{"id":7276,"date":"2020-12-02T18:56:25","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T11:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/02\/niet-ban-trong-trung-quan-luan\/"},"modified":"2020-12-02T18:56:25","modified_gmt":"2020-12-02T11:56:25","slug":"niet-ban-trong-trung-quan-luan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/02\/niet-ban-trong-trung-quan-luan\/","title":{"rendered":"Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n Trong Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn"},"content":{"rendered":"

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NI\u1ebeT B\u00c0N<\/span> TRONG TRUNG QU\u00c1N LU\u1eacN<\/span><\/b>
Gs Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ecdc Ninh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trung-qu\u00e1n-lu\u1eadn hay Trung-qu\u00e1n Ng\u00e2m kh\u00fac (Madhyamaka-k\u00e1rik\u00e1) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u1eadp th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II sau KT, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kumarajiva (C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp) d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T.t\u1ecda Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean L\u00fd d\u1ecbch sang Vi\u1ec7t v\u0103n. Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Long-th\u1ecd. Trung-qu\u00e1n-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea9m XXV (Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Nirv\u00e0na Pariksa) ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> Qu\u00e1n Th\u00e1nh-\u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay N\u00e1t-b\u00e0n (Nibb\u00e0na, Nirv\u00e0na) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i \u1ea9n (v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, hay \u00edt ra \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> (r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span>), \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham \u00e1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span>, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 giao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 C\u00f5i ngo\u00e0i C\u00f5i Ta-b\u00e0 (Sams\u00e0ra) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Ta-b\u00e0 Sams\u00e0ra l\u00e0 c\u00f5i ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf trong, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ba t\u00ednh<\/span> (Tam-t\u01b0\u1edbng, Trilaksana): v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111i theo<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201clu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i\u201d m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i C\u00f5i Sams\u00e0ra v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o C\u00f5i Nibb\u00e0na, Nirv\u00e0na.<\/p>\n

N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u00e3 thu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f5i Sams\u00e0ra, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Kh\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00f5i Sams\u00e0ra hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00f5i Nirv\u00e0na (Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n).<\/p>\n

Nay ta theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i b\u1ecf kh\u00fac 1 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay v\u1edbi l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna:<\/p>\n

2. N\u1ebfu v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>
T\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t,
\u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb g\u00ec, b\u1ecf g\u00ec,
\u0110\u1ec3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp?<\/p>\n

(V\u00ec v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> trong c\u00f5i hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 sinh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 sinh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb g\u00ec? \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb tham, s\u00e2n, si; \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tham \u00e1i<\/span>.
Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf g\u00ec? Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span>; ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> (r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span>). Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. S\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

3. Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t,
Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng,
Kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t,
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

(Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m P\u00e0li v\u00e0 Sanskrit-ng\u1eef. H\u00e1n v\u0103n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> hay c\u00f5i Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Ba c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ba c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span> (attributs), \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau. C\u1ea3 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span> k\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00ednh t\u1eeb, tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> (qualit\u00e9) hay \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span> (attribut) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 b\u1ef1c. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u0129nh t\u1eeb, tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb, v\u00ec ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> hay so s\u00e1nh<\/span>:<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf, l\u1ebd ra th\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1edbi; nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi;
Kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t (\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>) l\u1ebd ra th\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng l\u1ebd ra th\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> l\u1ebd ra th\u00ec l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t; nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n? N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, trong m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n kh\u00fac ca ng\u00e2m<\/span> (4-18) m\u00e0 t\u00f4i chia ra nh\u01b0 sau \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a (Ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>: theo C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp).<\/p>\n

4. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (abh\u00e0va):
Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00ec gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft
Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>
Tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u00e3o di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

5. N\u1ebfu Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (bh\u00e1va)
Th\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p do duy\u00ean (C: h\u1eefu vi<\/span>)
Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng do duy\u00ean (C: Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span> vi)
Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e2u th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

