{"id":7233,"date":"2020-12-02T06:11:17","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:11:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/bien-chung-long-tho\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:11:17","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:11:17","slug":"bien-chung-long-tho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/bien-chung-long-tho\/","title":{"rendered":"Bi\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee9ng Long Th\u1ecd"},"content":{"rendered":"

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BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG<\/span> LONG TH\u1ecc<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\"nagarjunawinter\"

Trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(Madhyamika), nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> ch\u01b0a m\u1ea5y ai quan t\u00e2m<\/span>[2]<\/sup><\/sup>. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>(C\u0103n b\u1ea3n Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>). B\u1ea3n M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>ch\u1eef Sanskrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> coi l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f2n gi\u1eef trong Prasannapada<\/i> (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (Chandrakirti)[3]<\/sup><\/sup>. \u1ede \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>) c\u00f3 trong s\u1edb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00ed<\/span> Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 405[4]<\/sup><\/sup>. T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u00e0i \u201cBi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng Long Th\u1ecd\u201d n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n khi c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean<\/span>. B\u00e0i g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n: Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi<\/span> thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u201cNg\u00f4n Ng\u1eef Trung Lu\u1eadn\u201d v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111i th\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u201cBi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng Long Th\u1ecd\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u00ean internet m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u016bla-madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101h<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u[5]<\/sup><\/sup>, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/span> l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam b\u1ea3n Anh d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (trong s\u00e1ch c\u0169 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n Anh d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a P.L. Vaidya[6]<\/sup><\/sup>). S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/i> v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Sanskrit, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1 l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 quen bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> hai ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fd b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n<\/span> ban ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Su\u1ed1i Ngu\u1ed3n<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/span> (v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u01a1 s\u00f3t) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u00f3i nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> Madhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101<\/i><\/b>\u1e25 <\/i><\/b>\u4e2d\u8ad6<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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anirodham anutp\u0101dam anucchedam a\u015b\u0101\u015bvatam |<\/span><\/p>\n

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anek\u0101rtham an\u0101n\u0101rtham\u00a0an\u0101gamam\u00a0anirgamam |<\/span><\/p>\n

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ya\u1e25\u00a0prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\u1e43prapa\u00f1copa\u015bama\u1e43\u015bivam |<\/span><\/p>\n

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de\u015bay\u0101m \u0101sa sa\u1e43buddhas ta\u1e43vande vadat\u0101\u1e43varam |[7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

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I prostrate to the Buddha, the most sublime of speakers who taught that the dependent co-arising has no ceasing and no arising, no annihilation and no permanence, no unity and no pluality, no coming and no going; that is quiescent all conceptual constructions, that is blissful.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u751f\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6ec5\u00a0B\u1ea5t sinh<\/span> di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u5e38\u4ea6\u4e0d\u65b7\u00a0B\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u4e00\u4ea6\u4e0d\u7570\u00a0B\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u4f86\u4ea6\u4e0d\u51fa\u00a0B\u1ea5t lai<\/span> di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u80fd\u8aaa\u662f\u56e0\u7de3\u00a0N\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5584\u6ec5\u8af8\u6232\u8ad6\u00a0Thi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7t ch\u01b0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6211\u7a3d\u9996\u79ae\u4f5b\u00a0Ng\u00e3 kh\u1ec3 th\u1ee7<\/span> l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8af8\u8aaa\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00[8]<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0Ch\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> trung \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i m\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u0102N B\u1ea2N:<\/span><\/p>\n

