{"id":7237,"date":"2020-12-02T06:12:42","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:12:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/lich-su-ket-tap-kinh-dien-va-truyen-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:12:42","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:12:42","slug":"lich-su-ket-tap-kinh-dien-va-truyen-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/lich-su-ket-tap-kinh-dien-va-truyen-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed K\u1ebft t\u1eadp Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n<\/p>\n

\n

<\/span><\/b>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> K\u1ebft t\u1eadp Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

\"banhxephapjokhang\"

T<\/span>\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> trong Tam gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Sar\u00ecputta v\u00e0 Moggallana l\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i xin \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang 80 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi, 45 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng gi\u00e3 t\u1eeb T\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 an h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> V\u00f4 D\u01b0<\/span> N\u00edp-b\u00e0n. S\u1ef1 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t to l\u1edbn cho h\u00e0ng T\u1ee9 ch\u00fang<\/span>. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi v\u1eafng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111en t\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> sai l\u1ea1c<\/span>, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t h\u1ea3o trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> may m\u1eafn<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 mang tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1.1 \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> \u00d0i\u1ec3n Kinh L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

<\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n

a) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>:<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> nh\u1eadp N\u00edp-b\u00e0n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng hay x\u1ea3y ra trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. Chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 l\u00fac ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa v\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u0103m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u0111ang chu du<\/span> truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1edf P\u00e0v\u00e0 v\u00e0 nghe tin<\/span> loan truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecd, l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc tin ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong oai nghi<\/span> t\u1ebf h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e0m T\u0103ng<\/span> th\u00ec bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: “Sao Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> v\u1ed9i N\u00edp-b\u00e0n s\u1edbm, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi!” R\u1ed3i Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> an \u1ee7i<\/span> v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Ch\u01b0 Ph\u00e0m T\u0103ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> t\u00ean l\u00e0 Subhada ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn<\/span> n\u01a1i b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n! T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m chi, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span> r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> r\u0103n tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 n\u1eefa: ‘H\u00e3y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia …’. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00ec \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span> r\u1ed3i”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ecf ra<\/span> xem th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a g\u00ec th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa nghe nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> x\u00f3t xa v\u00e0 lo ng\u1ea1i cho ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 lo chu to\u00e0n<\/span> vi\u1ec7c an t\u00e1ng<\/span> \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>. Sau khi an t\u00e1ng<\/span> Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> xong, Ng\u00e0i \u0111em c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00ean T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> t\u1eeb nay phi ph\u00e1p<\/span>, phi lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t huy, ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd suy \u0111\u1ed3i<\/span>; ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng phi ph\u00e1p<\/span>, phi lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> ban cho<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1ee9t v\u1ec1 “H\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0”, ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> mai m\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau, v\u00e0 li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9ng ra tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp<\/span> 500 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 499 v\u1ecb ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ananda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e0u th\u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n do \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> 45 n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh A La H\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> n\u00ean ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span> khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1edbi khai m\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

b) Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau ba th\u00e1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 500 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng Sattapanna tr\u00ean n\u00fai Vebh\u00e0ra \u1edf th\u00e0nh R\u00e0jagaha \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eb3n, Ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u T\u1ee5ng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> ba \u0111i\u1ec1u:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham d\u1ef1<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn 500 v\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c b\u1edbt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ecdn th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng Sattapanna tr\u00ean n\u00fai Vebh\u00e0ra trong th\u00e0nh Rajagaha l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn an c\u01b0 ki\u1ebft h\u1ea1<\/span> m\u00f9a m\u01b0a t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Rajagaha. L\u00fd do<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng<\/span> hai \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra: a) ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c<\/span>; b) ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u00e1c t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> ba \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean, r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng nhau k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Rajagaha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> nh\u00e0 vua A X\u00e0 Th\u1ebf<\/span> (Ajaratthu) gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng<\/span> 18 T\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> cho ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ed5 ngh\u0129 ng\u01a1i. \u00d0\u1ee9c vua hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> chi ph\u00ed cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00fac n\u00e0y \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ananda c\u0169ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai m\u1ea1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mahakassapa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Up\u00e0li \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra, v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n sinh ti\u1ec1n, cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa. C\u00f2n Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Ananda v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh \u0111a v\u0103n<\/span>, am t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> 45 n\u0103m, do \u0111\u00f3 Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> ch\u1ecdn \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c l\u00e0m v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ec1 Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1eabn Vi Di\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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c) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1edbc tam v\u1ecb<\/span> tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> n\u00eau t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u00e0y hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Up\u00e0li! Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y? Ai ph\u1ea1m? \u00d0i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y?”. Ng\u00e0i Up\u00e0li c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch<\/span>, theo th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp. M\u1ed7i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Up\u00e0li, Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00f9ng t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> g\u00ec trong c\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1p, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> nhau tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh<\/span>. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> ra l\u00e0m n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn: \u00c0dikamma, P\u00e0cittiya, Mah\u00e0vagga, Cullavagga, Pariv\u00e0ra.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u1ea7n Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng<\/span> (Brahmaj\u00e0lla sutta). Ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u00e0y hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ananda! Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> thuy\u1ebft b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y? \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ai? N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec?” \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ananda tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> xong, r\u1ed3i Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u1ea7n Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> trong k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n ra n\u0103m b\u1ed9 Nik\u00e0ya. Cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ea3y th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ananda c\u00f3 b\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> s\u1eafp s\u1eeda vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y: “Khi ta vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng”. Ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa h\u1ecfi \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ananda h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, ng\u00e0i Ananda tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00ec l\u00fac \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u01b0 N\u00edp-b\u00e0n, \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0i Mahakassapa v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> li\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng tuy\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>: “K\u00ednh b\u1ea1ch Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span>, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a sa m\u00f4n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> cho n\u00ean k\u00ednh xin Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n<\/span> T\u0103ng t\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau Ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eebng th\u00eam m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng b\u1edbt h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ee9 v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1.2. \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Hai<\/p>\n

