{"id":7235,"date":"2020-12-02T06:12:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/tu-lieu-nghien-cuu-cau-xa\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:12:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:12:05","slug":"tu-lieu-nghien-cuu-cau-xa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/tu-lieu-nghien-cuu-cau-xa\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u01b0 Li\u1ec7u Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u C\u00e2u-X\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"

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T\u01b0 Li\u1ec7u Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u<\/span> C\u00e2u-X\u00e1
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TU\u1ec6 S\u1ef8<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\"cau_xa_luan\"

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Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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Sinh v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 indriya<\/i>: c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc kh\u00e1c nhau trong chu\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>. Sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi hai c\u0103n, l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> (j\u012bva-indriya<\/i>) v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> (k\u0101ya-indriya<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> (catv\u0101ri mah\u0101bh\u016bt\u0101ni<\/i>: b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng) l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0103n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. Ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span> khi h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y tan r\u00e3, th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> theo \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c, hay trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> (j\u012bva<\/i>). Khi linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong th\u00e2n th\u00ec sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng; khi linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kinh Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t (\u0101h\u0101ra<\/i>: th\u1ef1c). N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u0103n. C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>, hay c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 (kava\u1e0di\u1e45k\u0101ra-\u0101h\u0101ra\u1e25<\/i>: \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c<\/span>). Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c<\/span> ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. v.v. (spar\u015ba-\u0101h\u0101ra\u1e25<\/i>: x\u00fac th\u1ef1c<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi hai c\u0103n, m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>. C\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi xu\u1ea5t thai<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m c\u0103n. C\u0103n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00f9y theo<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u0103n kia. Khi c\u0103n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00f9y theo<\/span> m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> n\u0103m c\u01a1 quan<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan<\/span> t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m ch\u00edn c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span>: \u00fd, h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u0103m thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ki\u1ebfp s\u01a1<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi hai c\u0103n, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c c\u0103n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n song song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t; cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, hai c\u0103n n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh<\/span> ph\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n, hay c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00edch t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 hai: \u201cPh\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1edfi Nh\u00f3m Phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> Ph\u1ea1n T\u1ea1ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 3, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh 29, s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u 1558, tr. 13b11-18b8; \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Sanskrit hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> Abhidharmako\u015babh\u0101\u1e63yam of Vasubandhu<\/i>, t\u1ed5ng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> GS. Anantalal Thakur, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> K.P. Jayaswal, Patna, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute Patna, 1975, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, \u201cDvit\u012bya\u1e43 ko\u015basth\u0101nam\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> b\u1ea3n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ya\u015bomitra: \u201cAbhidharmako\u015bam Bh\u0101sya Sphu\u1e6d\u0101rth\u0101 sahitam\u201d, Abhidharmako\u015ba & Bh\u0101\u1e63ya of Acharya Vasubandhu with Sphut\u0101rth\u0101 Commentary of \u0101c\u0101rya Ya\u015bomitra<\/i>, Part I, Critical eddited by Swami Dwarikadas Shastri, Bhauda Bharati, Varanasi, 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i H\u00e1n, 1. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> k\u00fd<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 3, Sa-m\u00f4n Th\u00edch Quang (Ph\u1ed5 Quang<\/span>) thu\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh 41, s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u 1821; 2. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1edb<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 3, Sa-m\u00f4n Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o<\/span> so\u1ea1n, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh 41, s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u 1822.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, c\u0169ng tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p, Louis de la Vallee Poussin, L\u2019Abhidharmako\u015ba de Vasubandhu<\/i>, traduction et annotation, tome I, chapitre 2; Institut Belge des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, Bruxelles 1971. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p, Abhidharmako\u015babh\u0101\u1e63yam<\/i>, English translation by Leo M. Pruden, volume I, Asian Humanities Press, 1990.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea9m c\u0103n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh: <\/span><\/p>\n

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I.<\/b> V\u1ec1 22 c\u0103n,<\/span><\/p>\n

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II<\/b>. <\/b>V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span>, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> s\u1eafc t\u00e2m<\/span> khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span>, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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III<\/b>. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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IV<\/b>. C\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh<\/span>, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span>, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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V<\/b>. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 22 c\u0103n. C\u00e1c ti\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea9m hai: PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T<\/span> C\u0102N<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Ti\u1ebft m\u1ed9t: HAI M\u01af\u01a0I HAI C\u0102N<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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\n <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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I. C\u0103n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i><\/b><\/span> <\/h3>\n

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[13b11] Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi.[1] C\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, quang hi\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/i>[2] T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u0103n<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>.[3] Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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1. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, n\u0103m c\u0103n t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong b\u1ed1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>; <\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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b\u1ed1n c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai; <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u00e1m, trong nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i>. \/\/1\/[4]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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i. N\u0103m c\u0103n, m\u1eaft v.v., m\u1ed7i c\u0103n t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong b\u1ed1n d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1[5]: 1. trang nghi\u00eam<\/span> th\u00e2n, 2. \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e2n<\/span>, 3. sinh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, 4. b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1.[6]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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A. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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1-2<\/b>. Hai c\u0103n, m\u1eaft v\u00e0 tai, (1) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p cho th\u00e2n, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu th\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eaft \u0111ui, tai \u0111i\u1ebfc th\u00ec r\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u. (2) Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00ec do m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y, tai nghe m\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 nguy hi\u1ec3m. (3) Ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ee9c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh hai th\u1ee9c[7] v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c.[8] (4) B\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1, l\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, tai nghe ti\u1ebfng; ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3-5<\/b>. Ba c\u0103n m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n. (1) V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 \u1edf hai c\u0103n tr\u00ean. (2) Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00ec ba c\u0103n n\u00e0y th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c<\/span>[9]. (3) Sinh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ee9: ba c\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ba th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. (4) B\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1, v\u00ec m\u0169i ng\u1eefi m\u00f9i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb, th\u00e2n x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. Nam, n\u1eef, m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span>, m\u1ed7i c\u0103n t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong hai d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1. <\/span><\/p>\n

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6-7<\/b>. N\u1eef, nam c\u0103n<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong hai: 1. h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> d\u1ecb, 2. ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> d\u1ecb.[10] H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> d\u1ecb<\/i>: do hai c\u0103n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef trong lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> d\u1ecb<\/i>: c\u0169ng t\u1eeb hai c\u0103n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, b\u1ea7u v\u00fa, v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c[11] ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00fang t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean n\u00f3i trong hai<\/i>.[12] V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea9m sinh, phi\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5n ho\u1ea1i,[13] b\u00e1n-tr\u1ea1ch-ca[14] v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecb h\u00ecnh<\/span>[15] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span>, li nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>.[16]<\/span><\/p>\n

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8<\/b>. M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> v\u1edbi hai t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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9. \u00dd c\u0103n<\/span> v\u1edbi hai t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>: k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i h\u1eadu h\u1eefu<\/span>[17] v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh[18]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i h\u1eadu h\u1eefu<\/span>, nh\u01b0 Kinh[19] n\u00f3i: \u201cB\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ki\u1ec1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-ph\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00e1i hay c\u00e2u h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi nhu\u1ebf.\u201d[20]<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 Kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00e2m d\u1eabn d\u1eaft th\u1ebf gian<\/span>; t\u00e2m chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p.\u201d[21]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. N\u0103m th\u1ecd, g\u1ed3m l\u1ea1c v.v., v\u00e0 t\u00e1m c\u0103n, g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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10-14<\/b>. N\u0103m th\u1ecd, g\u1ed3m l\u1ea1c v.v., t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec5m, v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f9y mi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0 tham v.v. ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c<\/span>[22] trong \u0111\u00f3. <\/span><\/p>\n

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15-22<\/b>. T\u00e1m c\u0103n, g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong t\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i, n\u0103m th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1c v.v. c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong t\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 Kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cV\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c n\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> cho t\u00edn. C\u0169ng do y h\u1ef7, \u01b0u v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span>.\u201d[23]<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c[24] cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u1ee9[25], m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 hi\u1ec3m n\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c<\/span>.[26] C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 nghe ti\u1ebfng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c th\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft v.v. kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng do \u0111\u00e2y[27] m\u00e0 m\u1eaft v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, n\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

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[13c24] <\/span><\/p>\n

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II. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u1eadp c\u0103n <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m s\u00e1u c\u0103n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb th\u00e2n l\u1eadp hai c\u0103n,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam t\u00ednh. \/\/<\/i>2\/[28] <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Do t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong t\u1ecbnh hay nhi\u1ec5m<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span>:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean bi\u1ebft m\u1ea1ng, n\u0103m th\u1ecd.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00edn v.v\u2026 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n. \/\/<\/i>3\/[29] <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp<\/span><\/i>. \/\/4\/[30]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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1-6.<\/b> Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>,[31] c\u00e1i b\u1eaft n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span>[32]. N\u0103m c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1eaft, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t; th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng[33]. Cho n\u00ean s\u00e1u c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc v.v\u2026 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>[34], v\u1eady ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n? <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hay c\u1ea3nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c. V\u1ea3, c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 uy l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>[35]. M\u1eaft c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/span> (t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>) trong s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1eafc, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, (1) v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng[36] cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> s\u1eafc; v\u00e0 (2) v\u00ec th\u1ee9c t\u00f9y theo<\/span> nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> hay m\u00f9 m\u1edd: s\u1eafc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau.[37]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng v\u1eady. <\/span><\/p>\n

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7-8. <\/b>T\u1eeb tr\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u0103n n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf (t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>) trong t\u00ednh bi\u1ec7t n\u1eef nam. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u0103n n\u1eef nam kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>, [38] v\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00ean n\u00e0y.[39] Theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1,[40] trong th\u00e2n, c\u0103n n\u1eef nam n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> ri\u00eang l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> hai c\u0103n. Do \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span>, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span>[41] v\u00e0 ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>[42], n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1eef t\u00ednh<\/span>. Do \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span>, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nam t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hai t\u00ednh do c\u0103n nam, n\u1eef, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i c\u0103n n\u1eef nam c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf (t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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9.<\/b> M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span>.[43]<\/span><\/p>\n

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10-14.<\/b> N\u0103m th\u1ecd c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec trong Kh\u1ebf kinh<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u201cTham t\u00f9y t\u0103ng[44] trong l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span>; s\u00e2n t\u00f9y t\u0103ng trong kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/span>; v\u00f4 minh<\/span> t\u00f9y t\u0103ng trong c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u1ea1c\u201d.[45]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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15-19.<\/b> N\u0103m c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u00edn, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec do th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. N\u00f3i \u201cn\u00ean bi\u1ebft\u201d[46] l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t trong ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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20-23.<\/b> Ba c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>[47] c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp<\/span>[48] v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, v.v\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i \u201cc\u0169ng v\u1eady\u201d[49], n\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft[50] c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft[51]. C\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>[52]. C\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; v\u00ec t\u00e2m ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb \u201cv\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u201d[53] n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>; c\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>; c\u0103n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1c tr\u00fa<\/span>[54]; v\u00ec do \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.[55]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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III. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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H\u1ecfi<\/i><\/b>: N\u1ebfu do t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n, th\u00ec c\u00e1c chi[56] nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u0103n? V\u00ec m\u1ed7i chi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 minh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n? Ng\u1eef c\u1ee5, tay, ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1i, ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, n\u00f3i, c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm, \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng, th\u1ea3i b\u1ea9n, kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c.[57]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p<\/i><\/b>: Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u0103n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>[58] c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau[59]:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i<\/b>: <\/span><\/h4>\n

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Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e2y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u;[60] \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ecbnh;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Do v\u1eady l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n<\/i>.\u00a0\/\/5\/[61]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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A. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/span> th\u1ed1ng<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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1. S\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m<\/i>: s\u00e1u c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1eaft; s\u00e1u n\u1ed9i x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>[62]. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1edf y<\/span> (s\u00e1u c\u0103n) n\u00e0y[63] do c\u0103n n\u1eef nam. L\u1ea1i do m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> m\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n k\u1ef3. S\u1edf y<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> do n\u0103m th\u1ecd c\u0103n. Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u cho s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1edf y<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do n\u0103m c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn. S\u1edf y<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> do ba c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i. Do \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span>. \u1ea4y cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 minh<\/span> c\u00e1c chi, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n. V\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B. D\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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Ho\u1eb7c s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t sinh<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span>: <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i, c\u0169ng v\u1eady<\/i>.\u00a0\/\/6\/[64]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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T\u1eeb \u201cho\u1eb7c\u201d[65] n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c.[66] C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>[67] m\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> 22 c\u0103n. S\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u00e1u c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1eaft. Sinh l\u00e0 do nam, n\u1eef, v\u00ec (s\u00e1u c\u0103n) sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> do m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 (s\u00e1u c\u0103n) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> do n\u0103m th\u1ecd, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1eadp 14 c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u0169ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 b\u1ed1n ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y[68], do lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> 8 c\u0103n sau. S\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn. Trong ba c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, do v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 sinh, do v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> k\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, do v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> cu\u1ed1i m\u00e0 th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span>.[69] S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh do duy\u00ean \u1ea5y m\u00e0 Kinh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> 22 c\u0103n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C. B\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>; v\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> do sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Tay ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm, \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng; v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> d\u1ecb tr\u1ea1ng.[70] Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a tay v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm hay \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tay ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm hay \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t. Cho n\u00ean tay ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng \u1edf n\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u01a1i, l\u1ea1i do s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c; v\u00ec kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u1eef, nam c\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa cu\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdng, r\u0103ng, m\u00ed m\u1eaft, c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp l\u00f3ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 nu\u1ed1t, nhai, m\u1edf nh\u1eafm, co du\u1ed7i. Ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u1ea5y tuy c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n. C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee5 v.v. c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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IV. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eaft v., cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u0103n nam nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, n\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn, l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> ph\u00e1p, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m th\u1ecd, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 ba c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span>, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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Kh\u1ed5: th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1c: th\u00e2n s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 \/\/<\/i>7\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 \u01b0u;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trung, x\u1ea3; hai, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c.<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Ki\u1ebfn, tu, v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Y ch\u00edn c\u0103n l\u1eadp ba c\u0103n<\/i>\/\/8\/[71]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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A. N\u0103m th\u1ecd c\u0103n <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Th\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n[72] v\u00ec n\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i th\u00e2n m\u00e0 sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span>. T\u1ee9c th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103m th\u1ee9c.[73] N\u00f3i \u201ckh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch\u201d, h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5n n\u00e3o[74]. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n m\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cs\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch\u201d, n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a t\u0103ng \u00edch<\/span>.[75] T\u1ee9c c\u00e1i m\u00e0, trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, gi\u00fap cho t\u0103ng \u00edch<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0, th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m trong \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng \u00edch<\/span>, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>. Trong \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u0103m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>[76]. S\u1ef1 s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c. Tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec7 tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, trong ba \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi[77] s\u1ef1 s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n. [78] Trong t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, t\u00e2m s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch n\u00e0y an t\u0129nh<\/span>, ly tham<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ef7[79], cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>. S\u1ef1 s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m trong ba \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f2n th\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n tham \u0111\u1eafm h\u1ef7, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n n\u00e3o, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m[80] n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u01b0u c\u0103n[81]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trung,[82] ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch, t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u1ea1c. C\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> x\u1eed trung n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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X\u1ea3 c\u0103n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n hay c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m?<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean n\u00f3i, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai.[83]<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec sao t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hai c\u00e1i n\u00e0y (th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m) l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u0103n? <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>.[84] Thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u[85] ph\u00e1t sinh do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec t\u00f9y theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n[86] n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.[87] Do \u0111\u00f3, hai c\u00e1i n\u00e0y[88] c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n, thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n hay thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m. X\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>[89], m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m m\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span> hay t\u0103ng \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u0103n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u00edch<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp chung th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B. Ba v\u00f4 l\u1eadu c\u0103n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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\u00dd, l\u1ea1c, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103m c\u0103n g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., ch\u00edn c\u0103n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf trong ba \u0111\u1ea1o,[90] theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> ba c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. T\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> y tr\u00ean ch\u00edn c\u0103n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u00fd, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u0103n v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri. Trong tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, y tr\u00ean ch\u00edn c\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u0103n d\u0129 tri. T\u1ea1i v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, c\u0169ng y tr\u00ean ch\u00edn c\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee5 tri. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ba danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u00e2n g\u00ec? Trong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>[91] \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft[92], n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri.[93] Trong tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00f9y mi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>[94] \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y[95], cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u0129 tri[96]. T\u1ea1i v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri.[97] C\u00e1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tri n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee5 tri[98]. Ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee5 tri[99]. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u1eadn tr\u00ed<\/span>, v\u00f4 sanh tr\u00ed<\/span>, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn tri<\/span>[100] kh\u1ed5; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn tri<\/span> n\u1eefa\u201d[101]. Chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>, v.v… <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri, v.v\u2026[102]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n, sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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1. H\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> \u2013 V\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>: <\/span><\/h4>\n

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Trong 22 c\u0103n n\u00e0y, bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, bao nhi\u00eau v\u00f4 l\u1eadu?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Duy v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, ba c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng, \u01b0u, kh\u1ed5,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00edn c\u0103n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai<\/i>. \/\/9\/[103]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ba c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean duy ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. V\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5u b\u1ea9n.[104] C\u1ea5u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eadu, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3y c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc[105] v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng, \u01b0u, kh\u1ed5, duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>. B\u1ea3y c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc g\u1ed3m, n\u0103m c\u0103n, m\u1eaft v.v., v\u00e0 n\u1eef, nam c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t trong s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dd, l\u1ea1c, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3, v\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., ch\u00edn c\u0103n n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i[106], n\u0103m c\u0103n g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., duy ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu ai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u0103n n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., Ta n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng d\u1ecb sinh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u201d[107]<\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. Kinh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft? \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Kinh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh v\u1ecb<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.[108] Ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u1ecb sinh<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> c\u00f3 hai h\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i, hai ngo\u1ea1i. Thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>; thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i, thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng d\u1ecb sinh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: \u201cN\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u0103n n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., Ta n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng d\u1ecb sinh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, Kinh c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> sinh ra trong th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u0103n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trung, h\u1ea1; ngay c\u1ea3 khi Ph\u1eadt ch\u01b0a chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>.\u201d[109] Do \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00edn v.v., th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu Ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m c\u0103n n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span>, th\u00ec Ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 Ma, Ph\u1ea1m, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/i> ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>.\u201d[110] Chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v.v. Ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, n\u0103m c\u0103n, t\u00edn v.v., th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u2013 Phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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Trong 22 c\u0103n, bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, bao nhi\u00eau phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c? <\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u01afu c\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u00e1m c\u0103n sau, phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span>, \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n th\u1ecd,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i c\u0103n g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/i>.\/\/10\/[111]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15b09] <\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

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i. M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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a. L\u01b0u v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u00e0nh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u[112], c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>; m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ai?<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn[113]<\/i> n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> l\u01b0u c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span>[114] v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>[115]. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111em b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> cho ch\u00fang t\u0103ng<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>[116] b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> sa-m\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 y, b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9[117]. Sau khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 li\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span>[118] th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. V\u1eeba ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng ph\u00e1t th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi, r\u1eb1ng \u2018Nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> sung t\u00fac<\/span>[119], mong r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd[120].\u2019 B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> sung t\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y li\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i do b\u1edfi<\/span> qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>[121]. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y n\u00f3i, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e0n d\u01b0 t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd b\u00e1o<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nay do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e0n d\u01b0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3-kheo x\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111em b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> cho ch\u00fang t\u0103ng<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Sau khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp ngay v\u00e0o t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> thu\u1ed9c thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Sau khi xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng ph\u00e1t th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi, r\u1eb1ng \u201cNghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, mong r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> sung t\u00fac<\/span>.\u201d B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y, li\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> sung t\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m<\/span>,[122] v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> trong th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> \u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> cho th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c vi ngh\u1ecbch th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh. Do nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u01b0u th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh hay x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y[123], do uy l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>[124] c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u0103n, th\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>[125], d\u1eabn sinh th\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh do \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span> trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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b. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> l\u01b0u th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1eeb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u01b0u c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh? C\u00f3 hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, 1. v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, 2. v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1eafp h\u1ebft v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai c\u00f3 hai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n x\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh? V\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat \u00edt l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o h\u00e0nh,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o tu,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> vui v\u1ebb<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ec7nh<\/i>.[126]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15c10] Trong \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft, y v\u00e0o x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u00e0nh? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong ba ch\u00e2u[127], t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nam, n\u1eef, c\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>[128] \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span>.[129] Do b\u1edfi<\/span> trong th\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.[130]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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c. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Kinh n\u00f3i, \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> sau khi l\u01b0u c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh, x\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh.\u201d[131] C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?[132]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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a. C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i> n\u00f3i, \u201cM\u1ea1ng c\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecd trong ba gi\u1edbi.\u201d[133]<\/span><\/p>\n

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b. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span>, qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh, qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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c. C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i, do b\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh; do b\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb \u201cnhi\u1ec1u\u201d[134] n\u00eau r\u00f5 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3y ra trong nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec7m; ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh.[135]<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i.[136]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m n\u00eau r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng hay th\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> ra hai t\u00ean m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec Kinh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201ch\u00e0nh\u201d.[137]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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d. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u01b0u m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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V\u00ec sao Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> x\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u01b0u c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh? V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, cho n\u00ean x\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh; v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho n\u00ean l\u01b0u c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u trong ba th\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 ba th\u00e1ng, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span>,[138] m\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n ba th\u00e1ng th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee3i sanh<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, \u201cV\u00ec Ta tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> b\u1ed1n th\u1ea7n t\u00fac<\/span>, cho n\u00ean n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n, Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp hay h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp.\u201d[139]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa n\u00f3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf<\/span> T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng u\u1ea9n ma<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eed ma<\/span>, c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00fac ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng thi\u00ean ma<\/span> v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ma<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t, nay s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00ednh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. C\u00e1c c\u0103n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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\u01afu c\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u00e1m c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0 t\u00edn<\/span> v.v., \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1eefu k\u00fd. 12 c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. Theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 7 s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span>, \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb \u01b0u c\u0103n b\u1ed1n th\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu 7 s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>[140] th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. \u00dd c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 4 th\u1ecd c\u0103n ho\u1eb7c khi thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c oai nghi<\/span> l\u1ed9, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng x\u1ea3o x\u1ee9, ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00e2m, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. \u01afu c\u0103n<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u01b0u c\u0103n l\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Kh\u1ebf kinh<\/span> n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p, nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1eadn h\u1ef7 th\u1ecd<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1eadn \u01b0u th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1eadn x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn<\/i>,[141] \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i g\u00ec. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u01b0u, n\u00ean n\u00f3i nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u01b0u. Nh\u01b0 x\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1ea1c n\u00ean n\u00f3i x\u00fac thu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u1ea1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u1ef7, thu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> x\u1ea3, c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? V\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u01b0 nhau trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh.[142]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u00f9y \u00fd<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>.[143] Hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, hay hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng sai.[144]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.[145] Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u01b0u c\u0103n l\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c? <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec \u01b0u c\u0103n ph\u00e1t sinh do s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>[146] c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. C\u00f2n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, h\u1ef7 c\u0103n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>; v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 sinh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9? <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng \u01b0u c\u0103n l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00ec (ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o) t\u1ea1o v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> r\u1ed3i, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec1n sinh ra \u01b0u. Nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd<\/span> n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn[147]. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho<\/span> c\u00e2u v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ef7 c\u0103n l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00ec (c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> r\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec1n sinh ra\u00a0h\u1ef7. Nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: V\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u c\u0103n. D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.[148] Cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, n\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> ly d\u1ee5c<\/span>, h\u1ef7 c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>; do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft?[149]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady[150]. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf giai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c thi\u1ec7n. D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00f4 k\u00ed<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.[151] Trong giai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u01b0u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t,[152] do \u0111\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.[153]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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T\u00e1m c\u0103n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n v.v.,[154] n\u1ebfu \u1edf thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa<\/span>, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu \u1edf \u00e1c th\u00fa<\/span>\u00a0th\u00ec d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00e1c.[155] \u00dd c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u1edf thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa<\/span> hay \u00e1c th\u00fa<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 hai. H\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 c\u0103n \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00f5i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n. Kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa<\/span> hay \u00e1c th\u00fa<\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00e1c. H\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecb h\u00ecnh<\/span> trong thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> m\u00e0 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m<\/span>; c\u00f2n s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span> thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n chi\u00eau<\/span> d\u1eabn. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> v.v\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. H\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u2013 V\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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Trong 22 c\u0103n, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>[156], bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c?<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u01afu x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e1m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u, ba c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i, v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dd, b\u1ed1n th\u1ecd c\u0103n, t\u00edn v.v,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng hai<\/i>. \/\/11\/[157]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16b04]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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\u01afu c\u0103n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. Y tr\u00ean ngh\u0129a \u201cduy ch\u1ec9\u201d v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9\u201d m\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i>.[158]\u00a0T\u1ee9c n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, \u01b0u c\u0103n duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. N\u00f3i \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9\u201d l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 hai ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai ngh\u0129a<\/span>: (a) \u01b0u c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi t\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh[159]; (b) n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> th\u00f4i[160]. Do s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u01b0u c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.[161]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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T\u00e1m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft v.v, v\u00e0 ba c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i,[162] c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. V\u00ec t\u00e1m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, ba c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i th\u00ec v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eeba h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u1eeba v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> chu\u1ea9n theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 suy, t\u1ee9c \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span>, b\u1ed1n th\u1ecd c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u0103m c\u0103n nh\u01b0 t\u00edn<\/span> v.v\u2026 T\u1eeb \u201c v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u201d [163] l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ed1n c\u0103n n\u1eefa nh\u01b0 tinh<\/span> t\u1ea5n v.v.. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n[164] n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i c\u0103n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dd, l\u1ea1c, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3 c\u0103n, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, hay v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m c\u0103n nh\u01b0 t\u00edn<\/span> v.v., n\u1ebfu h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong c\u00f3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. Ba t\u00e1nh<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>: <\/span><\/h4>\n