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Prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> <\/i>\u7de3\u8d77. <\/i>C\u00e1c t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> <\/i>\u7de3\u751f, l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> <\/i>\u7406\u7de3\u8d77. Anh ng\u1eef d\u1ecbch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 dependent arising <\/i>ho\u1eb7cconditioned co-production<\/i>. CC\u1ea3 ba t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea1n H\u00e1n Anh \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 \u00fd m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> hay hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean<\/i> (pratyaya: ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, condition). M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (bh\u00e0va) \u0111\u1ec1u do duy\u00ean h\u1ee3p n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n, khi duy\u00ean tan th\u00ec t\u00e1n. L\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00f3m th\u00e2u to\u00e0n lu\u1eadn Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>,<\/i> m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i> (bh\u00e0va<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu <\/i>hay t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3<\/i> (svabh\u00e0va) ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu v\u00ec do t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c duy\u00ean (pratyaya) kh\u00e1c i.e. \u201ceverything is eternally arising\u201d; n\u00ean Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>, duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> <\/i>hayl\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) kh\u00e1c trong s\u00e1ch Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> ch\u1ec9 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da<\/i>trong k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u56e0\u7de3(nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m I (lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean) La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef hetu-pratyaya, th\u00ec r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang. Trong trang sau ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00eam \u1edf ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 hai t\u1eeb pratyaya<\/i> (duy\u00ean) v\u00e0 Prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da<\/i> (duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>[9]<\/sup><\/sup> d\u1ef1a theo Prasannapada<\/i> (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da l\u00e0 n\u1ed9t ch\u1eef k\u00e9p (Prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da). H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai t\u1eeb. Theo \u0111\u00f3 prat\u012btya<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi<\/i> (ng\u1eef c\u0103n i<\/i> ch\u1ec9 \u00fd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef prati<\/i> ch\u1ec9 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi<\/i>). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady prat\u012btya<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. C\u00f2n ch\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai, samutp\u0101da<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>,<\/i> bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da<\/i> l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> hay bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d (hetu-praytya\u1ef3\u00e0pekso bh\u00e0v\u00e0n\u00e0m utp\u00e0dah pratiyasamu padarthah). T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00f4ng \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa th\u00e0nh ra l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o bi\u1ec7n thuy\u1ebft ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da<\/i> theo ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> hay duy\u00ean sinh<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1eef thi\u1ec7n<\/i> trong thi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7t<\/i> \u5584\u6ec5(di\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, di\u1ec7t g\u1ecdn) ch\u01b0a m\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 sivam<\/i> (bless, auspicious theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh ng\u1eef). Sivam<\/i> trong Sanskrit c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 an t\u0129nh<\/span>, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span>, y\u00ean \u1ed5n<\/span>. Th\u00e0nh ra \u2018thi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7t ch\u01b0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn\u2019 n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cti\u00eau tr\u1eeb tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> y\u00ean \u1ed5n<\/span> m\u1ecdi h\u00ed lu\u1eadn\u201d th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Prapa\u00f1ca<\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>\u6232\u8ad6(l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u01a1i cho vui, nh\u00e0n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>) trong c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i thi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7t ch\u01b0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 nisprapa\u00f1ca<\/i> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>. <\/i>H\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u trong Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung Hoa v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng (v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> reductio ad absurdum<\/i>) n\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1eeb h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u1eef prapa\u00f1ca<\/i>. Trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Sanskrit prapa\u00f1ca<\/i> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ba ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh: 1.ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n<\/span>, 2.s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span>, 3.vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. D\u1ecbch prapa\u00f1ca<\/i> l\u00e0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ba ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean n\u00ean khi d\u1ecbch, La Th\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (m\u1ecdi h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>) th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed5 ngh\u0129a cho ch\u1eef h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eafc v\u1ecb. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Trung Hoa sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> th\u00e0nh ra hai lo\u1ea1i \u00e1i h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. \u00c1i h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf s\u1ef1 tham tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i<\/span> n\u00ean sinh ra c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ecdng danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Trung Hoa. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xa nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb prapa\u00f1ca<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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GI\u1ea2NG GI\u1ea2I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1eafp hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea9m (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay theo b\u1ea3n Sanskrit n\u00ean s\u1eafp hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y ri\u00eang ra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. B\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> \u201cb\u1ea5t sanh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb, b\u1ea5t lai<\/span> b\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i>, t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>: l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng<\/i> l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t nh\u1ecb bi\u00ean<\/span>. Theo Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i> (con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> manh m\u00fan)[10]<\/sup><\/sup>. V\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, theo Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span>, hay ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng<\/i> n\u00e0y[11]<\/sup><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00ec Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 an \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t v\u00ec c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i>, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung thu v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecbch<\/span><\/i>, B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> th\u00ec thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>, Duy v\u1eadt<\/span> Thu\u1eadn th\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/i>, S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec tin v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span><\/i>, Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t <\/i>v.v.. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0y Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>. <\/i>\u0110\u00f3l\u00e0 nh\u1eefnggi\u00e1o l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn ra c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> m\u1ecdi bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd\u201d trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch La Th\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1eafp th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai sau b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i>, xem b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u00e1t b\u1ea5t trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 theo th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc chung c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> ra \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> mang kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ee7y<\/span> cung l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u1edbn lao n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> d\u00f9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> trong Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> sau n\u00e0y (Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> qua \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec d\u00f9 Thi\u1ec1n ch\u01b0a mang t\u00ean Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> trong Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> L\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0n kinh<\/span> [12]<\/sup><\/b><\/sup>).<\/i> N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. B\u1ea3n T\u00e2m kinh<\/span> b\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> c\u0169ng t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u201cTh\u1ecb ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1ea5t sanh<\/span> b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, b\u1ea5t t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>, di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd\u201d. B\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0 trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>: \u201cta kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span>, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, n\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 coi b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> \u201ct\u00e1n th\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt\u201d.<\/i> \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i coi b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>. V\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> \u201cph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn\u201d to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 b\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>, th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i>, t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/i> \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00f9ng l\u00e2m<\/span> ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 cho t\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kinh B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n<\/span> <\/i>v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> m\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u tho\u1ea1i<\/i> quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u201cth\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 n\u00fai Tu Di<\/span> c\u00f2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ngnh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i\u201d. Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i s\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng<\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u201cch\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng\u201d. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng cho con b\u1ec7nh c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu. Cho n\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay khi h\u1ecdc Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e1p b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> <\/i>cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0 s\u01b0 ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00f5 kh\u00ed cho h\u1ecd m\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Tu s\u0129<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng coi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u0103n nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cc\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng\u201d. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3\u1ec9 th\u00edch v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n an, ngay t\u1eeb k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i long tr\u1ecdng<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u00e0i lu\u1eadn trong Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang t\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ngay nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1eeba vi\u1ebft \u1edf tr\u00ean. Khi n\u00f3i \u201cTrung lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>\u2018ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn\u2019 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i. Th\u1eadt ra s\u1ef1 \u201cph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> cao th\u00e2m nh\u01b0 kinh Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Trong Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Khi ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> hay ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/i> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec<\/span>. Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 (nh\u01b0 kinh Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kim c\u01b0ong n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/i>) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu t\u01b0 duy nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1edd b\u00ean n\u00e0y<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/i> (b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt<\/span>). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i<\/span> theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n<\/span> thuy\u1ebft m\u00e1y m\u00f3c th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a h\u1ecdc b\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb con ch\u01b0a h\u1ecdc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo c\u00e1c thi h\u00e0o<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m<\/span> ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1i sao cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>? Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1eebng nghe c\u00e1c b\u1eadc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0<\/span> l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3<\/span> mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng l\u1eabn th\u00ednh ch\u00fang<\/span> ch\u1ec9 sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, m\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> h\u1ec7 \u201cthi\u1ec1n Zen v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> emptiness\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi Beatnik r\u1ed3i Hippies kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 \u1ed3n \u00e0o<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> r\u01a1i r\u1edbt v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng[13]<\/sup><\/sup>, thai sinh<\/span> ra nh\u1eefng \u201ctri\u1ebft gia thi<\/span> s\u0129 thi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n\u201d \u201cc\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng\u201d \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 kinh Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n, \u201ct\u00e0 s\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1t s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00e0i ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ecfi t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> h\u1ed7n mang \u1edf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t may m\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00f3 ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thi\u1ebfu may m\u1eafn<\/span> h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> t\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed3ng l\u0169 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc long t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi m\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n<\/span> ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p<\/span> trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i[14]<\/sup><\/sup>. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, b\u00ean trong th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. T\u1ea1m b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c t\u00ean t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 quan<\/span> tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. Theo n\u1ed9i dung tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111ang b\u1ecb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>: phe h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt<\/i> c\u00f2n phe t\u1ea3 th\u00ec v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> giai kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7n th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> nh\u01b0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>, Tam gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00f4n<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, v\u00f4 nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>) c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u00fd<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ph\u00e1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> H\u1eefu t\u00f4ng<\/span>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eb7t<\/span> th\u00f3i quen<\/span> l\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> tu tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 h\u1eb9p \u201cduy kh\u00f4ng\u201d c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ee7a con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> ngh\u0129a. Ph\u1ea9m 14 \u201cQu\u00e1n t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5, \u201cduy c\u00f3\u201d th\u00ec l\u00e0 r\u1eddi xa ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00f2n \u201cduy kh\u00f4ng\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> tam b\u1ea3o<\/span><\/i>, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 c\u1ea3 hai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> 18 l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m 14, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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ya\u1e25prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\u1e25\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101\u1e43t\u0101\u1e43pracak\u1e63mahe |<\/span><\/p>\n

