101mi, cetayitv\u0101 kamma\u1e43 karoti k\u0101yena v\u0101c\u0101ya manas\u0101, \u00abN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, Ta n\u00f3i nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u01b0 (\u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span>). Sau khi t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 \u00fd.\u00bb Xem Trung A h\u00e0m<\/span> 27 (Kinh \u0110\u1ea1t ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 600a). Xem th\u00eam C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> 13 (\u0110\u1ea1i 29, tr. 67b): th\u1ebf bi\u1ec7t do nghi\u1ec7p sinh, t\u01b0 c\u1eadp t\u01b0 s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span>. Ko\u015ba iv. 1: karmaja\u1e43 lokavaicitrya\u1e43, cetan\u0101 tatk\u1e5bta\u1e43 ca tat.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[25] Cf. Ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nghi\u00eap: gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, Skt. prayoga-karmapatha (hay ti\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, Skt. s\u0101mantaka), c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, Skt. maula-karmapatha; h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, Skt. p\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dha-karmapatha. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 113 (\u0110\u1ea1i 27, tr.583b).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[26] Gi\u1ea3i thich c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u x\u00e1<\/span> 16 (\u0110\u1ea1i 29, tr. 840, 86a).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[27] Skt. avij\u00f1apti. Ht.: v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span>; C\u0111.: v\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>, xem C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 13, Ch. iv, t\u1ee5ng 3d. Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 16, nt.: \u00abSau khi y\u1ebft-ma l\u00e2n th\u1ee9 ba, bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nghi\u00eap trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (Skt. maula-karmapatha). \u0110\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> (hay v\u00f4 t\u00e1c<\/span>, La-th\u1eadp).V\u00ea v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span>, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 1, tr. 3a: \u00abV\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, tuy t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u0103c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> h\u1eefu bi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khac bi\u1ebft, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span>..\u00bb H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> cho l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u0169u. Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 13, tr. 67c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[28] C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> 15 (\u0110\u1ea1i 29, tr. 78a.tt.). Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 120 (\u0110\u1ea1i 27, tr.626b): Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7\u1ea1 minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gay \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (s\u1edf n\u0103ng x\u1ee9 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[29] Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 15 (\u0110\u1ea1i 29, tr. 78b), 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>: 1.H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u00eat h\u1ea1i m\u00f4t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. 2. Chi \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span>. 3.X\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. 4.Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. 5. Duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh , ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>) nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ( th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng dao, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[30] Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III, \u0111o\u1ea1n sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[31] H\u00e1n: b\u1ec9nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, danh t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[32] Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V \u0111o\u1ea1n sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[33] H\u00e1n: \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00fa; ho\u1eb3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[34] Ma ha T\u0103ng k\u1ef3 lu\u1eadt<\/span> 24 (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr. 422a) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch tam.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[35] C\u1ea7u th\u00ednh y\u1ebft-ma; Cf. Ma-ha T\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 lu\u1eadt 24 (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr. 422b).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[36] C\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, sau t\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3-kheo t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u00abT\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?\u00bb V\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh<\/span> \u0111\u00e1p:\u00abTh\u00e0nh.\u00bb V\u00e0 sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n y\u1ebft-ma, t\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u00abY\u1ebft-ma c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?\u00bb To\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p: \u00abTh\u00e0nh.\u00bb Co \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00e1i v\u01a1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 th\u00edch noi r\u0103ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> T\u0103ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[37] T\u00f9y c\u01a1<\/span> y\u1ebft-ma (\u0110\u1ea1i 40, tr. 492b: 1.T\u0103ng ph\u00e1p y\u1ebft-ma c\u00f3 134 ph\u00e1p. Trong \u0111\u00f3, a) \u0111\u01a1n b\u1ea1ch: 39 ph\u00e1p; b) b\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecb: 57 ph\u00e1p; c) b\u1ea1ch t\u1ee9: 38 ph\u00e1p. 2. \u0110\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span>: 28 ph\u00e1p. 3. T\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m<\/span>: 7 ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[38] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 16 (\u0110\u1ea1i 29, tr. 86a): \u00abTh\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m\u1ed9t sa-di th\u1ecd t\u1ef3-kheo. