{"id":7245,"date":"2020-12-02T06:14:44","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:14:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/phat-trien-tam-tu\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T06:14:44","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T23:14:44","slug":"phat-trien-tam-tu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/phat-trien-tam-tu\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n T\u00e2m T\u1eeb"},"content":{"rendered":"

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PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N T\u00c2M T\u1eea<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9<\/span><\/p>\n

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\"dieukhacnhuanduc3\"

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V\u0102N-TH\u00d9 h\u1ecfi Duy-ma-c\u1eadt: [1]<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abB\u1ed3 t\u00e1t n\u00ean qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Duy-ma-c\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1p: <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abNh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u1ea3o h\u00f3a<\/span> do m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra; B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> n\u00ean qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eadc tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u00ecn tr\u0103ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u00ecn b\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng; nh\u00ecn \u00e1nh l\u1eeda<\/span> khi nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ed1c;<\/i>[2]<\/b><\/i> nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi; nh\u01b0 m\u00e2y n\u1ed5i trong b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi;<\/i>[3]<\/b><\/i> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc;<\/i>[4]<\/b><\/i> nh\u01b0 bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc;<\/i>[5]<\/b><\/i> nh\u01b0 l\u00f5i chu\u1ed1i r\u1ed7ng; nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh ch\u1edbp l\u00f3e k\u00e9o d\u00e0i;<\/i>[6]<\/b><\/i> <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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(\u2026)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> n\u00ean qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00bb <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u0103n-th\u00f9-s\u01b0-l\u1ee3i h\u1ecfi: <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abB\u1ed3 t\u00e1t qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb?\u00bb<\/i>[7]<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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1. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span> quan<\/span><\/h3>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a V\u0103n th\u00f9<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> s\u00e1t ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; trong gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy-ma-c\u1eadt, ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p, b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi vui bu\u1ed3n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i<\/span>; v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ra gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1eadn t\u00e2m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean, V\u0103n th\u00f9<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb?<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, trong kinh B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span>, sau khi nghe X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i T\u1eed thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ba-la-m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> tr\u00ed Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/span>, M\u00e3n T\u1eeb T\u1eed<\/span> li\u1ec1n h\u1ecfi, “N\u1ebfu h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> tr\u00ed Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/span><\/i>?” X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i T\u1eed \u0111\u00e1p, “N\u1ebfu h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 huy\u1ec5n s\u1ef1, th\u1ebf th\u00ec B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ed\u2026 Do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span>, sinh ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i bi t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>; do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> m\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> an tr\u1ee5 trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span><\/i>.”[8]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hu\u1ec7. Di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy c\u01a1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c l\u0169, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a con th\u00e1c. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb con m\u1eaft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> khi qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn ch\u00ecm<\/span> trong d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. Kinh Ph\u1eadt m\u1eabu<\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/i> n\u00f3i, “B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> do tu t\u1eadp<\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span> ba-la-m\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u1ea5y<\/i>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111ang b\u1ecb g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m<\/span> \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecda<\/span> trong lao ng\u1ee5c, b\u00e8n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span>, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd b\u00e1o<\/span> k\u1ecbch kh\u1ed5, ho\u0103c th\u1ea5y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sao tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span>, nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> m\u1ecdi th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 trong t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 trong t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ed<\/span> tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span><\/i>.”[9]<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i ba, m\u01b0u tr\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m<\/span>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu \u0111ang l\u1eef h\u00e0nh b\u0103ng qua hoang m\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y nguy hi\u1ec3m. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> hoang m\u1ea1c \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> trong khi b\u1eb1ng m\u01b0u tr\u00ed kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba<\/span> m\u1ecdi tai h\u1ecda<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, bao che v\u00e0 an \u1ee7i<\/span> h\u1ecd trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n kinh s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> h\u00f9ng. “C\u00e1c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t<\/span> c\u00e1c sinh lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> ch\u00ecm ng\u1eadp trong th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00ean nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span> h\u1ef7 x\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1<\/span> b\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> do tu t\u1eadp<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, tuy tu t\u1eadp<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, V\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, V\u00f4 nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/i>.”[10]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng an tr\u1ee5 trong bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> an to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i l\u0103n l\u00f3c<\/span> trong sinh t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 Duy-ma-c\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1edbi V\u0103n th\u00f9<\/span>: “Si v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00e1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh t\u00f4i. V\u00ec h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 t\u00f4i b\u1ec7nh. Bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh, b\u1ec7nh t\u00f4i s\u1ebd h\u1ebft. V\u00ec sao? B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. C\u00f3 sinh t\u1eed<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh. N\u1ebfu h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> b\u1ec7nh kh\u1ed5<\/span> th\u00ec B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ec7nh<\/i>.”[11]<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. B\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