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Trong 22 c\u0103n, bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n thi\u1ec7n? Bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n? Bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n v\u00f4 k\u00fd?<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e1m c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i duy thi\u1ec7n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u01afu th\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dd, th\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: c\u1ea3 ba.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> th\u00f4ng t\u00e1m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>\/\/12\/.[165]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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T\u00e1m c\u0103n: t\u00edn, v.v., duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>[166] l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. Theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, tuy ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m sau, nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo v\u0103n \u1edf tr\u00ean n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u01afu c\u0103n <\/i>duy ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dd c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i c\u0103n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 ba t\u00e1nh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e1m c\u0103n: m\u1eaft, v.v., <\/i>duy ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. <\/i> [167]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Trong 22 c\u0103n, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7<\/span>, bao nhi\u00eau thu\u1ed9c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7<\/span>, bao nhi\u00eau thu\u1ed9c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ec7? <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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D\u1ee5c, s\u1eafc, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp: tr\u1eeb ba cu\u1ed1i; <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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G\u1ed3m n\u1eef, nam, \u01b0u, kh\u1ed5;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u1eeb n\u0103m s\u1eafc, h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c.<\/i>\/\/13\/[168]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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\u1ede D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u1eeb 3 c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, do \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y 3 c\u0103n n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c[169]. Theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 19 c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1eeb th\u00eam b\u1ed1n c\u0103n: nam, n\u1eef, \u01b0u, kh\u1ed5. Suy theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, 15 c\u0103n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7<\/span>. Tr\u1eeb n\u1eef, nam c\u0103n<\/span>, do s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00eca ph\u00e1p d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 do n\u1eef, nam c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u00e2n x\u1ea5u x\u00ed<\/span> v\u1eady.[170]<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi<\/b>: N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n nam?\u00a0C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 n\u00f3i? Nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ebf kinh<\/span> n\u00f3i: <\/i>\u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00e2n n\u1eef l\u00e0m Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nam l\u00e0m Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>.\u201d[171]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p<\/b>: V\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n nam c\u00f3 trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y[172], kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span>[173]; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u c\u0103n, v\u00ec do xa-ma-tha th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng do \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i[174].<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr\u1eeb 3 c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, nam, n\u1eef, \u01b0u, kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>; v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 n\u0103m s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span>, h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>. Suy theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, tr\u1eeb t\u00e1m c\u0103n n\u00e0y ra, c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>; t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u0103n: \u00fd, m\u1ea1ng, x\u1ea3, n\u0103m c\u0103n: t\u00edn, v.v. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c, S\u1eafc, V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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6. Ba s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Trong 22 c\u0103n, nh\u1eefng c\u0103n n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, c\u0103n n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c phi s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n? <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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\u00dd, ba th\u1ecd th\u00f4ng ba. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u01afu th\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfn, tu \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00edn ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng tu \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m th\u00f4ng tu, phi \u0111o\u1ea1n\/\/<\/i>14\/<\/i>[175]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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\u00dd, h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 c\u0103n, m\u1ed7i c\u0103n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 ba: ki\u1ebfn, tu, phi s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u01afu c\u0103n ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3y s\u1eafc, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>: duy ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>. Kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u,[176] v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m c\u0103n: t\u00edn, v.v., v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0 phi s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ba c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi phi s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tai h\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ngh\u0129a lo\u1ea1i<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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17. Gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc? <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1ee5ng:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, thai, tr\u1ee9ng, th\u1ea5p; <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ed1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> hai d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.[177]<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00f3a sanh<\/span>: s\u00e1u, b\u1ea3y, t\u00e1m,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1eafc, s\u00e1u; tr\u00ean, duy m\u1ea1ng<\/i>.\/\/14[178]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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18. C\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong ba gi\u1edbi<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sanh b\u1eb1ng thai, tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 th\u1ecd sanh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng; v\u00ec trong ba lo\u1ea1i sanh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u0103n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n. Ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai c\u0103n \u00fd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3? Trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ee5c sanh[179] hai c\u0103n n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>.[180]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a sanh<\/span>, c\u00f3 6 c\u0103n, 7 c\u0103n v\u00e0 8 c\u0103n,[181] ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh[182] t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u c\u0103n, nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp s\u01a1<\/span>[183]. S\u00e1u c\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh,[184] t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y c\u0103n, nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> v.v.;[185] ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1ng hai h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Lo\u00e0i h\u00f3a sanh<\/span> h\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh? Trong \u00e1c th\u00fa<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a sanh<\/span> hai h\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> trong d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nay theo th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, d\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ee5c. Trong s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, s\u1eafc v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eafc. Kh\u1ebf kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ecbch t\u0129nh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> s\u1eafc, thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 s\u1eafc\u201d[186].\u00a0Trong s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc s\u00e1u c\u0103n l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i h\u00f3a sanh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh trong d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean, duy m\u1ea1ng<\/i>:[187] trong v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span>,[188] sanh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span>[189] cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 tr\u00ean<\/i>[190]. Trong v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, c\u0103n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, duy ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u0103n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u1ed1i s\u01a1. <\/span><\/p>\n

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19. \u1ede gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau c\u00f9ng?<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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T\u1ee5ng:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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Khi ch\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u0103n di\u1ec7t,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f5i v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00f3 ba, c\u00f5i s\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u00e1m,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f5i d\u1ee5c ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u0103n m\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00edn v\u00e0 t\u00e1m,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1eeb<\/span> b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec7n, t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh n\u0103m.\/\/<\/i>15[191]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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20. Khi ch\u1ebft c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau c\u00f9ng<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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\u1ede v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, khi s\u1eafp m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span>[192], ba c\u0103n m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 di\u1ec7t sau c\u00f9ng. N\u1ebfu \u1edf s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, khi s\u1eafp m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> th\u00ec ba c\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1eaft, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e1m c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau c\u00f9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i h\u00f3a sanh<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u0103n[193] m\u00e0 sanh, t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu \u1edf d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, khi m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t[194], 10, 9 v\u00e0 8 c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau c\u00f9ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecb h\u00ecnh<\/span> th\u00ec 10 c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0103n nam, n\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh<\/span> ch\u00edn c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau, \u1edf trong n\u1eef nam t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i. Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e1m c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n n\u1eef nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m c\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span>[195], b\u1ed1n c\u0103n di\u1ec7t sau c\u00f9ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, khi m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, th\u00e2n, m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd, x\u1ea3 di\u1ec7t sau c\u00f9ng. B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a di\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau.[196] Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 y<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>[197]. Ho\u1eb7c \u1edf ba c\u00f5i<\/span> khi ch\u1ebft, t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 cho n\u00ean \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u0103n, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean th\u00eam n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u0103n cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> th\u00ec t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00edn, c\u00f2n \u1edf gi\u1eefa bao nhi\u00eau theo l\u00fd m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, trong ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u0103n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0103n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean suy x\u00e9t<\/span> ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong 22 c\u0103n, nh\u1eefng c\u0103n n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 sa m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng :<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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Ch\u00edn: \u0111\u1eafc hai qu\u1ea3 bi\u00ean.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3y, t\u00e1m, ch\u00edn: hai gi\u1eefa.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t: A-la-h\u00e1n<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3.\/\/<\/i>16[198]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn: <\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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21. C\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 sa m\u00f4n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Bi\u00ean[199] ch\u1ec9 cho qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span> v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n[200], v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 sa m\u00f4n<\/span>. Trung[201] l\u00e0 hai qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa: Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span>. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u1eefa do li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span> do ch\u00edn c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>: \u00fd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 c\u0103n[202], n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn, v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri v\u00e0 d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span>, g\u1ed3m ch\u00edn c\u0103n. V\u1ecb tri c\u0103n<\/span> \u1edf trong v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>,[203] d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> \u1edf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>,[204] hai c\u0103n n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> s\u01a1 qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 d\u1eabn nh\u00e2n<\/span>,[205] v\u00e0 y nh\u00e2n<\/span>[206] \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ly h\u1ec7<\/span>.[207]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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A-la-h\u00e1n c\u0169ng do ch\u00edn c\u0103n m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>: \u00fd, n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn, d\u0129 tri, c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u0103n h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c hay x\u1ea3.[208] D\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> \u1edf v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n<\/span> \u1edf gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, hai c\u0103n n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. Theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, hai c\u0103n v\u1ecb tri v\u00e0 d\u0129 tri c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1eabn nh\u00e2n<\/span>, y nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ly h\u1ec7<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Hai qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa t\u00f9y theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>, m\u1ed7i qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3y, t\u00e1m hay ch\u00edn c\u0103n. V\u00ec sao? S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1[209] c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span>, n\u1ebfu y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>[210], do b\u1ea3y c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>: \u00fd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3, n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn; n\u1ebfu y tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o[211], do t\u00e1m c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>: b\u1ea3y c\u0103n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> do ly tham<\/span> t\u0103ng b\u1ed9i[212], do ch\u00edn c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, do b\u1ea3y c\u0103n[213] ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>; n\u1ebfu y tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o, do t\u00e1m c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> tham[214] do ch\u00edn c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. N\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c; t\u1ee9c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean trong ba c\u0103n: l\u1ea1c, h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u0103n[215]. Qu\u1ea3 do si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean[216] ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n x\u1ea3. <\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, trong gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, <\/b>n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u0103n <\/b>b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>[217], y th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, do t\u00e1m c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>[218]. V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ecba kia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span>[219]; v\u00e0 trong gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u1ef7[220]. Hai th\u1ecd n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ly h\u1ec7<\/span>, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu y xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o, do ch\u00edn c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>.[221] T\u00e1m c\u0103n, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, th\u00eam d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn. V\u00ec c\u1ea3 trong v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u0103n n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma<\/i> \u201cH\u1ecfi c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n? V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p: c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n\u201d [222]? V\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i do ch\u00edn c\u0103n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc? <\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 do ch\u00edn c\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn<\/i> n\u00f3i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> sau khi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> v\u1ecb v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, r\u1ed3i do m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u0103n, l\u1ea1c, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ef7, ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn<\/i> n\u00f3i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ba c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span> sao ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> do c\u0103n l\u1ea1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span>, r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 sau th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> sau khi th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i do l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba do ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> si\u00eau ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t. V\u00ec qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> b\u1edfi hai \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n t\u01b0 duy<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u0103n n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u? Trong c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u00f3, bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u?[223]<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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M\u1ea1ng, \u00fd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i c\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> ba.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ef1u,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i c\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1ed1n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1eaft v.v., v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i c\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> n\u0103m.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1ea3y.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu n\u1eef, nam, \u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u00edn v.v. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i c\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00e1m.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hai v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi ba c\u0103n<\/i>.\/\/17,18,19.[224]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn th\u00edch:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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22. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u0103n n\u00e0o trong ba c\u0103n: m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3, c\u0103n \u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ea3 ba c\u0103n n\u00e0y. Khuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u0103n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.[225] Tr\u1eeb ba c\u0103n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>; ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ed1n c\u0103n nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t, (h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>) sinh \u1edf V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. N\u1ebfu sinh D\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc, hay \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y m\u1ea5t[226], c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>, duy ch\u1ec9 (h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>) sinh \u1edf V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Hai c\u0103n nam, n\u1eef, (h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>) sinh hai gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. N\u1ebfu sinh D\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y m\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e0ng d\u1ecb sanh<\/span> sinh trong \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e0ng d\u1ecb sanh<\/span> sinh trong \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 ba, th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> h\u1ef7 c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e0ng d\u1ecb sanh<\/span> sinh trong S\u1eafc, V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> tham nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u01b0u c\u0103n. H\u1ea1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m c\u0103n g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ecb sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ecb sanh<\/span>, h\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, b\u1eadc v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ecb sanh<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> cu\u1ed1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean bi\u1ebft, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1eeb, c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>[227] th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1ed1n c\u0103n: m\u1ea1n, \u00fd, x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1ed1n c\u0103n: m\u1ea1n, \u00fd, x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> n\u0103m c\u0103n: m\u1ea1n, \u00fd, x\u1ea3, th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean bi\u1ebft nh\u0129, t\u1ef7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> n\u0103m c\u0103n. B\u1ed1n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n v.v\u2026, c\u0103n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu h\u1ef7 c\u0103n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> n\u0103m c\u0103n: m\u1ea1n, \u00fd, x\u1ea3, l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi sinh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean,[228] b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0o?[229] N\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i[230] ch\u01b0a s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1ea3y c\u0103n: th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>, \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n th\u1ecd, tr\u1eeb \u01b0u c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu n\u1eef c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00e1m c\u0103n: b\u1ea3y c\u0103n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u0103n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu nam c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00e1m c\u0103n: b\u1ea3y c\u0103n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00e0 nam c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u0103n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu \u01b0u c\u0103n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00e1m c\u0103n: b\u1ea3y c\u0103n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u01b0u c\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u0103n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu t\u00edn c\u0103n<\/span> v.v. th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0169ng m\u1ed7i c\u0103n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00e1m: m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd, x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n: m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd, l\u1ea1c, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3 c\u0103n, n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n: m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1ecb tri c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi ba c\u0103n: th\u00e2n, m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd, kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3, n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tri c\u0103n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cdt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e1m c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> th\u1ecd, th\u00e2n, m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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K\u1ebb\u00a0ngu\u00a0sanh \u1edf V\u00f4 S\u1eafc<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> thi\u1ec7n, c\u0103n m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd, x\u1ea3.<\/i>\/\/20[231]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18a17] Thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n[232]. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>, ch\u00ed \u00edt th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> t\u00e1m c\u0103n: 5 th\u1ecd c\u0103n, th\u00e2n, m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span>. Th\u1ecd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0n\u0103ng th\u1ecd[233] v\u00ec n\u00f3\u00a0l\u0129nh n\u1ea1p<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u00ean vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> 8 c\u0103n, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ea1ng ngu\u00a0sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> 8 c\u0103n. \u201cNgu\u201d t\u1ee9c d\u1ecb sanh<\/span>[234] v\u00ec ch\u01b0a ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. T\u00e1m c\u0103n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng, \u00fd, x\u1ea3 c\u0103n. N\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00edn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ba c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu? Kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean\u00a0t\u00e1m c\u0103n.\u00a0V\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3i k\u1ebb ngu sanh \u1edf c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ed1i \u0111a, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau c\u0103n ? <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ee5ng<\/b> : <\/span><\/h4>\n

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Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, th\u00e0nh 19;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hai h\u00ecnh, tr\u1eeb ba t\u1ecbnh. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u01b0a ly d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u1eeb hai t\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh<\/i>\/\/21[235]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/h4>\n

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[18a28] Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng hai h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u0103n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span> v.v., tr\u1eeb ba c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>\u00a019 c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. V\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh[236] v\u00ec l\u00eca hai th\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>[237]. H\u1ea1ng hai h\u00ecnh t\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> \u1edf c\u00f5i D\u1ee5c, ch\u01b0a ly tham<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c n\u00ean c\u00f3 19 c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 19 c\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o n\u1eefa \u01b0? V\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh ch\u01b0a ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 19 c\u0103n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u01b0a ly tham<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ef1u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 19 c\u0103n, tr\u1eeb hai c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ca\u00ean gi\u00f4\u00f9i t\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu \u1edf ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, tr\u1eeb c\u0103n<\/span> d\u0129 tri v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee5 tri. N\u1ebfu \u1edf tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, tr\u1eeb c\u0103n<\/span> v\u1ecb tri v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee5 tri. Hai c\u0103n nam, n\u1eef t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u0103n. Do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e2n n\u01a1i ph\u1ea9m \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi\u201d m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> xong v\u1ec1 22 c\u0103n.[238]<\/span><\/p>\n

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T.S.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[1] Xem ph\u1ea9m i. \u201cPh\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi\u201d, t\u1ee5ng 44. Ko\u015ba. k\u0101rik\u0101 i. 48.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[2] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: idi parmai\u015bvarye<\/i>. Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> 9<\/i> (tr. 377b3): do hai g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (gi\u1edbi ngh\u0129a, skt. dh\u0101tu<\/i>), (1) \u221aid<\/i><\/b> (ind<\/i><\/b>, H\u00e1n \u00e2m: y-\u0111\u1ecba<\/i> \u4f0a\u5730): c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c<\/span>; (2) \u221aidh, indh<\/i><\/b> (H\u00e1n \u00e2m: nh\u1eabn-\u0111\u1ecba<\/i> \u5fcd\u5730): th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda. Theo \u0111\u00f3, y-\u0111\u1ecba <\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i> \u6700\u52dd\u81ea
<lb n=”0377b04″\/>\u5728, nh\u1eabn-\u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu ch\u01b0\u1edbc minh li\u1ec5u<\/span><\/i> \u7167\u707c\u660e\u4e86 (ch\u00e1y s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> r\u00f5). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, duy ch\u1ec9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> x\u00ed th\u1ea1nh quang hi\u1ec3n<\/span><\/i> \u71be\u76db
<lb n=”0377b05″\/>\u5149\u986f (chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1<\/span>) ch\u1ec9 cho c\u0103n. Cf. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 56a10): \u201cTheo ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi \u5b57\u754c (skt. dh\u0101tu<\/i>: \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 duy\u00ean\u5b57\u7de3(skt. pratyaya<\/i>: gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb hay ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 t\u1eeb). Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng-t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/i>; t\u1ef1 duy\u00ean l\u00e0 quang hi\u1ec3n<\/span><\/i>. T\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 duy\u00ean, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u0103n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i> \u6839\u589e\u4e0a\u7fa9\u2026\u201d (op.cit. tr. 56a20): \u201cPh\u1ea1n v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, y-<\/i>\u0111\u1ecba ba-la-m\u00ea-ph\u1ea1t-la-du\u1ec7<\/i>\u4f0a\u5730\u6ce2\u7f85\u8ff7\u6fd5\u4f10\u7f85\u66f3 (skt. idi paramai\u015bvarye<\/i>). Trong \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea5p-ph\u1ea1t-la (\u015bvar)<\/i> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t<\/i>\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/i>; du\u1ec7<\/i> (-ye)<\/i> l\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y (\u0111\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n thanh), ch\u1ec9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u201c\u1edf trong\u201d; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1edf trong y-\u0111\u1ecba<\/i> (skt. idi)<\/i> m\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1ed1i th<\/i>\u1eafng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i>, do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n y-<\/i>\u0111\u1ecba<\/i>. Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, nh\u1eabn-\u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ecba-b\u00e1t-<\/i>\u0111\u00e1o<\/i> \u5fcd\u5730\u5730\u822c\u5230, (skt. indhi d\u012bptau<\/i>). Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecba-b\u00e1t<\/i> (skt. d\u012bp<\/i>-) c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 r\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng<\/span><\/i> \u7167\u660e\u7fa9; \u0111\u00e1o<\/i> (skt. \u2013tau<\/i>) l\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1edf trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng<\/span><\/i> m\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n nh\u1eabn <\/i> \u0111\u1ecba<\/i>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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[3] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: tasya indant\u012bti indriy\u0101\u1e47i\/ ata \u0101dhipaty\u0101rtha indriya\u1e25<\/i>, ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c<\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u0103n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c<\/span>, hay c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n. C\u0111.: \u201cC\u0103n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00ec trong s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/span> (t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i>). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trang s\u1ee9c r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1<\/span> (quang s\u1ee9c <\/i> \u5149\u98fe), v\u00ec trong th\u00e2n n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ecf r\u00f5<\/span> (t\u1ed1i quang hi\u1ec3n<\/span><\/i> \u6700\u660e\u986f). Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 56a29): quang hi\u1ec3n<\/span><\/i>, Ph\u1ea1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n-<\/i>\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ec3<\/i> \u56e0\u6a80\u5e95 (skt. indanti<\/i>: ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c<\/span>; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Ph\u1ed5 Quang<\/span> nh\u1ea7m v\u1edbi indhate<\/i>: ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/span> th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng), l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 y-<\/i>\u0111\u1ecba<\/i>, th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n-<\/i>\u0111i\u1ec7t-r\u1ecb-di\u1ec7m <\/i> \u56e0\u59ea\u550e\u7130 (skt. indriyam<\/i>), n\u00eau r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>. X\u00ed th\u1ea1nh<\/i>, Ph\u1ea1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecba-d\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3<\/i> \u5730\u9038\u5e95 (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ecba-d\u1eadt-\u0111\u1ec3<\/i>, skt. indhyate<\/i>: n\u00f3 th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi nh\u1eabn-<\/i>\u0111\u1ecba<\/i> th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n-\u0111i\u1ec7t-r\u1ecb-di\u1ec7m<\/i>, \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u0103n<\/i>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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[4] Ht. t\u1ee5ng ii.1 \u50b3\u8aaa\u4e94\u65bc\u56db<\/l> <l>\u56db\u6839\u65bc\u4e8c\u7a2e <\/l>
<lb n=”0377b11″\/> <l>\u4e94\u516b\u67d3\u6de8\u4e2d <\/l> <l>\u5404\u5225\u70ba\u589e\u4e0a. k\u0101rik\u0101 ii.1.catu\u1e63v arthe\u1e63u pa\u00f1c\u0101n\u0101m \u0101dhipatya\u1e43 dvayo\u1e25 kila\/ catur\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 pa\u00f1cak\u0101\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 sa\u1e43kle\u015bavyavad\u0101nayo\u1e25<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[5] H\u00e1n: t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> \u56db\u4e8b; C\u0111. s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng \u4e8b\u7528;\u00a0skt. catu\u1e63v arthe\u1e63u<\/i>, trong b\u1ed1n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[6] Skt. 1. \u0101tmabh\u0101va\u015bobh\u0101<\/i>, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n; 2. \u0101tmabh\u0101vaparikar\u1e63a\u1e47a<\/i>, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n; 3. vij\u00f1\u0101na-samprayoga-utpatti<\/i>, ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c; 4. as\u0101dh\u0101ra\u1e47ak\u0101ra\u1e47atva<\/i>, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[7] Nh\u00e3n v\u00e0 nh\u0129 \u1e6dh\u1ee9c; cak\u1e63u\u1e25\u015brotra-vij\u00f1\u0101nayor<\/i>\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[8] Th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: sasa\u1e43prayogayor iti sacaitasikayo\u1e25<\/i>\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[9] T\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c<\/span> (kava\u1e0dik\u0101h\u0101ra<\/i>) bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>: h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[10] Skt. sattvabheda<\/i> v\u00e0 sattvavikalpabheda<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[11] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: p\u016brv\u0101c\u0101rya<\/i>, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[12] \u01af nh\u1ecb \u65bc\u4e8c, trong t\u1ee5ng vanw H\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[13] Phi\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ec7<\/i> \u6247\u640b, skt. \u1e63a\u1e47\u1e0dha\/ \u1e63a\u1e47\u1e0dhaka<\/i>, ho\u1ea1n hay c\u0103n khuy\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> phi\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ec7<\/i> \u672c\u6027\u6247\u640b (viyukta-\u1e63a\u1e47\u1e0dhaka<\/i>), khuy\u1ebft do b\u1ea9m sinh; t\u1ed5n ho\u1ea1i phi\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ec7<\/i> \u640d\u58de\u6247\u640b (vik\u0101la-\u1e63a\u1e47\u1e0dhaka<\/i>), khuy\u1ebft do thi\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[14] B\u00e1n-tr\u1ea1ch \u534a\u64c7, skt. pa\u1e47\u1e0daka<\/i>, ho\u00e0ng m\u00f4n<\/span> hay b\u1ea5t n\u0103ng nam.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15] Nh\u1ecb h\u00ecnh<\/span> \u4e8c\u5f62, skt. ubhayavya\u00f1janaka, <\/i>c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai c\u0103n nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (tr. <\/i> 56c08)<\/i>: nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec5m m\u1eb7n, c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u1ea1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng. Xem ph\u1ea9m iv \u201cPh\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p<\/i>\u201d: b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (asa\u1e43vara<\/i>), t\u1ee5ng 44; v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span>, t\u1ee5ng 98; \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ee5ng 81;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[17] punarbhavasambandha<\/i>, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>, gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> k\u1ebft sinh<\/span> th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18] va\u015bitabh\u0101v\u0101nuvartana<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19] Ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20] Cf. D\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 60<\/i>: \u201cDo h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp thai<\/span> m\u1eb9. 1. Cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m<\/span>. 2. M\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3. 3. Ki\u1ec1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-ph\u01b0\u1ee3c (gandharva<\/i>) ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>. Khi ki\u1ec1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-ph\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> v\u1edbi hai t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00e1i v\u00e0 nhu\u1ebf, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft sinh<\/span>, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>.\u201d Xem th\u00eam, T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 48<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[21] D\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 142<\/i>, tr. 731b9. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n skt. d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Ya\u015bomitra: cittena n\u012byate loka\u1e25, cittena parik\u1e5b\u1e63yate\/ ekadharmasya cittasya sarvadharm\u0101 va\u015b\u0101nug\u0101<\/i>. Cf. P\u0101li, Sa\u1e43yutta. i. 39: cittena n\u012byati loko, cittena parikassati\/ citassa ekadhammassa, sabbeva vasamanvag\u016b\u2019ti<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[22] H\u00e1n: t\u00f9y t\u0103ng<\/i>. Skt. anu\u015bayitva<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[23] D\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101: sukhasya citta\u1e43 sam\u0101dh\u012byate, du\u1e25khopani\u015bacchraddh\u0101\/ \u1e63a\u1e47\u1e47ai\u1e63kramy\u0101\u015brit\u0101\u1e25 saumanasy\u0101daya\u1e25<\/i>. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 142<\/i>, tr. 731c12. Xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1u xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span> (\u1e63a\u1e47\u1e47ai\u1e63kramya<\/i>); cf. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (57a28): \u201c… do ch\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi l\u1ea1c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n…\u201d Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 57b01): s\u00e1u xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span> s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[24] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i>(tr. 57b06): th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn gia. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: Sautr\u0101ntik\u0101.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[25] Vy\u0101hky\u0101: m\u1eaft v\u00e0 tai (cak\u1e63u\u1e25\u1e63rota<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[26] H\u00e1n: th\u1ecd \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ed1<\/i> \u53d7\u6bb5\u98df\u6545, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n Skt. v\u00e0 C\u0111.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[27] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (tr. <\/i> 57b07)<\/i>: ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[28] Ht. ii. 2: \u4e86\u81ea\u5883\u589e\u4e0a\u7e3d\u7acb\u65bc\u516d\u6839 \u5f9e\u8eab\u7acb\u4e8c\u6839 \u5973\u7537\u6027\u589e\u4e0a \/\/ Skt. ii. 2:\u00a0sv\u0101rthopalabdhy\u0101dhipaty\u0101t sarvasya ca \u1e63a\u1e0dindriyam| str\u012btvapu\u1e41stv\u0101dhipaty\u0101ttu k\u0101y\u0101t str\u012bpuru\u1e63endriye||<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[29] Ht. ii.3: \u65bc\u540c\u4f4f\u96dc\u67d3\u6e05\u6de8\u589e\u4e0a\u6545\u61c9\u77e5\u547d\u4e94\u53d7\u4fe1\u7b49\u7acb\u70ba\u6839 \/\/ Skt. ii.3: nik\u0101yasthiti-sa\u1e41kle\u015bavyavad\u0101n\u0101dhipatyata\u1e25| j\u012bvita\u1e41 vedan\u0101\u1e25 pa\u00f1ca \u015braddh\u0101dy\u0101\u015bcendriya\u1e41 mat\u0101\u1e25<\/i>|<\/span><\/p>\n