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> gi\u01b0a T\u0103ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e1c y\u1ebft-ma l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai xong; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u00eap \u0111\u1ea1o.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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[39] H\u00e1n: duy na<\/span>. B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng thanh quy<\/span> 4, \u00abCh\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ef1\u00bb (\u0110\u1ea1i 48, tr. ): \u00abDuy na, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ee1 gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i (c\u01b0\u01a1ng duy<\/span>) c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng; \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 m\u1ecdi khuc m\u1eafc…\u00bb Theo \u0111\u00e2y, duy l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng duy<\/span>. Na l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u00eang Phan: karma-d\u0101na, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd s\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng.. T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> sao,(\u0110\u1ea1i 40, tr. 6b), d\u1eabn Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng: \u00abB\u1ea5y gi\u01a1, trong T\u0103ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai th\u00f4ng tri<\/span> th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ai b\u00e1o gi\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh ki\u1ec1n chu\u1ef3…Khi ch\u00fang \u1ed3n \u00e0o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ng\u0103n. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y l\u1eadp Duy na<\/span>.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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[40] T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> sao I (\u0110\u1ea1i 40, tr. 9c), d\u1eabn Ma-\u0111\u1eafc-l\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0:\u00abTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c? Vui v\u1ebb<\/span> t\u00f9y h\u1ef7<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m, c\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>.\u00bb Cf. Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt<\/span> 56 (\u0110\u1ea1i 23, tr. 415): \u00abD\u1ee5c, ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span>.. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u0103ng s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> T\u0103ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c (d\u1eef d\u1ee5c<\/span>)…Ph\u00e1p g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c; t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c…Thuy\u1ebft d\u1ee5c<\/span>; t\u1ef3-kheo nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u01a1c T\u0103ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 g\u1edfi d\u1ee5c..\u00bb H\u00e1n: d\u1eef d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u8207\u6b32 Pali: chandad\u0101na, Mah\u0101vagga , n.i. tr.121<\/span><\/p>\n

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[41] Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[42] Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[43] Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[44] H\u00e1n: h\u00e0nh tr\u00f9, hay h\u00e0nh x\u00e1-la; Skt. \u015bal\u0101kagr\u0101ha\u1e47a (Pl. sal\u0101hag\u0101ha). Ng\u0169 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 18 (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr. 123a): \u00abB\u1ed1-t\u00e1t…C\u00f3 t\u1ef3-kheo kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c t\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i qu\u00ean. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y h\u00e0nh tr\u00f9, d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 (ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> s\u1ed1 t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> d\u1ef1 b\u1ed1-t\u00e1t).\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

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[45] Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span>, T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 46, \u00abGi\u00e0 ki\u1ec1n-\u0111\u00f4.\u00bb (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr. 906); T\u00e1t-b\u00e0-\u0111a b\u1ed9 t\u00ec-ni ma-\u0111\u1eafc-l\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0 3, \u00abGi\u00e0-b\u1ed1-t\u00e1t s\u1ef1,\u00bb \u0110\u1ea1i 23, tr. 581c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[46] T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span> 44, Chi\u00eam ba<\/span> ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> (\u0110\u1ea1i 22, tr. 885c).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[47] Truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eeda ch\u1eebng, gi\u1edbi t\u1eed<\/span> th\u1ed1i \u00fd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ecd, b\u00e8n b\u1ea1ch T\u0103ng xin th\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u1eebng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[48] Theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, T\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebft-ma, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m y\u1ebft-ma cho 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebft-ma cho 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee5 t\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[49] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang<\/span> t\u1ee9c chia nh\u00f3m ch\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 T\u0103ng<\/span>; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> T\u0103ng ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb v\u1ee1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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