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a) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>:<\/p>\n

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Do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajjputta v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Yassak\u00e0kandaputta. Nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u1edf Ves\u00e0li kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u n\u00ean d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng x\u1ee9 Vajji c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> h\u1ecd \u0111em v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span> ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u<\/span> c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> cho ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ecd suy ngh\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng may, m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m n\u1ecd Ng\u00e0i Yassa, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span>, t\u1eeb Kosamb\u00ec \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ves\u00e0li, t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3nh ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u nh\u00f3m Vajjiputta t\u1ef1 do<\/span> nh\u1eadn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u1ec7n nam t\u00edn n\u1eef<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch thi\u1ec7n t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1eddi<\/span> d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Yassa. Sau khi th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span> xong, h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> theo h\u1ea1 l\u1ea1p<\/span>, v\u00e0 l\u1ebd c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Yassa m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajjiputta th\u1ea5y th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Yassa l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00ean h\u1ecdp ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Yassa theo Patis\u00e0ran\u00ecyakamma, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eaft Ng\u00e0i Yassa ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xin l\u1ed7i<\/span> vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>; v\u00e0 l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i \u0111i xin l\u1ed7i<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111i theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> h\u01a1n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1<\/span>, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xin l\u1ed7i<\/span> t\u1eebng nh\u00e0. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> Ng\u00e0i v\u1eeba xin l\u1ed7i<\/span> v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> cho c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> hi\u1ec3u. Ng\u00e0i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajjiputta l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n cho c\u00e1c c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> nghe:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c qu\u00ed v\u1ecb! M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span>, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do m\u00e2y che, m\u00f9 s\u01b0\u01a1ng, vi tr\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Rahu che khu\u1ea5t<\/span>. V\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>: u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, h\u00e0nh d\u00e2m, th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y n\u00e0y th\u1ea7y n\u1ecd”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Yassa, h\u1ecd xin l\u1ed7i<\/span> vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0i Yassa l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng \u0111i theo<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Yassa \u0111em chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajjiputta. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb nghe th\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Yassa m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa theo c\u00e1ch Ukkhepan\u00ecyakamma, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nhau k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng qua th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1ef1 thu\u1edf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i Ng\u00e0i suy t\u01b0, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ta l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb \u00e1c T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng gian lao \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u00e0nh P\u00e0th\u00e0, Avant\u00ec, v\u00e0 Dakkhin\u00e0patha \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o<\/span> cho Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u1edf th\u00e0nh Ves\u00e0li v\u1edbi \u00fd d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, Ng\u00e0i v\u00e2n du<\/span> l\u00ean n\u00fai Adhogang\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1ch chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 cho Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> S\u00e0nasambhuta, ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i Yassa l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u1edf Ves\u00e0li l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 sai ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, 60 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> \u1edf th\u00e0nh P\u00e0th\u00e0 v\u00e0 80 v\u1ecb \u1edf th\u00e0nh Avant\u00ec v\u00e0 Dakkhin\u00e0patha c\u00f9ng nhau h\u1ecdp \u1edf n\u00fai Adhogang\u00e0, v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i Yassa v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> S\u00e0nasambh\u00f9ta. Ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y n\u00ean th\u1ec9nh Ng\u00e0i Revata, m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh t\u1ee9 qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0u th\u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/span> \u1edf th\u00e0nh Ves\u00e0li. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Revata kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span>. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00ec Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> S\u00e0nasambh\u00f9ta tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u1edf th\u00e0nh Ves\u00e0li, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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b) Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span>, nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u1edf th\u00e0nh Ves\u00e0li kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec<\/span> 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc do \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ban h\u00e0nh<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u0111em chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> t\u0103ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u00e0nh Ves\u00e0li trong ch\u00f9a V\u00e0luk\u00e0r\u00e0ma, do \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n<\/span> T\u0103ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ecdn ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Tam T\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Yassa, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajjiputta thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Pur\u00e0na kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Revata, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Tam T\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajjiputta c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Revata che ch\u1edf<\/span> vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb Ng\u00e0i khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb theo phe<\/span> Vajjiputta c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o ho\u00e0ng cung<\/span> y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u00e0 vua K\u00e0k\u00e0soka v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch d\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua r\u1eb1ng khi h\u1ecd tr\u00f4ng coi<\/span> t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> chi\u1ebfm ch\u00f9a, Vua kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00ean ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a Valuk\u00e0r\u00e0ma. \u0110\u00eam \u0111\u00f3, Vua n\u1eb1m m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y qu\u1ef7 s\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1eaft Ng\u00e0i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o ch\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed3ng. L\u00fac Vua t\u1ec9nh d\u1eady<\/span> th\u00ec lo \u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau em g\u00e1i Vua l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Ni Nand\u00e0 v\u00e0o g\u1eb7p Vua v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 sai cho Vua nghe. Th\u00e1nh Ni Nand\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua n\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 Vua \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i Ves\u00e0li l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c vua K\u00e0k\u00e0soka.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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c) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i Revata tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ban gi\u00e1m lu\u1eadt g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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– Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec, Salha, Khujjasobhita, v\u00e0 V\u00e0sabhag\u00e0m\u00ec. B\u1ed1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho phe b\u1ecb c\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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– Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> S\u00e0nasambh\u00f9ta, Sumana, Yassa, v\u00e0 K\u00e0kandaputta \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec3m ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i V\u00e0sabhag\u00e0m\u00ec v\u00e0 Sumana l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Anuruddha, c\u00f2n 6 v\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Ananda, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i Anuruddha v\u00e0 Ananda \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1edf trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho phe b\u1ecb c\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> trong ban gi\u00e1m lu\u1eadt. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Revata n\u00eau ra t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t trong 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sai c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajji \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u n\u00e0o gi\u1eef mu\u1ed1i ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> \u01afng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0103n s\u00e1i gi\u1edd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span>, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00eanh qua bao nhi\u00eau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng sau b\u1eeda \u0103n ch\u00ednh, v\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> \u01afng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng khu v\u1ef1c S\u00ecma, Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t l\u1ed3<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng theo Campeyyakhandhaka, c\u00e1c T\u0103ng s\u01b0 Ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o xen k\u1ebb<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd s\u01b0<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span> n\u00ean y c\u1ee9<\/span> theo kinh lu\u1eadt lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n m\u00e0 sau gi\u1edd ng\u1ecd<\/span> d\u00f9ng s\u1eeda chua \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> P\u00e0cittiya (\u01afng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, d\u00f9 r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf b\u1ea5t n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u1ecda c\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean, v\u1ecb n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u n\u00e0o c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span> cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> \u01afng x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea1m th\u00ec x\u00e3 b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u1edbi h\u1ebft t\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Sabbak\u00e0m\u00ec, Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 am t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi Ng\u00e0i Revata \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u Vajjiputta xong, 700 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y th\u1eddi gian<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 8 th\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1.3 \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Ba<\/p>\n