6. N\u1ebfu Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>,
Th\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean?
(C: Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p)
Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean,
(C: Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p)
Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e2u th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Ba kh\u00fac n\u00e0y (4-5-6) gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00ec ba \u0111i\u1ec1u hay ba l\u00fd do<\/span>:<\/p>\n

1. C\u00e1i g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e0, c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft (c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u0169, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t<\/span>), m\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>;
2. C\u00e1i g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e2n do duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi, H\u00e1n v\u0103n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eefu vi\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng do duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u<\/span> (ba t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a);
3. C\u00e1i g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, H\u00e1n v\u0103n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 (th\u1ecd) ch\u1ea5p, v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e3nh th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7\u201d.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch ba kh\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00ec ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u1ea5n v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (sanskrit-ng\u1eef) r\u1ea5t kh\u00fac m\u1eafc, v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> H\u00e1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \/ bh\u00e0va \/, H\u00e1n v\u0103n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/h\u1eefu\/, \/coming to be\/. Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean L\u00fd d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/th\u1eadt h\u1eefu\/, t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\/ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb d\u1ecbch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi sanskrit \/bh\u00e0va\/ c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e2u th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i kh\u00fac, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \/bh\u00e0vo\/. Bh\u00e0vo\/ l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb, c\u00f2n \/bh\u00e0va\/ l\u00e0 c\u1eadn danh t\u1eeb (adjective, ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u0129nh t\u1eeb, h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> t\u1eeb, tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb). C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/h\u1eefu ph\u00e1p\/. Anh v\u0103n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/existent entily\/. L\u00e0 s\u00e1t theo ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p. T\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\/ n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u0103n su\u00f4i th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i; hay vi\u1ebft li\u1ec1n \/hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\/ n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n; nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec d\u1ecbch th\u01a1 n\u00ean t\u00f4i b\u1ecf v\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i); v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \/hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0u\/ trong c\u00e2u l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> danh t\u1eeb, ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> c\u00e2u sau l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb \/ph\u00e1p\/, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1eadn \/hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\/ \u1edf c\u00e2u ba l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai t\u1eeb \/abh\u00e1vo\/ v\u00e0 \/abh\u00e1va\/ trong s\u00e1ch MMK c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna. \u0110\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n<\/span> [a-] ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng\u2019 H\u00e1n v\u0103n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/v\u00f4\/ tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \/b\u1ea5t\/ tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u1eadn t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \/v\u00f4\/ khi l\u00e0 \/v\u00f4 h\u1eefu\/. Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\/ khi l\u00e0 c\u1eadn t\u1eeb (adjective) hay \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (verb) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> khi l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb (noun), tr\u1eeb khi theo s\u00e1t H\u00e1n v\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng H\u00e1n v\u0103n, d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \/h\u1eefu\/ v\u00e0 \/v\u00f4 h\u1eefu\/, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa \/be\/ v\u00e0 \/exist\/ hay \/become\/ l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Anh v\u0103n d\u1ecbch \/abh\u00e0va\/ l\u00e0 \/non-existent\/ v\u00e0 \/abh\u00e0vo\/ l\u00e0 \/non-existent entity\/. \/Non-being\/ (Ph\u00e1p: non-\u00e9tant hay no-\u00eatre) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u1ede nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean ta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \/svabh\u00e0va\/ \u2018t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu\u2019 \u2018t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh\u2019, (self-nature, essence).
\u0110i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (\u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>), s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n s\u1ebd l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n th\u00eam n\u1eefa v\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, n\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i s\u00e1u kh\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u (1-6) th\u00e0nh v\u0103n su\u00f4i cho r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng th\u00eam v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna.<\/p>\n

