{"id":7243,"date":"2020-12-02T06:13:53","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/nguoi-phu-nu-trong-van-hoc-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:13:53","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:13:53","slug":"nguoi-phu-nu-trong-van-hoc-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/nguoi-phu-nu-trong-van-hoc-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5 N\u1eef Trong V\u0103n H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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NG\u01af\u1edcI PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee<\/span> TRONG V\u0102N H\u1eccC<\/span> PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span><\/b>

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>: Piyadassi Mahathera\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/b>
D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh
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L\u1eddi M\u1edf \u0110\u1ea7u\u00a0<\/b>
<\/span> V\u1ecb Tr\u00ed<\/span> C\u1ee7a H\u00e0ng Ph\u1ee5 N\u1eef<\/span> Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Siddhattha Gotarna (S\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1t Ta C\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0m<\/span>) th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1ch nay h\u01a1n 2,500 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u00a0\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea h\u00e8n<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>.\u00a0V\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u0103n minh<\/span>, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ebfn Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> v\u1eabn khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p.\u00a0Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i ai ai c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng hang c\u00f9ng h\u00f3c h\u1ebbm c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 ban truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd huy ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 tan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> r\u1ea5t tai h\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>.\u00a0V\u1edbi l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m<\/span> hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea1ch t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>.\u00a0Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span> hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u1ea5y trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eadn x\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n.\u00a0Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fan s\u00e2u trong th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u00ea t\u00edn<\/span> \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span>, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> b\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> (brahmin) v\u1eabn gi\u1eef to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u00e2n \u1ea4n trong b\u00e0n tay s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, d\u00ecm th\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i<\/span> hay n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do<\/span> \u0103n n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 giam h\u1ea3m trong b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn g\u00ec cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng t\u00f4i t\u1edb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng, c\u1ee7a cha hay c\u1ee7a anh.\u00a0N\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp ngang h\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo s\u00e1ch Manusmrti, The Laws of Manu, m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1eddi x\u01b0a<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> Manu \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh<\/span>, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ed9t tr\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>, si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng – l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u1ed3ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e2ng d\u1ea1<\/span> ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng ch\u1ed3ng, thi h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u1ed3ng sai b\u1ea3o<\/span>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef khong c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 hay th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00fang ki\u1ebfng n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng<\/span> kinh v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00ean c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi.\u00a0M\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u1eddi sai khi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u1edf c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span>(1).\u00a0Theo quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> Manu h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc kinh Vedas (Ph\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0<\/span>).\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao trong nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fa Veda.\u00a0Quan ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u0129 nh\u1ee5c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf trongkhi ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng<\/span> \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng.\u00a0M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span> ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ed3ng sang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean kia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 quy\u00ean sinh, nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1eebng ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa \u0111ang thi\u00eau ch\u1ed3ng.\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c man r\u1ee3 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u00e3i b\u1ecf<\/span>, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f4i x\u1ea5u g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> th\u00f3i quen<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan r\u1ed9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady trong x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn, cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea4n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y xa x\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o.\u00a0X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd tin r\u1eb1ng sinh con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> – c\u00f2n h\u01a1n v\u1eady n\u1eefa – l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecda<\/span>.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng vua ch\u00faa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> b\u1ecb quan ki\u1ebfn h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i v\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u1ea5y g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c.\u00a0Chuy\u1ec7n thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd Vua x\u1ee9 Kosala (C\u00e2u T\u1ea5t La) \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng vua v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i.\u00a0V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 tin b\u00e1o l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u1eadu Mallika h\u1ea1 sanh con g\u00e1i.\u00a0Nghe tin<\/span> n\u00e0y vua ng\u1ea9n ng\u01a1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, s\u1eafc m\u1eb7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ee7 d\u1ed9t<\/span> \u00e2u lo v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n<\/span>.