<\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n

a) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>:<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> Mahavamsa (\u00d0\u1ea1i s\u1eed), trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> vua Asoka, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o, Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u01b0u \u00e1i<\/span>, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u1eeba l\u00fac n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u01b0a ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nhau. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong b\u1ea3y n\u0103m tr\u1eddi Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t nhau m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 B\u1ed1 T\u00e1t<\/span> (Uposattha). Chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn tai vua, vua c\u1eed m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u01b0ng Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng v\u00e2ng l\u1ec7nh<\/span> Vua. Cho n\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, ra l\u1ec7nh s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u t\u0103ng s\u0129. Ng\u00e0i Moggalliputta-Tissa th\u1ea5y v\u1eady li\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span>. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m gi\u1ebft Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 quay v\u1ec1<\/span> b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00e0 vua. Vua nghe tin<\/span>, r\u1ea5t lo s\u1ee3 v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 vua r\u1ea5t hoang mang v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111em chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c vua t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Moggalliputta-Tissa. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho vua hi\u1ec3u: – “N\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> ra l\u1ec7nh th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> \u00e1c, c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> ra l\u1ec7nh th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> \u00e1c. V\u00ec \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y: Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/span> \u00fd, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p”. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Tissa c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho Vua Asoka b\u1edbt lo \u00e2u<\/span> v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho vua hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u00d0\u1ee9c vua r\u1ea5t hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n<\/span> h\u00e0ng h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nhi\u00eau kh\u00ea, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u0103ng l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ec7nh n\u1eefa. Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0y tu theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> tr\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n<\/span> v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua Asoka thanh l\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>. Qua s\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span>, n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tu s\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n<\/span>. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> Mahavamsa v\u00e0 Samantap\u00e0s\u00e0dik\u00e0, trong cu\u1ed9c thanh l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 60.000 tu s\u0129<\/span> gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi thanh l\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> xong, vua h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u chi<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e2n l\u1eddi t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Moggalliputta-Tissa \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3<\/span> Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n. Nh\u00e0 vua hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

b) Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch th\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 n\u0103m 218, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 234. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 287. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang<\/span> v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> ch\u1ecdn ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a Asok\u00e0r\u00e0ma \u1edf kinh th\u00e0nh P\u00e0taliputta ph\u00eda nam ho\u00e0ng cung<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Moggalliputta-Tissa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1ec9nh c\u1eed l\u00e0m v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i Moggalliputta-Tissa ch\u1ecdn 1000 v\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 9 th\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed trong cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vua Asoka ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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c) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00ec Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Moggalliputta-Tissa xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span> do hai v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Siggava v\u00e0 Candavajji th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f5i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u00ec hai v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean cho nh\u1ecb v\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0i Tissa gi\u00e1ng sinh<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Giggava t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cho xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> sa di<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>. L\u00fac hai m\u01b0\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i, Ng\u00e0i Candavajji cho th\u1ecd c\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y Tissa nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> cao si\u00eau. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u Ng\u00e0i am t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> A La H\u00e1n<\/span>, v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Khi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a<\/span> nhau v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 B\u1ed1 T\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, vua Asoka ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> Ng\u00e0i \u1edf n\u00fai Adhoganga ra ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hai k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00e0 tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> qua ba tr\u0103m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> g\u1ed1c Therav\u00e0da \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 cho k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 Kath\u00e0vatthu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1ng Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p<\/span> – Abhidhamma.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 trong hai k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ghi b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng trong l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> P\u00e0li [theo W.Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon].Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1.4 \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 T\u01b0<\/p>\n

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a) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua Asoka v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Moggalliputta-Tissa c\u1eed Ng\u00e0i Mahinda \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 236-287 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> vua Dev\u00e0nampiyatissa. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c vua h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Mahinda \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, t\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng gia<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u quy y<\/span> theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, nh\u00e0 vua \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1<\/span> Mah\u00e0vih\u00e0ra cho Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> vua khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> theo ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, vua c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> Vua Asoka c\u1eed ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ni ch\u00fang<\/span> sang T\u00edch Lan<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> T\u00edch Lan<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu theo ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. V\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa<\/span> con vua Asoka l\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ni Sanghamitt\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n ni ch\u00fang<\/span> sang T\u00edch Lan<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00f2ng mong m\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua T\u00edch Lan<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c<\/span> l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ni d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Ni Sanghamitt\u00e0. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, Vua Asoka c\u00f2n cho chi\u1ebft nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 \u1edf Bodhi-gaya, g\u1eedi cho B\u00e0 Sanghamitt\u00e0 mang t\u1eb7ng nh\u00e0 vua T\u00edch Lan<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00edch lan<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i Mahinda y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> nh\u00e0 vua cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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b) Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i,\u0111\u1ecba<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IV, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng theo \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch 313 (n\u0103m 232 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p Th\u00f9p\u00e0rama \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Anuradhapura \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Mahinda. Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> tham d\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 68.000 v\u1ecb. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 9 th\u00e1ng. \u00d0\u1ee9c vua Dev\u00e0nampiyatissa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> cho cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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c) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> Mahinda \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00edch Lan<\/span> n\u0103m Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 32 tu\u1ed5i. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> T\u00edch Lan<\/span> n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p… Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> T\u00edch Lan<\/span> c\u1ea3 Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1eabn Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> (Athakath\u00e0) [theo W. Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon, p.50- 60]. \u00d0\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00edch Lan<\/span> th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i cho ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eb1m c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Therav\u00e0da t\u1ea1i T\u00edch, sau k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>, ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef P\u00e0li T\u00edch Lan<\/span> [W. Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon, p 50- 60]. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sau, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5-6 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa sang T\u00edch Lan<\/span> d\u1ecbch Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00e0y sang ch\u1eef P\u00e0li \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> P\u00e0li truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, ch\u1ec9 y<\/span> c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0i Mahinda v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9, Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 400, ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n<\/span> T\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IV t\u1ea1i Kasmira thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Gandh\u00e0ra, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 [theo b\u00e1o Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span>, s\u1ed1 12, trang 9]. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Vasumitra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfp T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c vua Vasumitra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi A D\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. L\u00fd do<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 do Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u00ean m\u1edbi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n ra c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn: Kinh S\u1edf, Lu\u1eadt S\u1edf v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn S\u1edf, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 30 v\u1ea1n b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng 9.600.000 l\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a 500 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh<\/span>, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Kassapa k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng: “\u00d0\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean. V\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> \u1eaft s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp”. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Kasmira. Nh\u01b0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Therav\u00e0da th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y [theo “2500 Years of Buddhism”, p.42]. \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (Mahayana) v\u1ec1 sau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Song song ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan<\/span> vua Vattag\u00e0mani c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> do Ng\u00e0i Maharakkhita ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span>, s\u1ed1 Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0 500 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3m Tam T\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span> ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ba t\u1ea1ng, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean l\u00e1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng P\u00e0li, v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n T\u00edch Lan<\/span> [theo Chattha Sang\u00e0yana CD-ROM, do S.N. Goenka th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> sau:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo \u0110\u1ea3o S\u1eed<\/span>, k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh-lu\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn do Ng\u00e0i Mahinda ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c vua Devanampiya Tissa b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> th\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> do Ng\u00e0i Maharakkhita ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c vua Vattag\u00e0mani b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> th\u00ec kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean l\u00e1 bu\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> theo H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> W.Rahula, trong quy\u1ec3n “History of Buddhism in Ceylon”, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IV do Ng\u00e0i Mahinda ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh v\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 III t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> P\u00e0li r\u1ed3i. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh A D\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bia c\u1ee7a vua. V\u1ec1 sau n\u0103m 1897 b\u00e1c s\u0129<\/span> A. Fuhrer c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Asoka, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a bia \u0111\u00e1: “\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1ea1p gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u1ef3 IV, c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean l\u00e1 bu\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u00ecnh. \u1ede k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1eabn n\u1ed9i dung.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1.5 \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 N\u0103m<\/p>\n