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B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3; b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-nan d\u1eabn c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tr\u1ebb tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, “A-nan, Ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> v\u00e0 an tr\u1ee5 t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eeb, tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1eafp m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi\u2026 C\u0169ng v\u1eady, an tr\u1ee5 t\u00e2m<\/span> bi, t\u00e2m h\u1ef7<\/span>, t\u00e2m x\u1ea3\u2026 A-nan, ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tr\u1ebb tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t, tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> tu ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh\u2026<\/i>“[12]<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5. [13] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u1ea5y sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>. T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t A-h\u00e0m<\/i> n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m<\/span>, th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>. N\u1ebfu t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> mu\u1ed1n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span>, h\u00e3y tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y.[14]<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, khi Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c C\u00e2u-t\u00e1t-la; b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 hai thanh ni\u00ean B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> nhau v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng tr\u00fa v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n b\u00ean Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u y tr\u00ean t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i S\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> cho h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ai m\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>. T\u00e2m t\u01b0 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>: t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3.[15] N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u theo t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, theo \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> hay Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau; v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u00f9 h\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 lu\u00f4n tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c l\u1ec5 nghi<\/span> t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5, thi\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba c\u1ea5p theo ba tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cao th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau trong S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>. Ba c\u1ea5p \u1ea5y l\u00e0, t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea5p k\u1ec3 l\u00ean, Ph\u1ea1m ch\u00fang thi\u00ean<\/span>,[16] c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> con d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa tr\u00ean Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa. Cao h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ee5 thi\u00ean<\/span>,[17] c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 t\u1ebf, hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>; t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh tr\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Cao nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>,[18] ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n, to\u00e0n n\u0103ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5, c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>, tu h\u1ef7 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> y tr\u00ean S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, v\u00ec trong hai thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y h\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ba v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i y tr\u00ean s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, v\u1ecb ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 trung gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh; ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 y<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u0103m \u0111\u1ecba, tr\u1eeb v\u1ecb ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.[19] H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Bi\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh thi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ba cao nh\u1ea5t trong \u0110\u1ec7 tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>. Tu bi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 thi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Tu h\u1ef7, cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 thi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai trong b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Tu x\u1ea3, cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 thi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 trong b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.[20]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, mong c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span>. B\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> tham s\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 tu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> s\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span>, tu bi \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> h\u1ea1i t\u00e2m, tu h\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1ea5t h\u00e2n \u1ee7y t\u00e2m (b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span>), tu x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> d\u1ee5c tham<\/span>.[21]<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u01b0 trong kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, theo \u0111\u00f3 khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng s\u1ebd th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, v\u00e0 tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m<\/span>, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3; tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 xe, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>, t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span>.[22] Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00f3i, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1ed1n ch\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span>, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.[23] L\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 tu b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span>. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 y<\/span> tr\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, hay tr\u00ean ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gia h\u00e0nh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i, tu b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span>, mong r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c<\/span>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi tu bi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> mong cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span>. S\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>. T\u01b0 duy<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc ngu\u1ef5\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o? Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>. V\u00ec c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, a-th\u1ebf-da,[24] t\u1ee9c th\u00e2m t\u00e2m<\/span> hay \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1edfi Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. B\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/h3>\n