\u00a0Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u1edf l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2018Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u0103n kho\u0103n, t\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> con trai,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00ec l\u1edbn l\u00ean em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 hi\u1ec1n, m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng em s\u1ebd y\u00eau qu\u00fd.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9a con trai m\u00e0 em s\u1ebd sanh ra\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady, con trai\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 cao qu\u00fd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia\u2019 (2).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 xe, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2018D\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u1ed5 xe c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u1ea5y\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1eadn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n\u2019 (3)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u l\u00f2ng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch<\/span> hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u00e1c c\u1ea3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 trong l\u1ed1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai<\/span> v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span> h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u1eeba kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1eeba kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecdc, nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u1eabn ngang nhau.\u00a0B\u00ean trong m\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> A La H\u00e1n<\/span>, ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1edbn lao trong gi\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> trong d\u00e2n gian.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ch\u00e1nh th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y s\u1edbm s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ebb vang<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ai x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng cho ta k\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i mang trong l\u00f2ng.\u00a0Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf Ng\u00e0i n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u00ec l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn danh ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 (matugama).\u00a0V\u1ec1 sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n nghe theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1eb9, tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: \u2018B\u00e0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi\u2019 (4).\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng ghi s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00e2m n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> ph\u00e1i n\u1eef.\u00a0Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u00ean xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 em g\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> h\u1ecd, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a<\/span>, d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1ee3, xem v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 ngang h\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 cho con g\u00e1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con trai.\u00a0H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong kinh Sigalovada Sutta, to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>.\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ed3ng n\u00ean: l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n<\/span> thanh tao<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1ee3; kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf \u00fd<\/span> khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng; trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u1ee3, trao quy\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u00e0nh trong nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 mua s\u1eafm n\u1eef trang cho v\u1ee3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.\u00a0Ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh ch\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u00e1ch: l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u00e2n c\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u00ean ch\u1ed3ng; trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng; c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111em v\u1ec1; lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n si\u00eang n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u00e1o tr\u00fac c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i trong b\u1ed9 Anguttara Nikaya (T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m<\/span>) (5) v\u00e0 Samyutta Nikaya (T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span>) (6) \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an l\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9\u2019.\u00a0Theo \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>, t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia<\/span>, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an l\u00e0nh<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> trong c\u1ea3 hai, th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ban h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. Bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u00e0 gh\u00ea s\u1ee3<\/span> t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i, bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c hi\u1ec3m, th\u00f9 o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. Kh\u00f4ng ganh t\u1ef5<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. Kh\u00f4ng keo ki\u1ebft b\u1ecfn x\u1ebbn<\/span> m\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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6. \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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7. S\u00f3ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi thu\u1ea7n phong<\/span> m\u1ef9 t\u1ee5c\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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8. Trau gi\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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9. H\u0103ng say v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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10. C\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 lanh tr\u00ed<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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11. S\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan (7)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> an l\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, Euripides, \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span>: \u2018Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 t\u1ed1t.\u2019\u00a0C\u0169ng v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tin ch\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1edd\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 di m\u1eabu<\/span> Pajapati Gotami v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni.\u00a0L\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span>.\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t canh t\u00e2n m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> cho h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n<\/span> ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> cao qu\u00fd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> trong n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span>, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> ngang h\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/span> ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span>, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.