N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span> thuy\u1ebft Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span>. C\u1ea3 hai \u1edf trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111ang, c\u00f9ng \u0111ang l\u1eb7n ng\u1ee5p, \u0103n l\u00e0m, xoay s\u1edf, c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f9a, v\u00f9ng v\u1eaby, lo l\u1eafng<\/span>, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi hai tay bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Sa-b\u00e0 (Ta-b\u00e0 – m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Samsara (c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>) ta t\u1ea1m coi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/span>, tivi cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sa-b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ed3n \u00e0o<\/span> n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee3 b\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> ta. M\u1eaft ta th\u1ea5y, tai ta nghe, l\u00f2ng ta giao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Ta l\u0103ng qu\u0103ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nhung nh\u00fac, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 do<\/span> nh\u01b0 con b\u1ecd g\u1eady trong v\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i<\/span> b\u1ecb x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> n\u00f3i:
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Nibb\u00e0na m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec, khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i?<\/p>\n

2. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng ngh\u0129? [\u201cKh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n duy\u00ean\u201d. V\u00ec c\u00f3 sinh ra n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u00e0 di\u1ec7t \u0111i. V\u00ec h\u1ec5 c\u00f3 sinh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t khi ch\u01b0a sinh, kh\u00f4ng cho sinh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> (tham, s\u00e2n, si, tham \u00e1i<\/span>) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p (gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt\/v\u00f4-vi), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 r\u1eadp t\u1eaft khi m\u1edbi ch\u1edbm]. \u00d4ng h\u00e3y nghe t\u00f4i n\u00f3i cho \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

3. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Kh\u00f4ng \u2013 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> (Kh\u00f4ng Hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span>, v\u00f4- Samsara). C\u00e1i g\u00ec C\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> l\u00e0, c\u00e1i \u1ea5y C\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0. Trong c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi (C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d); kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. Ba c\u1eb7p ni\u1ec7m trong c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span>. C\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

[S\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> l\u00e0 hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 thi \u0111\u1ed7 l\u00e0m quan hay thu t\u00e0i l\u1ed9c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u. Trong Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham \u00e1i<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e8 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf \u1edf ngo\u00e0i b\u1edd.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 hai ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong c\u00f5i hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span>. gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> \u1ea5y, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta giao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span>. Ng\u00e0y mai s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n hay an b\u00ecnh? N\u0103m nay li\u1ec7u tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 y\u00ean l\u00e0nh hay l\u1ea1i m\u01b0a n\u1eafng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u tai h\u1ecda<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng? V\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, hay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t hay t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng? Trong c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, \u0111o\u1ea1n hay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u00eam \u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ao, ghen t\u1ecb, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi, c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u1ec3, c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng coi nh\u1eb9 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ecdng sen tr\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao ng\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi xanh.<\/p>\n

Trong C\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ec5 c\u00f3 sinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o hay m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u00eau tan<\/span>. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i sinh bi\u1ec7t t\u1eed li, l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m sao tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> nh\u1edb ti\u1ebfc. Trong c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a nh\u00f2a<\/span>, b\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111an k\u1ebft v\u00e0o nhau kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp m\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng; t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> b\u1edfi ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u01a1m r\u00e1c<\/span> h\u00e9o kh\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fat b\u1ecf \u1edf c\u00f5i x\u01b0a, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> c\u00f2n b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> tranh \u0111\u1ea5u<\/span> v\u1edbi lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ham, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ham c\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ea1n trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. S\u1ef1 m\u0129 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c, g\u1ed9t s\u1ea1ch h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng u \u00e1m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o \u1ea3o huy\u1ec5n tinh vi<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u1eed sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 g\u00f5 v\u00e0o g\u1ed1c ng\u1ecdc lan m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con h\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eefa qua nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u00f4ng Trang Ch\u00e2u \u0111ang l\u01b0\u1ee3n trong gi\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1ec3 B\u1eafc].<\/p>\n