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C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m<\/span>, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5. Ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> ch\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f2n n\u00eau l\u00ean ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 hay V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Trang nghi\u00eam kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> n\u00f3i, \u201cB\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>: t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7 x\u1ea3<\/span>. Trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span>: 1. Tr\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. 2. Hi\u1ec7p tr\u00ed, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> do ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> tr\u00ed v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. 3. Chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea3nh, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> duy\u00ean, ph\u00e1p duy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 duy\u00ean<\/span>. 4. Th\u00e0nh sinh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>.\u201d[25] T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> tu b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f2n y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, khi l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hay b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, chung cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> sinh l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, sinh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn<\/span> Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9m l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u00ean, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, khi kinh n\u00f3i, \u201ct\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eeb, tr\u00f9m kh\u1eafp<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>\u201d[26] l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> ch\u01b0a ly D\u1ee5c<\/span>, hay ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1ed5 hay l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m<\/span> \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>.[27] Do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u01b0 duy<\/span> t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>.[28] Cho n\u00ean, lu\u1eadn Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> n\u00f3i, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> cho c\u1ea3 ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> l\u1eabn ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. L\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tu b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span>, hay \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span>. V\u00f4 duy\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>.[29]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u00f4 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m tr\u1edf l\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. Khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00f4 sinh ph\u00e1p nh\u1eabn<\/span>,[30] b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn, do b\u1edfi<\/span> th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, m\u00e0 T\u1eeb v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.[31] \u0110\u1ecba th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ng\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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4. Qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> tu V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