\u00a0V\u00e0 ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> 2,500 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> cho h\u00e0ng n\u1eef tu s\u0129<\/span>.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> n\u1eefa, r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> h\u1ecd l\u00ean h\u00e0ng danh d\u1ef1<\/span> n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi t\u1eebng l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ebb vang<\/span> nh\u1eefng trang v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.\u00a0\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ni th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ca kh\u00fac<\/span> kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n sau khi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng trong Therigatha (psalms of the Sisters, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1nh thi c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ni).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong t\u00edch truy\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec7n b\u00e0 Pajapati Gotami, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong kinh s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>.\u00a0V\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed9 Anguttara Nikaya, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m<\/span>, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u ni v\u00e0 c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> t\u00edn n\u1eef<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0<\/span> d\u1ea1y Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd<\/span>.\u00a0V\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni Khun\u0111alakesa (8) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0.\u00a0T\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni Soma \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u1eef t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m<\/span> h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni Soma (9) b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9p khi m\u00e0, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u1edbi tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e9n l\u00ean b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n v\u00f4 minh<\/span> \u0111ang bao tr\u00f9m m\u00ecnh, th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00fang theo m\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3?\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u00e2u \u1ea9n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cao th\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho Ng\u00e0i m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu m\u1ec1m c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu trong t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y.\u00a0Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u00ean c\u00e1o c\u1ea3 hai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, n\u00ean c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> v\u00e0 suy k\u00e9m \u1ea5y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1i n\u1eef, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u2018Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ea9m t\u00e1nh k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 tai h\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi n\u1eef\u2019 (10), nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c gia c\u00f4ng<\/span> chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u1ed5i h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1ea7u sao, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m<\/span> v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ea c\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 thua s\u00fat, m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> cao qu\u00fd l\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> canh ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> – s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m say m\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam – \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh trong h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 (11).\u00a0V\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u00e0m say \u0111\u1eafm<\/span> m\u00ea h\u1ed3n<\/span> \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> c\u00e1m d\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i bu\u00f4ng lung<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i li\u1ebfc m\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi duy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng d\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec7u<\/span> y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u0103m nom<\/span> ch\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1t (duni-vatthena) v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi quy\u1ebfn r\u0169<\/span> d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng<\/span> d\u1ec5 m\u1ebfn (12).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Angutara Nikaya, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m<\/span>, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018N\u00e0y ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 tim ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0.\u00a0N\u00e0y ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i<\/span> say m\u00ea\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2018Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh<\/span>…\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m…\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span>…\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m n\u00e0o…\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i<\/span> say m\u00ea v\u00e0 giam c\u1ea7m qu\u1ea3 tim ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam nh\u01b0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m, m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0.\u00a0Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m, m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2018N\u00e0y ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ea3 tim ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i<\/span> say m\u00ea tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebfn r\u0169<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u1ea5y\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi n\u00f3i Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nam n\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e1m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn.\u00a0S\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> xem l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.\u00a0N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span>, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ef1 h\u1ea3m m\u00ecnh trong c\u1ea1m b\u1ea9y, t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nanh vu\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span> – th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u b\u1ecd th\u1ebf c\u00f4<\/span>; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u0169ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng<\/span> kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u1eebng thi\u1ec1n cao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u1ea7n gian.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2018Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 tham \u00e1i<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i, n\u00f3 b\u1eebng ch\u00e1y\u2019 (13).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c<\/span>.