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[30] Ht.ii.4: \u672a\u7576\u77e5\u5df2\u77e5\u5177\u77e5\u6839\u4ea6\u723e\u65bc\u5f97\u5f8c\u5f8c\u9053\u6d85\u69c3\u7b49\u589e\u4e0a \/\/ Skt.ii.4: \u0101j\u00f1\u0101sy\u0101my\u0101khyam \u0101j\u00f1\u0101khyam \u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101v\u012bndriya\u1e41 tath\u0101| uttarottarasa\u1e41pr\u0101ptinirv\u0101\u1e47\u0101dy\u0101dhipatyata\u1e25||<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[31] Li\u1ec5u t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh; Skt. sv\u0101rthopaladhi<\/i>: n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[32] C\u00e2u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n Skt. v\u00e0 C\u0111. \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ht., nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[33] Li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ea3nh; skt. sarv\u0101rtha-upalabdhi<\/i>. Cf. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (57b15): trong n\u0103m th\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ea3nh th\u1ee9c (sv\u0101rtha-upalabdhi, <\/i> H\u00e1n: li\u1ec5u t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh), ri\u00eang \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> duy\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ea3nh th\u1ee9c (sarv\u0101rtha-upalabdhi<\/i>), c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh. Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh (sv\u0101rtha<\/i>) trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n\u00a0\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[34] Vy\u0101khy\u0101, d\u1eabn Kinh: dvaya\u1e43 prat\u012btya vij\u00f1\u0101nasyotpatti\u1e25<\/i>, duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn hai, c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[35] Ht. \u589e\u4e0a\u7528\u8b02\u52dd\u81ea\u5728. Skt. adhikam hi prabhutvam \u0101dhipatyam<\/i>: c\u00e1i c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[36] H\u00e1n: th\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, skt. s\u0101m\u0101nyak\u0101ra\u1e47a<\/i>, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[37] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (57b26), s\u1eafc c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u0103n: (1) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng v\u00ec s\u1eafc xanh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 xanh; (2) t\u1ecf hay m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> s\u1eafc c\u1ea3nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[38] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: n\u0101rth\u0101ntarabh\u016bte<\/i>, (ch\u00fang) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: k\u0101yendriyasvabh\u0101va\u1e43 str\u012bpuru\u1e63endriyam;<\/i> spra\u1e63\u1e6davyavij\u00f1\u0101nakatv\u0101t<\/i>, t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1eef nam c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 x\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[39] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: k\u0101yendriyabh\u0101ga upasthaprade\u015bo<\/i>, h\u1ea1 m\u00f4n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[40] Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1: th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eef c\u0103n<\/span>, nam c\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[41] Nguy\u00ean H\u00e1n: t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>; skt. ce\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[42] H\u00e1n: ch\u00ed l\u1ea1c; skt. abhipr\u0101ya<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[43] Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, skt. nik\u0101yasabh\u0101ga<\/i>, xem \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: Nh\u01b0ng, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh \u00fd (manas<\/i>) c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (\u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[44] Skt. anu\u015bete<\/i>: ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[45] Bh\u0101\u1e63y\u0101: sukh\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 vedan\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 r\u0101go\u2019nu\u015bete; du\u1e25kh\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 pratigha\u1e25; adu\u1e25kh\u0101du\u1e25kh\u0101y\u0101m avidy\u0101<\/i>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[46] H\u00e1n: \u01b0ng tri\u61c9\u77e5, d\u1eabn t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n; skt. mata<\/i>: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[47] Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu c\u0103n<\/span> \u4e09\u7121\u6f0f\u6839 Skt \u0101j\u00f1\u0101s\u012bimyam\u0101khyam \u0101j\u00f1\u0101khyam \u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101v\u012bndriya<\/i> 1.\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri c\u0103n<\/span> \u7576\u77e5\u6839 , skt.\u00a0\u0101j\u00f1\u0101sy\u0101my\u0101khya\/\u0101j\u00f1\u0101sy\u0101m\u012bndriya<\/i> thu\u1ed9c trong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (d\u1ea3\u015banam\u0101rga<\/i>); 2. d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> \u5df2\u77e5\u6839 , skt \u0101j\u00f1\u0101khya\/\u0101j\u00f1endriya<\/i> trong tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (bh\u0101van\u0101m\u0101rga<\/i>); 3. c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n<\/span> \u5177\u77e5\u6839, skt. \u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101v\u012bndriya<\/i> trong v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (a\u015baik\u1e63am\u0101rga<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[48] H\u1eadu h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o \u5f8c\u5f8c\u9053 (utttarottaram\u0101rga<\/i>), Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 57c24): d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> sau v\u1ecb tri c\u0103n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o; c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n<\/span> sau d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span> cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[49] H\u00e1n: di\u1ec7c nh\u0129<\/i> \u4ea6\u723e, th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n; Skt. tath\u0101<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: tath\u0101 hi tai\u1e25 \u015braddh\u0101dibhi\u1e25<\/i>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/i>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang<\/i>, t\u1ee9c v\u1edbi t\u00edn<\/i> v.v\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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[50] H\u00e1n: v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri c\u0103n<\/span><\/i>. Skt. an\u0101j\u00f1\u0101tam-\u0101j\u00f1\u0101sy\u0101m\u012bndriya: <\/i> \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[51]H\u00e1n: d\u0129 tri c\u0103n<\/span><\/i>. Skt. \u0101<\/i>j\u00f1endriya.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[52]H\u00e1n: c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n<\/span><\/i>. Skt. \u0101<\/i>j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101v\u012bndriya.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[53] H\u00e1n: \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/i>, th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n; Skt. \u0101di<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[54] Skt. d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dadharmasukhavih\u0101r<\/i>a: an tr\u00fa<\/span>, hay t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6do dharma\u1e25 d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dadharma\u1e25; d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dajanmety artha\u1e25. sukho vih\u0101ra\u1e25 sukhavih\u0101ra\u1e25; d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dadharme sukhavih\u0101ra\u1e25 d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dadharmasukhavih\u0101ra\u1e25<\/i>: Hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y. L\u1ea1c tr\u00fa, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[55] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vimukti<\/i> (gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>) = kle\u015baprah\u0101\u1e47am<\/i> (\u0111o\u1ea1n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>), pr\u012bti (h\u1ef7) = saumanasya<\/i> (t\u00e2m hoan h\u1ef7<\/span>), sukham<\/i> (l\u1ea1c) = pra\u015brabdhisukham (l\u1ea1c do khanh an).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[56] Nguy\u00ean H\u00e1n: t\u00ednh<\/i>; \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c chi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>. C\u0111.: ho\u1eb7c<\/i> \u60d1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong Bh\u0101\u1e63ya. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 58a5) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, t\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (prak\u1e5bti<\/i>) c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Sa\u1e43khya); t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u0103m t\u00e1c c\u0103n l\u00e0 tay, ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ecba ti\u1ec7n x\u1ee9, ti\u1ec7n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ng\u1eef c\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[57] Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi Sa\u1e43khy\u0101 (S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span>). Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u0103n nh\u01b0 con m\u1eaft, Sa\u1e43khy\u0101 c\u00f2n l\u1eadp th\u00eam n\u0103m c\u0103n kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m t\u00e1c c\u0103n (pa\u00f1ca karmendriy\u0101\u1e47i<\/i>) nh\u01b0 ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0103n (v\u0101gindriya<\/i>) nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>, th\u1ee7 c\u0103n (p\u0101\u1e47\u012bndriya<\/i>) nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm,v.v. Sa\u1e43khyak\u0101rik\u0101<\/i> 34; H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, Kim th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (T54, tr. 1251c11): \u820c\u624b\u8db3\u4eba\u6839\u5927\u907a\u4e94[\u4f5c\u6839, n\u0103m t\u00e1c c\u0103n\u00a0g\u1ed3m l\u01b0\u1ee1i, tay, ch\u00e2n, sinh d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu m\u00f4n (vakp<\/i>\u0101\u1e47ipadopasth\u0101nap\u0101yu<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[58] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: danh s\u00e1ch 22 c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[59] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 58b9): gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>. B\u1ea3o s\u1edb<\/span><\/i> (tr. 514c4): Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0110\u00e0m-v\u00f4-\u0111\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[60] H\u00e1n: t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u8cc7\u7ce7, skt. sa\u1e43bh\u0101ra<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[61] H\u00e1n: \u5fc3\u6240\u4f9d\u6b64\u5225 \u6b64\u4f4f\u6b64\u96dc\u67d3\u6b64\u8cc7\u7ce7\u6b64\u6de8\u7531\u6b64\u91cf\u7acb\u6839. Skt. k. ii. 5: citt\u0101\u015brayas tadvikalpa\u1e25, sthiti\u1e25 sa\u1e43kle\u015ba e\u1e63a ca\/ sa\u1e43bh\u0101ro vyavad\u0101na\u1e43 ca y\u0101vant\u0101, t\u0101vad indriyam<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[62] maula-sattvadravya<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[63] Skt. tasya; Vy\u0101khy\u0101: tasya = tad\u0101\u015brasya<\/i>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (tr. 58b08) , th\u1eed <\/i> \u6b64, ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1u c\u0103n n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[64] H\u00e1n, t\u1ee5ng ii. 6: \u6216\u6d41\u8f49\u6240\u4f9d\u53ca\u751f\u4f4f\u53d7\u7528\u5efa\u7acb\u524d\u5341\u56db\u9084\u6ec5\u5f8c\u4ea6\u7136. Skt. K\u0101rik\u0101 ii. 6: prav\u1e5btter \u0101\u015brayotpattisthitipratyupabhogata\u1e25| caturda\u015ba tath\u0101’ny\u0101ni niv\u1e5btterindriy\u0101\u1e47i v\u0101\/\/<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[65] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n; skt. v\u0101<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[66] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (58b21): \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[67] Ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd<\/i> (tr. 379c3): \u201cS\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> sanh t\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> (prav\u1e5btti<\/i>). S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> sanh t\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span> (niv\u1e5btti<\/i>).\u201d T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> (tr. 515b12): \u201cD\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>. H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t\u201d.\u00a0D\u1eabn b\u1edfi Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 58b22). <\/span><\/p>\n

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[68] B\u1ed1n ngh\u0129a: s\u1edf y<\/span> (\u0101\u015braya<\/i>), xu\u1ea5t sinh<\/span> (utpatti<\/i>), t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> (sthiti<\/i>), v\u00e0 th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> (upabhoga<\/i>).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[69] Thu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd<\/i> (tr. 397c11): \u0110\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>; t\u1ee9c s\u00e1u x\u1ee9<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>. S\u1edf y<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n, t\u00edn v.v. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>. C\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> n\u00e0y. C\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eafc n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> cu\u1ed1i khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1c tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[70] H\u00e1n: d\u1ecb t\u00ednh<\/i> \u7570\u6027; Skt. anyatva<\/i>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 58c20): tay, ch\u00e2n di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 kia, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 d\u1ecb x\u1ee9 <\/i>(anyatra<\/i>, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> kh\u00e1c); \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng, co, du\u1ed7i, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 d\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/i> (anyath\u0101<\/i>, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

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[71] H\u00e1n, t\u1ee5ng 7-8: \u8eab\u4e0d\u6085\u540d\u82e6\u5373\u6b64\u6085\u540d\u6a02\u53ca\u4e09\u5b9a\u5fc3\u6085\u9918\u8655\u6b64\u540d\u559c\u5fc3\u4e0d\u6085\u540d\u6182\u4e2d\u6368\u4e8c\u7121\u5225\u898b\u4fee\u7121\u5b78\u9053\u4f9d\u4e5d\u7acb\u4e09\u6839. Skt. du\u1e25khendriyam a\u015b\u0101t\u0101 y\u0101 k\u0101yik\u012b vedan\u0101 sukham| \u015b\u0101t\u0101 dhy\u0101ne t\u1e5bt\u012bye tu caitas\u012b s\u0101 sukhendriyam||7|| anyatra s\u0101 saumanasya\u1e41 a\u015b\u0101t\u0101 caitas\u012b puna\u1e25| daurmanasyamupek\u1e63\u0101 tu madhy\u0101 ubhay\u012b avikalpan\u0101t||8|| d\u1e5bgbh\u0101van\u0101’\u015baik\u1e63apathe nava tr\u012b\u1e47i …<\/i>|<\/span><\/p>\n

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[72] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n H\u00e1n; skt. k\u0101yik\u012b vedan\u0101<\/i>: th\u00e2n th\u1ecd; b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n, v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> \u00e2m ti\u1ebft n\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u1ecd, cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: k\u0101yik\u012b iti m\u0101nas\u012bniv\u1e5bttyartham<\/i>, thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thu\u1ed9c \u00fd. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[73] \u0110o\u1ea1n th\u00edch t\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n Skt. v\u00e0 C\u0111. V\u0101khy\u0101: tatra k\u0101y\u0101 cak\u1e63ur\u0101daya\u1e25 pa\u00f1ca, paran\u0101\u1e47usa\u00f1caytv\u0101t<\/i>, trong \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00e2n t\u1ee9c n\u0103m c\u0103n, g\u1ed3m m\u1eaft, v.v., v\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c vi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[74] H\u00e1n: b\u1ea5t duy\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i> \u4e0d\u6085, skt. a\u015b\u0101ta<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng vui<\/span> s\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng vui<\/span> v\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho th\u00edch \u00fd<\/span>. C\u0111. phi s\u1edf \u00e1i<\/i> \u975e\u6240\u611b, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch<\/span>. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: as\u0101tety upagh\u0101tik\u0101<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ee9c t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[75] H\u00e1n: nhi\u1ebfp \u00edch<\/span><\/i>; skt. anugr\u0101hika<\/i>, c\u00e1i gi\u00fap cho thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[76] T\u1eeb t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba tr\u1edf l\u00ean, c\u1ea3 n\u0103m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n. Trong t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> n\u00e0y tuy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: t\u1e5bt\u012bye tu dhy\u0101ne pr\u012btivir\u0101gatv\u0101t sukhendriyam eva s\u0101, na saumanasyendriyam<\/i>, trong tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ly tham<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ef7, n\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ef7 c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[77] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: k\u0101madhatau prathame dvit\u012bye ca dhy\u0101ne<\/i>, trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, trong t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[78] H\u1ef7, Skt. saumanasya<\/i>; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi pr\u012bti<\/i>, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 h\u1ef7.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[79] H\u00e1n: ly h\u1ef7 tham; skt. pr\u012btivir\u0101ga<\/i>, d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb tham \u0111\u1eafm h\u1ef7. Kinh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba (d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101): pr\u012btivir\u0101g\u0101d upek\u1e63ako viharati<\/i>, do ly tham<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ef7, an tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi x\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[80] H\u00e1n: t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t duy\u1ec7t<\/span>, skt. a\u015b\u0101t\u0101 caitas\u012b<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[81] skt. daurmanasya-indriyam<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: upagh\u0101tik\u0101 caitasik\u012b vedan\u0101 daurmanasyam<\/i>, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng vui<\/span> l\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u00fd<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[82] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n; skt. madhya<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[83] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n, H\u00e1n: nh\u1ecb: <\/i>c\u1ea3 hai; skt. ubhay\u012b<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[84] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n: v\u00f4 bi\u1ec7t<\/i>; skt. avikalpan\u0101t<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: avikalpan\u0101t iti\/ abhinir\u016bpan\u0101bh\u0101v\u0101d ity artha\u1e25<\/i>, do kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng). Xem ph\u1ea9m i. k. 33.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[85] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: pr\u0101ye\u1e47eti graha\u1e47a\u1e43 sam\u0101dhija-vip\u0101kajapr\u012btisukhaparivarjan\u0101rtham<\/i>, n\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u<\/i>, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c ph\u00e1t<\/span> sinh do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 do d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[86] H\u00e1n: A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/i>; Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (<\/i>60a12) <\/i>: \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/i>, ch\u1ec9 ba qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc A-la-h\u00e1n. Skt. arhat\u0101m<\/i>, bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch s\u00e1u, s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u. Xem cht. d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[87] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: prah\u012b\u1e47apriy\u0101priyakalp\u0101n\u0101m apy arhat\u0101m vi\u1e63ayava\u015benaiva k\u0101yikasukhadu\u1e25khotp\u0101d\u0101t<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n c\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[88] H\u00e1n: th\u1eed<\/i>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (<\/i>60a20) <\/i>: ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c. Skt. tayo\u1e25, <\/i>Vy\u0101khy\u0101: k\u0101yikacaitasikayo\u1e25 sukhayo\u1e25, du\u1e25khayo\u015b ca indriyatvena bheda\u1e25<\/i>, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u0103n, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>, sukhendriya<\/i>) v\u1edbi l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n, saumanasyendriya<\/i>), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n (kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n<\/span>, du\u1e25khendriya<\/i>) v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m (\u01b0u c\u0103n, daurmansyendriya<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[89] Skt. avikalpayata\u1e25<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: avikalpayata\u1e25 = anabhir\u016bpayata\u1e25<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>; h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 60a21) hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[90] Ba \u0111\u1ea1o: ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (dar\u015banam\u0101rga<\/i>), tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (bh\u0101vanam\u0101rga<\/i>), v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (ak\u1e63ai\u1e63am\u0101rga<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[91] H\u00e1n: h\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec3n<\/i>; skt. pravitta\u1e25<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: prav\u1e5btta\u1e25: \u0101j\u00f1\u0101sy\u0101m\u012bti pr\u0101rabdha\u1e25<\/i>, kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 (ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, H\u00e1n: h\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec3n<\/i>), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 (ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>) r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u00f4i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[92] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: an\u0101j\u00f1\u0101ta\u1e43 satyacatu\u1e63\u1e6dayam<\/i>, c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i>(tr. 60a26): trong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u1edbi 15 s\u00e1t-na, 8 nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 7 tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e1m Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi<\/span>. H\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[93] an\u0101j\u00f1\u0101tam\u0101j\u00f1\u0101sy\u0101m\u012bndriya<\/i>, Vy\u0101khy\u0101: aluksam\u0101sa\u1e25<\/i>, h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb y ch\u1ee7\u00a0(tatpuru\u1e63a<\/i>) trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf. P\u0101\u1e47ini 6.3.14.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[94] H\u00e1n: ph\u1ee5c s\u00e1c li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/i>: \u0101j\u0101nati<\/i>. xem cht. d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[95] C\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[96] Skt. \u0101j\u00f1a<\/i>, C\u0111. tri<\/i> \u77e5; Ht, d\u0129 tri<\/i> \u5df2\u77e5, kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m \u00fd qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. Do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0101-j\u00f1\u0101: \u0101j\u0101nati<\/i>, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, n\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>; Ht. s\u00e1c li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/i>: th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[97] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: \u0101j\u00f1\u0101tam ity avagama \u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101va\u1e25<\/i>, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft\u201d, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101va<\/i>. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u0101va<\/i> trong \u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101va<\/i> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> avagama<\/i>: nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[98] Skt. \u0101j\u00f1\u0101tv\u0101vin<\/i> (< \u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101va<\/i>), C\u0111. tri d\u0129<\/i>, Ht. c\u1ee5 tri<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[99] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: \u0101j\u00f1\u0101tam avitu\u1e43 \u015b\u012blam asyeti v\u0101<\/i>, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u1eadp t\u00ednh th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y. C\u0111. \u201cv\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 tri h\u1ed9<\/i> (\u0101j\u00f1\u0101t\u0101va<\/i>).\u201d Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u0101va<\/i> do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb av: avati<\/i>, n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span>, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn<\/span>, th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9<\/span>. Cf. Thu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd<\/i> (): t\u1eadp<\/i> tri th\u00e0nh t\u00e1nh c\u1ed1, ho\u1eb7c n\u0103ng h\u1ed9 tri c\u1ed1<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[100] Skt. parij\u00f1\u0101tam<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>; \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[101] Cf. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (60b29): \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn tri<\/span> kh\u1ed5\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadn tr\u00ed<\/span> (k\u1e63ayaj\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>). \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn tri<\/span> n\u1eefa\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 sanh tr\u00ed<\/span> (anutp\u0101dij\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>). \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadp\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadn tr\u00ed<\/span>. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1eefa\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 sanh tr\u00ed<\/span>. \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadn tr\u00ed<\/span>. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng n\u1eefa\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 sanh tr\u00ed<\/span>. \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 tu \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadn tr\u00ed<\/span>. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tu n\u1eefa\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 sanh tr\u00ed<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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[102] C\u0111.: \u201cC\u0103n m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft (d\u0129 tri tri c\u0103n<\/span><\/i>\u5df2\u77e5[06]\u77e5\u6839), ho\u1eb7c c\u0103n th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft (d\u0129 tri h\u1ed9 c\u0103n<\/i>\u5df2\u77e5\u8b77\u6839).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[103] H\u00e1n, t\u1ee5ng ii. 9: \u552f\u7121\u6f0f\u5f8c\u4e09\u6709\u8272\u547d\u6182\u82e6\u7576\u77e5\u552f\u6709\u6f0f\u901a\u4e8c\u9918\u4e5d\u6839. Skt. k. ii. 9: \u2026 amala\u1e41 trayam<\/i>| d\u1e5bgbh\u0101van\u0101’\u015baik\u1e63apathe nava tr\u012b\u1e47i amala\u1e41 trayam| r\u016bp\u012b\u1e47i j\u012bvita\u1e41 du\u1e25khe s\u0101srav\u0101\u1e47i dvidh\u0101 nava<\/i>||<\/span><\/p>\n

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[104] V\u00f4 c\u1ea5u<\/span><\/i>, th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n theo b\u1ea3n Skt. amalam trayam<\/i>, v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u<\/span>, c\u00f3 ba c\u0103n. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: an\u0101sram ity artha\u1e25, mal\u0101n\u0101m \u0101sravapary\u0101yatv\u0101,<\/i> t\u1eeb v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u<\/span> trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n Skt. c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 l\u1eadu l\u00e0 hai t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[105] H\u00e1n: h\u1eefu s\u1eafc<\/span> c\u0103n, skt. r\u016bp\u012b\u1e47i<\/i> (indriy\u0101ni<\/i>), nh\u1eefng c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[106] Cf. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (60c21): \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1 (skt. vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101v\u0101d\u012b<\/i>). Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 2<\/i> (tr. 7c3): \u201cPh\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 (Vibhajyav\u0101din) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m c\u0103n g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v. duy ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>.\u201d Cf. P\u0101li, Kath\u0101vatthu, xix. 8, s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i: t\u00edn thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00edn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00edn c\u0103n<\/span> (tattha\u00a0lokiy\u0101\u00a0saddh\u0101\u00a0saddh\u0101\u00a0eva\u00a0n\u0101ma, na saddhindriya\u1e43<\/i>.), \u2026. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n b\u1ed9<\/span> (Hetuv\u0101da) v\u00e0 H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mahis\u0101saka).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[107] D\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> 2, tr. 8b1. Cf. P\u0101li, S. v. 202: yassa kho, bhikkhave, im\u0101ni pa\u00f1cindriy\u0101ni sabbena sabba\u1e43 sabbath\u0101 sabba\u1e43 natthi, tam aha\u1e43 b\u0101hiro puthujanapakkhe \u1e6dhito\u2019ti vad\u0101mi<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[108] D\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 2,<\/i> tr. 7c6: \u201cN\u1ebfu ai v\u1edbi n\u0103m c\u0103n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u00e3nh l\u1ee3i<\/span>, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh A-la-h\u00e1n, d\u1ee9t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c l\u1eadu. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c, th\u00e0nh B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, gi\u1ea3m th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c n\u1eefa, th\u00e0nh Nh\u1ea5t<\/span> lai. Th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa, gi\u1ea3m th\u00e0nh D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u0103n n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m t\u00edn v.v., Ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> d\u1ecb sanh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u201d Skt., d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101: pa\u00f1cem\u0101ni bhik\u1e63ava indriy\u0101\u1e47i\/ katam\u0101ni pa\u00f1ca\/ \u015braddhendriya\u1e43 y\u0101vat praj\u00f1endriyam\/ e\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 pa\u00f1c\u0101n\u0101m indriy\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 t\u012bk\u1e63\u1e47atv\u0101t parip\u016br\u1e47atv\u0101d arhan bhavati\/ tatas tanutarair m\u1e5bdutarair an\u0101g\u0101m\u012b bhavati\/ tatas tanutarair m\u1e5bdutarai\u1e25 sak\u1e5bd\u0101g\u0101m\u012b\/ tatas tanutarair m\u1e5bdutarai\u1e25 srota\u0101panna\u1e25\/tato\u2019pi tanutarair m\u1e5bdutarair dharm\u0101nus\u0101r\u012b\/ tatas tanutarair m\u1e5bdutarai\u1e25 \u015braddh\u0101nus\u0101r\u012b\/ iti hi bhik\u1e63ava indriyap\u0101ramit\u0101\u1e43 prat\u012btya phalap\u0101ramit\u0101 praj\u00f1\u0101yate\/ phalap\u0101ramit\u0101\u1e43 prat\u012btya pudgalap\u0101ramit\u1e43 praj\u00f1\u0101yate\/ yasyem\u0101ni pa\u00f1cendriy\u0101\u1e47i sarve\u1e47a sarv\u0101\u1e47i na santi tam aha\u1e43 b\u0101hya\u1e43 p\u1e5bthagjanapak\u1e63\u0101vasthita\u1e43 vad\u0101mi<\/i>\/ Xem th\u00eam, Th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span> 1, T.1539 tr. 535c01.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[109] L\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea1ch Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: santi, bhadanta, sattv\u0101 loke j\u0101t\u0101 loke v\u1e5bddh\u0101s t\u012bk\u1e63\u1e47endriy\u0101 api madhyendriy\u0101 api m\u1e5bdvindriy\u0101 api ity apravartita eva svadharmacakre<\/i>. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ec9nh Ph\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u00e2n, d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101. Cf. P\u0101li, Mah\u0101pad\u0101nasutta<\/i>, D. ii. 38; Ariyapariyesan\u0101sutta<\/i>, M. i.169.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[110] D\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 2<\/i>, tr. 7c14.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[111] H\u00e1n, t\u1ee5ng ii. 10\u547d\u552f\u662f\u7570\u719f\u6182\u53ca\u5f8c\u516b\u975e\u8272\u610f\u9918\u56db\u53d7\u4e00\u4e00\u7686\u901a\u4e8c. Skt.: vip\u0101ko j\u012bvita\u1e41 dvedh\u0101 dv\u0101da\u015ba anty\u0101\u1e63\u1e6dak\u0101d\u1e5bte| daurmanasy\u0101cca \u2026||<\/i>10|| <\/i>D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>. 12 c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c tr\u1eeb th\u00eam 8 c\u0103n sau c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb \u01b0u, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[112] H\u00e1n: \u8af8\u963f\u7f85\u6f22\u7559\u591a\u58fd\u884c; Skt. arhan bhik\u1e63ur \u0101yuhsamsk\u0101r\u0101n sth\u0101payati<\/i>: m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u00fa\/ d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[113] Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed 12<\/i> (tr. 981a12). Xem th\u00eam, T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 126<\/i>, tr. 656a8.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[114] Quang k\u00fd<\/span>: th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>, ch\u1ec9 A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00e2u ph\u1ea7n<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (ubhayabh\u0101gavimukta<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

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[115] Skt. cetova\u015bitva<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: cetova\u015bitva\u1e43 pr\u0101pta iti asamayavimukta\u1e25<\/i>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 cho v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n b\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u0111\u1eafc t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i>, ch\u1ec9 A-la-h\u00e1n thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u00e1nh<\/span> (akopyadharman<\/i>), lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[116] H\u00e1n: bi\u1ec7t nh\u01a1n \u5225\u4eba; Skt. pudgal\u0101ya<\/i>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr.61b06) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, bi\u1ec7t nh\u01a1n<\/i> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4 tr\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[117]H\u00e1n: \u8af8\u547d\u7de3\u8863\u9262\u7b49\u7269\u96a8\u5206; Skt. p\u0101tra\u1e43 v\u0101 c\u012bvara\u1e43 v\u0101 anyatam\u0101nyatama\u1e43 v\u0101 \u015br\u0101ma\u1e47aka\u1e43 j\u012bvitapari\u1e63k\u0101ram v\u0101<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[118] H\u00e1n: bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span><\/i>, hay c\u1ef1c bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span>; Skt. pr\u0101ntako\u1e6dika\u1e43 dhy\u0101n\u1e43<\/i>. Xem, ch. vii. k. 41. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i> (tr. 61b6) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[119] H\u00e1n: ph\u00fa d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u5bcc\u7570\u719f; Skt. bhogavip\u0101ka<\/i>: qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[120] H\u00e1n: th\u1ecd d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u58fd\u7570\u719f; Skt. \u0101yurvip\u0101ka<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[121] H\u00e1n: t\u00e0n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u6b98\u7570\u719f\u679c: qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n d\u01b0 l\u1ea1i; Skt. vip\u0101kocche\u1e63a<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vip\u0101kocche\u1e63a\u1e43 vipacyata iti\/ ak\u0101lamara\u1e47en\u0101parisam\u0101pta-phalasya tyaktasya janm\u0101ntarakarma\u1e47o bh\u0101van\u0101balena vip\u0101kocche\u1e63am \u0101k\u1e5b\u1e63ya pratisa\u1e43vedayate<\/i>\/ d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf khi qu\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eed vong<\/span> phi th\u1eddi<\/span>; do l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tu \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e0n d\u01b0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 126<\/i>, tr. 657a16.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[122] Tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 126<\/i>, tr. 657a27, 657c23.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[123] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (<\/i>62c25)<\/i>: ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>. Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[124] H\u00e1n: tr\u1ee5 th\u1eddi th\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n \u4f4f\u6642\u52e2\u5206; skt. sthitik\u0101l\u0101vedha<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[125] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: p\u016brvakarmaja\u1e43 sthitik\u0101l\u0101vedham indriyamah\u0101bh\u016bt\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 vy\u0101varttayanti<\/i>, chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf<\/span> l\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span>. Th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[126] Skt., d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: suc\u012br\u1e47e brahmacarye\u2019smin m\u0101rge caiva subh\u0101vati\/ tu\u1e63\u1e6da \u0101yu\u1e25k\u1e63ay\u0101t bhavati rogasy\u0101pagame yath\u0101<\/i>\/\/ D\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa <\/i>126 (tr. 656c17).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[127] Tr\u1eeb b\u1eafc C\u00e2u-l\u00f4 ch\u00e2u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[128] H\u00e1n: b\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/i>; Skt. asamaya-vimukta<\/i>. Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> (quy\u1ec3n 25, tr. 129a24) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, b\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi<\/span> gian. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00ec li\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ed1t hay th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>. C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (akopy\u0101 cetovimukti\u1e25<\/i>), l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n b\u1ecb lay \u0111\u1ed9ng hay th\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[129] V\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span>: 1. trong 4 ch\u00e2u, tr\u1eeb b\u1eafc ch\u00e2u; 2. trong ba ch\u00e2u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, duy ch\u1ec9 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>; 3. trong lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> duy ch\u1ec9 nam ho\u1eb7c n\u1eef, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb phi\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ec3-ca c\u00e1c th\u1ee9; 4. trong nam ho\u1eb7c n\u1eef, ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m b\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>; 5. trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc bi\u00ean t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>; 6. trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafc bi\u00ean t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u00e0nh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[130] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: kle\u015bai\u015b c\u0101nupastabdh\u0101 santati\u1e25<\/i>, \u201cchu\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> (th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.\u201d Vy\u0101khy\u0101: d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dipr\u0101ptasya yad api sam\u0101dhau va\u015bitvam asti, na nu tasya kle\u015bair anupastabdh\u0101 santati\u1e25<\/i>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[131] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: bhagav\u0101n j\u012bvitasa\u1e43sk\u0101r\u0101n adhi\u1e63\u1e6dh\u0101y\u0101yu\u1e25sa\u1e43sk\u0101r\u0101n uts\u1e5b\u1e6dav\u0101n<\/i>. Cf. Mah\u0101parinibb\u0101na-sutta, D. ii. 99: atha kho bhagav\u0101 ta\u1e43 \u0101b\u0101dha\u1e43 v\u012briyena pa\u1e6dipa\u1e47\u0101metv\u0101 j\u012bvitasa\u1e45kh\u0101ra\u1e43 adhi\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101ya vih\u0101si<\/i>, \u201cb\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed<\/span> c\u01a1n b\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 sau khi b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh, Ng\u00e0i an tr\u00fa<\/span>.\u201d ibid. 106: atha kho bhagav\u0101 c\u0101p\u0101le cetiye sato sampaj\u0101no \u0101yusa\u1e45kh\u0101ra\u1e43 ossaji<\/i>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> t\u1ea1i mi\u1ebfu C\u0101p\u0101la, v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh tri, x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u00e0nh. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 126<\/i> (tr.657b6).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[132] \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 126<\/i> (tr. 657c11-25): li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 14 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u1ecd v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[133] Skt., d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: j\u012bvitendriya\u1e43 katamat? traidh\u0101tukam \u0101yu\u1e25<\/i>.Cf. Ch\u00fang s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n a-t\u00ec-\u0111\u00e0m 1<\/i> (tr. 628c19); Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i t\u00fac lu\u1eadn<\/span> 8<\/i> (tr. 723a29). <\/span><\/p>\n