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s\u0101 praj\u00f1aptir up\u0101d\u0101ya pratipat saiva madhyam\u0101 ||<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u773e\u56e0\u7de3\u751f\u6cd5<\/b>\u00a0Ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh ph\u00e1p<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6211\u8aaa\u5373\u662f\u7121<\/b>\u00a0Ng\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb v\u00f4.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4ea6\u70ba\u662f\u5047\u540d<\/b>\u00a0Di\u1ec7c vi th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3<\/span> danh,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4ea6\u662f\u4e2d\u9053\u7fa9<\/b>\u00a0Di\u1ec7c th\u1ecb trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ngh\u0129a.[15]<\/sup><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201cM\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> kh\u1edfi sinh, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> t\u1ea1m m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i. C\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng<\/i> theo ngh\u0129a trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> k\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i> (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eadt c\u00f3). N\u00ean bi\u1ebft H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean <\/i>nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng trong A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/i>, r\u1ed3i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (bhava) c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u00ec do duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3. L\u00e0 t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00ean h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 s\u1eafc ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00f3 sinh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 sau, v\u00ec: 1.\u0110\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>. 2.Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 sinh<\/i> (t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>) th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt [16]<\/sup><\/b><\/sup>. Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y ra sao? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u201cLu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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pratyayapar\u012bk\u1e63\u0101 n\u0101ma prathama\u1e43prakara\u1e47a\u1e43||<\/span><\/p>\n