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a) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch 2404 nh\u00e0 vua Mindon cho x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng to l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Mandalay, ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ecf xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh Mandalay v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c \u00c0nanda qu\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5p tay<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n, v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span> \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c \u00c0nanda c\u00f3 ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean tri<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ng\u1ecdn n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> xong, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Javeyattau. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch 2407, vua cho t\u1ea1c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u1eefa tr\u00ean n\u00fai. Vua v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> mu\u1ed1n cho kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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b) Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i,\u0111\u1ecba<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1871. Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Mandalay l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 5 th\u00e1ng. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Pong Yi Sayadaw v\u00e0 c\u00f3 2400 Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> tham d\u1ef1<\/span>. Vua Mindon l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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c) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i J\u00e0gar\u00e0bhivamsa, Narind\u00e0bhidhaja, Sumangalas\u00e0mi c\u00f9ng 2400 v\u1ecb Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i Tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. \u00d0\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean 729 phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch, m\u1ed7i phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n 1 th\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng non 1 th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y, kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 101 phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1. Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean 520 phi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean 108 phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 3 t\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 727 phi\u1ebfn. Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean 1774 phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111em t\u00f4n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i th\u00e1p Mahalokamarakhin v\u00e0 th\u00e1p Candamun\u00ec. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1.6 \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u<\/p>\n

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a) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> k\u1ef3 V kho\u1ea3ng 83 n\u0103m. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 8 c\u1ee7a vua Asoka, s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp theo gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3<\/span>, k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m ba m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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– \u00d0o\u00e0n k\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3.
- Ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span>.
- \u00d0\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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b) Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 17.5.1954 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Tam H\u1ee3p (Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3n<\/span>) n\u0103m 1956, Ph\u1eadt L\u1ecbch 2500, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong 2 n\u0103m m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>. N\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Rangoon (Yangon). Ng\u00e0i Nyungan Sayadaw \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> suy t\u00f4n l\u00e0m v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span>. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> U Nu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 chi ph\u00ed cho cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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c) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0i Mahasi Sayadaw \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u1ecb v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, c\u00f2n Ng\u00e0i Bhadanta Vicittas\u00e0ra Bhivamsa s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Mahasi. Trong l\u00fac h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1p Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 2500 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> l\u1eafng nghe, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ecb l\u00e0u th\u00f4ng Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 3 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng: P\u00e0li, Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 Anh ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> 729 phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 1774 phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch kh\u1eafc ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 5 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, Th\u00e1i Lan, Cao Mi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u00e0li \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u00d0\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n cho in ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 45 cu\u1ed1n ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 92 cu\u1ed1n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span>. L\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1m qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> do Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> B\u1eedu Ch\u01a1n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Xem: H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u01a1i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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-ooOoo-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2. CH\u00cdN PH\u00c1I \u00d0O\u00c0N TRUY\u1ec0N GI\u00c1O<\/span> C\u1ee6A VUA A-D\u1ee4C<\/p>\n

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S<\/span>au khi thanh l\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> k\u00ec III ra \u0111\u1eddi, vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> mu\u1ed1n cho ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> l\u00e2n c\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> tinh hoa<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u00e0 vua th\u1ec9nh \u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00e0n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, thi\u1ebfp l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1eedi \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n c\u1ee7a vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Moggaliputta Tissa. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, ch\u00edn ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span>, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gotama.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.1 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