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[134] H\u00e1n: \u0111a ng\u00f4n<\/span><\/i>\u591a\u8a00, th\u00edch t\u1eeb \u0111a<\/i> trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111u\u00f4i bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb skt. Skt. bahuvacanam<\/i>: ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb skt. j\u012bvitasa\u1e45sk\u0101r\u0101n, \u0101yu\u1e25sa\u1e45sk\u0101r\u0101n<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[135] Cf. op. cit.,\u00a0tr. 657c26.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[136] k\u0101l\u0101ntarasth\u0101varam ekam \u0101yurdravyam<\/i>, m\u1ed9t th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i>(63b10): gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[137] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (63b10): theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>, m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt th\u1ec3. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[138] H\u00e1n: s\u1edf h\u00e1 s\u1ef1; Skt. vineyak\u0101rya<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[139] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: evam bh\u0101vitair aha\u1e43 caturbhir <\/i> \u1e5bddhip\u0101dair \u0101k\u0101\u1e45k\u1e63an kalpam api ti\u1e63\u1e6dheyam, kalp\u0101va\u015be\u1e63am api<\/i>. Cf. Mah\u0101parinibb\u0101na-sutta, D.ii. 103: yassa kassaci, \u0101nanda, catt\u0101ro iddhip\u0101d\u0101 bh\u0101vit\u0101 bahul\u012bkat\u0101, y\u0101n\u012bkat\u0101 vatthukat\u0101 anu\u1e6d\u1e6dhit\u0101 paricit\u0101 susam\u0101raddh\u0101, so \u0101ka\u1e45kham\u0101no kappa\u1e43 v\u0101 ti\u1e6d\u1e6dheyya kapp\u0101vasesa\u1e43 v\u0101, <\/i>\u201cN\u00e0y A-nan, n\u1ebfu ai tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac<\/span>, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>, t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span>, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u1ed7 xe, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 s\u1edf y<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp hay h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[140] S\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>, aupacayika<\/i>, xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng i t\u1ee5ng 38.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[141] Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa. Thu\u1eadn<\/i> \u9806, t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Ht. th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch \u0111u\u00f4i t\u00ednh t\u1eeb –\u012bya<\/i>, m\u00e0 Bh\u0101\u1e63ya gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/i> (sa\u1e43prayoga<\/i>). Vy\u0101khy\u0101: daurmanasya\u1e43 vedan\u012bya\u1e43 asminn iti daurmanasyavedan\u012bya\u1e43 karma<\/i>, nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u01b0u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span>,hay nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u01b0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1eadn \u01b0u th\u1ecd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[142] N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00eau b\u1edfi Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>: N\u1ebfu \u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, th\u00ec h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[143] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[144] \u0110u\u00f4i t\u00ednh t\u1eeb –\u012bya<\/i>, h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, hay h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[145] \u00dd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[146] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u201cNhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span>, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u01afu c\u0103n duy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh.\u201d Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>. Skt. parikalpavi\u015be\u1e63a<\/i>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: parikalpavi\u015be\u1e63air i\u1e63\u1e6dacintanibhir<\/i>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, hay ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i hay kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[147] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: tatkarma vipakva\u1e43 sy\u0101d<\/i>. Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1eadn sinh th\u1ecd (upapadyavedan\u012bya<\/i>), nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0 A-x\u00e0-th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn<\/span> (kauk\u1e5btya<\/i>) sau khi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[148] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: na hi\u00a0cak\u1e63ur\u0101diko vip\u0101kabh\u016bto v\u012btar\u0101g\u0101d\u012bn\u0101\u1e43 vy\u0101vartate, daurmanasya\u1e43 tu vy\u0101vartate<\/i>\/ th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, con m\u1eaft v.v., v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng \u01b0u th\u00ec b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1eeb. D\u1eabn kinh: av\u012btar\u0101gasya dvi\u015baly\u0101 vedanokt\u0101 \u2013k\u0101yika\u1e43 du\u1e25kha\u1e43 pratisa\u1e43vedayate, caitasika\u1e43 ca daurmanasya iti\/ vacan\u0101d v\u012btar\u0101gasya ca eka\u015baly\u0101 k\u0101yim eva du\u1e25kha\u1e43 pratisa\u1e43vedayata iti<\/i>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a ly nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 gai nh\u1ecdn: c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u01b0u thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ee5c<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gai nh\u1ecdn, c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[149] Cf. C\u0111. \u8af8\u96e2\u6b32\u4eba\u4ea6\u7121\u7121\u8a18\u559c\u6839\u3002
<lb n=”0175b27″\/>\u82e5\u723e\u679c\u5831\u6709\u4f55\u76f8\u3002\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ee5c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> (d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>) c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> g\u00ec (v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> hay h\u1eefu k\u00fd)? Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: saumanasyam apy e\u1e63\u0101m avy\u0101k\u1e5btam k\u012bd\u1e5b\u015ba\u1e43 vip\u0101ka\u1e25 sy\u0101d<\/i>\/ N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, h\u1ef7 c\u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, th\u1ebf th\u00ec d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> g\u00ec? Vy\u0101khy\u0101: sam\u0101pattisa\u1e43g\u1e5bh\u012bta\u1e43 te\u1e63\u0101\u1e43\u00a0saumanasya\u1e43 sambhavati, tac ca ku\u015balatv\u0101n na vip\u0101ka\u1e25, ato vaktavyam – k\u012bd\u1e5b\u015ba\u1e43 te\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 saumanasya\u1e43 vip\u0101ka iti<\/i>\/\u00a0H\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t sinh do tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>; h\u1ef7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1i n\u00f3i, h\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, th\u00ec n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

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[150] y\u0101d\u1e5b\u015ba\u1e43 t\u0101d\u1e5b\u015bam astu<\/i>. C\u0111. \u96a8\u5176\u76f8\u82e5\u6709\u5bbf\u696d\u61c9\u4f4d\u3002B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> g\u00ec, nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi giai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Vy\u0101khya: aparichadyam\u0101nam api tad asty eveti<\/i>, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ef7 c\u0103n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> hay phi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[151] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: sati tu sambhave saumanasyasy\u0101sti vip\u0101k\u0101vip\u0101ka\u015ba\u1e25, na daurmanasya<\/i>\/ C\u0111. \u96d6
<lb n=”0175b28″\/>\u5fa9\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u559c\u6839\u53ef\u6709\u6b98\u679c\u5831\u3002\u6182\u6839\u5247\u7121\u3002M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, h\u1ef7 c\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e0n qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> (t\u00e0n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>), nh\u01b0ng \u01b0u c\u0103n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[152] sarvath\u0101\u2019py asamud\u0101c\u0101r\u0101d<\/i>, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>; Vy\u0101khy\u0101: sam\u0101pattyavasth\u0101y\u0101m api, asam\u0101pattyavasth\u0101y\u0101m api<\/i>, d\u00f9 trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u00e1nh th\u1ecd<\/span> (nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>), hay trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> phi ch\u00e1nh th\u1ecd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[153] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> (n\u0101sty eva\u1e43 daurmanasya\u1e43 vip\u0101ka iti<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[154] \u516b\u6839 b\u00e1t c\u0103n: g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span>: m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n, nam, n\u1eef, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[155] Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> thi\u1ec7n. \u00c1c d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[156] H\u00e1n: h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u6709\u7570\u719f, skt. savip\u0101ka<\/i>: c\u00e1i c\u00f3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> (vip\u0101ka<\/i>) v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> (savip\u0101ka<\/i>). T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> 51, tr. 264a: \u201cC\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> n\u00f3, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>… Nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> tr\u0103m \u1ee9c ki\u1ebfp<\/span> b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Tuy c\u00e1ch nhau<\/span> xa x\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u2013 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[157] H\u00e1n: \u6182\u5b9a\u6709\u7570\u719f\u524d\u516b\u5f8c\u4e09\u7121\u610f\u9918\u53d7\u4fe1\u7b49\u4e00\u4e00\u7686\u901a\u4e8c. Skt.: \u2026 tat tv eka\u1e41 savip\u0101ka\u1e41 da\u015ba dvidh\u0101 ||10|| mano’nyavitti\u015braddh\u0101d\u012bni \u2026 <\/i>(11a): Nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3 (\u01b0u c\u0103n) duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. \u00dd, c\u00e1c th\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (b\u1ed1n th\u1ecd) v\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n t\u00edn v.v., 10 c\u0103n n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[158] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i> \u5b9atrong b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng H\u00e1n. Skt. tu<\/i> (tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>), Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: tu\u015babda evak\u0101r\u0101rtho bhinnakrama\u015b ca<\/i>, t\u1eeb tu<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 duy ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: N\u00f3i \u201cduy ch\u1ec9\u201d, v\u00ec \u01b0u c\u0103n duy ch\u1ec9 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. N\u00f3i \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1ea1n\u201d, v\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 22 c\u0103n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u01b0u c\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[159] H\u00e1n; c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vikalpavi\u015be\u1e63otp\u0101dyatv\u0101n na tad avy\u0101k\u1e5btam<\/i>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, v\u00ec ph\u00e1t sinh do tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[160] asam\u0101hitatv\u0101cca<\/i>, do tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> phi \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eabn (kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ecbnh). Vy\u0101khy\u0101: avy\u0101k\u1e5bta\u1e43 hi p\u016btib\u012bjavan na vip\u0101kad\u0101n\u0101ya samartham\/ an\u0101srava\u1e43 tu t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101nabhi\u1e63yanditatv\u0101n n\u0101la\u1e43 vip\u0101kad\u0101n\u0101ya, an\u0101bhi\u1e63yanditas\u0101rab\u012bjavat<\/i>\/ v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ra d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01b0 m\u1ee5c. V\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt b\u1edfi \u00e1i, nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[161] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: ato n\u0101sty avip\u0101ka\u1e43 daurmanasyam<\/i>\/ v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, \u01b0u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[162] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[163] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb3ng \u7b49<\/span> trong b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng H\u00e1n. Skt. \u0101di<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[164] \u00dd c\u0103n<\/span>, b\u1ed1n th\u1ecd c\u0103n (kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, h\u1ef7, x\u00e3), n\u0103m c\u0103n (t\u00edn, t\u1ea5n, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, hu\u1ec7).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[165] H\u00e1n: \u552f\u5584\u5f8c\u516b\u6839\u6182\u901a\u5584\u4e0d\u5584\u610f\u9918\u53d7\u4e09\u7a2e\u524d\u516b\u552f\u7121\u8a18 \/\/12\/ Skt.: \u2026 a\u1e63\u1e6daka\u1e41 ku\u015bala\u1e41 dvidh\u0101| daurmanasya\u1e41 mano’ny\u0101 ca vittis tredh\u0101 anyad ekadh\u0101||11|<\/i>T\u00e1m thi\u1ec7n; \u01b0u th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai; \u00fd, c\u00e1c th\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (tr\u1eeb \u01b0u): th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 ba. S\u1ed1 c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, duy ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[166] H\u00e1n: nh\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>; skt. ek\u0101ntena<\/i>, m\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[167] Skt. j\u012bvit\u0101\u1e63\u1e6damam cak\u1e63ur\u0101di<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[168] H\u00e1n: \u6b32\u8272\u7121\u8272\u7e6b\u5982\u6b21\u9664\u5f8c\u4e09\u517c\u5973\u7537\u6182\u82e6\u5e76\u9918\u8272\u559c\u6a02 \/\/13\/\u00a0Skt.: k\u0101m\u0101ptam amala\u1e41 hitv\u0101 r\u016bp\u0101pta\u1e41 str\u012bpumindriye| du\u1e25khe ca hitv\u0101 \u0101r\u016bpy\u0101pta\u1e41 sukhe c\u0101pohya r\u016bpi ca||12||<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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[169] B\u1ea5t h\u1ec7; skt. apratisa\u1e43yukta<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1eeb h\u1ec7<\/i> (skt. \u0101pta<\/i>: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span>, h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c) trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb D\u1ee5c h\u1ec7, hay D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7<\/span> (k\u0101m\u0101pta<\/i>), v.v. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: adh\u0101tupatitam evety artha\u1e25<\/i>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[170] Thu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd<\/i> (tr. 381b27) b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span>: \u201c\u00c2m t\u00e0ng \u1ea9n m\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea5u x\u00ed<\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[171] Cf. T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t 38 (tr. 757c24): n\u1eef c\u00f3 5 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span>: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vua Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch<\/span>, Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. Cf. Bahudh\u0101tuka (M.iii.65): … anavak\u0101so ya\u1e43 itth\u012b araha\u1e43 assa samm\u0101sbuddho, neta\u1e43 \u1e6dh\u0101na\u1e43 vijjat\u012bti ….r\u0101j\u0101 assa cakkavatt\u012b, … sakkatta\u1e43 kareyya, … m\u0101ratta\u1e43 kareyya, .. brahmatta\u1e43 kareyya..,<\/i> c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0110\u1eb3ng ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>; tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra; … vua Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n<\/span>, l\u00e0m Sakka, l\u00e0m Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, l\u00e0m Brahman …<\/span><\/p>\n

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[172] Trong S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[173] H\u00e1n: t\u1ecbnh di\u1ec7u<\/span>; skt. accha<\/i>: kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb che t\u1ed1i, u t\u1ed1i; trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> (nh\u01b0 thu\u1ef7 tinh<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

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[174] H\u00e1n: n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i<\/span> s\u1ef1; Skt . \u0101gh\u0101tavastu<\/i>: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[175] H\u00e1n\u610f\u4e09\u53d7\u901a\u4e09\u6182\u898b\u4fee\u6240\u65b7\u4e5d\u552f\u4fee\u6240\u65b7\u4e94\u4fee\u975e\u4e09\u975e \/\/14\/ Skt. manovittitraya\u1e41 tredh\u0101 dvihey\u0101 durmanaskat\u0101| nava bhavanay\u0101 pa\u00f1ca tvahey\u0101nyapi na trayam||<\/i>13||<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[176] H\u00e1n: l\u1ee5c sanh; skt. \u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhaja<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[177] Skt. k\u0101 14ab: k\u0101me\u1e63v \u0101dau vip\u0101kau dve labhyete nopap\u0101dukai\u1e25<\/i>\/ trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc hai d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a sanh<\/span>. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: do lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hoas sanh, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi no\u00e3n, thai v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p sanh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[178] H\u00e1n & Skt .<\/span><\/p>\n

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[179] H\u00e1n: t\u1ee5c sanh, hay k\u1ebft sanh<\/span>, Skt . pratisa\u1e43dhi<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[180] Vy\u0101khy\u0101, d\u1eabn iii. 38: upapattibhava\u1e25 kli\u1e63\u1e6da\u1e25 sarvakle\u015bai\u1e25 svabh\u016bmikai\u1e25<\/i>\/ sanh h\u1eefu<\/span> b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u00dd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ee5c sanh, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[181] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00e2u ba, t\u1ee5ng H\u00e1n. Skt. k\u0101 14c: tai\u1e25 \u1e63a\u1e0d v\u0101 sapta v\u0101 a\u1e63\u1e6dau v\u0101<\/i>, v\u1edbi ba, s\u00e1u hay b\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[182] V\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, hay v\u00f4 c\u0103n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> ph\u00e1i (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u0103n<\/span>); skt. avya\u00f1jana<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[183] H\u00e1n: ki\u1ebfp s\u01a1<\/span> (kalp\u0101gra<\/i>): Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>. Skt. pr\u0101thamakalpik\u0101\u1e25; <\/i>Vy\u0101khy\u0101:\u00a0yug\u0101dyutpann\u0101\u1e25\u00a0pr\u0101g\u0101san r\u016bpivat sattv\u0101\u1e25<\/i>, c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> sanh trong th\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1eafc (t\u1eeb S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[184] M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t c\u0103n, ho\u1eb7c n\u1eef ho\u1eb7c nam. skt. ekavya\u00f1jana<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[185] Skt. dev\u0101di\u1e63u<\/i>, Vy\u0101khy\u0101: \u0101di\u015babdena n\u0101rak\u0101dayo\u2019pi g\u1e5bhyante<\/i>, t\u1eeb \u0101di<\/i> (v\u00e2n v\u00e2n<\/span>) bao h\u00e0m lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[186] Skt. \u015b\u0101nt\u0101 vimok\u1e63\u0101<\/i>; d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: ye \u2018pi te \u015b\u0101nt\u0101 vimok\u1e63\u0101 atikrammya r\u016bpa\u1e47i \u0101r\u016bpy\u0101\u1e25<\/i>. Cf. P\u0101li, Skt. ii. 123 (Susimasutta): ye te sant\u0101 vimokkh\u0101 atikkamma r\u016bpe \u0101rupp\u0101, te k\u0101yena phusitv\u0101 viharath\u0101\u201dti? no heta\u1e43, \u0101vuso<\/i>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb m\u00e0, sau khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> trong v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>; nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 an tr\u00fa<\/span> sau khi c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c x\u00fac b\u1edfi th\u00e2n? Kh\u00f4ng, th\u01b0a hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3<\/span>. S\u1edb gi\u1ea3i: sant\u0101\u00a0vimokkh\u0101ti\u00a0a\u1e45gasantat\u0101ya\u00a0ceva\u00a0\u0101ramma\u1e47asantat\u0101ya\u00a0ca\u00a0sant\u0101\u00a0\u0101ruppavimokkh\u0101<\/i>. T\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>: gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a chi v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>. Tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m 12<\/i>, T02, tr. 97a17. D\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75<\/i>, T27, tr. 389b26.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[187] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Skt. ekam uttare<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[188] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yasm\u0101t\u00a0p\u016brva\u1e43 r\u016bpasam\u0101patti\u1e25 pa\u015bc\u0101d \u0101r\u016bpyasam\u0101patti, tasm\u0101d r\u016bpadh\u0101tur uttara \u0101r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu\u1e25<\/i>, v\u00ec s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh (s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ed) tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, cho n\u00ean v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean<\/i> s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[189] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yasm\u0101c copapattita\u1e25 pradh\u0101nataro r\u016bpadh\u0101tor \u0101r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu\u1e25, bah\u016bni kalpasahasr\u0101\u1e47i, tatr\u0101tipra\u015b\u0101nto vip\u0101ko bhavati, ato\u2019py as\u0101v uttara\u1e25, na t\u016bpapattide\u015bata\u1e25<\/i>, v\u00ec v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecd sanh, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>, tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span> h\u01a1n s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>; ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c th\u1ecd sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[190] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong v\u0103n t\u1ee5ng, H\u00e1n: th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Skt. uttare<\/i>: t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[191] H\u00e1n & Skt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[192] Skt. uparaman<\/i> ( pthic\u0111 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ram, c\u00e1ch 1, \u00edt): ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[193] Skt. samagrendriy\u0101\u1e25<\/i>: c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\/ ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[194] Skt. sak\u1e5bn-mara\u1e47a<\/i>: c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft nhanh ch\u00f3ng\/ t\u1ee9c th\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[195] Skt. kramam\u1e5btyo\u1e25<\/i> (c\u00e1ch 6, \u00edt , m\u1e5btyu) : ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1eeb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[196] Skt. na hi e\u1e63\u0101m p\u1e5bthagnirodhah<\/i>: nh\u1eefng c\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00e1n: th\u1eed t\u1ee9 t\u1ea5t v\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n h\u1eadu<\/span> di\u1ec7t ngh\u0129a.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[197] Skt. kli\u1e63a- avy\u0101k\u1e5bta-cittasya<\/i> (c\u00e1ch 6, \u00edt).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[198] H\u00e1n & Skt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[199] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Skt . antya: <\/i>c\u1ef1c bi\u00ean. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[200] Skt. srota-\u0101pattiphalam arhattvam ca<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101\u00a0gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00eam: yath\u0101 da\u1e47\u1e0dasya dvau antau bhavata\u1e25, eva\u1e43 pa\u1e43kti-avasthitaan\u0101\u1e43 catur\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 phal\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 srota-\u0101pattiphala\u1e43, arhattvaphala\u1e43 ca ante bhavata\u1e25<\/i>: nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y g\u1eady\u00a0c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u, 4 th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3<\/span>\u00a0c\u0169ng v\u1eady c\u00f3 hai qu\u1ea3 bi\u00ean l\u00e0 Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 Alah\u00e1n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[201] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Skt. madhye<\/i>: \u1edf gi\u1eefa, ch\u1ec9 cho hai qu\u1ea3 T\u01b0 \u0111a<\/span> h\u00e0m (sak\u1e5bd\u0101g\u0101miphala\u1e43<\/i>) v\u00e0 A na h\u00e0m<\/span> (an\u0101g\u0101miphala\u1e43<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[202] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (<\/i>67b03)<\/i>: s\u01a1 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 s\u1edf qu\u1ea3 y tr\u00ean v\u1ecb ch\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba (=\u0111\u1ecbnh, an\u0101gamya-dhy\u0101na<\/i>) m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, n\u00ean duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[203] Skt. \u0101nantaryam\u0101rge<\/i>. Xem \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, ch. vi, b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n quy\u1ec3n 25, tr. 132a08. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[204] Skt. vimukti-m\u00e0rga<\/i>. H\u00e1n: gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u89e3\u812b\u9053. Xem \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, ch. vi, b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n quy\u1ec3n 25, tr. 132a08. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[205]Sk\u1e6d\u00a0 \u0101v\u0101hakatva<\/i>. H\u00e1n: d\u1eabn nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u5f15\u56e0. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (<\/i>67b03)<\/i>:<\/i>: \u201cD\u1eabn nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n<\/span>. V\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ly h\u1ec7<\/span>, s\u1ea3n sinh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u0129 d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[206] Skt . sanni\u015brayatva<\/i>. H\u00e1n: y nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u4f9d\u56e0: Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (<\/i>67b03)<\/i>:<\/i> \u56e0\u8b02\u80fd\u4f5c\u56e0\u3002\u4f9d\u8005\u6301\u4e5f\u3002\u540c\u6642\u80fd\u6301\u96e2\u7e6b \u5f97\u6545\u3002\u540d\u66f0\u4f9d\u56e0 Y nh\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ec. V\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ly h\u1ec7<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[207] Skt . visa\u1e43yoga-pr\u0101pte\u1e25<\/i>. Li he\u00e4( visa\u1e43yoga<\/i>), xem ch. i. t\u1ee5ng 6a-b.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[208] Trong c\u1ea3 9 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng A-la-h\u00e1n; trong ba th\u1ecd, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[209] H\u00e1n: th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7<\/span>; Skt : \u0101nup\u016brv\u012bka\u1e25,<\/i> v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[210] H\u00e1n: th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u4e16\u9593\u9053. Skt. laukika m\u0101rga<\/i>, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>; y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c t\u00f9y mi\u00ean<\/span>, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1eb1ng 6 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1edbi 3 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> th\u00f4, kh\u1ed5, ch\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u00e0 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean v\u1edbi 3 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u0129nh, di\u1ec7u, ly.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[211] H\u00e1n: y xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u4f9d\u51fa\u4e16\u9053. Sk\u1e6d lokottara m\u0101rga<\/i>, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, do hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> m\u00e0 do\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00f9y mi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[212] B\u1ed9i ly tham<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, skt. bh\u016byov\u012btar\u0101ga\u1e25 pr\u0101pnoti<\/i>, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e0m phu<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p 6 ph\u1ea9m tham thu\u1ed9c d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>; khi v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span>, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u1ea3 6 ph\u1ea9m d\u1ee5c tham<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9i ly tham<\/span><\/i>, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngang qua qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. Xem ch. vi, t\u1ee5ng 29c-d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[213] B\u1ea3y c\u0103n: \u00fd, x\u1ea3 (y v\u1ecb ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>), v\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n, t\u00edn…<\/span><\/p>\n