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Investigation of Conditions<\/span><\/p>\n

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1.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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na svato n\u0101pi parato na dv\u0101bhy\u0101\u1e43n\u0101py ahetuta\u1e25|<\/span><\/p>\n

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utpann\u0101 j\u0101tu vidyante bh\u0101v\u0101\u1e25kva cana ke cana ||1||<\/span><\/p>\n

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No thing anywhere is ever born from itself, from another, from both or without a cause. <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8af8\u6cd5\u4e0d\u81ea\u751f<\/b>\u00a0Ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 sinh,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5f9e\u4ed6\u751f<\/b>\u00a0Di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t t\u00f9ng tha sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u5171\u4e0d\u7121\u56e0<\/b>\u00a0B\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u662f\u6545\u77e5\u7121\u751f<\/b>\u00a0Th\u1ecb c\u1ed1<\/span> tri v\u00f4 sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 sinh, kh\u00f4ng do c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c sinh ra, kh\u00f4ng do g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai sinh ra, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh ra. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3) \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u0102N B\u1ea2N<\/span><\/p>\n

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Pratyaya<\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Hoa ng\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 La Th\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 duy\u00ean <\/i>\u7de3hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c<\/i> (Anh ng\u1eef d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 condition<\/i>). T\u00f4i th\u00edch d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c<\/i> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1eef duy\u00ean<\/i> (duy\u00ean <\/i>v\u1eeba l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb). V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cLu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean\u201d (pratyayapar\u012bk\u1e63\u0101) thay v\u00ec theo H\u00e1n v\u0103n \u201cPh\u00e1 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean\u201d hay \u201cQu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span>, trong k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5<\/span> Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch pratyaya<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> <\/i>\u56e0\u7de3. Theo ch\u1eef H\u00e1n nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb k\u00e9p g\u1ed3m hai danh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n<\/i> v\u00e0 duy\u00ean<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n<\/i> (hetu) v\u00e0 duy\u00ean<\/i> (pratyaya), n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> duy\u00ean<\/i> \u7de3l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7nt\u1ea1o t\u00e1c<\/i> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n<\/i> \u56e0l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c<\/i> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra<\/i>. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> H\u00e1n, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n<\/i> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb hetu<\/i> (Anh ng\u1eef d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 cause<\/i> l\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a aition<\/i> (nguy\u00ean \u5143) theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Aristote). Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> theo ngh\u0129a aition<\/i> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ch\u1eef nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> \u5143\u56e0m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> th\u1eadt ra ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb hetu-pratyaya<\/i> th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh La Th\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> (I.2). Trong k\u1ec7 I.2 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean<\/i> (c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft hetupratyaya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>). C\u0169ng v\u00ec hai ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u00e2n<\/i> (hetu\/ cause) v\u00e0 duy\u00ean<\/i> (pratyaya\/ condition). Nh\u01b0ng theo Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i> (bh\u00e0va) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y (\u201cLu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean\u201d) Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean. Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m 20 (\u201cLu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p\u201d) Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n<\/i> v\u1edbi duy\u00ean<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t<\/span> ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cLu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean\u201d l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd do<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00f3. N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u Sarvastivada (Nh\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1eefu) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1-h\u1eefu (bhava\/ v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. N\u00ean Sarvastivada ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n<\/i> v\u1edbi duy\u00ean<\/i> kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu <\/i>(svabh\u00e0va\/ t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> (svata-utpatti) \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eadt c\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Cho n\u00ean tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> b\u00e0y t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> cho nh\u00e2n<\/i> v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1eadt ngh\u0129a b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>. C\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 trong Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (Madhyam\u00e0vatara), Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1 trang c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cLu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef Sanskrit th\u00ec ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean <\/i>La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch trong k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef pratyaya<\/i> (duy\u00ean). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch pratyaya th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c La Th\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch pratyaya l\u00e0 duy\u00ean<\/i> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef hetu-pratyays<\/i>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span> g\u1eb7p ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Sanskrit \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb n\u00e0y[17]<\/sup><\/sup>. C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1edb t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cLu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean\u201d (Pratyayapar\u012bk\u1e63\u0101)<\/b> n\u00ean trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean<\/i> (pratyaya) kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> hay nh\u00e2n<\/i> (hetu). T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> duy\u00ean<\/i> (pratyaya) v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n<\/i> (hetu). Khi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n<\/i> (hetu) th\u00ec ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> nh\u01b0 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u00e0n nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> v\u1edbi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n v\u0103n n\u00ean th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u1eefa \u56e0\u7de3(nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>) v\u00e0 \u7de3(duy\u00ean) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng so v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span>. Th\u1eadt ra trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u00ec duy\u00ean<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c\/ condition<\/i> th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c\/ cause<\/i> th\u00e0nh ra duy\u00ean<\/i> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n<\/i>, nh\u01b0 trong k\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp sau c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bhav\u00e0h<\/i>(s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\/ sein\/ being) v\u00e0 bhavahta<\/i> (b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>) \u1edf k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y La Th\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p<\/i> (\u6cd5). Ph\u00e1p<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. N\u00ean nh\u1edb trong H\u00e1n ng\u1eef, ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a. Khi Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef dharma th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a. Trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1eef\u201d d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef dharma<\/i> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u1eabn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch bhav\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p<\/i> (kh\u00f4ng sai, v\u00ec ph\u00e1p<\/i> l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ecbch v\u1eeba bhavah l\u1eabn dharma l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p<\/i> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p<\/i> (xem ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef dharma <\/i>trong quy\u1ec3nTr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>)[18]<\/sup><\/b><\/sup>. <\/i>Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u hai ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh: 1.T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u201cs\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d d\u00f9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> hay tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dharma<\/i> (ph\u00e1p\/ \u6cd5). 