4-5-6. C\u00f5i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Samsara (c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>). N\u00f3i theo \u0111\u1eddi nay, th\u00ec l\u00e0 sinh c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (Biosphere), g\u1ed3m t\u1ea7ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n bao quanh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Khi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00f2n n\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Theo khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n \u2013 cambrien (pre-cambrian) d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> nguy\u00ean sinh m\u00e0 nay ta ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft r\u00f5, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu\u2026 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>, r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi? \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 V\u00f4 minh<\/span>, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 H\u1ed7n mang Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 duy\u00ean H\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 (singularity) t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong m\u1ed9t Kinh (Patikasutta, K. Bal\u00ea, Digha-nikaya 24: 15-17), \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang co r\u00fat (chuy\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1i) di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a<\/span> h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> x\u01b0a ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y<\/span> \u1ef1a ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean sinh. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e3 sang gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201csao b\u0103ng\u201d. M\u1ed9t phi thuy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111i d\u00f2 x\u00e9t h\u00e0nh tinh Mars (m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi theo Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cKim tinh\u201d) \u0111\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Samsara nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y. Th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 v\u1ea7n xoay c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh<\/span> bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0n v\u1ea1n lo\u00e0i, \u0103n l\u1eabn nhau m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng. Trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ea tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 cho quay d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadt c\u1ea7u, theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> thi\u00ean c\u01a1<\/span> m\u00e0 Newton<\/st1:place><\/st1:city> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cc\u1ee7a\u201d lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y, Samsara v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong c\u00f5i Samsara \u0111\u1ec1u theo lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>) m\u00e0 N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1. Ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> (l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span>) (kh\u00fac 4)
2. Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (h\u1eefu vi<\/span>) (kh\u00fac 5)
3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p) (kh\u00fac 6)<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> ba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m cho Samsara l\u00e0 c\u00f5i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Nirv\u00e0na (Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n) l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Kh\u00f4ng-Samsara. Nirv\u00e0na l\u00e0 c\u00f5i:<\/p>\n

1. Kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> (kh\u00fac 4)
2. Kh\u00f4ng duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (kh\u00fac 5)
3. Kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (kh\u00fac 6)<\/p>\n

T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.
Kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft (l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span>) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft1 kh\u1ea3 tin \u1edf ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi sinh r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng duy\u00ean tuy d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span>. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> th\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 duy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> (v\u00f4 vi<\/span>) v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u1edf ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f3; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf trong c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do<\/span> g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay sinh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ai trong c\u00f5i hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span>. m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n trang s\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111i. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi Indra l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng si\u00eau th\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5m s\u1ed1 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i<\/span> c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i<\/span>.[2]<\/p>\n

7. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>
H\u1eb3n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu?
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>
C\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

8. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u1eefu,
Sao th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean?
(C: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p).
C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean
(C: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p)
Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

9. C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i
(C: sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t)
\u0110\u1ec1u duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>
Kh\u00f4ng do nh\u00e2n do duy\u00ean
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00f5i.<\/p>\n

Ba kh\u00fac n\u00e0y (7-8-9) b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ba kh\u00fac tr\u00ean (4-5-6) nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> v\u1eabn n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ba kh\u00fac tr\u00ean xoay quanh<\/span> s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u00ean (v\u00ec) kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean. Ba kh\u00fac sau n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f5i hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> Samsara l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Kh\u00f4ng (kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>).
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00f5i th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

7. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdi hai t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u1edbi hai t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span>: s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Hai c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>
H\u1eb3n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span>.
L\u00e0 N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cNi\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00f3 h\u1ed3ng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed h\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ta, tuy r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> c\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 ta hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf! N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3. Samsara c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>) c\u00f2n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

8-9. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span>. N\u1ebfu v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u0111i, c\u00f3 sinh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1u duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nhau) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span> (c\u00f3 l\u00e3o, c\u00f3 t\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i<\/span>, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ef1 t\u1eed; v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00f5i v\u00f4 sinh<\/span>.
Garfied \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 kh\u00fac 9<\/p>\n

9. (dG)- C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i
L\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>
Khi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn,
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f5i. (dG).<\/p>\n