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Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mahinda, Ittiya Uttiya, Sambala, Bhaddas\u00e0la v\u00e0 Sa-di Sumana nh\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> (Lank\u00e0, Lank\u00e0d\u00ecpa, Lank\u00e0tala).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p trong Mah\u00e0vamsa (\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span>) v\u00e0 Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> (Samantap\u00e0s\u00e0dik\u00e0), T\u00edch Lan<\/span> tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gotama v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3<\/span>, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ba v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> [theo “T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n danh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba danh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> – Buddhist Dictionary of Proper Names”]. \u00d0\u1ecba danh h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ba v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Kasusandha, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ojad\u00ecpa, \u0111\u1ee9c vua l\u00e0 Abhaya, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Abhayapura v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba danh Mah\u00e0meghavana, Mah\u00e0tittha. Th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Kon\u00e0gamana, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Varad\u00ecpa, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Vaddham\u00e0na, \u0111\u1ee9c vua t\u00ean l\u00e0 Samiddha v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mah\u00e0noma. Th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Kassapa, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mandad\u00ecpa, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c vua l\u00e0 Jayanta, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Vis\u00e0l\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mah\u00e0s\u00e0gara. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> v\u00f9ng Mah\u00e0meghavana c\u00f3 n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 T\u00edch Lan<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Sumanak\u00f9ta, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gotama c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. L\u00fac c\u00f2n sinh ti\u1ec1n \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gotama \u0111\u00e3 3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span>. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 9 sau khi Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, l\u00fd do<\/span> Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> x\u1ee9 T\u00edch Lan<\/span> sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i D\u1ea1 xoa<\/span> (Yakkha) v\u00e0 A tu la<\/span> (Asura) n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u00f3a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ti\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 n\u0103m sau khi Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. L\u00fd do<\/span> Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i h\u00f2a<\/span> d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd<\/span> Long V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m sau khi Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y Ng\u00e0i c\u00f9ng \u0111i v\u1edbi 500 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. L\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111i l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do Long V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cung th\u1ec9nh Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd trai, v\u00e0 trong l\u1ea7n vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m n\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u00fai m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> do Ng\u00e0i Mahinda l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> sang T\u00edch Lan<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111i b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng theo quy\u1ec3n Mah\u00e0vamsa th\u00ec c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi vua Devanampiyatissa cai tr\u1ecb. Vua T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u00e0 vua \u00c0soka v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n n\u00ean ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Mahinda khi \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00edch Lan<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp r\u1ea5t long tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, v\u00ec vua bi\u1ebft Ng\u00e0i Mahinda l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a vua Asoka. Vua ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i Mahinda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng trong cung ho\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ecdc m\u00e0 d\u00e1m b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ea5t s\u0129<\/span>. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> phi ph\u00e0m<\/span> ho\u1eb7c trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u n\u00ean m\u1edbi thu h\u00fat ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec vua ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Mahinda l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 vua mong m\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi ch\u00e0o h\u1ecfi th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mahinda b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng gia<\/span> nghe v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i Ti\u1ec3u Kinh<\/span> T\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u00edch D\u1ee5, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> (C\u00f9lahatthip\u00e0d\u00f9pama suttanta). Khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p, vua v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng<\/span> xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy y<\/span> Tam-B\u1ea3o. Vua h\u1ee9a t\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd t\u1eadn l\u00f2ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 Lank\u00e0.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.2 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai<\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Majjhantika nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 Gandh\u00e0ra v\u00e0 Kasm\u00ecra. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span>. Trong k\u1ef3 K\u1ebft t\u1eadp Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u01b0u t\u00fa<\/span> tham d\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00f9ng Gandh\u00e0ra d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 Kasm\u00ecra, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, hai qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Kasm\u00ecra-Gandh\u00e0ra.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n sinh ti\u1ec1n, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y khi \u0111\u1ecdc kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Takkasil\u00e0. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i<\/span> cho qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>. Nh\u00e0 vua cai tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Pukkus\u00e0ti. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 vua Bimbis\u00e0ra c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Magadha c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i giao nhau r\u1ea5t th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, khi Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Magadha g\u1edfi cho b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 b\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt-Ph\u00e1p-T\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. Khi hay tin<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 vua quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> xin l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> ngai v\u00e0ng, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e0vatthi \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, xin xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00fac Ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Majjhantika \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Gandh\u00e0ra \u0111ang b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n<\/span> thi\u00ean tai<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u00e3o l\u1ee5t, h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, th\u1ea5t m\u00f9a. C\u00e1c thi\u00ean tai<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do Long v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Arav\u00e0la g\u00e2y ra. Ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y n\u00ean d\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i, qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c so t\u00e0i v\u1edbi vua R\u1ed3ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, vua R\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebft th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o s\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng<\/span> v\u1ecb sa m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn<\/span> d\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u1eeb l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb sa m\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh. Ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho vua R\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, qua b\u00e0i Kinh<\/span> X\u00e0 D\u1ee5 (Alagaddupama suttanta). Khi b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>, vua R\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, d\u1ea1 xoa<\/span> Pandaka v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1 xoa<\/span> l\u00e0 H\u00e0rita, xin qui y Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua R\u1ed3ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fangn\u01b0\u1edbc Gandh\u00e0ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng an l\u00e0nh<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Majjhantika b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 sanh<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef<\/span> xin xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> theo Ng\u00e0i. Theo b\u1ed9 Mah\u00e0vamsa (\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1eed<\/span>), trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, x\u1ee9 Kasm\u00ecra v\u00e0 Gandh\u00e0ra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.3 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba do Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u00e0deva nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 Mahisamandala. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong k\u1ef3 K\u1ebft t\u1eadp Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0o n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba danh Mahisamandala n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u<\/span> s\u00f4ng Godh\u00e0var\u00ec, ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mysore. S\u00f4ng Godh\u00e0var\u00ec \u1edf Dakkhin\u00e0patha [theo “Buddhist Dictionary of Proper Names”, Vol II, p. 815], t\u1ea1o n\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> mi\u1ec1n Nam. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9c vua Alaka v\u00e0 vua Assaka \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1edd s\u00f4ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh \u1edf B\u00e0var\u00ec. Theo Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Sutta Nip\u00e0ta, d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Godh\u00e0var\u00ec ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> l\u00e0m hai nh\u00e1nh \u1edf g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o chu vi 3 d\u1eb7m, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kaptthavana. N\u01a1i h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 B\u00e0var\u00ec chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u0103m d\u1eb7m. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Sarabhanga [theo Chuy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n Th\u00e2n<\/span>, Jataka, V]. Theo Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, n\u01a1i h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a B\u00e0var\u00ec l\u00e0 eo d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng (Godh\u00e0varivamke). S\u00f4ng Godh\u00e0var\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng linh thi\u00eang<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong quy\u1ec3n bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed T\u00edch Lan<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Mah\u00e0deva t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 Mahisamandala. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> Thi\u00ean X\u1ee9 (Devad\u00f9ta suttanta). Sau khi gi\u1ea3ng xong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p, h\u01a1n 40 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 xin qui y<\/span> Tam-B\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.4 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0<\/p>\n