2.Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Dharma<\/i> vi\u1ebft hoa (nh\u01b0ng k\u1eb9t l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u6cd5trong H\u00e1n v\u0103n h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft). Ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i> trong H\u00e1n ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span><\/i> (\u0111\u1ea1i danh<\/span> t\u1eeb) cho ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i> n\u00ean c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f3 d\u1ecbch. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i> ra Vi\u1ec7t v\u0103n, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i>. Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Trung Hoa \u1ea9n n\u00e1u<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Thay v\u00ec n\u1eb7n \u00f3c<\/span> kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ch\u1eef c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Trung Hoa d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/i> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa l\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> thi ca<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1eddi nay r\u1ea5t l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> qu\u00e1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o danh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> d\u1ecbch bhava<\/i> l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> <\/i>thay v\u00ec ph\u00e1p <\/i>(v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3svabhavah <\/i>l\u00e0t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu <\/i>thay v\u00ect\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> <\/i>quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span>). Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u1ecbch bhavah<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu\u2026<\/i>(v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb svabhavah<\/i> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> <\/i>c\u00f2n t\u1eeb parabhavah <\/i>s\u1ebd l\u00e0tha t\u00ednh, tha h\u1eefu).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (bhavah) v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh\u201d (th\u1ecb c\u1ed1<\/span> tri v\u00f4 sinh\/ \u662f\u6545\u77e5\u7121\u751f) l\u00e0 c\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 trong Sanskrit. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do La Th\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1eafc v\u1ecb, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u \u201cnh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d m\u00e0\u00a0La Th\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00eam v\u00e0o trong \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinhKim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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GI\u1ea2NG GI\u1ea2I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt theo l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (bhavah) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 sinh ra n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng do c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c sinh ra n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng do g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai sinh ra, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh ra. (V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 sinh<\/span>)<\/i>\u201d. T\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 sinh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 sinh hay tha sinh<\/span> (sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh n\u00f3) \u0111\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3<\/i>, c\u00f2n theo \u0111\u00fang l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (duy\u00ean) h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>[19]<\/sup><\/sup>. N\u00ean nh\u1edb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ebf<\/i> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u201cb\u1ea5t sinh\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> (b\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb, b\u1ea5t lai<\/span> b\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t). Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u1ecdc kinh<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, cho n\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 sinh<\/span><\/i> th\u00ec l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u201cv\u00f4 sinh\u201d \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi \u201cv\u00f4 di\u1ec7t\u201d trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i> (b\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026) ch\u1ee9 \u201cv\u00f4 sinh\u201d kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1p duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 sinh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c duy\u00ean c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00f3. X\u01b0a th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9t (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n) th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3). Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed9t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho vi\u1ec7c sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e2y v\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c) nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean th\u00ec m\u1edbi sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> ra m\u1ea7m c\u00e2y. Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngay lo\u00e0i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cd\u00e9p c\u1ecf\u201d (to\u00e0n th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o) c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v.v.. m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n (sinh). V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 sinh. C\u00f2n n\u00f3i sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (tha sinh<\/span>) th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1<\/i> (t\u1ef1 n\u00f3) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u00e1i tha<\/i> (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3). Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> mang th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9a con do ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 tha sinh<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, v\u00ec t\u1ef1<\/i> (con) v\u00e0 tha<\/i> (m\u1eb9) r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u00f2n n\u00f3i v\u1eeba t\u1ef1 v\u1eeba tha th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng<\/span> h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00e1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. C\u00f2n quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span> sinh<\/i> (sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>) th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (ch\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng<\/span>) khi cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> hay \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u201cch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 sinh\u201d (c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 sinh) v\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 (c\u00e1i atman[20]<\/sup><\/sup> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt) trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Upanisads b\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111ang l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh (main tream) l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 Sarvastivadin (Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1eefu) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1edbn c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Tuy c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (an-atman) c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i \u201ct\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d (svabh\u00e0va) l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3, r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span> nh\u01b0 Vatsiputriya (\u0110\u1ed9c t\u1eed b\u1ed9<\/span>) t\u1eeb cho r\u1eb1ng svabh\u00e0va th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u00e1i ng\u00e3<\/i> (pudgala)[21]<\/sup><\/sup> l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> (cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>) \u1edf ngay ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 sinh<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ef1 sinh l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span> sinh<\/i> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee9 sinh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. V\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span> duy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> (bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span>) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn (Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span> duy\u00ean<\/i> c\u00f2n g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span> duy\u00ean<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00fd, b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> (c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>) m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i> c\u0169ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span> sinh<\/i> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u1ef1 sinh<\/i> \u1edf tr\u00ean. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> th\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00f4 sinh<\/span><\/i> ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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2.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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catv\u0101ra\u1e25pratyay\u0101 hetur c\u0101ramba\u1e47am anantaram |<\/span><\/p>\n