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng khinh r\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span> danh d\u1ef1<\/span>, suy gi\u1ea3m<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span>.\u00a0Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau l\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh<\/span> y\u1ebfu m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> m\u1ecfng manh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng<\/span>.\u00a0\u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 in s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> t\u00e1c phong \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n an \u1ee7i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span>: \u2018T\u00e1c phong d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i hay k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u2019 (14).\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u2018Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vui l\u00f2ng<\/span> ch\u1ed3ng\u2019 (15), v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> Ng\u00e0i ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u2018V\u1ee3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u2019 (16).\u00a0Goldsmith ch\u1ec9 vang \u00e2m nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2018M\u1ed9t b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kho\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o tri\u1ebft gia<\/span>, v\u1ed7 ng\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng anh h\u00f9ng<\/span>, hay nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> g\u1eaft g\u1ecfng<\/span>.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ed3ng con h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng t\u00ean kh\u00f3e m\u1eaft\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng danh d\u1ef1<\/span> ngang h\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u1ea5c thang th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n theo n\u1eef t\u00ednh<\/span>, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1 v\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span>, d\u1ec5 b\u0129 khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ee5 \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i – l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> – Ng\u00e0i gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean h\u1ed3i chu\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u hi\u1ec3m nguy tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed1i lo \u00e2u<\/span> ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef; l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>.\u00a0\u0110\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb<\/span>.\u00a0Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> – nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n, vua ch\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>.\u00a0Su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xen v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n; Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>\u00a0ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7u sao, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n<\/span>, r\u1eb1ng trong khi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n<\/span> b\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> \u1ea5y, v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t lu\u00e2n<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb<\/span> cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n t\u00edch thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> trong th\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i (17).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Pali.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i theo v\u0103n xu\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t trung th\u1ef1c<\/span>, d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Xin xem ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n t\u00edch thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Ni v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng trong trang ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5 N\u1eef<\/span> V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1ea5t, Maha Pajapati Gotami,\u00a0
2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Con G\u00e1i Ch\u0103n \u0110\u00e0 La<\/span>\u00a0
3. M\u1eaft Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trinh N\u1eef\u00a0
4. Kisagotami, B\u00e0 M\u1eb9 Kh\u1ed5 \u0110au\u00a0
5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Con G\u00e1i Th\u1ee3 D\u1ec7t\u00a0
6. Upagupta v\u00e0 C\u00f4 G\u00e1i Nh\u1ea3y\u00a0
7. Kundala Kesa (C\u00f4 G\u00e1i T\u00f3c Qu\u0103n)\u00a0
8. M\u1ed9t Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ee3p<\/span> Thay H\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed5i D\u1ea1ng\u00a0
9. Dhammadinna, V\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0\u00a0
10. Visakha, V\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00ed Ch\u1ee7<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:\u00a0<\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n

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(1). Nasti strinam prthagyajno\u00a0
Na vratam napyuposatham\u00a0
Patim susrusate yena\u00a0
Tana svarge mahiyate (Manu, c\u00e2u 153).\u00a0
(2). Kindred Sayings, I, trang iii.\u00a0
(3). Kindred Sayings, I, trang 45.\u00a0
(4). Janani janma bhumis ca svargadapi gariyasi.\u00a0
(5). Anguttara Nikaya, 4: 265 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trang ti\u1ebfp.\u00a0
(6). Anguttara Nikaya, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m<\/span>. 4: 238 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trang ti\u1ebfp.\u00a0
(7). i. saddho, ii. hirima ottapi, iii. akkodhano anupanahi, iv. anissuki, v. amacchri, vi. anaticari, vii. silava, viii. bahussuto, ix. araddhaviriyo, x. upatthita sati, xi. pannava (Samyutta Nikaya, T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span>, 4: 143).\u00a0
(8). Xem ph\u1ea7n sau, trang 530.\u00a0
(9). Psalms of the Sisters.\u00a0
(10). Xem Dhammapada, kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, c\u00e2u 242.\u00a0
(11). Pancakamaguna ete itthirupasmim dissare – rupa saddha rasa gandha photthabba ca manorama (Anguttara Nikaya, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m<\/span>, 3: 69).\u00a0
(12). Gradual Sayings, iii, trang 57.\u00a0
(13). Xem Dhammapada, Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, c\u00e2u 251.\u00a0
(14). Xem Dhammapada, Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, c\u00e2u 242.\u00a0
(15). Samyutta Nikaya, T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span>, I: 7.\u00a0
(16). Samyutta Nikaya, T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span>, I: 37.\u00a0
(17). Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb quan<\/span> t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u2018Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5 N\u1eef<\/span> Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc Women Under Primitive Buddhism c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> I.B. Horner; Women in Buddhist Literature c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> B.C. Law; v\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> \u2018Women and the Religious Order of the Buddha\u2019 c\u1ee7a Jotiya Dhirasekera; hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span> Dhammavuhari (The Maha Bodhi, May-June 1967, Calcutta).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00edch theo quy\u1ec3n \u2018Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, Nh\u00ecn To\u00e0n Di\u1ec7n\u2019, do Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, 1996. (Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: \u2018The Spectrum of Buddhism\u2019 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Piyadassi Mahathera).
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