Theo Garfield th\u00ec hai c\u00e2u tr\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i Samsara (v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f5i Hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i \u0111i (sinh ra v\u00e0 gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft) \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1eadt h\u00f3a (reification) \u0111i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1eefa, c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> hay c\u00f5i Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00f9y theo<\/span> ta c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> (thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span>) hay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p trong ta. <\/p>\n

10. Trong Kinh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y
Ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t h\u1eefu, phi h\u1eefu<\/span>
V\u1eady Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i
Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> d\u1ea1y Vacchagotta. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Vacchagotta xin quy y<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng phi h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecbch trong b\u1ed1n kh\u00fac li\u1ec1n:<\/p>\n

11. V\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i
V\u1eeba h\u1eefu l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u00f4
V\u1eeba h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eeba v\u00f4
Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

12. N\u1ebfu Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i
V\u1eeba h\u1eefu v\u1eeba phi h\u1eefu<\/span>
Th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean,
T\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1eefu v\u00f4<\/span> (th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p).
T\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi sinh trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi. \u1ede tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, h\u1eefu c\u0169ng b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (Interd\u00e9pendence) (kh\u00fac 6) m\u00e0 phi h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (kh\u00fac 8), v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> (kh\u00fac 9).<\/p>\n

13. L\u00e0m sao l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n
L\u1ea1i v\u1eeba h\u1eefu v\u1eeba v\u00f4?
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span>
(l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span>)
H\u1eefu, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span>
(h\u1eefu vi<\/span>)<\/p>\n

V\u1eabn bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y: \u1ede trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span>, hay nh\u01b0 ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1eddi nay, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> khi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hay b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

14. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3
\u0110\u00e3 h\u1eefu l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n v\u00f4?
H\u1eefu v\u00f4<\/span> kh\u00f4ng chung \u0111\u1ee5ng
Nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ed1i.
V\u1eeba h\u1eefu l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a h\u00e8 hay \u0111ang \u0111\u00eam<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u1eafng.
\u0110\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i l\u00fd l\u1ebd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec1u.
N\u1ebfu Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1eeba phi h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 phi v\u00f4 (phi phi h\u1eefu<\/span>) m\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec c\u00e1i v\u1eeba h\u1eefu v\u1eeba v\u00f4 (phi h\u1eefu<\/span>) c\u0169ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ea1i sao (\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng) kh\u00f4ng? <\/p>\n

15. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n
Phi h\u1eefu<\/span>, phi phi h\u1eefu<\/span>
Th\u00ec h\u1eefu v\u00e0 phi h\u1eefu<\/span>,
T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?
V\u00e0 c\u00f3 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n phi h\u1eefu<\/span> phi v\u00f4 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i?<\/p>\n

16. N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0
Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span>
Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>
C\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng?
\u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span> Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>, r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i d\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 ra nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharmakaya) v\u00e0 b\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> (Sambhogakaya) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span>, tr\u1eeb c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 sau:<\/p>\n

17. Khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>,
Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n, m\u1ea5t
Hay v\u1eeba c\u00f2n v\u1eeba m\u1ea5t
\u0110\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t?<\/p>\n

18. Khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>,
Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng,
Hay v\u1eeba c\u00f3 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng
Ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng?
V\u00e0 sau l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna;<\/p>\n

19. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian<\/span>
Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea9y may kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t
Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n
Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat sai kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n

20 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n
L\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f5i th\u1ebf;
Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>
Gi\u1eefa hai l\u1eb1n gi\u1edbi ranh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna n\u00f3i ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, trong b\u1ed1n kh\u00fac ng\u00e2m t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, sau nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (ph\u1ea9m XXIV: 8,9,10), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> N\u00e0 g\u00e0rjuna, n\u00ean t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>. Khi Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i sau khi Ng\u00e0i di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, Ng\u00e0i im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201ckhi n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec th\u1ea5y ta, khi n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y Ta th\u00ec th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p\u201d (Samyutta nik\u00e1ya 22-87). L\u00fac Ng\u00e0i s\u1eafp nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Ananda xin Ng\u00e0i cho m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1o, Ng\u00e3i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