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Do ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Rakkhita nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 Vanav\u00e0sa. \u00d0\u1ecba danh Vanav\u00e0sa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Kanara, nam \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo “\u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1ng s\u1eed” [Mahavamsa – T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> Minh Hu\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch] th\u00ec ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y nghe v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> Anamatagga Samyutta. Sau b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 60 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qui y<\/span> Tam-B\u1ea3o, ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 500 ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> cho T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5<\/span>. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.5 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 n\u0103m<\/p>\n

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Do ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Yonaka Dhammarakkhita nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5<\/span> Gotama \u1edf x\u1ee9 Aparantaka. Ng\u00e0i sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 duy\u00ean l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> tinh chuy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3<\/span> A La H\u00e1n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i K\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba do vua Asoka b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> g\u1edfi ng\u00e0i \u0111i ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 Aparantaka, nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Bombay c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. \u00d0\u1ecba danh Aparantaka l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Gujar\u00e0t, K\u00e0thi\u00e0war, Kachch v\u00e0 Sindh, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00e0japutana, Cutch, Gujarat v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Narmad\u00e0. <\/span><\/span> <\/p>\n

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V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ecba danh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Apar\u00e0nta. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, Mandh\u00e0t\u00e0 \u0111em b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1eeb ba ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn Jambud\u00ecpa v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Khi vua b\u0103ng h\u00e0, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 xin ph\u00e9p th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vua cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Jambud\u00ecpa. Th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba danh Apar\u00e0nta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Aparagoy\u00e0na.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> H\u1ecfa \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span> (Aggikkhandhopama Suttanta). Sau th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span>. Theo quy\u1ec3n Mah\u00e0vamsa, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 con trai, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.6 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/p>\n

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Do Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u00e0rakkhita nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111i ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung \u00c1, mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Iran. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> P\u00e0li g\u1ecdi x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Yonaka. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> vua Milinda, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Yonaka l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0gala. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o<\/span> th\u00e1p (Mah\u00e0th\u00f9pa) c\u00f3 ba ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Yonamah\u00e0dhammarakkhita. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Alasand\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Yona. H\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean Alasand\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i chung Alasand\u00e0 do vua Macedonian (Alexander) \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Paropanisadae g\u1ea7n K\u00e0bul. Trong kinh Assal\u00e0yana, n\u01b0\u1edbc Yona v\u00e0 Kamboja \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh m\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1edb, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1edb. Trong Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Trung b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, T\u1eadp II-784, c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: v\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft cho n\u00ean tr\u1ebb con c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> t\u00f4i t\u1edb, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1edb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Quy\u1ec3n Mah\u00e0vamsa c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u00e0rakkhita t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y. Th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 K\u00e0lak\u00e0r\u00e0ma-suttanta. Sau th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m b\u1ea3y ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.7 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y<\/p>\n

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Do Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Majjhima, Kassapagotta, M\u00f9lakadeva, Durabhissara v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Deva Sahadeva nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Him\u00e0laya.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00d0\u1ecba danh Him\u00e0laya c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau: Himav\u00e0, Him\u00e0cala, Himavanta … nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 Him\u00e0laya (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebft – Tuy\u1ebft S\u01a1n<\/span>). N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y d\u00e3y n\u00fai<\/span> bao quanh Gradham\u00e0dana [theo Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Sutta-nipata, i., 66]. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 300 ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 84 ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 500 do tu\u1ea7n<\/span> (Yojanas) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 8.000 km. \u1ede trong v\u00f9ng Himav\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y c\u00e1i h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, ngang, s\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng 50 d\u1eb7m. T\u00ean b\u1ea3y c\u00e1i h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Anotatta, Kannamunda, Rathak\u00e0ra, Chaddanta, Kun\u00e0la, Mand\u00e0kin\u00ec v\u00e0 S\u00echappap\u00e0taka. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, \u00e1nh n\u1eafng<\/span> m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3. N\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb Himav\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o 500 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, theo Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Suttanipata v\u00e0 Milindapanha th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 10 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Himav\u00e0, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c th\u00ec nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. M\u01b0\u1eddi con s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ganga, Yamun\u00e0, Aciravat\u00ec, Sarabh\u00f9, Mah\u00ec, Sindhu, Sarrassat\u00ec, Vettavat\u00ec, V\u00ectams\u00e0 v\u00e0 Candabh\u00e0g\u00e0.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong T\u00fac sanh truy\u1ec7n (J\u00e0taka), Himav\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> s\u0129 khi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho \u1ea9n tu. Trong Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Sutta Nipata c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai t\u1ea1i Himav\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mah\u00e0pap\u00e0ta, n\u01a1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span> vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span>. Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>, III-120, ghi r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i r\u1ed3ng (N\u00e0gas) \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Himav\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 sanh con. Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o T\u0103ng k\u1ec7<\/span>, II-138, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> S\u00ecval\u00ec t\u1eeb Savatthi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu<\/span>. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb kho\u1ea3ng 8 ng\u00e0y.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Quy\u1ec3n Mah\u00e0vamsa, XII.41, ghi n\u0103m v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> vua Asoka \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Himav\u00e0 ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft \u1edf x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i Kinh<\/span> Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> (Dhammacakkappavatthanva suttanta). Sau khi b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> xong, c\u00f3 80 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00f2ng t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn<\/span>. N\u0103m v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> n\u00e0y thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i 5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c chung quang v\u00f9ng Himav\u00e0, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin xu\u1ea5t giat .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.8 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m<\/p>\n