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H\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> trong Du gi\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> trang nghi\u00eam kinh<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 x\u00f3a \u0111i n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong c\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span>, m\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>. C\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t<\/span> n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span> do \u00e2n \u00e1i<\/span> bi\u1ec7t ly<\/span>, hay t\u00ecnh th\u00f9 t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c tr\u00ean t\u00ednh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, \u201cS\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/i>\u201d Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> hay h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> c\u1ea3. Cho n\u00ean, khi c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> l\u00ean h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, h\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1eefu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span>; cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong hai \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn t\u1eeb A-h\u00e0m v\u00e0 Nik\u0101ya \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu<\/span> d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tr\u1ebb, hay t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> m\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span>, hay x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft<\/span> ngo\u00e0i b\u00e3i tha ma, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> hay th\u00e2n th\u00edch<\/span> trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eadp trung \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, d\u1ec5 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> x\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng \u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3i theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span>, \u1ea9n d\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> trong n\u00fai r\u1eebng<\/span> hoang v\u1eafng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean. Tu b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean a-th\u1ebf-da, tr\u00ean t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00fd l\u1ea1c<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean th\u00e2m t\u00e2m<\/span>, tr\u00ean t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> x\u00f3a s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 kinh Kam cang<\/i> n\u00f3i, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, v\u00ec B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u1edbi \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Ngay ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, V\u0103n-th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> khi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111ang ng\u1ee5p l\u1eb7n trong bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5. Duy-ma-c\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong lu\u1eadn Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> v\u00e0 Trang nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i>, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy-ma-c\u1eadt, ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, tuy v\u1eady m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> y theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, y tr\u00ean qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb<\/span> m\u00e0 Duy-ma-c\u1eadt gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1eeb. T\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1eefu<\/span>; \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> hay an l\u1ea1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3 h\u1eefu<\/span>. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> hay an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecda<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> b\u1ecbnh n\u00ean B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1ecbnh. T\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, tu\u1ef3 thu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh<\/span>. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00ec ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> trong \u0111o\u1ea1n thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Duy-ma-c\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb<\/span>. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00f4 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong v\u00f4 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> duy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p duy\u00ean<\/span>. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1edfi Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> ly nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> duy\u00ean, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi ba-la-m\u1eadt. V\u1eadt b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eadn b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>; ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0u xu\u1ea5t v\u00f4 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb di\u1ec5n theo tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ba \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eddi<\/span> gian h\u00e0nh B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>: giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp<\/span> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>; th\u1eeb hai, t\u1eeb S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y; sau h\u1ebft, t\u1eeb B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e0m phu<\/span>, khi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tho\u00e1i th\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00f4m tr\u1ecdn, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span>, b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1nh<\/span>, v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi v\u00e0o S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb, do qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gian<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u00f4 c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 A-la-h\u00e1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt. T\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> hay gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng a-th\u1ebf -da t\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ba-la-m\u1eadt: th\u00ed, gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eabn, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh, hu\u1ec7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, nguy\u1ec7n, l\u1ef1c, tr\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau h\u1ebft, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa sinh t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, n\u00ean h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ecd sinh, hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> du h\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span>, d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gian m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c t\u00e2m<\/span>, th\u00e2m t\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1p h\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb y tr\u00ean ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>, V\u0103n th\u00f9<\/span> h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ba v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> v\u0103n t\u1eaft.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1[32] n\u00f3i, \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea1c n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2026 Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm<\/span> trong bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh bi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u00f9y h\u1ef7<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.[33]<\/b> Tu x\u1ea3 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch<\/span> th\u00e2n s\u01a1<\/span>.<\/i>\u201d \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn Du gi\u00e0<\/span><\/i> tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u0169ng theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i, \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> mong c\u1ea7u an<\/span> l\u1ea1c, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00fd l\u1ea1c<\/span>, duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, an tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> (v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c<\/span>). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eeb\u2026\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00fd l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5, duy\u00ean kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi bi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c<\/span>, kh\u1edfi t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00fd l\u1ea1c<\/span> t\u00f9y h\u1ef7<\/span>, duy\u00ean kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u1ef7. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 hay th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c<\/span>, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00fd l\u1ea1c<\/span> tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span> si, tham, s\u00e2n, duy\u00ean kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi x\u1ea3.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Duy-ma-c\u1eadt, c\u00e1c v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Duy Ma-c\u1eadt n\u00f3i, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> bi l\u00e0 chia x\u1ebb<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, n\u00f3i bi t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1ea1t kh\u1ed5, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 tu h\u1ef7, Duy-ma-c\u1eadt n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span>, t\u00f9y h\u1ef7<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn<\/span>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00e1n tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i<\/span> cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 do d\u1ef1<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, tu x\u1ea3, l\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u00f4 c\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, mang t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, ngay trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> kinh s\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng? Duy-ma-c\u1eadt n\u00f3i, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Th\u1ea7n Ng\u00e3<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> ph\u00e0m phu<\/span>, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> duy\u00ean. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> s\u01a1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span>, tu b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span> t\u00e2m b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a hay th\u1ea7n h\u00f3a<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span>, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> lu\u00f4n t\u1eafm m\u00e1t cho B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, th\u00eam s\u1ee9c cho B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gia tr\u00ec<\/span> uy l\u1ef1c<\/span> cho B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u1edbng duy\u00ean khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Trong t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. V\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v\u00f4 thu\u1ef7<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. V\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00e2m hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p khi sinh, khi di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1eabn nhau. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, y tr\u00ean qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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K\u1ebeT<\/span><\/h3>\n

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\u1ede d\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u0103n-th\u00f9-s\u01b0-l\u1ee3i h\u1ecfi: \u00ab\u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-tr\u1ee5?\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Duy-ma-c\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1p: <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00abV\u00f4-tr\u1ee5 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c. Th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i V\u0103n-th\u00f9-s\u01b0-l\u1ee3i, t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c v\u00f4-tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span>.\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd trong th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Duy-ma-c\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean n\u1eef<\/span>, th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nghe Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, li\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3i hoa<\/span> tr\u1eddi l\u00ean c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>. Hoa r\u1eafc tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u00ec r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng r\u1eafc tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> th\u00ec b\u00e1m v\u00e0o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> d\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u1ee7i hoa, nh\u01b0ng hoa kh\u00f4ng \u0111i.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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T.S.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[1] Duy-ma-c\u1eadt s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft<\/i> (La-th\u1eadp), Ph\u1ea9m Qu\u00e1n ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> (Vimalak\u012brtinirde\u015ba<\/i>, Devat\u0101parivarta\u1e25 \u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dha\u1e25)<\/span><\/p>\n