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[214] \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> 9 ph\u1ea9m tham thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[215] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: atham tu vi\u015be\u1e63a\u1e25 sukha-saumanasya-upak\u1e63endriy\u0101\u1e47\u0101m anyatamam bhavati ni\u015brayavi\u015be\u1e63\u0101t<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yadi t\u1e5bt\u012bya\u1e43 dhy\u0101na\u1e43 ni\u015britya\u00a0ni\u0101amam avak\u0101amati, sukhendriyam tatra\u00a0bhavati\/ atha prathamadvitiiye dhy\u0101ne ni\u015britya saumanasyendriyam tatra bhavati \/ atha an\u0101gamyadhy\u0101na-anantara-caturtha-dhy\u0101n\u0101m anyatamam ni\u015britya, upek\u1e63endriyam tatra bhavati<\/i>. Y tr\u00ean t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span>; y tr\u00ean hai t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 c\u0103n; y tr\u00ean v\u1ecb ch\u00ed<\/span>, trung gian<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 c\u0103n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[216] Qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> b\u1eb1ng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, y tr\u00ean v\u1ecb ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[217] C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u1ec9 s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[218] Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, th\u00eam h\u1ef7 c\u0103n, y tr\u00ean s\u01a1 hay nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[219] V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn trong v\u1ecb ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[220] Giai tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee9<\/span> nh\u1ea5t y tr\u00ean s\u01a1 hay nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> h\u1ef7 th\u1ecd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[221] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (<\/i>67c01)<\/i>: n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1eadp c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, do t\u00e1m c\u0103n \u0111\u1eafc; n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadp c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, do ch\u00edn c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[222] Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed 15<\/i>, tr. 994b26: do 9 c\u0103n \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>. \u0110\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span>, v\u1edbi v\u1ecb b\u1ed9i ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh t\u00e1nh ly sinh<\/span>, do 9 c\u0103n; v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span> t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>, y th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o, do 7 c\u0103n; y v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, do 8 c\u0103n. \u0110\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1eadp ch\u00e1nh t\u00e1nh ly sanh<\/span>, do 9 c\u0103n; n\u1ebfu t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span>, y th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o do 7 c\u0103n, y v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> do 8. \u0110\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n, do 11 c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[223] \u0110\u1eafc (pr\u0101pti<\/i>) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> (samanv\u0101gata<\/i>), xem \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, t\u1ee5ng 36. Cf. Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed 6<\/i>, tr. 946c29; T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 90<\/i>, tr. 463b10.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[224] H\u00e1n & Skt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[225] C\u0111.: \u201cBa c\u0103n n\u00e0y quan h\u1ec7 l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau.\u201d Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (68b16): V\u00ec ba c\u0103n n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u1ea3 ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ecba; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[226] Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong thai m\u1eb9, c\u00e1c c\u0103n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> (\u0111\u1eafc, pr\u0101ti: l\u0101bha<\/i>). Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t (vih\u012bna<\/i>), do b\u1ecb h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i, do ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[227] \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[228] \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 t\u0129nh<\/span> l\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ecba tr\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 t\u0129nh<\/span> l\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 ba.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[229]\u00a0Trong s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, c\u00f3 ba th\u1ecd: l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ba th\u1ee9c (m\u1eaft, tai v\u00e0 th\u00e2n), h\u1ef7 th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1ee9i b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9c (m\u1eaft, tai, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd). Trong nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, c\u00f3 hai th\u1ecd: h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span> (thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n) v\u00ec n\u0103m th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span>. Trongtam thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 hai th\u1ecd: l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 x\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>. Cf. ch. viii t\u1ee5ng 12. \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fd<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: trong nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3 th\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n l\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u1ea1c<\/span>; v\u1eady, trong nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, l\u1ea1c c\u0103n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

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[230] H\u00e1n: d\u01b0; Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (68b28)<\/i>: \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. C\u0103n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[231] H\u00e1n & Skt. k\u0101 20: sarv\u0101lpai\u1e25 ni\u1e25\u015bubha\u1e25 a\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101bhi\u1e25 vinmana\u1e25k\u0101yaj\u012bvitai\u1e25\/ yukta\u1e25 b\u0101las tath\u0101 ar\u016bpye upek\u1e63\u0101yurmana\u1e25\u015bubhai\u1e25\/\/<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[232] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Skt. ni\u1e25\u015bubha<\/i>. H\u00e1n: v\u00f4 thi\u1ec7n \u7121\u5584. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ya\u1e25 samucchinnaku\u015balam\u016bla\u1e25\/ sa ca k\u0101madh\u0101tav eva\/ \u201cchinatti str\u012bpum\u0101n d\u1e5b\u1e63ticarita\u1e25\u201d (iv. 80) iti\/ k\u0101mavair\u0101gya\u1e43 v\u0101sya na sambhavati\/ tasm\u0101d asya pa\u00f1c\u0101pi vedanendriy\u0101\u1e47i santi\/ k\u0101yendriya\u1e43 ca j\u012bvitamanas\u012b ca sta eva sarvatra\/ cak\u1e63ur\u0101d\u012bni tu\u00a0na<\/span> santi kramamara\u1e47\u0101vasth\u0101y\u0101m andhatv\u0101dyavasth\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 ca te\u1e63\u0101m abh\u0101v\u0101t:<\/i> H\u1ea1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef \u1edf trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, do s\u1edf h\u00e0nh t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1ng ly nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u0103n l\u00e0 5 th\u1ecd c\u0103n, th\u00e2n, m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1eeb<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u00f9, \u0111i\u1ebfc v.v\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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[233] H\u00e1n: n\u0103ng th\u1ecd \u80fd\u53d7 . Th\u00edch t\u1eeb th\u1ecd<\/i> trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: vedan\u0101 hi vit<\/i>, vedayata iti k\u1e5btv\u0101\/ vedana\u1e43 v\u0101 vit, yath\u0101 sampadana\u1e43 sampat<\/i>\/ gi\u00e1c tri t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, hay n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> . Nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u1eeb sampadana<\/i> v\u00e0 sampat<\/i>, s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> \u00e2m v\u1eadn, n\u00ean d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb vid<\/i> thay vedan\u0101<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[234] b\u0101la iti p\u1e5bthagjanaskt.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[235]Ha\u00f9n & Skt. k\u0101. 21: bahubhir yukta ek\u0101nnavi\u1e43\u015baty\u0101malavarjitai\u1e25\/ dvi\u012bli\u1e45ga\u1e25 \u0101ryo r\u0101gy ekali\u1e45gadvyamalavarjitai\u1e25<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[236] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n. Skt. amala<\/i>: v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> an\u0101srava<\/i>: v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[237] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> (70a01): nh\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1ee3c. Hai ph\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng, T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 86, tr. 442c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[238] Ht. h\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n 3.<\/span><\/p>\n

TU\u1ec6 S\u1ef8\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> C\u0103n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>. Khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, lo\u1ea1i ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch, ch\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i l\u1eabn nhau. Quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1edfi v\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>: c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, hay ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 (dravya<\/i>). Khi h\u1ecda s\u0129 ph\u1ea5t l\u00ean khung v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0u; t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0u \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau theo s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span> t\u00f9y h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh ba m\u00e0u ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed7i m\u00e0u ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 (dravya<\/i>). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c. Ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eaft n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Xanh hay \u0111\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh, l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. V\u1eady, khi m\u0169i ng\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong m\u00f9i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n \u201cS\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u sinh\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u01b0\u01a1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>. M\u1ed7i t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> ri\u00eang. Trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong ti\u1ebft hai c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> hai ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: (a) ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u sinh\u201d; (b) ph\u1ea7n hai, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, t\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e2m ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u sinh\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebft 1, ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y do nh\u00f3m Phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> Ph\u1ea1n T\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea9m hai: PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T<\/span> C\u0102N<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ti\u1ebft hai: C\u00c1C PH\u00c1P C\u00c2U SINH<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18b15]<\/b>[1] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng[2] nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>,[3] hay t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh?[4]<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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I. S\u1eaeC PH\u00c1P<\/span> C\u00c2U SINH<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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1. TH\u00c0NH PH\u1ea6N<\/span> T\u1ed4 H\u1ee2P S\u1eaeC<\/span><\/h3>\n

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M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> trong n\u0103m ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span>: m\u1ed9t, s\u1eafc; hai, t\u00e2m; ba, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>; b\u1ed1n, t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh<\/span>; n\u0103m, v\u00f4 vi<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00f4 vi<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Nay, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i<\/span> r\u00f5 s\u1eafc t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, vi t\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thanh<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c c\u0103n, c\u00f3 t\u00e1m s\u1ef1;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u00edn s\u1ef1.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 \/\/<\/i>22[5]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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[118b22] T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi t\u1ee5<\/span>[6] \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1i g\u00ec nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thanh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u0103n[7], bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u00e1m s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt[8] c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o. T\u00e1m ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n s\u1edf t\u1ea1o g\u1ed3m s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n[9]; nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00edn ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ee5 c\u00e2u h\u1eefu c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00e2n, c\u00f3 ch\u00edn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>; trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1m s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Vi t\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>[10], ch\u00edn s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft v.v. M\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi th\u00e2n. V\u00ec trong h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau.[11]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c vi t\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00eau tr\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 thanh ph\u00e1t sinh, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n ch\u00edn, m\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t.[12] B\u1edfi v\u00ec x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o khi sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi thanh x\u1ee9 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c thanh sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> do nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span>.[13]<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. X\u00daC GI\u00c1C<\/span> V\u1eacT CH\u1ea4T<\/span> <\/span><\/h3>\n

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i. X\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau khi sinh, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c t\u1ee5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng l\u00fac? <\/span><\/p>\n

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a. Do th\u1ebf d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n h\u01a1n[14] th\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 g\u1ed3m kim nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 que.[15] Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed9t g\u1ea1o rang[16]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec sao trong t\u1ee5 kia m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c? <\/span><\/p>\n

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Do c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span>, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n[17]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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b. Do duy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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1. C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i:[18] do b\u1edfi<\/span> khi g\u1eb7p duy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9ng v.v., b\u00e8n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> v.v\u2026 Nh\u01b0 trong t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, do c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00f3ng.[19]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Tuy[20] kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>[21], nh\u01b0ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau do d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu.[22]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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c. Thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c[23] n\u00f3i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, do ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>,[24] v\u00ec Kinh c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, \u201cTrong t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau.\u201d[25] Gi\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. <\/i>X\u00fac t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec sao bi\u1ebft trong gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u?[26]<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y do tin ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng do suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft.[27] B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c do k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span>; ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1eafc m\u00e0u.[28]<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. S\u1eaeC T\u1ee4 TH\u01af\u1ee2NG GI\u1edaI<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, do b\u1edfi<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>[29]; do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 vi t\u1ee5<\/span> khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thanh g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u, b\u1ea3y, t\u00e1m ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>; khi c\u00f3 thanh g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y, t\u00e1m, ch\u00edn ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. PH\u1ea2N B\u00c1C<\/span><\/h3>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1eadt th\u1ec3,[30] l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u1ec3[31] m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, hay y tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i?[32]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i? <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i.[33] N\u1ebfu y tr\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec t\u00e1m, ch\u00edn, m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u00edt, v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> \u1eaft c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc<\/span>[34] do nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span>. T\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eb9 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t; t\u00ednh tr\u01a1n, nh\u00e1m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1t.[35] N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u00edt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu y tr\u00ean x\u1ee9[36] m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec t\u00e1m, ch\u00edn, m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> trong x\u00fac x\u1ee9, v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u00f3i s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n.[37] V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i.[38] N\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n y tr\u00ean th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span>[39]; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n y tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc n\u0103ng y<\/span>[40]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span>[41] ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1edf y<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng.[42]<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i[43] m\u00e0 n\u00f3i. V\u00ec th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. C\u1ea7n g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?[44] T\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u00fd d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> suy c\u1ee9u<\/span>[45]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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II. T\u00c2M PH\u00c1P<\/span> C\u00c2U SINH<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> xong s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc. C\u00e1c t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, nay ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh,[46]<\/b> ho\u1eb7c (v\u1edbi) \u0111\u1eafc\/\/23ab.[47]<\/b> <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[19a01] <\/b>T\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>, khi khuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t[48] th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>.[49]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u201ct\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh\u201d trong c\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc li\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e2y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, v.v., khi sinh ch\u00fang nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f9ng sinh v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb \u201cho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eafc\u201d,[50] ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng sinh v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng sinh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i \u201cho\u1eb7c\u201d[51]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I T\u00c2M S\u1ede<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>; v\u1eady t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> n\u0103m<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v.v., do lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t\/\/23cd.[52]<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[19a08] C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u0103m ph\u1ea9m. N\u0103m ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 1. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, 2. \u0110\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, 3. \u0110\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, 4. \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, 5. Ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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i. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span> <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ecba l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9<\/span> [53]. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p kia, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecba\u201d[54] c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y. V\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.[55] Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m.[56] Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, d\u1ee5c,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hu\u1ec7, ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m\/\/.24<\/i>[57]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19a16] Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>,[58] m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u1eafp trong m\u1ecdi s\u00e1t na<\/span> t\u00e2m. <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ecd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ba s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p<\/span>[59] kh\u00e1c nhau: kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 phi c\u1ea3 hai. <\/span><\/p>\n

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2. T\u01b0\u1edfng[60] l\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. T\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c.[61]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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4. X\u00fac[62] ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ee9c,[63] c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m. <\/span><\/p>\n

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5. D\u1ee5c l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh.[64]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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6. Hu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p.[65]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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7. Ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb r\u00f5, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

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8. T\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh<\/span> gi\u00e1c.[66]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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9. Th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u1ea5n kh\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.[67]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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10. Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba[68] l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m.[69]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u1eebng c\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, h\u00e0 hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi.[70] C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span> n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u00e0 hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c hu\u1ec7. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. \u0110\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba.[71] Trong \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span>, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00edn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Khinh an<\/span>, x\u1ea3, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hai c\u0103n, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u1ea7n,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u1eafp thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m\/\/25[72]<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[19b02] C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y duy ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00edn ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m l\u1eafng s\u1ea1ch.[73] C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebf, th\u1eadt, nghi\u1ec7p, qu\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00edn[74]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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2. B\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u2013 Nh\u01b0ng, xa l\u00eca<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00e1p sao c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu[75]? \u2013 V\u00ec n\u00f3 (b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa<\/span> n\u01a1i thi\u1ec7n.[76] Theo Kinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c[77] c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00e1i th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. Khinh an<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.[78] \u2013 H\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Kinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> sao?[79] \u2013 Tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u1eady.[80] \u2013 V\u1eady sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp khinh an<\/span> l\u00e0m gi\u00e1c chi? [81] \u2013 N\u00ean bi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n.[82] \u2013 L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c chi?[83] \u2013 V\u00ec n\u00f3 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c chi<\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi gi\u00e1c chi<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m khinh an gi\u00e1c chi<\/span>.[84]<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u0103ng?[85]<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 Kinh[86] n\u00f3i: H\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u1ef7[87] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi<\/span>. S\u00e2n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3[88] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e2n nhu\u1ebf c\u00e1i<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 u\u1ea9n.[89] T\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n tuy t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi hu\u1ec7 n\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> v\u00ec t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c chi<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c chi<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai. <\/span><\/p>\n

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4. T\u00ednh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>[90] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3.[91]<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>[92] v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n?[93]<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 sao![94]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 c\u00e1i tuy kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>, n\u1ebfu quan s\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1ea9m x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i nhau<\/span>[95]?<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau th\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i?[96]<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady[97] th\u00ec hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh. Ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau?[98] C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra,[99] n\u00ean theo l\u00fd th\u00fa<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Nay trong \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. <\/span><\/p>\n

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5-6. Hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> sau.[100]<\/span><\/p>\n

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7-8. Hai c\u0103n[101] l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n<\/span>. Thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00f4 si<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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9. B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i<\/span>[102] l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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10. C\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.[103]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. \u0110\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> l\u1edbn n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba.[104] Trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u00e2m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o? <\/span><\/p>\n

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Si, d\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3i, b\u1ea5t t\u00edn<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00f4n, tr\u1ea1o h\u1eb1ng duy nhi\u1ec5m.\/\/26ab<\/i>[105]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19c04] <\/b>1. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, si l\u00e0 ngu si<\/span>, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span>, v\u00f4 hi\u1ec3n.[106]<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. D\u1eadt ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng tu c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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3. \u0110\u00e3i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u1ea7n (tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. <\/span><\/p>\n

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4. B\u1ea5t t\u00edn<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eebng t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (l\u1eafng trong) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u00edn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. H\u00f4n l\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span>. Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>[107] n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, t\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> linh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> linh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; t\u00ednh h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, t\u00ednh h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u00e2n? \u2013 Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i g\u00ec[108].<\/span><\/p>\n

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6. Tr\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean t\u0129nh.[109]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma<\/i> \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m s\u1edf? V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng trong lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m?[110] \u2013 M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? \u2013 1. B\u1ea5t t\u00edn<\/span>, 2. gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, 3. th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, 4. t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n, 5. v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, 6. b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh<\/span> tri, 7. phi l\u00ed t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, 8. t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, 9. tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>, 10. ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00e0y Thi\u00ean \u00c1i<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft b\u1eaft l\u1eddi[111] m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00fd ch\u1ec9[112].<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1eady \u00fd ch\u1ec9 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/span>, b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh<\/span> tri, phi l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> v\u00f4 si<\/span>, th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span>. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ni\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. \u0110\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c hu\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh<\/span> tri. T\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>.[113]<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba sao? C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1ed1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span>.[114] Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, d\u1ee5c. Th\u1ee9 hai: b\u1ea5t t\u00edn<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba: n\u0103m ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean: ni\u1ec7m v.v.[115] Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3.[116]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c[117] cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec<\/span> (\u0111\u1ecbnh),[118] kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y.[119] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> b\u1ed1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y.[120]<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>[121] cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>. V\u1eady thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o sai l\u1ea7m?[122]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00fd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec n\u00f3 thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec<\/span>. Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.[123]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ai thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed? Ai l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m? Hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh. Tuy v\u1eady, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00f9y theo<\/span> t\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i \u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00f9y theo<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span>[124] m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ph\u00e1p. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u. V\u00ec S\u00e1u t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> n\u00e0y duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba. <\/span><\/p>\n

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iv. \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba.[125]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Duy v\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span>, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span>.\/\/26cd<\/i>[126]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20a10] Duy hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00e2u h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span>, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> sau.[127]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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v. Ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p[128] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba. Trong \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p. Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1eabn, ph\u00fa, xan, t\u1eadt, n\u00e3o,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ea1i, h\u1eadn, si\u1ec3m, cu\u1ed1ng, ki\u00eau;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.\/\/27<\/i>[129]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[0020a18] Lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf, duy ch\u1ec9[130] t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, ph\u00e1t sinh trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>.[131] Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang r\u1ebb, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.[132] Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> sau trong ph\u1ea7n t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.[133]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m ph\u1ea9m t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>;[134] \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9, v.v\u2026[135]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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2. T\u1ea4T Y\u1ebeU C\u00c2U SINH<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

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i. D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span>, trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u00f3 t\u1ee9,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede trong t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m thi\u1ec7n,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 khi th\u00eam \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>,\/\/28[136]<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1edb ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed1n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, ph\u1eabn v.v.,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ed0 t\u00e1c<\/span>, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t.\/\/29<\/i>[137]<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1eefu ph\u00fa<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00f4 ph\u00fa r\u1eb1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u1eafp ch\u1eb3ng tr\u00e1i,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00eam m\u1ed9t.\/\/30<\/i>[138]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20b01] V\u1ea3, trong d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u1ea9m t\u00e2m c\u00f3 n\u0103m: 1. thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t. 2-3. b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 hai: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> kh\u00e1c; 4-5. v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f3 hai: h\u1eefu ph\u00fa<\/span> v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u00e2m \u1edf d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u00f3 t\u1ee9, n\u00ean t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00f9ng sinh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ph\u00e1p, m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 hai b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>; khi c\u00f3 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>, n\u00f3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ba. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ed0 t\u00e1c<\/span>[139] l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> gh\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh truy h\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>[140]. Nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00f4n<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng (gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00f4n<\/span>)[141]; v\u00f4 tham<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (qu\u00e1n).[142]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, l\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> theo s\u1edf y<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i n\u0103ng y<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i, \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4n, \u1ea5p, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp<\/span>.\u201d[143] \u1ed0 t\u00e1c<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy h\u1ed1i. Cho n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 s\u1edf y<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, y theo<\/span> th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u00abS\u00e1u x\u00fac x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 t\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p.\u00bb[144]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>,[145] sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u0169ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00ean \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 truy h\u1ed1i r\u1eb1ng \u00abTr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y\u00a0t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> x\u1ea5u (\u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>) c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u00bb[146]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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\u1ed0 t\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh truy h\u1ed1i trong t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i trong hai \u0111\u1ec1u y tr\u00ean hai c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Trong b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ph\u00e1p, s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, hai \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9.\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>[147]? T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>[148], kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tham, v.v\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Trong b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 20 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn[149] m\u00e0 c\u00f3 21; v\u00ec ch\u00ednh hu\u1ec7<\/span> trong 10 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.[150]<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 n\u00f3i trong t\u00e2m n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7<\/span> ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7<\/span>.[151]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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3. Trong t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 21 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>: 20 nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span>, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t trong 4 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, tham v.v\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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4. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, ph\u1eabn v.v\u2026 n\u00eau tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 21 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>: 20 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u00eam m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, ph\u1eabn v.v\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 21 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> th\u1ee9 21. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20, ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi 4 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u00f3 21. <\/span><\/p>\n

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6. N\u1ebfu trong t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> h\u1eefu ph\u00fa<\/span>[152] th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 18 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>: 10 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, 6 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 2 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> h\u1eefu ph\u00fa<\/span> \u1edf trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1t-ca-da-ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 bi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng, n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ph\u00fa c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 12 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>: 10 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 2 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i[153] cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>; t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 13 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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7. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau tr\u00ean, v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 3 t\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>.[154] B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ea9m ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u0103ng: 22 t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh 23 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 23 t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh 24. T\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng theo th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Nay s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f9ng \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span>;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trung \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea7m;<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean, tr\u1eeb t\u1eeb, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i\/\/31.<\/i>[155]<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[20c19] 1. Trong s\u01a1 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb duy ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span>[156]; c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u00f3i \u201cduy ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n\u201d,[157] l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> g\u1ed3m s\u00e2n, v\u00e0 (t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> g\u1ed3m) ph\u1eabn c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 (nh\u01b0ng) tr\u1eeb si\u1ec3m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span>. N\u00f3i \u201cc\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>.[158]<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. T\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> trung gian<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, l\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u00eam t\u1ea7m, ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1edf l\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, l\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb \u201cc\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i\u201d[159] \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 tr\u1eeb th\u00eam cu\u1ed1ng, si\u1ec3m; ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7[160]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Kinh n\u00f3i, cu\u1ed1ng, si\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span>[161]; t\u1eeb c\u00f5i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n 2 t\u00e2m n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, b\u1ed7ng T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> M\u00e3 Th\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi: \u201cTrong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00ec b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u01b0 t\u00e0n?\u201d Ph\u1ea1m v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o, b\u00e8n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i l\u00e3ng: \u201cTa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>, l\u00e0 T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a ch\u1ee7<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng Sinh s\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng D\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c<\/span>, l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.\u201d Sau khi n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ph\u1ea1m v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u00e8n d\u1eabn T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> M\u00e3 Th\u1eafng<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1eefa th\u1eb9n<\/span>, b\u1ea3o T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecfi Ph\u1eadt[162].<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. SAI BI\u1ec6T<\/span> LO\u1ea0I T\u1ee2<\/span><\/h3>\n

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i. V\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span> – v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0m, qu\u00ed: kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00c1i, k\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00edn, t\u00e0m,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf D\u1ee5c, S\u1eafc.<\/i>[163]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[21a07] 1. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng cung k\u00ednh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng s\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng,[164] kh\u00f4ng \u00fay k\u1ef5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng[165] \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c,[166] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cung k\u00ednh<\/span> \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n s\u0129 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i.[167] \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i s\u1ee3 l\u00e0 n\u00eau r\u00f5 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3\u201d l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00eau r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? Mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3, hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y (qu\u1ea3) \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3<\/span> kia, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3?[168] N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o? <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 sai. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span>.[169] N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y (qu\u1ea3) \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3<\/span> kia n\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1eady n\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u00ec? <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho hai c\u00e1i \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span>.[170]<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. C\u00f3 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span>[171] n\u00f3i: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span>; qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span>.[172]<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, hai s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0m sao sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i hai s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh hay v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e0m<\/span>. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, khi suy x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 qu\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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ii. T\u00e0m v\u00e0 qu\u00fd<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa t\u00e0m v\u00e0 qu\u00fd, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, c\u00f3 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00fay k\u1ecb, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0m; th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00fd. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai, theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra, t\u1ef1 x\u00e9t m\u00ecnh<\/span> th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0m, x\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00fd. \u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa t\u00e0m v\u00e0 qu\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

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iii. \u00c1i v\u00e0 k\u00ednh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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1. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u00ednh\u00a0:[173] \u00c1i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn. \u00c1i c\u00f3 hai: nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>. Nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i<\/span>,[174] nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> v\u1ee3 con<\/span> v.v., kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn, nh\u01b0 y\u00eau k\u00ednh s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.[175]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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a. T\u00edn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

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b. Y\u00eau k\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn l\u00e0 \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> \u00f4.<\/span><\/p>\n

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c. C\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00edn v\u00e0 y\u00eau k\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00edn duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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d. Kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng<\/span> y\u00eau k\u00ednh: ngo\u00e0i ba lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i: T\u00edn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c. Do t\u00edn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, sau m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh y\u00eau k\u00ednh, cho n\u00ean \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00edn.<\/span><\/p>\n

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K\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean, t\u00e0m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span> \u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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a. T\u00e0m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh: t\u00e0m duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

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b. C\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00e0m v\u00e0 k\u00ednh: t\u00e0m duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i: K\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng. Do k\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5<\/span>, cho n\u00ean k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0m. V\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la, n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1i, k\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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a. \u00c1i kh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng chung.<\/span><\/p>\n

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b. K\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u00e1i: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao qu\u00fd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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c. C\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u00e1i, k\u00ednh: t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9<\/span>, ch\u00fa b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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d. Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh: ngo\u00e0i ba ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba t\u00edn, t\u00e0m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1edf V\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> gi\u1edbi? <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00c1i, k\u00ednh c\u00f3 hai, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la.[176] \u00c1i, k\u00ednh duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba c\u00f5i<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u00fd n\u00f3i duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la, (n\u00ean n\u00f3i) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>.[177]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u00e1i, k\u00ednh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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iv. T\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 – m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ki\u00eau<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9, m\u1ea1n, ki\u00eau kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9: t\u00e2m th\u00f4, t\u1ebf,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ea1n: t\u00e2m b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ki\u00eau: \u0111\u1eafm nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m cao kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/i>[178]\/\/33\/<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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a. T\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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[21b18] S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9[179], ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u00f4, t\u1ebf. T\u00ednh th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m, t\u00ednh vi t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ee9.[180]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o hai t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> nhau trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m?<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. C\u00f3 v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>[181]: Nh\u01b0 v\u00e1ng s\u1eefa n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng<\/span> m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean v\u00e1ng s\u1eefa. V\u00e1ng s\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tan ch\u1ea3y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i do nh\u00e2n b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; t\u00e2m do t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 th\u00f4 hay qu\u00e1 t\u1ebf, cho n\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady,[182] t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4, t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4, t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng<\/span> m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho (v\u00e1ng s\u1eefa) \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i hay tan ch\u1ea3y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i hay tan ch\u1ea3y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, t\u00ednh th\u00f4, t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> theo s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p theo sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span>[183], cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f5i H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea3nh c\u0169ng v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u00f3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3[184] t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9.[185]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i[186], n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau.[187]<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c[188] n\u00f3i, hai ph\u00e1p t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t sinh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.[189] Nh\u01b0 Kinh n\u00f3i, \u201cSau khi suy t\u1ea7m, sau khi t\u1ee9 s\u00e1t<\/span>, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 suy t\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 s\u00e1t<\/span>.\u201d[190] Trong nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y, th\u00f4 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m, vi t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ee9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hai ph\u00e1p th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, theo l\u00fd, c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?[191]<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u00fd[192]; nh\u01b0ng do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean l\u00fd th\u00e0nh ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>; v\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u00f4, t\u1ebf c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 sai kh\u00e1c?[193]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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H\u00e3y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.[194]<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay h\u1ea1.[195]<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 khi \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 khi h\u1ea1.[196]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Do v\u1eady n\u00ean bi\u1ebft hai ph\u00e1p t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m.[197]<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao trong kh\u1ebf kinh<\/span>[198] n\u00f3i s\u01a1 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m thi\u1ec1n chi<\/span>[199]?<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m thi\u1ec1n chi<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1edb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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b. M\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ki\u00eau<\/i><\/b>: <\/span><\/p>\n

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1. M\u1ea1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u00fd[200] \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao, t\u1ef1 th\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, khinh mi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea1n.[201]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng[202], ki\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh[203], do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m cao ng\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ai.[204]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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2. C\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c[205] n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 do u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ed1c vui k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng[206], n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 say[207]; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1c vui ph\u00e1t sinh do tham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u00eau. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ki\u00eau. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. <\/span><\/p>\n