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tathaiv\u0101dhipateya\u1e43ca pratyayo n\u0101sti pa\u00f1cama\u1e25||2||<\/span><\/p>\n

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There are four conditions: primary, objective, immediate, and dominant.<\/span><\/p>\n

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There is no fifth condition.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56e0\u7de3\u6b21\u7b2c\u7de3<\/b>\u00a0Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 duy\u00ean<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u7de3\u7de3\u589e\u4e0a\u7de3<\/b>\u00a0Duy\u00ean duy\u00ean<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56db\u7de3\u751f\u8af8\u6cd5<\/b>\u00a0T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u66f4\u7121\u7b2c\u4e94\u7de3<\/b>\u00a0C\u00e1nh v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec7 ng\u0169 duy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean<\/i> (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>)<\/i> l\u00e0 1.nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>)<\/i>, 2.th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 duy\u00ean<\/span> (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c), 3.s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean<\/span> (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> <\/i>t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c), v\u00e0 4.t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean<\/span> (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/i> th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n duy\u00ean<\/i> (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>) <\/i>th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u0102N B\u1ea2N<\/span><\/p>\n

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Hetu-pratyay\u0101<\/i> (duy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, cause, the cause in general, the primary condition) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> \u56e0\u7de3 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef prat\u00ectyasamutpada (duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> <\/i>\u7de3\u8d77)<\/i> c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean (pratyay\u00e0), lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i>. Danh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> n\u00e0y trong th\u00f4ng ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00f3i chung v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean <\/i>(pratyay\u0101<\/i>). (Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i t\u1eaft, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 theo kinh Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> <\/i>ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i c\u1ea3 t\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 <\/i>l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/i>, v\u00f4 th\u1ecd<\/span> gi\u1ea3<\/i>, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch alambana\u2013pratyaya l\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> \u6240\u7de3\u7de3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 alambana<\/i> l\u00e0 duy\u00ean<\/i> n\u00ean d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u00ean d\u1ecbch alambana-pratyaya<\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u00e0n duy\u00ean<\/i> th\u00ec d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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GI\u1ea2NG GI\u1ea2I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> <\/i>(duy\u00ean<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1.\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u00e1c <\/i>(nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> \u56e0\u7de3), 2.\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c (th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> \u6b21\u7b2c\u7de3), 3.\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c (s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean<\/span> <\/i>\u6240\u7de3\u7de3), v\u00e0 4.\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c (t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i> \u589e\u4e0a\u7de3). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hay duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong Prasannapad\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean<\/i> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Abhidharmamikas n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb x\u01b0a[22]<\/sup><\/sup>. V\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Kalupahan c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1eefu v\u00e0 Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> [23]<\/sup><\/sup>. B\u1ed1n duy\u00ean<\/i> trong k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