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[2] Nhi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi vi\u00eam \u71b1\u6642\u708e. VCX: d\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7m thu\u1ef7 \u967d\u7130\u6c34, b\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1ng n\u1eafng. Vimala<\/i>: mar\u012bcik\u0101y\u0101m udakam.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[3] Kh\u00f4ng trung v\u00e2n \u7a7a\u4e2d\u96f2. VCX: h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> trung v\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u865b\u7a7a\u4e2d\u96f2\u57ce\u81fa\u95a3, th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00e0i c\u00e1c trong m\u00e2y trong b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi; Skt. gandharava-nagara, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gandharva, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00e0n-th\u00e1t-b\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong bi\u1ec3n do ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1c t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[4] DMC: thu\u1ef7 t\u1ee5 m\u1ea1t<\/span> \u6c34\u805a\u6cab. (Skt. phenapi\u1e47\u1e0da). VCX: thu\u1ef7 t\u1ee5 m\u1ea1t<\/span> s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf<\/span> \u6c34\u805a\u6cab\u6240\u6709\u524d \u969b, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc; VCS gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u00abti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eef, v\u00ec nguy\u00ean lai<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng.\u00bb Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cf. Pali, Sa\u1e43yutta, iii. 142: Phe\u1e47api\u1e47\u1e0d\u016bpama\u1e43 r\u016bpa\u1e43, vedan\u0101 bubbu\u1e37\u016bpam\u0101, mar\u012bcik\u016bpam\u0101 sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101, sa\u1e45kh\u0101r\u0101 kadal\u016bpam\u0101; m\u0101y\u016bpama\u00f1ca vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43<\/i>, qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u1ee9oc, th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 bong b\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1ng n\u1eafng, h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y chu\u1ed1i, th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n<\/span> thu\u00e2t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[5] DMC: th\u1ee7y th\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e0o<\/span> \u6c34\u4e0a\u6ce1; (Skt. udaka-budbuda) VCX: th\u1ee7y ph\u00f9 b\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec7t \u6c34\u6d6e\u6ce1\u6216\u8d77\u6216\u6ec5. bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee3t n\u1ed5i ch\u1ee3t ch\u00ecm. Cf. Trung A-h\u00e0m 12 (\u0110\u1ea1i 1, tr. 503b).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[6] \u0110i\u1ec7n c\u1eedu tr\u00fa \u96fb\u4e45\u4f4f. VCX kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[7] VCX: tu \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> (Skt. mah\u0101maitr\u012b-bh\u0101van\u0101).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[8] \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3<\/i> (Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>), quy\u1ec3n 587, T7n220, tr. 1036c29.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[9] Ph\u1eadt m\u1eabu<\/span> xu\u1ea5t sinh<\/span> Tam ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ea1ng B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a kinh<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 20, Taisho T8n228, tr. 655b04 \u4f5b\u8aaa\u4f5b\u6bcd\u51fa\u751f\u4e09\u6cd5\u85cf\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u7d93<\/span><\/p>\n

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[10] \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3<\/i> (Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>), quy\u1ec3n 550, T7n220, tr. 834b12<\/span><\/p>\n