N\u00e0y Ananda, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ch\u1edb n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. D\u00f9ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n<\/span>, d\u00f9ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, ch\u1edb n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.
(Digha-nik\u00e0ya=Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 XI Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, 3:26)<\/p>\n

Trong v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> qu\u00e1 cao si\u00eau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Tam th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5<\/span>. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng cao \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ra, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi Ng\u00e0i t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> nay gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. S\u1ef1 n\u1ea9y n\u1edf huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, Lanka, Th\u00e1i Lan, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Indonesia, Cambodia, Trung \u00c1, Tibet, Mongolia, Trung Hoa, Korea, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00f4 danh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1 n\u00fai ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> \u1edf gi\u1ea3i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u201cPh\u00e1p th\u00e2n\u201d (Dharma-k\u00e1ya) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt T\u1ed5<\/span> th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> b\u1edfi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>, hi\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tin c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfp<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i th\u00e2n si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p (Dharma\/Dharma) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tinh t\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> tu h\u00e0nh<\/span>. V\u1edbi hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, v\u1eeba t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span>, Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft (to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c<\/span> ), th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ai v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ri\u00eang ai trong c\u1ea3 ba ng\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> (kh\u00fac 17).<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00e1o th\u00e2n\u201d (S\u00e0mbhogika-k\u00e1ya) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt T\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>, sau khi Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span>. \/B\u00e1o\/ l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> qua h\u1eb1ng sa<\/span> ki\u1ebfp tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9ng
Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t trong x\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a<\/span> (Siddhatta) th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Khi \u1ea5y, Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (Dharmadhatu), h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 trong l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span>, s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span>, s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh<\/span> y\u00ean \u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span>. V\u00e0 trong m\u1ea5y tu\u1ea7n li\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi C\u00f5i tr\u00ean (c\u00f5i phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ef1 \u00fd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f5i tr\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. B\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00e2n hai th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u00e0, v\u1eabn kh\u1ed5, v\u1eabn b\u1ec7nh, v\u1eabn ch\u1ebft (kh\u00fac 18). V\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. Cho m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Asanga (V\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>) v\u00e0 Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>) sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y th\u00eam v\u1ec1 H\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u00e0na-kaya) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> thuy\u1ebft Tam Th\u00e2n<\/span> (Tri-kaya) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1ed5<\/span>. H\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Siddhatta c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> hay B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u00e1c sinh, theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> trong c\u00e1c Jakarta m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> t\u1eeb sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady<\/span>. B\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u0103ng. C\u00f2n Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh<\/span> (Dharmat\u00e0) tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp kh\u1eafp Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (Dharma-dhatu) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00ecu d\u1eaft<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> qua ba th\u1eeba<\/span> (Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>).<\/p>\n

C\u00f5i Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 C\u00f5i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ra, r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o ra khi n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m d\u1ea1y Ph\u00e1p cho T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa hai con s\u00f4ng Grandka v\u00e0 Yamuda. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 C\u00f5i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3 Arahan c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o khi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi C\u00f5i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t n\u00f3i vang l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201cNi\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba k\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi h\u1eb3n kh\u1ecfi c\u00f5i Hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span>, c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u1eabn th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0 trong Brahma-Hindu gi\u00e1o hay Islam gi\u00e1o, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft \u0111i th\u00ec atman hay linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi bay l\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi Brahma v\u00e0 Allah. C\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> m\u1ed9ng m\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ebf. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1edbi tay l\u00ean m\u00e0 k\u00e9o n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 ngay \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>, T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, Trung ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c phi l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh t\u1ecbnh an l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea9m II, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an tr\u1ee5 . Tr\u00ean c\u00f5i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 r\u1eaby r\u1ee5a, s\u1ef1 v\u00f9ng v\u1eaby, s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c su\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1eafp chung quanh ta v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ta, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ta, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai, trong s\u1ef1 ng\u1ecd ngu\u1eady, khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
Ph\u1ea9m XXIV (Qu\u00e1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>), sau khi gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 hai Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> (T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>), B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