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Do hai Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Sona v\u00e0 Uttara nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111i ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 Suvannabh\u00f9mi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba danh Suvannabh\u00f9mi. S\u1eed li\u1ec7u Th\u00e1i Lan, Campuchia, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n … cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a vua Asoka c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Suvannabh\u00f9mi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng Suvannabh\u00f9mi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam (Funan). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam nh\u01b0 sau [theo L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, “S\u1eed li\u1ec7u Ph\u00f9 Nam”]:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng M\u00e3 \u00d0o\u00e0n L\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng (960-1280), \u1edf L\u1ea1c B\u00ecnh, vi\u1ebft trong b\u1ed9 “V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00f4ng Kh\u1ea3o” r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, trong bi\u1ec3n T\u00e2y, c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt Nam 7.000 l\u00fd (1 l\u00fd = 400 th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y), v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam c\u00e1ch L\u00e2m-\u1ea4p 3.000 l\u00fd, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng 3.000 l\u00fd.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed k\u00fd T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi r\u1eb1ng “… D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u, n\u0103m T\u00e2n M\u00e3o (1109 tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch), c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng<\/span> chim b\u1ea1ch tr\u0129. V\u1ecb s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2u C\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ea3n cho n\u0103m xe Ch\u1ec9 Nam \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111i qua x\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam, L\u00e2m-\u1ea4p, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t n\u0103m”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: “B\u00e0 L\u1ee3i (P’ O-Li, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam) \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Chu N\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn sau ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u V\u0129nh Huy (\u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng 650-655) b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfm”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Klaproth v\u00e0 Paulhier cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf v\u00f9ng P\u00e9gou n\u01b0\u1edbc Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng D\u00e9guine cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e1i Lan.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Abel R\u00e9sumat cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t<\/span> Nam.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Wilford cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1edf M\u00e3 Lai.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Stanisla Julien cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf Th\u00e1i Lan.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Barth cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Schelegel cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Bowring v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Wade cho r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf Th\u00e1i Lan, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> danh t\u1eeb Ph\u00f9 Nam do ch\u1eef TCHETOU (X\u00edch th\u1ed5) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecf nh\u1edd ph\u00f9 sa b\u1ed3i l\u00ean.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Aymonur cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam g\u1ed3m mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Cao Mi\u00ean<\/span>, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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* \u00d4ng Blagden cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea5t Cao Mi\u00ean<\/span>, Th\u00e1i Lan cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00f9ng P\u00e9gou \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n vua, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed sinh<\/span> ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb n\u1eef D\u1ea1 Xoa<\/span> bi\u1ec3n \u0103n th\u1ecbt<\/span>. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u1eef D\u1ea1 Xoa<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i. C\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sa m\u00f4n<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u1ea7y. Sau khi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, nh\u1ecb v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> li\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a<\/span> n\u1eef D\u1ea1 Xoa<\/span>. Sau khi c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a<\/span> Da Xoa xong, nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ecb v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho vua v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nghe, qua b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng<\/span> (Brahmaj\u00e0la sutta), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span>. Sau khi gi\u1ea3ng xong, c\u00f3 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin qui y<\/span> Tam-B\u1ea3o v\u00e0 3.500 nam n\u1eef<\/span> con gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c<\/span> xin xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u00e0o sanh ra, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Sonuttara – gh\u00e9p t\u1eeb hai t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> l\u00e0 Sona v\u00e0 Uttara.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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2.9 Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn<\/p>\n

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Do Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u00e0dhammarakkhita l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Mah\u00e0ratthi. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba danh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Mar\u00e0th\u00ec, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Bombay, \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> Mah\u00e0dhammarakkhita l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c<\/span> phi ph\u00e0m<\/span>. Khi v\u1ecbTr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u00e1i m\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u theo ng\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kinh B\u1ed5n Sanh<\/span> (J\u00e0taka). Kinh B\u1ed5n sanh<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp<\/span> khi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ba-la-m\u1eadt. Kinh n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> (Khuddaka Nik\u00e0ya), thu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 10 trong 15 t\u1eadp. B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> qua c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> s\u00e1ng ng\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gotama. Sau th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> t\u00edn th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span>. C\u00f3 84.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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-ooOoo-<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> Thi\u1ec7n Minh
Ch\u00f9a K\u1ef3 Vi\u00ean<\/span>, Qu\u1eadn 3, TP HCM,
Th\u00e1ng 2-2003<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U<\/span> THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1) Malalasekera, Dictionary of P\u00e0li Proper Names, P\u00e0li Text Society \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>
2) T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> Minh Hu\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Th\u1ed1ng S\u1eed (Mahavamsa)
3) T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> Gi\u00e1c Nguy\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> S\u1eed
4) P.V. Bapat, 2500 Years of Buddhism
5) W. Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon
6) L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, S\u1eed li\u1ec7u Ph\u00f9 Nam<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

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