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[11] Ph\u1ea9m 5, “V\u0103n th\u00f9 th\u0103m b\u1ecbnh”.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[12] Trung A-h\u00e0m<\/i> 21, kinh Thuy\u1ebft x\u1ee9, T1n26, tr.563b13.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[13] Cf. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00f4n kinh<\/span><\/i>, T1n12, tr. 228a21 ba tr\u1ee5<\/span>: Thi\u00ean tr\u1ee5, Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5, Th\u00e1nh tr\u1ee5. \u5929\u4f4f\u68b5\u4f4f\u8056\u4f4f. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i> 8, kinh Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp<\/span>,T1n1, tr. 50b14. g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: Hi\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. \u8ce2\u8056\u5802\uff0e\u5929\u5802\uff0e\u68b5\u5802\u3002Cf. T\u1eadp d\u1ecb m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/i> 6, T26n1536, tr. 389a16, ba tr\u1ee5<\/span>: “Thi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee5, Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5, Th\u00e1nh tr\u1ee5. .. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>: t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00f3i cho B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n Ph\u1ec7-na-b\u1ed5-l\u00ea, Ta c\u00f3 khi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5..” Cf. Pali, Sa\u1e45g\u012bti-sutta<\/i>, D. iii. 219: tayo vih\u0101r\u0101\u2013 dibbo vih\u0101ro, brahm\u0101vih\u0101ro, ariyo vih\u0101ro<\/i>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Brahma<\/i>–vih\u0101ra<\/i> (Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5), Visuddhimagga<\/i>, ix. 106 (i. 321): Yath\u0101 ca brahm\u0101no niddosacitt\u0101 viharanti, eva\u1e43 etehi sampayutt\u0101 yogino brahmasam\u0101 hutv\u0101 viharant\u012bti se\u1e6d\u1e6dha\u1e6d\u1e6dhena niddosabh\u0101vena ca brahmavih\u0101r\u0101ti vuccanti<\/i>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> o\u00e1n k\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u0169ng v\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> an tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 an tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> (Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5) v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng o\u00e1n k\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[14] T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t A-h\u00e0m<\/i> 21, T2n125, tr.658c18, g\u1ecdi b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00e2m” \u56db\u7b49\u5fc3 v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 “ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u68b5\u5802” Nguy\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n vih\u0101ra<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5<\/i>, hay \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 cho tinh x\u00e1<\/span> hay t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i> 16, kinh Tam minh<\/span>, T1n1, tr. 104c16. Cf. Pali, Tevijj\u0101-sutta<\/i>, D. i. 236ff.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16] Skt. Brahmak\u0101yika.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[17] Skt. Brahmapurohita.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18] Skt. Mah\u0101brahman.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i> 29. Tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, Pali, Visuddhimagga<\/i>, ix. 111-112 (b\u1ea3n Anh, N\u0101namoli): ba ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u, y tr\u00ean ba thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> trong h\u1ec7 b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, hay b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u trong h\u1ec7 n\u0103m thi\u1ec1n. X\u1ea3 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> y tr\u00ean thi\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>. Ho\u0103c y tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u0103m thi\u1ec1n, d\u1eabn kinh Sa\u1e43khitta-sutta\u1e43<\/i>, Anguttara iv. 300: c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 (savitakkampi vic\u0101ra\u1e43 pi<\/i>: S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 (avitakkam savic\u0101ram<\/i>: trung gian<\/span> thi\u1ec1n), \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9 (avitakkam avic\u0101ram<\/i>: Nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u1ef7 (sapp\u012btikam pi<\/i>: Nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u1ef7 (nipp\u012btikampi<\/i>: Tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi ni\u1ec7m (s\u0101tasahagatampi<\/i>: T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>), \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1edbi x\u1ea3 (upkkh\u0101sahagatampi<\/i>: T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20] Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i> 79. Tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> Pali, ibid., 119: t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (metta\u1e43 cetovimutti\u1e43<\/i>), cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u1ecbnh thi\u00ean<\/span> (Subhaparama<\/i>); bi t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (karu\u1e47a\u1e43 cetovimutta\u1e43), cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9<\/span> (\u0100k\u0101s\u0101\u1e47a\u00f1c\u0101yatanaparama<\/i>); h\u1ef7 t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (mudita\u1e43<\/i> cetovimutti\u1e43<\/i>), cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9<\/span> (Vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a\u00f1c\u0101yatanaparama<\/i>); x\u1ea3 t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (upekkha\u1e43<\/i> cetovimutti\u1e43<\/i>), cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9<\/span> (\u0100ki\u00f1ca\u00f1\u00f1\u0101yatanaparama<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/b><\/i>[21] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i> 29, T29n1558, tr. 150b23. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i> 79, T29n1562_p0769a03: s\u00e2n (th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch<\/span>, vy\u0101p\u0101da<\/i>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>. Mu\u1ed1n s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, g\u00e2y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span> cho ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> h\u1ea1i (vihi\u1e43sa<\/i>). \u0110\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh<\/span> gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m thi\u1ec7n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e2n u\u1ef7 (arati<\/i>). Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> tham nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00e1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c tham<\/span> (k\u0101mar\u0101ga<\/i>). Cf. Visuddhimagga, ix. 93-96 (b\u1ea3n Anh,. N\u0101namoli): t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> s\u00e2n (vy\u0101p\u0101d\u016bpasamo<\/i>), bi \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> h\u1ea1i (vihi\u1e43s\u016bpasamo<\/i>), h\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n<\/span> (arativ\u016bpasamo<\/i>), x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f9y tham (pa\u1e6digh\u0101nunayav\u016bpasamo<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[22] Cf. Sa\u1e43khitta-sutta\u1e43<\/i>, Anguttara iv. 300: mett\u0101 me cetovimutti bh\u0101vit\u0101 bhavissati<\/i> bahul\u012bkat\u0101 y\u0101n\u012bkat\u0101 vatthukat\u0101 anu\u1e6d\u1e6dhit\u0101 paricit\u0101 susam\u0101raddh\u0101\u2019ti.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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[23] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 29<\/i>, T29n1558, tr. 150c21. Cf. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn<\/span> 12<\/i>: ”Tu t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, Kinh n\u00f3i, tu t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> A-na-h\u00e0m.”<\/span><\/p>\n