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Hetu-pratyay\u0101<\/i> (nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> <\/i>\u56e0\u7de3\u2013 primary condition, cause-condition<\/i>): Duy\u00ean <\/i>th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t La Th\u1eadp<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i>, danh t\u1eeb t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00f3i chung v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean <\/i>(pratyaya<\/i>). Nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> duy\u00ean<\/i> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c<\/i> – condition <\/i>v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n<\/i> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c \u2013 cause<\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c<\/i> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c.<\/i> V\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> duy\u00ean<\/i> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1t sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Samanantara-pratyay\u0101<\/i> La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 duy\u00ean<\/span> <\/i>\u6b21\u7b2c\u7de3(next number condition<\/i>). Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n v\u0103n c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/i> L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1edbp lang<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 (th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7<\/span>)<\/i>, kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Alambana-pratyay\u0101<\/i> La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean<\/span> <\/i>\u6240\u7de3\u7de3(condition condition, conditioned condition<\/i>). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a<\/span>, c\u01a1 s\u1edf (s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/i>) g\u00e2yduy\u00ean<\/i> cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c (the immediate condition for the prodution of a result is the evanescence of its material cause)<\/span><\/p>\n

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Adhipati-pratyay\u0101<\/i> La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean<\/span> <\/i>\u589e\u4e0a\u7de3(increase-over condition<\/i>). Anh ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 dominant condition<\/i>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> (t\u0103ng) v\u00e0 quan y\u1ebfu (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> duy\u00ean th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>. Trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean<\/i> (pratyay\u0101<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Abhidharma (A T\u00ec \u0110\u00e0m<\/span>)[24]<\/sup><\/sup> r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu<\/i> (bh\u00e0va) hay hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (duy\u00ean<\/i>). C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> duy\u00ean<\/i> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy k\u1ebft v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean<\/i> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c duy\u00ean<\/i> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> g\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 sau khi ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u0103n y\u1ebfu th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 trong k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y (I.3) Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean<\/i> c\u00f2n \u1edf k\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (I.2) Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh<\/i> kh\u1edfi<\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu (t\u1ef1 sinh, tha sinh<\/span>, t\u1ef1 sinh l\u1eabn tha sinh<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 sinh<\/span>). Hai \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a hai k\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/span><\/p>\n