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v. T\u00e2m-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng, trong kh\u1ebf kinh<\/span>, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> ngh\u0129a, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i danh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nay s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y. <\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u0103m ngh\u0129a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1eefu y v\u00e0 h\u1eefu duy\u00ean<\/span>, <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>.\/\/34<\/i>[208]<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[21c20] 1. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m.[209] Do suy l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd.[210] Do c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.[211]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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2. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c[212]: do s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m.[213] Ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd[214]; l\u00e0 n\u0103ng y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.[215] Cho n\u00ean, ba danh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.[216]<\/span> <\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ba t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c; ba danh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu s\u1edf y<\/span>, h\u1eefu s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>, h\u1eefu h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tuy sai kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1eefu s\u1edf y<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u0103n l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span>.[217] Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1eefu s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>.[218] Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>,[219] v\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> theo t\u1eebng ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>[220]. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/i> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>[221]. <\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p?<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u0103m ngh\u0129a. T\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng theo n\u0103m ngh\u0129a n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1edf y<\/span>, s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>, h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3[222] \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> ph\u00e1p.[223]<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> ngh\u0129a sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T.S.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n <\/span><\/p>\n

[1] B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n, quy\u1ec3n 4.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[2] T\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u76f8\u4e0d\u540c, skt. bhinnalak\u1e63a\u1e47\u0101<\/i>; Vy\u0101khya: nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 s\u1eafc (r\u016bpyate iti r\u016bpam<\/i>), c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 th\u1ecd (anubhavo vedan\u0101<\/i>), c\u00e1i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (nimittodgraha\u1e47a\u1e43<\/i>), v.v., cf. i. 14c-d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[3] Skt. bhinnotp\u0101d\u0101\u1e25<\/i>: sinh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[4] Skt. saha-utp\u0101da<\/i>. H\u00e1n: c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> \u4ff1\u751f: sinh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, sinh c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi do kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n hay do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u duy\u00ean c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vy\u0101khy\u0101 v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>: \u201cut\u0101ho niyatasahotp\u0101d\u0101 api kecit santi iti<\/i>\u201d\/ santi hi kecit sahotp\u0101d\u0101\u1e25, na tu niyatasahotp\u0101d\u0101\u1e25\/ yath\u0101 cak\u1e63ur\u0101disahotp\u0101d\u0101s tatvij\u00f1\u0101n\u0101daya\u015b cak\u1e63ur\u0101d\u012bn\u0101\u1e43 sabh\u0101ga-tatsabh\u0101gabh\u0101v\u0101t \/ tasm\u0101t eva\u1e43 p\u1e5bcchati<\/i>: (Lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i) \u201cHo\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh?\u201d M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft v.v. l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c v.v. t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eaft c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (i, 39b-d; khi m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>; khi l\u00e0 b\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>). Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[5] H\u00e1n & Skt. k\u0101 22. k\u0101me\u2019 \u1e63\u1e6dadravyako\u2019\u015babda\u1e25 param\u0101\u1e47ur anindriya\u1e25\/ k\u0101yendriy\u012b navadraya\u1e25 da\u015badravyo\u2019 parendriya\u1e25.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[6] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng<\/span>. H\u00e1n: vi t\u1ee5<\/span> <\/i> \u5fae\u805a (sa\u1e45gh\u0101taparam\u0101\u1e47u<\/i>),<\/i> t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp<\/span> hay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span>. Trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n skt. n\u00f3 l\u00e0 param\u0101\u1e47u<\/i>: c\u1ef1c vi<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 Bh\u0101\u1e63ya gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: sarvas\u016bk\u1e63mo hi r\u016bpasa\u1e45gh\u0101ta\u1e25 param\u0101\u1e47ur ity ucyate<\/i>, c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 th\u00eam: sa\u1e45gh\u0101taparam\u0101\u1e47ur na dravyaparam\u0101\u1e47u\u1e25<\/i>, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eadt v\u1eadt. N\u00f3i c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eadt v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (dravya<\/i>) m\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span>. Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> 10 <\/i>(tr.338c10-c14): \u201cTrong s\u1eafc h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa; ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c vi<\/span>…Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> nhau kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p; t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi t\u1ee5<\/span>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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[7] V\u00f4 thanh<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u0103n<\/span> \u7121\u8072\u7121\u6839; skt. a\u015babda, anindriya<\/i>: c\u00e1c vi t\u1ee5<\/span> khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh thanh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u0103n. N\u00f3i v\u00f4 c\u0103n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 vi t\u1ee5<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Vy\u0101khya: k\u0101madh\u0101tau yad\u0101 \u015babdo\u2019tra notpadyate, tad\u0101 niyatam a\u1e63\u1e6dadravyaka eva bhavati, n\u0101to ny\u016bnadravyaka\u1e25<\/i>, \u201cTrong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, khi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 thanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00e1m v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o.\u201d Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> 10 <\/i>(tr. 338c16-c18): Khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> k\u00edch l\u1eabn nhau b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh thanh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o ch\u00fang c\u0169ng k\u00edch l\u1eabn nhau, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thanh. Vi t\u1ee5<\/span> khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc g\u1ed3m 8 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu khi c\u00f3 thanh, vi t\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 9 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[8] H\u00e1n: s\u1ef1 \u4e8b, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, th\u1eadt th\u1ec3; skt. dravya<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[9] H\u00e1n: h\u1eefu c\u0103n \u6709\u6839; skt. sendriya<\/i>: c\u0103n c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span>, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u0103n, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u0103n; v\u1ecb t\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[10] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: aparam indriya\u1e43 yatra param\u0101\u1e47au tatra da\u015ba dravy\u0101\u1e47i<\/i>, trong t\u1ee5 c\u1ef1c vi<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u0103n kh\u00e1c (m\u1eaft, tai…, tr\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>), \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[11] M\u1ed7i c\u0103n chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yatrahi cak\u1e63u\u1e25 \u015brotr\u0101di v\u0101 tatra k\u0101yendraye\u1e47a bhavitavyam, tatpratibaddhav\u1e5bttitv\u0101t cak\u1e63ur\u0101d\u012bn\u0101\u1e43<\/i>: N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1eaft hay tai v.v. n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft v.v. ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[12] T\u1ee5 8 s\u1ef1, c\u1ecdng th\u00eam thanh, t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh 9, v.v. Trong vi t\u1ee5<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>, c\u00f3 9 ho\u1eb7c 10 s\u1ef1; 8 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, th\u00eam th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>, khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t thanh, c\u00f3 9 s\u1ef1; khi ph\u00e1t sinh thanh, c\u00f3 10. Vi t\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c, 10 ho\u1eb7c 11; lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[13] Xem Ch. i. t\u1ee5ng 10b. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[14] B\u1ea3o s\u1edb<\/span> <\/i> (tr. 526a12): T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa <\/i> n\u00eau hai thuy\u1ebft: th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng<\/span>. Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i> theo thuy\u1ebft th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng<\/span>. Th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng hay d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u v\u1ecb<\/span>, s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng u\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i do b\u1edfi<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng hay d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng<\/span>. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 131<\/i>, tr. 682c23, 683a9; Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> 5,<\/i> tr. 354b21.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15] s\u016bc\u012bt\u016bn\u012b(t\u016bl\u012b)kal\u0101paspar\u015ba<\/i>; Ht. \u91dd\u92d2\u8207\u7c4c\u5408
<lb n=”0018c05″\/>\u89f8; C\u0111. \u91dd\u92d2\u53ca
<lb n=”0178a02″\/>\u7dbf\u89f8.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16] H\u00e1n, Ht.&C\u0111. \u9ea8, sao<\/i>: ph\u1ea5n hay b\u1ed9t rang. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i>\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u9eb5 mi\u1ebfn<\/i>. Skt. saktulava\u1e47ac\u016br\u1e47arasa<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[17] Skt. dh\u1e5bti-sa\u1e43graha-pakti-vy\u016bhana,<\/i> Ht. \u6301\u651d\u719f\u9577; C\u0111. \u6301\u651d\u719f\u5f15; c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3; xem Ch.i. k.12. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: sa\u1e43grahakarma\u1e47\u0101bdh\u0101tor astitva\u1e43 gamyate k\u0101\u1e63\u1e6dh\u0101dike<\/i>\/ anyath\u0101 p\u0101\u1e43sumu\u1e63\u1e6divat tad vi\u015b\u012bryeta<\/i>, yadi tatr\u0101bdh\u0101tur na sy\u0101t<\/i>\/ dh\u1e5btikarma\u1e47\u0101psu nauprabh\u1e5bt\u012bn\u0101\u1e43 p\u1e5bthiv\u012bdh\u0101tor astitva\u1e43 gamyate\/<\/i> paktikarma\u1e47\u0101 tejodh\u0101tor astitvam gamyate<\/i>\/ yadi hi tan na sy\u0101t k\u0101\u1e63\u1e6dh\u0101d\u012bka\u1e43 na p\u016bt\u012bbhavet <\/i>\/ vy\u016bhanakarma\u1e47\u0101 v\u0101yudh\u0101tor astitva\u1e43 gamyate\/ prasarpa\u1e47a\u1e43 hi tasyana sy\u0101t, v\u1e5bddhir v\u0101, yadi v\u0101yudh\u0101tus tatra na sy\u0101t\/<\/i>: Do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> k\u1ebft d\u00ednh m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft trong g\u1ed7 v.v. c\u00f3 th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u1ebfu trong n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi<\/span>, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd r\u00e3 ra nh\u01b0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea5t. Do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 ghe thuy\u1ec1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (\u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00edn) m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 h\u1ecfa gi\u1edbi<\/span>; m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ecfa gi\u1edbi<\/span>, g\u1ed7 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ee5c r\u00e3. Do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 phong gi\u1edbi<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span> hay t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[18] Vy\u0101khya: thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bhadanta \u015ar\u012bl\u0101bha. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 72a11): thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19] Vy\u0101khya: tadyath\u0101 agnibh\u016bte sati ka\u1e6dhinasya lohasya drava\u1e47am<\/i>, tena j\u00f1\u0101yate \u2013 lohe\u2019abdh\u0101tur ast\u012bti<\/i>\/ tath\u0101 dravasya \u015baity\u0101dipratyayal\u0101bhe k\u0101\u1e6dhinyam, tena j\u00f1\u0101yate – p\u1e5bthiv\u012bdh\u0101tor atr\u0101stitvam iti<\/i>. Nh\u01b0 khi g\u1eb7p l\u1eeda, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 kim lo\u1ea1i tan ch\u1ea3y; do \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi<\/span>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, khi g\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u1ea1nh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee9ng; do \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 72a13 ): \u201cNh\u01b0 t\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc do c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4ng. Tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng… L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 khi tr\u1eddi s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed5 m\u01b0a, t\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> do c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 k\u00edch ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1edbp; do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20] Vy\u0101khya: b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u015ar\u012bl\u0101bha v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (ta\u1e43 matam \u0101c\u0101ryo d\u016b\u1e63ayati<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[21] Ht. & C\u0111. \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng ly<\/i> \u4e0d\u76f8\u96e2; Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr.72a17): n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau… (tr.72a19): Nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u1ea1nh, x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> y\u1ebfu, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5. Trong tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u1ea1nh, x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span> y\u1ebfu n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1c. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 khi tay v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea1m nhau m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng do ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea3o s\u1edb<\/span><\/i> (tr.526b7): b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng, th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng ly, nh\u01b0ng do d\u1ee5ng th\u1eafng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p<\/span>, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o d\u1ee5ng th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Skt. avyatibheda<\/i>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng ly <\/i> \u4e0d\u76f8\u96e2; Vy\u0101hkhya: yath\u0101 na ca \u015babdasya dravy\u0101ntare\u1e47a vyatibhedo mi\u015br\u012bbh\u0101vo\u2019sti, ati\u015baya\u015b ca bhavati, svabh\u0101v\u0101t pa\u1e6du\u1e25 \u015babda\u1e25 pa\u1e6dutama iti\/ <\/i>nh\u01b0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[22] xem cht. tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[23] Vy\u0101khya: ity apara iti sautr\u0101ntik\u0101\u1e25<\/i>, \u201clu\u1eadn s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[24] Trong s\u1eafc t\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> (ti\u1ec1m th\u1ebf). Vy\u0101khya: ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> (b\u012bja<\/i>) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span> (\u015bakti, s\u0101marthya<\/i>); t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (svar\u016bpa<\/i>) ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (dravya<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[25] T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m 18<\/i>, T2 tr. 129a1: \u6bd4<pb ed=”T” n=”0129a”\/>
<lb n=”0129a01″\/>\u4e18\u3002\u79aa\u601d\u5f97\u795e\u901a\u529b\u3002\u81ea \u5728\u5982\u610f\u3002\u6b32\u4ee4\u67af\u6a39\u6210
<lb n=”0129a02″\/>\u91d1\u3002\u5373\u6642 \u6210\u91d1\u4e0d\u7570\u3002\u53ca \u9918\u7a2e \u7a2e\u8af8 \u7269\u3002\u6089\u6210\u4e0d
<lb n=”0129a03″\/>\u7570\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8005\u4f55\u3002\u4ee5\u5f7c\u67af\u6a39\u6709\u7a2e\u7a2e\u754c\u6545\u3002\u201dT\u1ef3 kheo thi\u1ec1n t\u1ee9<\/span>, \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c<\/span>, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn c\u00e2y kh\u00f4 th\u00e0nh v\u00e0ng, ngay t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec c\u00e2y kh\u00f4 kia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[26] Vy\u0101khya: (Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>) ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>. T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u trong t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[27] Vy\u0101khya: T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[28] C\u0111. \u65bc\u98a8\u56db\u5875\u4e0d\u5b9a\u6545 \u1edf n\u01a1i gi\u00f3, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: trong gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f9i<\/span> th\u01a1m n\u00ean suy bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc<\/span>. Gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i gi\u00f3 v\u00e0ng (gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c<\/i>), gi\u00f3 \u0111en (= b\u00e3o<\/i>); nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i gi\u00f3 m\u00e1t \u2013 thanh phong<\/i>, lo\u1ea1i gi\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[29] Xem Ch.i k. 30b-d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[30] H\u00e1n: s\u1ef1<\/i> \u4e8b, skt. dravya<\/i>: v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[31] H\u00e1n: th\u1ec3 \u9ad4, skt. dravya<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[32] Ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>; xem \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean: T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> vi t\u1ee5<\/span> trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> 8 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: dravyam eva dravya\u1e43 g\u1e5bhyate ahosvid \u0101yatanam<\/i>? C\u0111. \u70ba\u7d04
<lb n=”0178a14″\/>\u7269\u8aaa\u7269\u3002\u70ba\u7d04\u5165\u8aaa\u7269 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1eadt, hay c\u0103n c\u1ee9 x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eadt? V\u0101khya: mukhyav\u1e5btty\u0101 yad dravya\u1e43 yasya svalak\u1e63a\u1e47am asti tad dravya\u1e43 g\u1e5bhyate? ahosvid \u0101yatanam<\/i>? dravyam ity adhik\u1e5btam\/ \u0101yatanam api hi dravyam iti \u015bakyate vaktum; s\u0101m\u0101nyavi\u015be\u1e63alak\u1e63a\u1e47asadbh\u0101v\u0101t<\/i>\/ V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a, t\u1eeb dravya<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, hay n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho x\u1ee9? Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, x\u1ee9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, v\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[33] Ch\u1ec9 l\u1ed7i trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> vi t\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[34] H\u00e1n: t\u1ea5t h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> s\u1eafc<\/i>, Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: ava\u015bya\u1e43 tad dravyasa\u1e43sth\u0101nen\u0101pi bhavitavyam<\/i>: t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc<\/span> (h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span>) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (dravya<\/i>) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc<\/span> (s\u1eafc m\u00e0u). Trong s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc<\/span> (s\u1eafc m\u00e0u) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc<\/span> (h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3) n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> trong s\u1eafc qu\u00e1 \u00edt so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[35] Trong x\u00fac, ngo\u00e0i x\u00fac b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 x\u00fac n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1eb7ng th\u00ec nh\u1eb9, kh\u00f4ng tr\u01a1n th\u00ec nh\u00e1m; 3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a x\u00fac v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3i, kh\u00e1t, khi c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[36] H\u00e1n: x\u1ee9 <\/i> \u8655, Skt. \u0101yatanam<\/i>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i>(q.3, tr.72c22): x\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 12 x\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[37] Vy\u0101khya: spra\u1e63\u1e6davya\u1e43 dvividha\u1e43 iti vacan\u0101t\/ tasm\u0101t k\u0101me caturdravyako\u2019\u015babdha\u1e25 – r\u016bpa\u1e43 gandho rasa\u1e25 spra\u1e63\u1e6davyam iti\/ sa\u015babdhas tu pa\u00f1cadravyaka iti vaktavyam<\/i>\/ V\u00ec Lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng (i.35) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, x\u00fac c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i; do \u0111\u00f3 trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 thanh<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac. Lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu thanh n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[38] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[39] Vy\u0101khya: yad \u0101\u015brayabh\u016btam iti p\u1e5bthivy\u0101d\u012bni catv\u0101ri<\/i>\/ c\u00e1i l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ecba v.v\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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[40] Vy\u0101khya: yad \u0101\u015brayibh\u016btam iti\/ r\u016bpa\u1e43 gandho rasa\u1e25 spra\u1e63\u1e6davyaide\u015ba\u015bca<\/i>\/ c\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u0103ng y<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[41] H\u00e1n: \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u5927\u7a2e\u4e8b; Skt. bh\u016btadravya<\/i>: v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[42] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: C\u00e1c t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc (up\u0101d\u0101yar\u016bpa<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1edf y<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc hay h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 5 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3; 4 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 20. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu thanh, con s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 25.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[43] Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, Skt. j\u0101tidravya\u1e43<\/i>: v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (dravya<\/i>) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i (j\u0101ti<\/i>). Vy\u0101khya: y\u0101 hy ekasya bh\u016btacatu\u1e63kasya j\u0101tis t\u0101m any\u0101\u1e47i bh\u016btacatu\u1e63k\u0101\u1e47i n\u0101tikr\u0101manti<\/i>, ch\u1ee7ng l\u1ecdai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[44] K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1edfi Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>. Vy\u0101khya: ki\u00f1cid atra dravyam eva dravya\u1e43 g\u1e5bhyate yad\u0101\u015brayabh\u016btam\/ ki\u00f1cid \u0101yatanadravya\u1e43 g\u1e5bhyate yad\u0101\u015briyabh\u016btam\/ yac caitad \u0101\u015brayabh\u016bta\u1e43 taj j\u0101ty\u0101 g\u1e5bhyata iti<\/i>\/ khi n\u00e0o v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (dravyam eva<\/i>), th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span>; khi n\u00e0o v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 x\u1ee9, khi \u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u0103ng y<\/span>. C\u00e1i l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c hi\u1ec3u theo ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[45] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: chandata icch\u0101ta\u1e25 sa\u1e43k\u1e63epavistaravidh\u0101n\u0101nuvidh\u0101yinyo v\u0101ca\u1e25 pravartante\/ arthas tu t\u0101s\u0101\u1e43 par\u012bk\u1e63ya\u1e25\/ <\/i>D\u1ee5c, \u00fd d\u1ee5c hay \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> – Do \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> quy t\u1eafc<\/span> t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c hay di\u1ec5n r\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh. Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 duy<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[46] Skt. sarva\u1e43 sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btalak\u1e63a\u1e47ai\u1e25<\/i>\/ t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu vi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[47] Skt. k\u0101 23ab: citta caitt\u0101\u1e25<\/i> sah\u0101va\u015bya\u1e43 sarva\u1e43 sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btalak\u1e63a\u1e47ai\u1e25 pr\u0101pty\u0101 v\u0101\/<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[48] T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>,v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: na hy ete vin\u0101\u2019nyonya\u1e43 bhavitum utsahante<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[49] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: na citta\u1e43 caittair vin\u0101 utpadyate, n\u0101pi caitt\u0101 vin\u0101 cittenety avadh\u0101ryate\/ na tu sarva\u1e43 citta\u1e43 sarvacaittaniyatasahotp\u0101dam, n\u0101pi sarvacaitt\u0101\u1e25 sarvacittaniyatasahotp\u0101d\u0101 iti<\/i>: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[50] skt. pr\u0101pty\u0101 v\u0101<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[51] Skt: Bh\u0101\u1e63y\u0101: vikalp\u0101rtho v\u0101<\/b>\u015babda\u1e25<\/i>: T\u1eeb \u201cho\u1eb7c\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ki\u00f1cit pr\u0101pty\u0101 sahotpadyate yat sattvasa\u1e43khy\u0101tam, ki\u00f1cin na yad asattvasa\u1e43khy\u0101tam iti vikalpa\u1e25\/ pratisa\u1e43khy\u0101pratisa\u1e43khy\u0101nirodhayo\u1e25 yady api pr\u0101pti\u1e25 asti, na tu t\u0101v utpadyete iti na tayor graha\u1e47am,\/ sahotp\u0101dananiyamo hy am\u0101rambha iti, asattvasa\u1e43khy\u0101tasya pr\u0101ptir n\u0101styti kim atra k\u0101ra\u1e47am? sarvasattvas\u0101dh\u0101ra\u1e47atv\u0101t\/ sahajayaiva ca pr\u0101pty\u0101 pr\u0101ptim\u0101n sahotpadyate, na p\u016brvapa\u015bc\u0101tk\u0101lajayety avagantavyam<\/i>: Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i phi h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ecnh. Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng hai c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>; n\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Phi h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00ec sao? V\u00ec t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00f9ng sinh m\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[52] Skt. K\u0101 23cd: pa\u00f1cadh\u0101 caitt\u0101 mah\u0101bh\u016bmy\u0101di bhedata\u1e25\/\/<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[53] C\u0111. s\u1edf h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9 \u6240\u884c\u8655<\/span>. Skt. gativi\u1e63aya<\/i>: c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1edf h\u00e0nh hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u5bb9\u6b62\u8655.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[54] bh\u016bmi<\/i>, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[55] mah\u0101bh\u016bmika<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[56] Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 384a26): \u5fc3\u975e\u5927\u5730\u6cd5\u3002\u975e\u5fc3\u4ff1\u751f\u6545\u3002t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng sinh v\u1edbi t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[57]Skt. K\u0101 24: vedan\u0101 cetan\u0101 sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101 cchanda\u1e25 spar\u015bo mati\u1e25 sm\u1e5bti\u1e25<\/i>\/ manask\u0101ro\u2019dhimok\u1e63a\u015b ca sam\u0101dhi\u1e25 sarvacetasi<\/i>: th\u1ecd, t\u01b0, t\u01b0\u1edfng, d\u1ee5c, x\u00fac, hu\u1ec7, ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh; ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n<\/span> di\u1eb9n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 (cetan\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Ht. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[58] T\u1ee9c theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa. Vy\u0101khya: kila\u015babda\u1e25 paramatadyotane\/svamata\u1e43 tu chand\u0101daya\u1e25 sarvacetasi na bhavanti<\/i>\/ T\u1eeb \u201ctruy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft\u201d ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Theo Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>, d\u1ee5c v.v. kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: Theo \u00fd Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng 10 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201ctruy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[59] x. Ch.i k.14c: vedan\u0101\u2019nubh\u0101va\u1e25<\/i>: th\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[60] B\u1ea3n Skt. n\u00f3i t\u01b0 cetan\u0101<\/i> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101<\/i>. x. Ch.i. k. 14cd: sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101 nimittodgraha\u1e47\u0101tmik\u0101<\/i>, t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[61] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: cetan\u0101 citt\u0101bhisa\u1e43sk\u0101ro manaskarma<\/i>, t\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh (t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. C\u0111. \u4f5c\u610f\u8b02\u5fc3\u6545\u70ba\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[62] B\u1ea3n Skt. n\u00f3i d\u1ee5c (chanda<\/i>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00fac (spar\u015ba<\/i>). C\u0111. nh\u01b0 Skt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[63] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: spar\u015ba indriyavi\u1e63ayavij\u00f1\u0101nasannip\u0101t\u1ea1j\u0101<\/i> sp\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di:<\/i> x\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u0103n-c\u1ea3nh-th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[64] Lu\u1eadn Pa<\/i>\u00f1caskandha<\/i>, d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101: chanda\u1e25 katama\u1e25?abhiprete vastuny abhil\u0101\u1e63a\u1e25<\/i>, d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? S\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch. Cf. Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>, T31, tr. 848c14.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[65]Skt. mati\u1e25 praj\u00f1\u0101 dharmapravicaya\u1e25. <\/i>C\u0111. \u6167\u8b02\u822c\u82e5\u3002\u5373\u662f\u64c7\u6cd5\u3002Vy\u0101khy\u0101: pravicinot\u012bti pravicaya\u1e25\/ pravic\u012byante v\u0101nena dharm\u0101 iti pravicaya\u1e25\/ yena sa\u1e43k\u012br\u1e47\u0101 iva dharm\u0101\u1e25 pu\u1e63p\u0101\u1e47\u012bva pravic\u012byante, ucc\u012byante ity artha\u1e25\/ ime s\u0101srav\u0101\u1e25, ime\u2019n\u0101srav\u0101\u1e25, ime r\u016bpi\u1e47a\u1e25, ime ar\u016bpi\u1e47a iti\/ dharm\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 pravicayo <\/i>dharmapravicaya\u1e25\/ prat\u012btatv\u0101t praj\u00f1eti vaktavye \u015blokabandh\u0101nugu\u1e47yena matir iti k\u0101rik\u0101y\u0101m uktam<\/i>: N\u00f3 tuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ch<\/span> (=t\u01b0 duy th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t) n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ch<\/span> (=gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch). Do th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t (t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch<\/span>) m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a<\/span> (tuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ch<\/span>). C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1ng hoa l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/span>, do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ch<\/span> (l\u1ef1a), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp (ch\u1ecdn). C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, c\u00f3 s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>. V\u00ec t\u00ednh li\u1ec5u tri<\/span> n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 [th\u1eafng] hu\u1ec7. Do t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00e2m lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a thi t\u1ee5ng n\u00ean t\u1eeb mati<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n (thay cho t\u1eeb praj\u00f1\u0101<\/i>). <\/span><\/p>\n

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[66] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: manask\u0101ra\u015b cetasa \u0101bhoga\u1e25<\/i>: t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u01b0. Vy\u0101khya: \u0101lambane cetasa \u0101varjanam avadh\u0101ra\u1e47am ity artha\u1e25<\/i>\/ Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fa, s\u1ef1 \u1ea5n kh\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[67] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: adhimok\u1e63o\u2019 dhimukti\u1e25<\/i>: th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn. Vy\u0101khya: adhimuktis tad \u0101lambanasya gu\u1e47ato\u2019vadh\u0101ra\u1e47am\/ rucir ity anye yath\u0101ni\u015bcaya\u1e43 dh\u0101ra\u1e47eti yog\u0101c\u0101racitt\u0101\u1e25<\/i>\/ x\u00e1c t\u00edn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> (\u1ea5n kh\u1ea3<\/span>) \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t. Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u00edch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea5n kh\u1ea3<\/span> (x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span>) t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m tu t\u1eadp<\/span> qu\u00e1n h\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[68] Skt. sam\u0101dhi.<\/i><\/span> <\/p>\n