10. Ph\u1ea3i y c\u1ee9<\/span> T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>,
M\u1edbi ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>,
Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>,
Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span>, t\u1ed1i cao<\/span>, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fat b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00e1c c\u0103n, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span>, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i Th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e2n, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. Ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>; r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1i b\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong t\u00e2m. V\u00ec Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u1edf gi\u1eefa. Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng (XXIV, 18).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y (XXV) qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna m\u1edbi \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00f5i Samsara kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3y may<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> r\u1eddi c\u00f5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 sang c\u00f5i Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Hai c\u00f5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, chung m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span>. C\u00f5i th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f5i hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta, trong \u0111\u00f3 ta s\u1ed1ng, ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ta lo l\u1eafng<\/span> v\u00e0 vui ch\u01a1i<\/span>, ta y\u00eau, ta gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span>. C\u00e1i ta bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n gian<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed3i cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3. L\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e0n che<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u1ea5y \u0111i, th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u Kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 trong t\u00e2m. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u1edf c\u00f5i th\u1ebf cho<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n gian<\/span>. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ch\u1ed1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00f5i th\u1ebf to\u00e0n th\u00e2n<\/span> to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span>, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au thay cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> hay c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi oan kh\u1ed5. Sau N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna, Asanga (V\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>) s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n V\u00f4 tr\u00fa<\/span>. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n V\u00f4 tr\u00fa<\/span> (ApratisthitaNirv\u00e0na) l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a B\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n V\u00f4 tr\u00fa<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u1ebfu Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

21. Ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>
V\u1ec1 h\u1eefu bi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>
V\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5<\/span>, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>
Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ec1u sai h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

22. H\u1eefu bi\u00ean<\/span> hay v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>
V\u1eeba h\u1eefu l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u00f4,
V\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 v\u00f4,
Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> x\u00f3a \u0111i c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

23. \u0110\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t hay d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t
Th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>
V\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>
Kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

24. Tr\u1ecb b\u00ecnh m\u1ecdi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>
Di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> m\u1ecdi \u1ea3o huy\u1ec5n,
Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u,
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n kh\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea9m Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 ra trong kinh Brahmajalasutta (Digha\u2013Nik\u00e0ya 2) nh\u01b0ng im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng khi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> n\u00eau l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0n v\u00f4 minh<\/span> ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean, d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00fac sinh<\/span> th\u1ee9c. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi Sa b\u00e0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may<\/span> d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t. Sa b\u00e0<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1eebng si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u. <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/i>
<\/b>B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Madhyamakak\u00e0rik\u00e0) c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean L\u00fd (Vi\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> & Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1994). M\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y. T\u00f4i ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp ng\u0169, theo \u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n<\/span> v\u1ecb h\u1eefu<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u1ea9n danh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n phi\u00ean \u00e2m (\u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 so s\u00e1nh<\/span>)<\/i><\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng Trung qu\u00e1ng Ng\u00e2m kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh v\u0103n t\u1eeb<\/span> b\u1ea3n Tibet-ng\u1eef (Jay T. Garfield-The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way, Oxford University Press 1995) v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Murti (l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ramakrisman) gi\u1ea3ng theo b\u1ea3n Sanskrit-ng\u1eef. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 do \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ri\u00eang.<\/i><\/p>\n

[1] Laplace<\/st1:place> (1749-1827) n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Napleon: \u201cTh\u01b0a Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ef1c (trong khoa h\u1ecdc) ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a\u201d<\/i>
[2] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ef1c. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i Ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> Ch\u00e2n m\u1ef9 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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