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[24] Skt. \u0101\u015baya<\/i>, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, hay xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. V\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u1eeb ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u0111\u00e0nh phi\u00ean \u00e2m. La-th\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00e2m t\u00e2m<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[25] \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba trang nghi\u00eam kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> 9, T31n1604, tr. 635c20. Cf. S\u016btr\u0101la\u1e45k\u0101ra<\/i>, xvii, k.17, br\u0101hmy\u0101 vipak\u1e63ah\u012bn\u0101 j\u00f1\u0101nena gat\u0101\u015b ca nirvikalpena\/ trividh\u0101lambanav\u1e5btt\u0101\u1e25 sattv\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 p\u0101cak\u0101 dh\u012bre<\/i>\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

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[26] Pali \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00fa: mett\u0101sahagatena cetas\u0101 eka\u1e43 disa\u1e43 pharitv\u0101 viharati<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[27] Th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, skt. adhimukti-manasik\u0101ra<\/i>, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, Skt. tattva-manasik\u0101ra<\/i>, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> y tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/b><\/i>[28] Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i> 79.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[29] Quy\u1ec3n 44, T30n1579, tr. 535c25.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[30] anutpattidharmak\u015b\u0101nti<\/i>, ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3n<\/span> lai kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn nh\u1eabn<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, thu\u1eadn nh\u1eabn<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 sinh ph\u00e1p nh\u1eabn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[31] \u015a\u016btr\u0101la\u1e45k\u0101ra<\/i>, xvii. k. 19: tasy\u0101\u015b ca tathat\u0101rthatv\u0101t k\u1e63\u0101ntil\u0101bh\u0101d vi\u015buddhita\u1e25\/ karmadvay\u0101d an\u0101lamb\u0101 maitr\u012b kle\u015bak\u1e63ay\u0101d api<\/i>\/\/ v\u00f4 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb<\/span>, v\u00ec qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u1eafc (v\u00f4 sinh ph\u00e1p<\/span>) nh\u1eabn, v\u00ec hai nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[32] Quy\u1ec3n 29, .<\/span><\/p>\n

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[33] Cf. Visuddhimagga<\/i>, ix. 108 (b\u1ea3n Anh): \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ed5, t\u00f9y h\u1ef7<\/span> theo s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1ea7u. Yasm\u0101 ca hit\u016bpasa\u1e43h\u0101ra-ahit\u0101panayana-sampattimodana-an\u0101bhogavasena catubbidhoyeva sattesu manasik\u0101ro<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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