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[69] ek\u0101grat\u0101,<\/i> \u4e00\u5883\u6027, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: agram (a-) \u0101lambanam iti eka\u1e25 artha\u1e25\/ yat yog\u0101t citta\u1e43 prabandhena ekatr\u0101lambane vartate, sa samadhi\u1e25\/ yadi sam\u0101dhi\u1e25 sarvacetasi bhavati, kim artha\u1e43 dhy\u0101ne\u1e63u yatna\u1e25 kriyate? Balavatsam\u0101dhi-ni\u1e63p\u0101dan\u0101rtham: <\/i>M\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 (c\u1ea3nh duy\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi) \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu \u1edf trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1eady s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c<\/span> ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[70] Vy\u0101khy\u0101 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00eam: sa e\u1e63a vi\u015be\u1e63a\u015b cittacait\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 durlak\u1e63ya\u1e25 prabandhe\u1e63v api t\u0101vat ki\u1e43 puna\u1e25 k\u1e63a\u1e47e\u1e63u k\u0101laparyantalak\u1e63a\u1e47e\u1e63u:<\/i> ch\u00ednh m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u00e0<\/span> hu\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1t na<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1t-na c\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[71] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: ku\u015bal\u0101 mah\u0101bh\u016bmir e\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 ta ime ku\u015balamah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101<\/i>: nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng (c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba) ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[72] Skt. k\u0101 25: \u015braddh\u0101\u2019pram\u0101da\u1e25 pra\u015brabdhir\u016bpek\u1e63\u0101 hr\u012brapatrap\u0101<\/i>\/ m\u016bladvayam ahi\u1e43s\u0101 ca v\u012brya\u1e43 ca ku\u015bale sad\u0101<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[73] T\u00e2m tr\u1eebng t\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u5fc3\u6f84\u6de8; skt. cetasa\u1e25 pras\u0101da\u1e25<\/i>. Vy\u0101khya: kle\u015bopakle\u015bakalu\u1e63ita\u1e43 ceta\u1e25 \u015braddh\u0101yog\u0101t pras\u012bdati, udakapras\u0101dakama\u1e47iyog\u0101d ivodakam<\/i>\/ t\u00e2m do t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00edn l\u00e0m l\u1eafng trong ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eafng trong do li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi minh ch\u00e2u<\/span> t\u1ecbnh th\u1ee7y<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[74] Skt. satya-ratna-karma-phala-abhisampratyaya<\/i>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: \u0101k\u0101re\u1e47a \u015braddh\u0101nirde\u015ba\u1e25, satye\u1e63u catur\u1e63u ratne\u1e63u ca tri\u1e63u karmasu ca \u015bubh\u0101\u015bubhe\u1e63u, tatphale\u1e63i ca i\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101ni\u1e63\u1e6de\u1e63u<\/i>\/ thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> t\u00edn b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, theo \u0111\u00f3, (l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m t\u00edn<\/span>) n\u01a1i b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u00e1i v\u00e0 phi \u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[75] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, tu \u4fee<\/span>, skt. bh\u0101van\u0101<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: bh\u0101van\u0101 n\u0101ma ku\u015bal\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 pratilambhani\u1e63eva\u1e47\u00e1vabh\u0101v\u0101<\/i>, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> (=ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n) c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ch.vii. k.27: pratilambhani\u1e63ev\u0101khye \u015bubhasa\u1e43sk\u1e5btabh\u0101van\u0101<\/i>: tu t\u1eadp<\/span> thi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> vi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[76] Vy\u0101khya: y\u0101 te\u1e63v avahitateti\/ tad eva\u1e43 sati bh\u0101van\u0101het\u0101v aya\u1e43 bh\u0101vanopac\u0101ra\u1e25 k\u1e5bta iti<\/i>\/ T\u00ednh chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu<\/i> n\u00f3i theo qu\u00e1n l\u1ec7 (b\u1eb1ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span>), th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tu.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[77] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: nik\u0101y\u0101ntar\u012by\u0101\u1e25 s\u016btre<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> b\u1ed9? Cf. T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t<\/i>, T2 tr. 563c14: \u4e91\u4f55\u70ba\u7121\u653e\u9038\u884c\u3002\u6240\u8b02
<lb n=”0563c16″\/>\u8b77\u5fc3\u4e5f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[78] T\u00e2m kham nhi\u1ec7m t\u00ednh \u5fc3\u582a\u4efb\u6027. Skt. pra\u015brabdhi\u015b cittakarma\u1e47yat\u0101<\/i>. C\u0111. \u5fc3\u65bc\u4e8b\u6709\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[79] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (75b4): N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>. Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> thu\u1ed9c x\u00fac m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u00f3; do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m khinh an<\/span> thu\u1ecdct\u00e2m s\u1edf, th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> thu\u1ed9c x\u00fac. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ka\u015b ca pary\u0101yo yat pra\u015brabdhisambodhya\u1e45gadvaya\u1e43 bhavati? asti k\u0101yapra\u015brabdhi\u1e25, asti cittapra\u015brabdhi\u1e25\/ tatra y\u0101pi k\u0101yaprasrabdhis tad api pra\u015brabdhisambodhya\u1e45gam abhij\u00f1\u0101yai sambodhaye nirv\u0101\u1e47\u0101ya sa\u1e43varttate\/ y\u0101pi cittapra\u015bsrabdhis tad api pra\u015brabdhisa\u1e43bodhya\u1e45gam abhij\u00f1\u0101yai sa\u1e43bodhaye nirv\u0101\u1e47\u0101ya sa\u1e43varttata iti: <\/i>Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai gi\u00e1c chi<\/span> khinh an? m\u1ed9t khinh an<\/span> n\u01a1i th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t khinh an<\/span> n\u01a1i t\u00e2m. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khinh an<\/span> n\u01a1i th\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c chi<\/span> khinh an<\/span> trong th\u1eafng tr\u00ed v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. S\u1ef1 khinh an<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Cf. T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m 27,<\/i> T02 tr. 191c5: \u6709\u8eab\u7317\u606f\u3002\u6709\u5fc3\u7317\u606f\u3002\u5f7c\u8eab\u7317\u606f\u3002\u5373\u662f\u7317\u89ba\u5206\u3002\u662f\u667a\u662f\u7b49\u89ba\u3002\u80fd\u8f49\u8da3\u6d85\u69c3\u3002\u5f7c\u5fc3\u7317\u606f\u3002\u5373\u662f\u7317\u89ba\u5206\u3002\u662f\u667a\u662f\u7b49\u89ba\u3002\u80fd\u8f49\u8da3\u6d85\u69c3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[80] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103m th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span>; t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m khinh an<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[81] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>, ibid. Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ecfi: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103m th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[82] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cho l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>; sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[83] H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>. Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n khinh an<\/span> thu\u1ed9c khinh x\u00fac, v\u1eady n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, l\u00e0m sao l\u1eadp l\u00e0m gi\u00e1c chi?<\/span><\/p>\n

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[84] Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u201cThu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Do nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, trong th\u00e2n c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 khinh an<\/span> kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi gi\u00e1c chi<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m khinh an<\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[85] H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> d\u1eabn kinh l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[86] Ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[87] Thu\u1eadn h\u1ef7 ph\u00e1p<\/i> \u9806\u559c
<lb n=”0019b13″\/>\u6cd5; Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u1ef7. Skt. pr\u012btisth\u0101n\u012by\u0101\u015b ca dharm\u0101\u1e25<\/i>, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf h\u1ef7\/ t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ef7; C\u0111. \u52a9\u559c
<lb n=”0178c05″\/>\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[88] Bh\u0101\u1e63y\u0101: pratigha\u1e25 pratighanimita\u1e43 ca<\/i>: s\u00e2n nhu\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n nhu\u1ebf<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: nav\u0101gh\u0101tavast\u016bni vy\u0101p\u0101danivara\u1e47am ukta\u1e43 bhagavat\u0101 tad\u0101nuk\u016bly\u0101t<\/i>\/ Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00f3i s\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1i l\u00e0 ch\u00edn n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i<\/span> s\u1ef1, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e2n. Xem Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i> 9, tr. 56b10; ibid 11 tr. 60a4.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[89] Cf. Trung A-h\u00e0m 58<\/i>, tr. 788c12: \u6b63
<lb n=”0788c12″\/>\u898b\uff0e\u6b63\u5fd7\uff0e\u6b63\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u6b64\u4e09\u9053[\uff0a]\u652f\u8056\u6167\u805a\u6240\u651d \u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[90] V\u00f4 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u00ednh \u7121\u8b66\u89ba\u6027; Skt. an\u0101bhoga<\/i>, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0 tri\u1ec3n; n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch: v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 kh\u00e1i ph\u00e1t t\u00ednh. C\u0111. \u7121\u6240\u504f
<lb n=”0178c09″\/>\u5c0d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[91] Skt: upek\u1e63y\u0101 cittasamat\u0101 citt\u0101n\u0101bhogat\u0101<\/i>: x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u00e0nh. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yadyog\u0101c citta\u1e43 samam an\u0101bhoga\u1e43 vartate, sopek\u1e63\u0101 sa\u1e43sk\u0101ropek\u1e63\u0101 n\u0101ma\/ trividh\u0101 upek\u1e63\u0101 \u2013 vedanopek\u1e63\u0101, sa\u1e43skaropek\u1e63\u0101, apram\u0101\u1e47opek\u1e63\u0101 ceti<\/i>, do v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng<\/span>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu x\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3<\/span>; ba lo\u1ea1i x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecd x\u1ea3 (trong ba th\u1ecd), h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> x\u1ea3 (trong b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[92] Xem \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[93] N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[94] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[95] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: asti hi n\u0101ma durj\u00f1\u0101nam api j\u00f1\u0101yate\/ ida\u1e43 khalv atidurj\u00f1\u0101na\u1e43 yad virodho\u2019py avirodha\u1e25<\/i>\/ Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. Vy\u0101khya: trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na<\/span> t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 x\u00fac vv. c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, hai c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[96] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa <\/i>gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[97] L\u00fd gi\u1ea3i b\u1edfi Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[98] C\u0111. \u82e5\u723e\u4e00\u5207\u76f8\u61c9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0d\u61c9\u5171\u7de3\u4e00\u5883\u3002N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: na tarh\u012bd\u0101n\u012b<\/i>m ek\u0101lamban\u0101\u1e25 sarve samprayukt\u0101\u1e25 pr\u0101pnuvanti<\/i>\/ <\/span><\/p>\n

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[99] \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n: \u01b0ng c\u1ea7u <\/i> \u61c9[17]\u6c42, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc: \u01b0ng lai<\/i> \u61c9\u4f86 (theo C\u0111.). Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: \u0101y\u0101syati<\/i>: n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn. Vy\u0101khya: ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n (virodhaj\u0101t\u012bya\u1e43<\/i>) nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 (vitarkavic\u0101rau<\/i>). T\u1ea7m v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u00f4, t\u1ee9 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1ebf, khi c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1edfi, m\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> kh\u1edfi. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, t\u1ee5ng ii.33.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[100] hr\u012b-apatr\u0101pya<\/i>, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, t\u1ee5ng 32.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[101] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[102] avihi\u1e43s\u0101<\/i> avihe\u1e6dhan\u0101<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[103] \u52c7\u608d; C\u0111. \u52c7\u731b. Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: v\u012brya\u1e43 cetaso\u2019bhyuts\u0101ha<\/i>. Vy\u0101kh\u0101: ku\u015balakriy\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 ya\u015b cetaso \u2019bhyuts\u0101has tad v\u012bryam. yas tv aku\u015bal\u0101dikriy\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 cetaso\u2019bhyuts\u0101ho naitad v\u012bryam, kaus\u012bdyam eva tat pravacane pa\u1e6dhyate; s\u012bdan\u0101tmakatv\u0101\/ tath\u0101 hy uktakta\u1e43 bhagat\u0101 \u201cito b\u0101hyak\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 yad v\u012brya\u1e43 kaus\u012bdyameva tat \u201citi,<\/i> c\u00e1i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i<\/span> trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n (tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u0103ng h\u00e1i<\/span> trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi c\u1ea7n; trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u00f3i n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00f3i: c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n\/tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[104] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: mahat\u012b bh\u016bmir mah\u0101bh\u016bmi\u1e25\/ kle\u015b\u0101 mah\u0101bh\u016bmir e\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 ta ime kle\u015bamah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25<\/i>… c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba (n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng) ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>; \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> \u1ea5y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba. C\u0111.\u60d1\u5927\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[105] Skt. k. 26ab. moha\u1e25 pram\u0101da\u1e25 kau\u015b\u012bdyam\u0101\u015braddhya\u1e43 sty\u0101nam uddhava\u1e25\/ kli\u1e63\u1e6de sadaiva\/ <\/i>si,<\/i> ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, b\u1ea5t t\u00edn<\/span>, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span>, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 duy ch\u1ec9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[106] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: moho n\u0101m\u0101vidy\u0101, aj\u00f1\u0101nam asa\u1e43prakhy\u0101nam<\/i>. Vy\u0101khya, d\u1eabn k. iii 28: ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a minh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (vidy\u0101vipak\u1e63o dharmo\u2019nyo\u2019vidy\u0101<\/i>). Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (77a04): nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[107] Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed 2<\/i> (T26, tr.925b10): \u4e91\u4f55\u60db\u6c88\u3002\u7b54\u8af8\u8eab\u91cd\u6027\u3002\u5fc3\u91cd\u6027\u3002\u8eab\u4e0d\u8abf\u67d4\u3002\u5fc3
<lb n=”0925b11″\/>\u4e0d\u8abf\u67d4\u3002\u8eab<gaiji cb=’CB0574′ des='[\u5922-\u5915+\u767b]’ mojikyo=’M032592′ mofont=’Mojikyo M106′ mochar=’73DE’>\u73de<\/gaiji>\u77a2\u3002\u5fc3<gaiji cb=’CB0574′ des='[\u5922-\u5915+\u767b]’ mojikyo=’M032592′ mofont=’Mojikyo M106′ mochar=’73DE’>\u73de<\/gaiji>\u77a2\u3002\u8eab\u6192\u60b6\u3002\u5fc3 \u6192 \u60b6 \u3002 \u5fc3
<lb n=”0925b12″\/>\u60db\u91cd\u6027\u3002 \u662f\u8b02\u60db\u6c88. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[108] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecd tuy thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, v\u00ec h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span> (yath\u0101 vedan\u0101 r\u016bp\u012bndriy\u0101\u015brayatv\u0101c caitasiky api k\u0101yik\u012bti vy\u0101hky\u0101t\u0101\/ tath\u0101 k\u0101yika\u1e43 sty\u0101nam, pa\u00f1cavij\u00f1\u0101nak\u0101yasamprayukta\u1e43 sty\u0101na\u1e43 k\u0101yikam ity ucyate<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[109] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: auddhatya\u1e43… n\u1e5btyag\u012bt\u0101di\u015b\u1e5bi\u1e45g\u0101rave\u015b\u0101la\u1e43k\u0101radyauddhatyasa\u1e43ni\u015brayad\u0101nakarmaka\u015b caitasiko dharma\u1e25<\/i>\/ tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>… t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ca m\u00faa, trang s\u1ee9c y ph\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1ef9 di\u1ec7u c\u00e1c th\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[110] Gi\u1edbi th\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>, T 26, tr. 614b14; Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> 2<\/i>, T26 tr. 698c7; T<\/i>\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 42<\/i>, tr. 220a4: \u4e00\u4e0d\u4fe1\u3002\u4e8c\u61c8\u6020\u3002\u4e09\u653e\u9038\u3002\u56db\u6389\u8209\u3002\u4e94\u7121\u660e\u3002\u516d\u5fd8\u5ff5\u3002\u4e03\u4e0d\u6b63\u77e5\u3002\u516b\u5fc3\u4e82\u3002\u4e5d\u975e\u7406\u4f5c\u610f\u3002\u5341\u90aa\u52dd\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[111] Tri ng\u00f4n ch\u00ed \u77e5\u8a00\u81f3; C\u0111. \u77e5
<lb n=”0179a04″\/>\u81f3. Skt. pr\u0101ptij\u00f1a<\/i>: ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[112] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: p\u0101\u1e6dhapr\u0101m\u0101\u1e47yam\u0101tre\u1e47a da\u015ba kle\u015bamah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25 pr\u0101pt\u0101 ity et\u0101m eva pr\u0101pti\u1e43 j\u0101n\u012bte dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 priya\u1e25, na tv \u0101c\u0101ry\u0101\u1e47\u0101m i\u1e63\u1e6dim icch\u0101\u1e43 j\u0101n\u012bte\/ ko \u2018ya\u1e43 dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 priyo n\u0101ma? <\/i> \u201c\u1e5bjukaj\u0101t\u012byo dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 priya\u1e25\u201d ity eke vy\u0101cak\u1e63ate, a\u015ba\u1e6dho hi dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 priya\u1e25 bhavati, m\u016brkho dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 priya ity apare \u201cyo h\u012b\u015bvar\u0101\u1e47\u0101m i\u1e63\u1e6da\u1e25 sa na t\u0101\u1e0danena \u015bik\u1e63ate\u201d iti m\u016brkho bhavat\u012bti: <\/i> Vy\u0101khya: Thi\u00ean \u00c1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9<\/span> bi\u1ebft n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> thi\u1ec7n theo ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>. Thi\u00ean \u00c1i<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ai? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> Thi\u00ean \u00c1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c<\/span> (th\u1eb3ng \u0111u\u1ed9t), t\u1ee9c Thi\u00ean \u00c1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i Thi\u00ean \u00c1i<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngu kh\u1edd. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u1ee7ng \u00e1i<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh<\/span> g\u00ec d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu kh\u1edd.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[113] T\u00ec-b\u1ea3-sa 42<\/i> tr. 220a11: \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 10 nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>; \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> duy ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[114] T\u1ee9 c\u00fa \u56db\u53e5<\/span>. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 42<\/i> tr. 220a19. Vy\u0101khy\u0101, b\u1ed1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span>: (1) \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>; (2) \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>; (3) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>; (4) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[115] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: n\u0103m ph\u00e1p, th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v.v., ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[116] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v.v, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[117] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> tr. 220a24.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[118] Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i>(tr.77b29): C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh, c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[119] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr.77b29): kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[120] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa <\/i>ibid. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u1ec1 danh c\u00f3 20, v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 6: (1) c\u00f3 6, g\u1ed3m 5 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 (th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac d\u1ee5c<\/span>) v\u00e0 th\u00eam tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba; (2) c\u00f3 6, g\u1ed3m 5 ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean (b\u1ea5t t\u00edn<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span>) v\u00e0 th\u00eam t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span>; (3) c\u00f3 4 ph\u00e1p: trong 5 ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean (vong ni\u1ec7m, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tri<\/span>, phi l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>) tr\u1eeb t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n; (4) tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span> kh\u00e1c: th\u00eam t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span> trong l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong th\u1ee9 ba; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: (1) nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean; (2) b\u1ea5t t\u00edn<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span>; (3) b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ed3m ni\u1ec7m v.v. v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o g\u1ed3m th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tri<\/span>, phi l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>; (4) tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[121] Xem Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> 2<\/i> (cht. 110) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn; T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 38, <\/i>tr. 197c1, \u201cH\u1ecfi: h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 ri\u00eang tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m?\u201d; v\u00e0 n\u00eau 9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[122]Vy\u0101khy\u0101: kim asya sty\u0101nasya ap\u0101\u1e6dhe mama apar\u0101dha\u1e25, kim \u0101bhidh\u0101rmikasya iti\/ abhidharmak\u0101rasya ayam apar\u0101dho na mama iti abhipr\u0101ya\u1e25<\/i>; sty\u0101nasya sarvakle\u015basamprayogitvena abhimatatv\u0101t<\/i>: \u201ckh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> (trong \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba) l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>) hay c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (= Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed<\/i>)? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[123] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 38<\/i> ibd., gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> 5: \u201cTr\u1ea1o c\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> 4 chi hay 5 chi, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3. H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ngu \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span>, m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec<\/span> (\u0111\u1ecbnh), t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh nhanh, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1ecf, v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 (trong \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[124] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: evam api ca sty\u0101nam auddhatya\u1e43 v\u0101 yasya pudgalasy\u0101dhim\u0101tram, sa pudgala\u1e25 taccarita\u1e25 sty\u0101nacarita\u1e25, auddhatyacarito v\u0101vagantavyah. <\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span>, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[125] \u5927\u4e0d\u5584\u6cd5\u5730\u540d\u5927\u4e0d
<lb n=”0020a07″\/>\u5584\u5730\u3002\u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 trong Bh\u0101\u1e63ya v\u00e0 C\u0111.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[126] aku\u015bale tv \u0101hr\u012bkyam anapatrap\u0101<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[127] \u0110o\u1ea1n sau, t\u1ee5ng 32.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[128] parittakle\u015ba<\/i>, \u5c0f\u7169\u60f1, C\u0111. \u5c0f\u60d1. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: paritta\u1e25<\/i>, h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p = alpaka\u1e25<\/i>, vi ti\u1ec3u.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[129] krodhopan\u0101ha\u015b\u0101\u1e6dhye\u1e63ry\u0101prad\u0101samrak\u1e63amatsar\u0101\u1e25\/ m\u0101y\u0101madavihi\u1e43s\u0101\u015bca par\u012bttakle\u015babh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25\/<\/i> C\u0111. \u5acc\u6068\u8ac2\u5ac9<gaiji cb=’CB0107′ des='[\u5973*\u77f3]’ uni=’59AC’ >\u59ac<\/gaiji>\u3002\u4f77\u8986\u53ca\u6173<gaiji cb=’CB0385′ des='[\u6021-\u53f0+\u541d]’ uni=’608B’ >\u608b<\/gaiji>\u3002\u8a91\u9189
<lb n=”0179a25″\/>\u5e76\u903c\u60f1\u3002\u662f\u5341\u5c0f\u60d1\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[130] H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u552f\u4fee\u6240\u65b7\u3002\u610f\u8b58\u5730\u8d77\u3002\u7121\u660e
<lb n=”0020a19″\/>\u76f8\u61c9; C\u0111., nh\u01b0 Ht. Nh\u01b0ng skt. avidy\u0101m\u0101tre\u1e47a bh\u0101van\u0101heye\u1e47a manobh\u016bmikenaiva ca<\/i> samprayog\u0101t<\/i>. Theo \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb duy<\/i> \u552f trong 2 b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n xu\u1ed1ng 2 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/i> \u76f8\u61c9 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng l\u00ean 2 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: avidy\u0101m\u0101tre\u1e47eti, n\u0101nyena r\u0101g\u0101din\u0101 kle\u015bena<\/i>, \u201cduy ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 tham v.v.\u201d Lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh (keval\u0101<\/i>) hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> (\u0101ve\u1e47kik\u012b avidy\u0101<\/i>); xem Ch. v. k. 14.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[131] \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba \u610f\u8b58\u5730, manobh\u016bmika<\/i>; C\u0111. \u4f9d\u5fc3\u5730. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: manobh\u016bmikenaiveti na pa<\/i>\u00f1cavij\u00f1\u0101nak\u0101yikena<\/i>, duy ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[132] \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 trong Bh\u0101\u1e63ya v\u00e0 C\u0111.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[133] Ph\u1ea7n sau, Ch.v. k.14 (ph\u1ea9m T\u00f9y mi\u00ean<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[134] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: …aniyat\u0101 iti\/ ye k\u0101d\u0101cit ku\u015bale, kad\u0101cid aku\u015bale, kad\u0101cid avy\u0101k\u1e5bte cetasi bhavanti<\/i>: c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 khi th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n, khi th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, khi th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[135] Vy\u0101khy\u0101; \u0101di\u015babden\u0101rativij\u1e5bmbhik\u0101tandr\u012bbhakte\u2019samat\u0101daya upakle\u015b\u0101\u1e25 kle\u015b\u0101\u1e25 ca r\u0101g\u0101dayo\u2019py aniyatatvena g\u1e5bhyante\/ na hy ete r\u0101g\u0101daya\u1e25 pa\u00f1c\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 prak\u0101r\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 anyatam asmin niyat\u0101 bhavanti\/ na mah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25, sarvatra cetasy abh\u0101v\u0101t\/ na ku\u015balamah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25, ku\u015balatv\u0101yog\u0101t\/ na kle\u015bamah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25, sarvatra kli\u1e63\u1e6de tad abh\u0101v\u0101t\/ na hi sapratighe cetasi r\u0101go bhavati, sar\u0101ge ca cetasi pratigha iti \/ evam anye\u2018pi kle\u015b\u0101 vaktavy\u0101\u1e25<\/i>: \u201cT\u1eeb \u2018v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u2019 (\u0101di<\/i>, trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> trong b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c<\/span>, t\u1ea7n th\u00e2n (d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i<\/span>), quy\u1ec7n (m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi<\/span>), b\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft th\u1ef1c (\u0103n u\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>) v.v., v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 tham v.v\u2026 B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 tham v.v., kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong 5 t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>. Tham kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> s\u00e2n; v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> tham. Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[136] savitarkavic\u0101ratv\u0101t ku\u015bale k\u0101macetasi\/ dv\u0101vi\u1e43\u015bati\u015b caitasik\u0101\u1e25 kauk\u1e5btyam adhika\u1e43 kvacit<\/i>\/\/ 28<\/span><\/p>\n