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VTN<\/span><\/p>\n


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[1]<\/sup><\/sup>.\u00a0Madhyamika<\/i> hay Madhyamaka<\/i>? V\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1eef v\u00e0 hay d\u00f9ng madhymika nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 madhyamaka nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. T\u00f4i d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1eef l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> l\u00e0 theo T.R.V. Murti v\u00e0\u00a0Sanskrit Commission (do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> n\u0103m 1959).\u00a0Xem th\u00eam Introduction to the Middle Way: Chandrakirti<\/i>\u2019s Madhyamakavatara<\/i> c\u1ee7a the Padmakara Translation Group (London: Shambhala, 2002) tr. 354.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[2]<\/sup><\/sup>. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kinh vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c Nga xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u0103n kh\u1ed1<\/span> (Biliotheca Buddhica)<\/i> v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1901-1913, trong \u0111\u00f3 Poussin c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch Prasannapada<\/i> (n\u1ed9i dung g\u1ed3m Madhyamika<\/i> v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span>). Qua ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a LJ Smimidt, Burnuf, Oldenberg, Nanjo, T. Stcherbatsky\u2026 R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a T.R.V. Murti, P.L. Vaidya, R. Robinson, K. Inada, D. Kalupahana\u2026 th\u00ec c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>. Trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u0103m hoa \u0111ua n\u1edf v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> tu s\u0129<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 The Institute of Buddhist Dialectics, the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies (n\u00ean nh\u1edb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh s\u00e1ch Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1eb1ng Sanskrit hay T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>). Trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>. H\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> Trung Hoa c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u1ea4n Thu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span>. Ri\u00eang c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> gi\u1eefa Madhyamaka v\u00e0 Tam lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span> Trung Hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[3]<\/sup><\/sup>. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (Candrakirti hay Chandrakirti), th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 t\u1ed5<\/span> trung h\u01b0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Madhyamaka<\/i>. \u1ede T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Prasannapada (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span>)<\/i> v\u00e0 Madhyamakavatara (Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>)<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> gi\u00e1o khoa m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ea1t ma<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[4]<\/sup><\/sup>. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh t<\/i>\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> <\/i>, tr. 1564.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[5]<\/sup><\/sup>. V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc, Introduction to Nagarjuna,<\/i> Eastwest Institute, 1991.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[6]<\/sup><\/sup>.\u00a0Madhyamikasastra of Nagarjuna with the Commentary: Prasannapada by Candrrakiti<\/i>, P.L. Vaidya d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch, Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute, 1960.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[7]<\/sup><\/sup>. B\u1ea3n Sanskrit n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> hai b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 trong\u00a0Madhymikavrtti<\/i> (Madhyamakak\u00e0rik\u00e0a) do L. de la Vall\u00e9e Pousin bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> (Bibliotheca Buddhica 4<\/i>.) St.petersurg: The Imperial Academy of Science, 1903-1913) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a P.L. Vaidya \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ec7 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eef ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 thi\u1ebfu th\u1eeba so v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa th\u00edch r\u00f5, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t v\u0103n khi in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[8]<\/sup><\/sup>.\u00a0B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n do La Th\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh t<\/i>\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span><\/i>, tr. 1564.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[9]<\/sup><\/sup>. Th. Stcherbatsky, The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana<\/i>,\u00a0[1923] Second Indian Edition, Delhi, 1977, tr. 78.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[10]<\/sup><\/sup>. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i> theo ngh\u0129a danh t\u1eeb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[11]<\/sup><\/sup>. C\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0y Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf s\u00e1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[12]<\/sup><\/sup>. V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> L\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0n kinh<\/span><\/i>, NXB. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[13]<\/sup><\/sup>. Xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cH\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Hippies tr\u00ean tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o \u0110\u1eddi<\/i> (S\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 Hippy Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1971). C\u00f3 in l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean M\u00f9a thu<\/span> hoa v\u00e0ng vi\u1ec5n m\u1ed9ng xanh<\/i>, San Jose 1989, tr. 151-160.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[14]<\/sup><\/sup>. Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Long Th\u1ecd\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15]<\/sup><\/sup>.\u00a0Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/i>: Ph\u1ea9m 24, k\u1ec7 18.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16]<\/sup><\/sup>.\u00a0Cho n\u00ean, b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> ki\u1ec3u song tr\u00f9ng \u201cb\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u2026 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t lai\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 hai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> sinh\/di\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1eddng\/\u0111o\u1ea1n… H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda (c\u00f3 sinh) n\u00ean m\u1edbi lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u201c\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 sinh<\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt<\/i> v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 sinh\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[17]<\/sup><\/sup>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> th\u1ee9 11 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t La Th\u1eadp<\/span> c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef nh<\/i>\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef pratyaya<\/i> n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span>\u00a0Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18]<\/sup><\/sup>. V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc, \u201cBi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng b\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span>,\u201d Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> kinh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u00e1t nh<\/i>\u00e3, <\/i>H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB. Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i<\/span>, 2012, tr. 99-131.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19]<\/sup><\/sup>. L\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i c\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>), nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>) th\u00ec g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3,<\/i> c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu<\/i>\u00f4n lu<\/i>\u00f4n c\u00f3<\/i>. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/i> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00fd n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20]<\/sup><\/sup>. Atman (ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span>, th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean t\u1eeb xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> b\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cao c\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (maya) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi bradman (\u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>). Xem V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> L\u1ee5c T\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0n kinh<\/span><\/i>, s\u0111d, tr. 14-15<\/span><\/p>\n

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[21]<\/sup><\/sup>. Pudgala (si\u00eau ng\u00e3, kinh Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u00e1t nh<\/i>\u00e3<\/i> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh<\/i>\u00e2n<\/i>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3: t\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/i> g\u1ed3m nh\u00e2n, ng\u00e3, th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>). Xem \u201cT\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc\u201d trong Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span> Ng\u1ecdc, 2012, tr. 337-558.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[22]<\/sup><\/sup>. P.S. Jaini (ed.) Abbidharmad\u00ecpa With Vibh\u00e0s\u00e0prabh\u00e0vrtti,<\/i> Patna: K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1959, (2.61-62). A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[23]<\/sup><\/sup>. David Kalupahan, Nagarjuna, The Philosophy of the Mi\u0111le Way,<\/i> Albany, State University of New York. Press. 1986, tr.106.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[24]<\/sup><\/sup>. A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m<\/span> ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean. Xem ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng lu\u1eadn<\/span> k\u1ec7 7 \u1edf sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Su\u1ed1i Ngu\u1ed3n-Trung T\u00e2m D\u1ecbch Thu\u1eadt H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Hu\u1ec7 Quang<\/span>)<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n

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