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[137]k\u0101rik\u0101 29: \u0101ve\u1e47ike tv aku\u015bale d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6diy ukte ca vi\u1e43\u015bati\u1e25 \/ kle\u015bai\u015b caturbhi\u1e25 krodh\u0101dyai\u1e25 kauk\u1e5btyenaikavim\u015bati\u1e25<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[138] niv\u1e5bte\u2018\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101da\u015ba, anyatra dv\u0101da\u015b\u0101vy\u0101k\u1e5bte mat\u0101\u1e25\/ middha\u1e43 sarv\u0101virodhitv\u0101d yatra sy\u0101d adhika\u1e43 hi tat<\/i>\/\/30.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[139] kauk\u1e5btya<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[140] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yadi kauk\u1e5bty\u0101lambano dharma\u1e25 kauk\u1e5btyam ucyate, tatsamprayukt\u0101 api anye cittacait\u0101\u1e25 kauk\u1e5btya\u1e43 pr\u0101pnuvanti; te\u1e63\u0101m apr\u0101dh\u0101ny\u0101t \/ vipratis\u0101r\u0101vasth\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 hi kauk\u1e5btya-lak\u1e63a\u1e47a\u1e43 caitasika\u1e43 kauk\u1e5bty\u0101k\u0101ram udbh\u016btav\u1e5bttikam, anye cittacait\u0101\u1e25 tad\u0101k\u0101re\u1e47\u0101nuvartante, kasya cid eva hi dharmasya kasmi\u1e43\u015b cit cittakal\u0101pe pr\u0101dh\u0101nyam iti var\u1e47ayanti<\/i>: N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00ean cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang k\u00e9m th\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u00f4 t\u00e1c trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> truy h\u1ed1i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh; c\u00e1c t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> kh\u00e1c do b\u1edfi<\/span> h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u1edfi theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o th\u00ec g\u1ecdi t\u00ean theo ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[141] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: skandh\u0101n\u0101m antarvy\u0101p\u0101rapuru\u1e63arahit\u0101lambana\u1e43 vimok\u1e63amukha\u1e43 sam\u0101dhivi\u015be\u1e63a\u1e25 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 iti ucyate<\/i>\/ lo\u1ea1i tam-mu\u1ed9i th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span>, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00f4n<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n vi n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1eeb.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[142] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vin\u012blakavy\u0101dhm\u0101tak\u0101dya\u015bubh\u0101lambano\u2019lobho\u2019\u015bubhety ucyate<\/i>, v\u00f4 tham<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>, s\u00ecnh ch\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00f4 tham<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[143] sth\u0101nena sth\u0101nin\u0101m iti de\u015ba\u1e25<\/i>, l\u1ea5y tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[144] T\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p \u5bbf\u4f5c
<lb n=”0020b14″\/>\u696d, paur\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43 karma<\/i>, nghi\u1ec7p (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y trong) \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[145] H\u00e1n: v\u1ecb t\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u672a\u4f5c\u4e8b; skt. ak\u1e5bta<\/i>, theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c (\u0111\u00e3) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[146] na may\u0101 s\u0101dhu k\u1e5bta\u1e43 yat tan na k\u1e5btam iti<\/i>, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[147] B\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u4e0d\u5171, Skt : \u0101ve\u1e47ika<\/i>, C\u0111. \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh \u7368\u884c<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[148] avidy\u0101 keval\u0101<\/i>, C\u0111. \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 minh<\/span> \u7368\u884c
<lb n=”0179b22″\/>\u7121\u660e.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[149] xem gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[150] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: mah\u0101bh\u016bmika eva ka\u015bcit praj\u00f1\u0101vi\u015be\u1e63o d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dir iti\/ sant\u012brik\u0101 y\u0101 praj\u00f1\u0101 s\u0101 d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di\u1e25\/<\/i> ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Hu\u1ec7 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[151] Trong n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee7<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>; h\u1eefu th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[152] niv\u1e5bt\u0101vy\u0101k\u1e5bta<\/i>; Vy\u0101khy\u0101: kle\u1e65\u0101c ch\u0101dita\u1e43 ku\u1e65al\u0101ku\u1e65alatvena avy\u0101k\u1e5bta\u1e43 yat tat niv\u1e5bt\u0101vy\u0101k\u1e5btam\/ an\u0101cch\u0101dita\u1e43 tv aniv\u1e5bt\u0101vy\u0101k\u1e5btam vip\u0101kajairy\u0101pathika\u1e65ailpasth\u0101nikanairm\u0101\u1e47ikasvabh\u0101vam<\/i>: c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> che ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ph\u00fa<\/span> v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. V\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> che ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c sinh<\/span> – oai nghi<\/span> l\u1ed9 – c\u00f4ng x\u1ea3o x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[153] Ngo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0 s\u01b0 \u5916\u65b9\u8af8\u5e2b; skt. bahirde\u015bak\u0101<\/i>; Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ka\u015bmirama\u1e47\u1e0dal\u0101d ye bahirde\u015basthit\u0101s te bahirde\u015bak\u0101\u1e25<\/i>\/ nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00fa ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> Ka\u015bmira l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng (lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span>) n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[154] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: middha\u1e43 pracal\u0101yam\u0101n\u0101vasth\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 svapnadar\u1e65an\u0101vasth\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 v\u0101 ku\u015bal\u0101ku\u015bal\u0101vy\u0101k\u1e5btatv\u0101d\/<\/i> trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ng\u1ee7 g\u00e0 g\u1eadt hay l\u00fac th\u1ea5y chi\u00eam bao<\/span>, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span> thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, hay v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i> (80b28): trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00f3 chi\u00eam bao<\/span>, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span> th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 ba t\u00ednh<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng chi\u00eam bao<\/span>, duy ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[155] k\u0101rika 31: kauk\u1e5btyamiddh\u0101ku\u1e65al\u0101ny\u0101d ye dhy\u0101ne na santy ata\u1e25\/ dhy\u0101n\u0101ntare vitarka\u1e65 ca vic\u0101ra\u1e65 c\u0101py ata\u1e25 param<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[156] kauk\u1e5btya\u1e43 middha\u1e43 ca sarvath\u0101 n\u0101sti<\/i>, \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span> h\u00e0n to\u00e0n khong c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t Vy\u0101khya: \/ na ku\u015bala\u1e43 n\u0101py avy\u0101k\u1e5btam, kuta ev\u0101ku\u0101lam iti sarvath\u0101 middha\u1e43 kauk\u1e5btya\u1e43 ca n\u0101sti<\/i>\/ thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, h\u00e0 hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u1ed1 t\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[157] yat ka\u1e63cid aku\u015balam<\/i>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>; C\u0111. \u8af8\u60e1\u96a8\u4e00.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[158]Vy\u0101khy\u0101: T\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i; t\u00e2m h\u1eefu ph\u00fa<\/span> v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m \u1edf d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>; t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tham m\u1ea1n nghi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> si\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn t\u00e2m g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m \u1ea5y (m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ho\u1eb7c<\/span> t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. T\u00e2m v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>, oai nghi<\/span> l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c sinh<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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[159] Th\u00edch t\u1eeb trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n, Skt: api<\/i> (c\u0169ng = k\u1ec3 th\u00eam); H\u00e1n: \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/i> \u7b49.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[160] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ku\u1e65ale vitarkavic\u0101ranirmukt\u0101 vi\u1e43\u1e65ati\u1e25\/ \u0101ve\u1e47ike d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6diyukte \u1e63o\u1e0da\u1e65a\/ r\u0101g\u0101dikle\u1e65asamprayukte madopakle\u1e65asamprayukte ca saptada\u1e65a\/ da\u1e65a mah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25 \u1e63a\u1e6d kle\u1e65amah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101\u1e25\/ sa ca kle\u1e65a\u1e25 sa vopakle\u1e65a\u1e25\/ aniv\u1e5bt\u0101vy\u0101k\u1e5bte da\u1e65a mah\u0101bh\u016bmik\u0101 ya eveti gaman\u012byam<\/i>: trong t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> tr\u1eeb t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9; t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u t\u00e2m<\/span> s\u1edf. T\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 tham v.v., v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 ki\u00eau th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y: m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ho\u1eb7c<\/span> t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. T\u00e2m v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[161] H\u00e1n: ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng y \u773e\u76f8
<lb n=”0020c26″\/>\u4f9d; skt. par\u1e63atsambandha<\/i>; Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ye\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 par\u1e63ad asti te\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 par\u1e63adgraha\u1e47\u0101rtha\u1e43 m\u0101y\u0101\u1e65\u0101\u1e6dhya\u1e43 pravartate\/ a\u1e63\u1e6dau par\u1e63ada\u1e25 pa\u1e6dhyante- k\u1e63atriyapar\u1e63ad, br\u0101hma\u1e47apar\u1e63ad, g\u1e5bhapatipar\u1e63ad, \u1e65rama\u1e47apar\u1e63ad, c\u0101turmah\u0101r\u0101jikapar\u1e63at, trastri\u1e43\u1e65atpar\u1e63at, m\u0101rapar\u1e63ad, brahmapar\u1e63at\/ t\u0101s\u0101m anyatam \u0101pi \u016brdhvam ato n\u0101st\u012bti m\u0101y\u0101\u1e65\u0101\u1e6dhy\u0101bh\u0101va\u1e25\/ brahma\u1e47as tu par\u1e63adasti<\/i>: nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00fang<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00fang<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean si\u1ec3m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1ng. T\u00e1m ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ee3i, ch\u00fang b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, ch\u00fang gia ch\u1ee7<\/span> c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>, ch\u00fang sa m\u00f4n<\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang \u0110ao l\u1ee3i<\/span>, ch\u00fang ma thi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u00fang Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> (\u016brdhva) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u00fang h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 si\u1ec3m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 huy\u1ec5n (cu\u1ed1ng) v\u00e0 si\u1ec3m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[162] Xem Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i>, kinh s\u1ed1 24 \u201cKi\u00ean c\u1ed1\u201d, b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n T1 (tr.102a27); P\u0101li, D. 11. Kevaddha. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 129, T27 (tr.670b26).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[163] k\u0101rik\u0101 32: ahr\u012br agurut\u0101 avadye\u2019 bhay\u0101dar\u015bitvam atrap\u0101\/ prema \u015braddh\u0101 gurutva\u1e43 hr\u012b te puna\u1e25 k\u0101mar\u016bpayo\u1e25<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[164] V\u00f4 s\u00f9ng \u7121\u5d07; C\u0111. \u7121\u81ea\u5728\u5fc3. Skt. aprat\u012b\u015bat\u0101<\/i>: s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh; BHS. ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u00f5, ho\u1eb7c do prati-\u012bk\u1e63<\/i>: tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span>, \u0111o\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn; nh\u01b0ng Vy\u0101khy\u0101: \u015bi\u1e63ya\u1e43 prati i\u1e63\u1e6da iti prat\u012b\u015b\u012b gurusth\u0101n\u012bya\u1e25, n\u0101sti prat\u012b\u015bo\u2019syety aprat\u012b\u015ba\u1e25<\/i>\/ v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4n sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[165] V\u00f4 s\u1edf<\/span> k\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n v\u00f4 s\u1edf<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u7121\u6240\u5fcc\u96e3\u7121\u6240\u96a8\u5c6c; skt. abhayava\u015bavartit\u0101<\/i>; C\u0111.\u7121\u656c\u754f\u5fc3\u7121\u96a8
<lb n=”0180a05″\/>\u5c6c\u4ed6\u5fc3. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 34<\/i> (tr.179a12): \u65bc
<lb n=”0179a17″\/>\u81ea\u5728\u8005\u7121\u6016\u754f\u8f49\u662f\u8b02\u7121\u615a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[166]Quang k\u00fd<\/span> <\/i> (tr.81b05) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: C\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, v.v. V\u00e0 b\u1eadc c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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[167] T\u1ed9i; skt. avadya<\/i>; Vy\u0101khy\u0101: av\u0101cyam avadyam<\/i>, t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[168] Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb abhayadar\u015btitva<\/i>: abhayasya dar\u015banam? bhayasya adar\u015banam?<\/span><\/p>\n

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[169] H\u00e1n: tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/i>. Theo Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr.81b22), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>.Vy\u0101khy\u0101: praj\u00f1ay\u0101 hy abhaya\u1e43 pa\u015byati<\/i>\/ atha punar eva\u1e43 kriyeta- bhaya\u1e43 dra\u1e63\u1e6du\u1e43 \u015b\u012blam asyeti bhayadar\u015b\u012b, na bhayadar\u015b\u012b abhayadar\u015b\u012b<\/i>. Do b\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (hu\u1ec7) m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 lo s\u1ee3. Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> hay th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 lo s\u1ee3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[170] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: tayo\u1e25 praj\u00f1\u0101vadyo\u1e25<\/i>, c\u1ee7a hai c\u00e1i \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[171] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 34<\/i>, tr. 179c14.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[172] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: hr\u012b lajj\u0101yam\/ trap\u016b\u1e63 lajj\u0101y\u0101m<\/i>, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n hr\u012b<\/i> (t\u00e0m) v\u00e0 trap<\/i> (qu\u00fd) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5<\/span>, e th\u1eb9n; Dh\u0101tup\u0101tha xxiv.3, P\u0101\u1e47ini iv.4. 122)<\/span><\/p>\n

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[173] C\u0111. \u611b\u6a02
<lb n=”0180a20″\/>\u53ca\u4fe1.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[174] kli\u1e63\u1e6da\u1e43 t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[175] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 2<\/i>9, tr. 151a8.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[176] dvividh\u0101 hi \u015braddh\u0101 \u2013 dharme\u1e63u pudgale\u1e63u ca; eva\u1e43 saprt\u012b\u015bat\u0101pi<\/i>, t\u00edn c\u00f3 hai: tin ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi; s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[177] te ceha premagaurave abhiprete<\/i>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y hai th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y (t\u00edn v\u00e0 t\u00e0m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[178] k\u0101rik\u0101 33: vitarkac\u0101r\u0101vaud\u0101ryas\u016bk\u1e63mate m\u0101na unnati\u1e25\/mada\u1e25 svadharme raktasya pary\u0101d\u0101na\u1e43 tu cetasa\u1e25.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[179] T\u1ea7m-t\u1ee9, skt. vitarka-vic\u0101ra<\/i>, C\u0111. \u89ba\u89c0.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[180] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 42<\/i>, tr. 219a7, a16.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[181] op.cit. tr. 219b4.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[182] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> (tr. 82c2): n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[183] Sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba (bh\u016bmibhed\u0101t<\/i>), ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u00f4 t\u1ebf sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ecba. Sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> (prak\u0101rabhed\u0101t<\/i>), ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u00f4 t\u1ebf theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00edn c\u1ea5p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[184] H\u00e1n: \u01b0ng h\u1eefu<\/i> \u61c9\u6709; skt. sy\u0101t\u0101m<\/i>; gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n; kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i> ibid., Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span> d\u1eabn Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 52 tr. 269b10<\/i>: Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span>. B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn Kinh n\u00f3i, theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ednh th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m; t\u00ednh vi t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ee9. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00ednh th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u1eeb D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ba gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[185] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u00ec D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00f4 v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1ec1u h\u01a1n; so v\u1edbi D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ebf v\u00ec d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng<\/span> \u00edt h\u01a1n. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 52 <\/i>(269b22): \u201cHo\u1eb7c c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00f3i, D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec th\u00f4, s\u01a1 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ebf. Trong \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf, v\u00ec t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ea3 hai gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00f3i, s\u01a1 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00f4, t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u1ebf. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ea7m-t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00f4 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ebf; v\u00ec s\u01a1 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00f4 t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[186] j\u0101ti<\/i>, ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[187] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vitarkavic\u0101rayor j\u0101tibheda i\u1e63yate- anyo vitarka\u1e25, anyo vic\u0101ra iti\/na caud\u0101rikatvena s\u016bk\u1e63matvena ca vitarkavic\u0101rayor yath\u0101krama\u1e43 svabh\u0101vabhedo yukta\u1e25\/ ki\u1e43 k\u0101ra\u1e47am? j\u0101tibhinnayor hi vedan\u0101sa\u1e43j\u00f1ayor aud\u0101rikas\u016bk\u1e63mat\u0101 bhavati\/ na ca punar aud\u0101rikas\u016bk\u1e63atayaiva tayo\u1e25 svabh\u0101vabheda\u1e25, ki\u1e43 tarhi? anubhavalak\u1e63a\u1e47atay\u0101 nimittodgraha\u1e47alak\u1e63a\u1e47atay\u0101 ca tayo\u1e25 svabh\u0101vabheda\u1e25, tasm\u0101d apy anayor n\u0101sti lak\u1e63a\u1e47am<\/i>: \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7nglo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. T\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00f4 t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> hai c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[188] V\u0101khy\u0101: gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sautr\u0101ntika. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[189] Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u8a00\u8a9e\u884c; skt. v\u0101ksa\u1e43sk\u0101r<\/i>\u0101\u1e25. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: v\u0101ksa\u1e43sk\u0101r\u0101 iti v\u0101ksamutth\u0101pak\u0101<\/i>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[190] vitakya vic\u0101rya v\u0101ca\u1e43 bh\u0101\u1e63ate, n\u0101vitarkya n\u0101vic\u0101rya<\/i>.\u201d Cf. C\u016b\u1e37avedallasutta. M.i. 301: vitakkavic\u0101r\u0101 vac\u012bsa\u1e43kh\u0101ro… pubbe kho…vitakketv\u0101 vic\u0101retv\u0101 pacch\u0101 v\u0101ca\u1e43 bhindati..<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[191] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[192] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya th\u00eam: vedan\u0101sa\u1e43j<\/i>\u00f1\u0101vat,<\/i> \u201cnh\u01b0 th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d; chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong Ht. v\u00e0 C\u0111.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[193] Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[194] Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ecfi.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[195] Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa. Vy\u0101khy\u0101, d\u1eabn Sa\u1e45ghabhadra: trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, do th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u00f4; khi c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a tham si h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span>. Tuy tham v\u00e0 si c\u00e2u h\u00e0nh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tham hay si m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 tham h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> (r\u0101gacarita<\/i>) hay si h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> (mohacarita<\/i>). Cf. Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> 11<\/i>, tr. 394a18.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[196] Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>. N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[197] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: ity apare<\/i>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>. C\u0111. h\u1eefu d\u01b0 s\u01b0<\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u6709\u9918\u5e2b\u8aaa. Ht. kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y n\u00eau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span>. Pa\u00f1caskandhaka, d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101: tatra p\u016brv\u0101cary\u0101 \u0101hu<\/i> – vitarka\u1e25 katama\u1e25\/ parye\u1e63ako manojalpa\u015b cetan\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101vi\u015be\u1e63a\u1e25\/ y\u0101 cittasyaud\u0101rikat\u0101\/\/ vic\u0101ra\u1e25 katama\u1e25\/ pratyavek\u1e63ako manojalpa\u015b cetan\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101vi\u015be\u1e63\u1e25\/ y\u0101 cittasya s\u016bk\u1e63mat\u0101<\/i>\/\/ C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i, \u201cT\u1ea7m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? S\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi \u00fd ng\u00f4n<\/span>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0 v\u00e0 hu\u1ec7, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u00f4. T\u1ee9 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? S\u1ef1 t\u01b0 s\u00e1t b\u1edfi \u00fd ng\u00f4n<\/span>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0 v\u00e0 hu\u1ec7, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tinh t\u1ebf<\/span>.\u201d \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, T31 (r.849b28).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[198] Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa d\u1eabn Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[199] \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, Skt., d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vivikta\u1e43 k\u0101mair vivikta\u1e43 p\u0101pakair aku\u015balair dharmai\u1e25 savitarka\u1e43 savic\u0101ra\u1e43 vikekaja\u1e43 pr\u012btisukha\u1e43 prathama\u1e43 dhy\u0101nam upasampadya viharat\u012bti<\/i>, \u201c(h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span>) ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span> c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m, c\u00f3 t\u1ee9, c\u00f3 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c<\/span> do \u0111\u1ecbnh sinh.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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[200] T\u00e2m t\u1ef1 c\u1eed t\u00ednh \u5fc3\u81ea\u8209\u6027, Skt. cetasa<\/i> unnati<\/i>; C\u0111. t\u00e2m cao \u5fc3\u9ad8.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[201] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: bh\u016bten\u0101bh\u016btena v\u0101 parato utkar\u1e63aparikalpena \u201c\u015b\u016bro\u2019rthav\u0101n asmi \u015b\u012blav\u0101n buddhisampanna\u1e25\u201d iti v\u0101 y\u0101 cetasa unnati\u1e25 sa m\u0101no n\u0101ma caitasiko dharma\u1e25<\/i>\/ c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hay c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 khoa \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh, t\u00f4i gi\u00e0u, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> m\u1ea1n. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 43, <\/i>tr. 223a9: \u201cTrong \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cao t\u1ef1 th\u1ecb<\/span> m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd<\/span>, nhan s\u1eafc<\/span>, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span>, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v.v\u2026\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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[202] St. tu<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong Ht. v\u00e0 C\u0111. Vy\u0101kh\u0101: tu\u015babdo vi\u1e63e\u1e63an\u0101rtho bhinnakrama\u015b c\u0101vagantavya\u1e25<\/i>\/ \u201cT\u1eeb tu<\/i> (trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n) h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a lo\u1ea1i<\/span> bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[203] H\u00e1n. \u81ea\u6cd5 Skt: svadharma<\/i>. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 43<\/i>, ibid.: \u201cTrong \u0111\u00e2y, ki\u00eau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cao ng\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 cho l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd<\/span>, nhan s\u1eafc<\/span>, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span>, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, v.v\u2026\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

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[204] H\u00e1n: linh t\u00e2m ng\u1ea1o d\u1eadt v\u00f4 s\u1edf<\/span> c\u1ed1 t\u00e1nh \u4ee4\u5fc3\u50b2\u9038\u7121\u6240\u9867\u6027. C\u0111: k\u1ef3 t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n v\u1ecb \u5176\u5fc3\u4e82\u5473. Skt. cetasa\u1e25 pary\u0101d\u0101nam<\/i>\/ Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yena svadharme\u1e63v eva r\u016bpa\u015baury\u0101di\u1e63u rakta\u1e43 ceta\u1e25 pary\u0101d\u012byate sannirudhyate sa r\u0101gani\u1e63yando mada\u1e25\/ ya\u1e25 svadharme\u1e63v eva raktasya darpacetasa\u1e25 pary\u0101d\u0101n\u0101t ku\u015baladharmakriy\u0101bhya\u1e25 pratisa\u1e43h\u0101ro mada ity \u0101c\u0101ryasa\u1e45ghabhadra\u1e25<\/i>\/ Ki\u00eau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u01b0u lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tham, do b\u1edbi n\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1ecb d\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh minh<\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh<\/span>, v.v., khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m b\u1ecb kh\u00e1nh ki\u1ec7t, b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i. A-x\u00e0-l\u00ea Sa\u1e45ghbhadra gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, ki\u00eau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00ec t\u00e2m cao ng\u1ea1o, m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh. Cf. Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> 11<\/i>, (tr.394c06). \u618d\u8b02\u67d3\u8457\u81ea\u6cd5\u70ba\u5148\u3002\u4ee4\u5fc3\u50b2\u9038\u3002\u7121\u6240\u9867\u6027\u3002 \u65bc \u81ea \u52c7 \u5065 \u8ca1 \u4f4d \u6212 \u6167 \u65cf \u7b49\u6cd5\u4e2d\u3002 \u5148\u8d77\u67d3\u8457\u3002\u5fc3\u751f\u50b2\u9038\u3002\u65bc\u8af8\u5584\u672c\u7121\u6240\u9867\u7704\u3002\u6545\u540d\u70ba\u618d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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[205] Vy\u0101kh\u0101: gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[206] H\u00e2n c\u1eed sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u6b23\u8209\u5dee\u5225; sa\u1e43prahar\u1e63a\u1e47a-vi\u015be\u1e63a<\/i>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[207] Skt. mada<\/i>, ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o<\/span>; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a say s\u01b0a, cu\u1ed3ng h\u1ef7; C\u0111. t\u00fay \u9189.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[208] H\u00e1n & skt: Citta\u1e43 mano\u2019tha vij\u00f1\u0101nam ek\u0101rtha\u1e43 cittacaitas\u0101\u1e25\/ s\u0101\u015bray\u0101lamban\u0101k\u0101r\u0101\u1e25 samprayukt\u0101\u015bca pa\u00f1cadh\u0101<\/span><\/p>\n

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[209] cinot\u012bti cittam<\/i>. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m trong c\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, citta<\/i> do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n ci: cinoti<\/i>: n\u00f3 t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span>. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: ku\u015balam aku\u015bala\u1e43 v\u0101 cinot\u012bty artha\u1e25\/ nairuktena vidhinaiva\u1e43 siddham<\/i>\/ N\u00f3 t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> (nghi\u1ec7p) thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u201cPh\u1ea1n n\u00f3i ch\u1ea5t-\u0111a<\/i> \u8cea\u591a, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi la t\u00e2m<\/i>. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>. Do l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>.\u201d Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean Sanskrit.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[210] manuta iti mana\u1e25<\/i>\/ N\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd. Do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n man<\/i><\/b>: suy ngh\u0129<\/span>. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u201cPh\u1ea1n n\u00f3i m\u1ea1t-na<\/i> \u672b\u90a3, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd<\/i>; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[211] vij\u0101n\u0101t\u012bti v\u1ecbj\u00f1\u0101nam<\/i>\/ Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vij\u0101n\u0101ty \u0101labanam iti vij\u00f1\u0101nam, kartari lyu\u1e6d<\/i>. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. V\u0129 ng\u1eef lyu\u1e6d<\/i> l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> danh t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Cf. P\u0101\u1e47ini 3.3.115. Quang k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: \u201cPh\u1ea1n n\u00f3i t\u00ec-nh\u00e3-nam<\/i> \u6bd8\u82e5\u5357, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 li\u1ec5u<\/i> bi\u1ec7t<\/i>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[212] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Sautr\u0101ntika, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Yog\u0101c\u0101ra. <\/span><\/p>\n

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[213] Bh\u0101\u1e63ya: cita\u1e43 \u015bubh\u0101\u015bubhair dh\u0101tubhir iti cittam<\/i>\/ \u201cG\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.\u201d Vy\u0101khy\u0101: v\u0101san\u0101sannive\u015bayogena<\/i> sautr\u0101ntikamatena, yog\u0101c\u0101ramatena v\u0101<\/i>\/ \u201cQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Sautr\u0101ntika hay Yog\u0101c\u0101ra n\u00f3i n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span>.\u201d citam<\/i>, t\u00edch t\u1eadp hay t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span>, b\u1ea3n Ht. \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 citram<\/i>: \u0111a d\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[214] tad<\/i> \u0101\u015brayabh\u016btam mana\u1e25<\/i>, c\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u0103ng y<\/span>. Cf. Ch.i. k. 9, d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Vy\u0101khy\u0101: \u1e63a\u1e47\u1e47am anantar\u0101t\u012bta\u1e43 vij\u00f1\u0101na\u1e43 yad dhi tan mana\u1e25<\/i>\/ th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o trong s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span> (tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp), th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u00fd (c\u0103n).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[215] \u0101\u015britabh\u016btam vij\u00f1\u0101nam<\/i>\/ Vy\u0101khy\u0101: \u201cdvaya\u1e43 prat\u012btya vij\u00f1\u0101nasyotpatti\u1e25<\/i>\u201d iti vacan\u0101t<\/i>\/ V\u00ec Kinh c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn hai (c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh), th\u1ee9c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[216] H\u00e1n: ngh\u0129a d\u1ecb th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t<\/i>. Skt. eko\u2019rtha\u1e25<\/i>, ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yac citta\u1e43 tad eva manas tad eva vij\u00f1\u0101nam ity eko\u2019rtho<\/i>, \u201ct\u00e2m t\u1ee9c \u00fd, t\u1ee9c th\u1ee9c, ngh\u0129a (n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 72<\/i> (tr.371b6): \u201cC\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i, t\u00e2m-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00ec danh sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u0169ng sai bi\u00eat: Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd, v\u1ecb lai<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 thi thi\u1ebft c\u0169ng c\u00f3 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>: t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> trong gi\u1edbi, \u00fd sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi trong x\u1ee9, th\u1ee9c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> trong u\u1ea9n. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>: t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, \u00fd l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a sinh m\u00f4n, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a t\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ee5. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>: vi\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, t\u1ee5c sinh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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[217] H\u1eefu s\u1edf y<\/span>, s<\/i>\u0101\u015braya<\/i>: sa-\u0101\u015braya<\/i>, trong \u0111\u00f3 sa<\/i>-: h\u1eefu<\/i>, theo ngh\u0129a saha<\/i>: c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i>; v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[218] H\u1eefu s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> \u6709\u6240\u7de3; s<\/i>\u0101lambana<\/i>; C\u0111. h\u1eefu c\u1ea3nh \u6709\u5883. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: na hi vin\u0101lambanena cittacaitt\u0101utpadyante<\/i>, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[219] H\u1eefu h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u6709\u884c\u76f8; Skt. s\u0101k\u0101ra<\/i>; C\u0111. h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u6709\u76f8; \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (\u0101k\u0101ra<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[220] Vy\u0101khy\u0101: yena te s\u0101lamban\u0101\u1e25 tasyaiv\u0101lambanasya prak\u0101re\u1e47a graha\u1e47\u0101t\/ katham? vij\u00f1\u0101na\u1e43 hi n\u012bla\u1e43 p\u012bta\u1e43 v\u0101 vastu vij\u0101n\u0101ti\/ upalabhata ity artha\u1e25\/ tadeva tath\u0101lambana\u1e43 vastu vedan\u0101nubhavati, sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101 paricchinattti, cetan\u0101bhisa\u1e43skarot\u012bty evam \u0101di\/ atha v\u0101 – tasyaiv\u0101lambanasya vij\u00f1\u0101na\u1e43 s\u0101m\u0101nyar\u016bpe\u1e47opalabhyat\u0101r\u016bpa\u1e43 g\u1e5bh\u1e47\u0101ti, vi\u015be\u1e63ar\u016bpe\u1e47a tu vedan\u0101nubhavan\u012byat\u0101r\u016bpa\u1e43 g\u1e5bh\u1e47\u0101ti, sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101 paricchedyat\u0101r\u016bpa\u1e43 g\u1e5bh\u1e47\u0101t\u012bty evam \u0101di<\/i>\/ (H\u1eefu h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft theo ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? Th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh hay \u0111\u1ecf; th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u01b0 th\u00ec t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> \u1ea5y; th\u1ecd n\u1eafm gi\u1eef s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>; t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v.v\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

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[221] samprayukt\u0101\u1e25, sama\u1e43 prayuktav\u0101t<\/i>. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb samprayukt\u0101\u1e25<\/i> = sama\u1e43 <\/i>(\u0111\u1eb3ng<\/i>: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>) + prayuktatva<\/i> (h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[222] Nguy\u00ean H\u00e1n: s\u1ef1 \u4e8b; Skt. dravya<\/i>; C\u0111. v\u1eadt \u7269. V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[223] Trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi; t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Vy\u0101khy\u0101: vedan\u0101dravyam ekam evotpadyate na dve tr\u012b\u1e47i v\u0101<\/i>, (trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na) duy ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai hay ba. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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