{"id":7326,"date":"2020-12-03T00:28:44","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T17:28:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/03\/y-niem-niet-ban-trong-dao-phat\/"},"modified":"2020-12-03T00:28:44","modified_gmt":"2020-12-02T17:28:44","slug":"y-niem-niet-ban-trong-dao-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/03\/y-niem-niet-ban-trong-dao-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dd Ni\u1ec7m Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n Trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Th. Stcherbatsky
\u00dd NI\u1ec6M<\/span> NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N trong \u0110\u1ea0O PH\u1eacT<\/span> <\/b><\/span>
(The Conception of Buddhist Nirv\u0101\u1e47a ) <\/span>
JAIDEVA SINGH M.A (Phil. and Sans.), D.Litt <\/span>

PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH V\u00c0 GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U<\/span> <\/b><\/span>
Th\u00edch Nhu\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch<\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1eeaA<\/span> V\u00c0 TI\u1ec2U TH\u1eeaA<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> hay T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101v\u0101da) v\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Yog\u0101c\u0101ra) hay tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101da). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> (Madhyamaka Philosophy) hay tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 ba t\u00ean g\u1ecdi d\u00e0nh cho Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ba t\u00ean g\u1ecdi d\u00e0nh cho Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n (Southern Buddhism), Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 (Original Buddhism), v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> (H\u012bnay\u0101na). Ba t\u00ean g\u1ecdi d\u00e0nh cho \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n (Northern Buddhism), Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Developed Buddhism), v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> (Mah\u0101y\u0101na). Hai danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Nam truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> sang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 Nepal, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Trung Hoa , Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, v.v… l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> ph\u00eda Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 T\u00edch lan<\/span> (Ceylon), Mi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n (Burma). Th\u00e1i lan (Siam), v.v… S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> n\u1ea7y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang l\u1eafm, theo nh\u01b0<\/span> Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> J. Takakusu, v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Java v\u00e0 Sumatra, n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> ph\u00eda B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u2019 c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ho\u1eb7c tin r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb trong Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span>. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i cho m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> tu\u1ef3 theo c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span>, ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn\/c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n (exoteric; vyakta-upade<\/i>\u015ba<\/i>),[1] ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn<\/span> (phenomenological); \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> cao h\u01a1n, ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea9n m\u1eadt\/b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n[2] (esoteric teaching; guhya-upade<\/i>\u015ba<\/i>), bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontological). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh cho c\u1ea3 hai gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc T\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span> (\u0101c<\/i>\u0101rya<\/i>). Do v\u1eady, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn khi d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 (Original Buddhism), v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Developed Buddhism). C\u1ea3 hai gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea9n m\u1eadt<\/span> n\u1ea7y vi t\u1ebf<\/span> h\u01a1n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u ra v\u00ec sao thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> (H\u012bnay\u0101na) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> (Mah\u0101y\u0101na) tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Theo R. Kimura, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghika) \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng<\/span>, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u01a1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sthavira). Trong cu\u1ed9c K\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u00ec-da-li (Vai\u015b\u0101l\u012b),[3] c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghika) hay c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u0103ng x\u1ee9 B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3 (Vajji) b\u1ecb c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span> khai tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u2018T\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u gi\u00e0 nua\u2019 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u2018Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma\u2013Adhammavadin.\u2019 C\u00e1c t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span>, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> (Mah\u0101y\u0101na; c\u1ed7 xe l\u1edbn) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> (H\u012bnay\u0101na\u2013c\u1ed7 xe nh\u1ecf) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

BA GIAI K\u1ef2 C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O PH\u1eacT<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ba giai k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng qua tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

1. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (Abhidharma) t\u1eeb khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I <\/b>stl<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ph\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn<\/span> (realistic) v\u00e0 \u0110a nguy\u00ean<\/span> lu\u1eadn (pluralistic). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u1ea7y bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt l\u00fd (psycho-physical) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p[4] h\u1eefu vi<\/span>[5] v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span>.[6] \u0110i\u1ec3m quan t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (psychological-soteriological). S\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 duy l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (rationalism) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 P\u0101li, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> (H\u012bnay\u0101na).<\/p>\n

2. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> m\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n <\/b>(esoteric teachings<\/i>)<\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 hai trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u00e0nh trong \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghika), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (Abhidharma). Quan t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i> (ontological-soteriological). S\u1eafc th\u00e1i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 si\u00eau duy l\u00fd (supra-rationalism) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi Du-gi\u00e0 (Yoga).[7] N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (svabh\u0101va) hay ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> (true nature) c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Praj\u00f1\u0101). Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 Sa\u1e41skrta hay l\u00e0 Sanskrit h\u1ed7n ch\u1ee7ng.[8] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. D\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> (Madhyamaka) hay l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101v\u0101da), tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i sau n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Yog\u0101c\u0101ra) hay Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101da). Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u1ea7y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II stl \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 500 stl.<\/p>\n

3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tan-tra<\/i> th\u1eeba <\/b>(Tantra)<\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Tan-tra th\u1eeba. D\u00f2ng n\u1ea7y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 500 stl. \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1000 A.D. Quan t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (cosmical-soteriological). Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tr\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed (occultism). \u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt<\/span> (mantric). Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41krta v\u00e0 Apabhra\u1e41\u015ba. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c Tan-tra th\u1eeba l\u00e0 M\u1eadt th\u1eeba (Mantray\u0101na), Kim cang th\u1eeba<\/span> (Vajray\u0101na), C\u00e2u sinh kh\u1edfi th\u1eeba<\/span> (Sahaja y\u0101na),[9] Th\u1eddi lu\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1eeba (K\u0101lacakra y\u0101na).[10]<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 quan<\/span> t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai. Th. Stcherbatsky \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 25, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (Madhyamaka \u015a\u0101stra) hay Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(Madhyamaka-Karika) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (Candrakirti).[11] Trong ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span> n\u1ea7y, s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

TRUNG QU\u00c1N LU\u1eacN<\/span>:<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

H\u00c0NH TR\u1ea0NG<\/span> C\u1ee6A LONG TH\u1ee4<\/span> V\u00c0 TH\u00c1NH THI\u00caN<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> bao h\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (catu\u1e25\u015bataka<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>.[12]<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf Trung Hoa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta v\u00e0 Sanskrit h\u1ed7n ch\u1ee7ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Brian Houghton Hodgson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0m C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 K\u0101tham\u0101ndu \u1edf Nepal n\u0103m 1833,v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft n\u0103m 1843. Trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u1ea7y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> 381 b\u00f3 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qua kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfng P\u0101l; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf Trung Hoa, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, v.v… r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta, c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(Madhyamaka\u015b\u0101s\u1e6dra) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Prasanna pad\u0101) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span>. B\u1ea3n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Louis de la Valle\u00e9 Poussin bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong Bibliotheca Buddhica<\/i>, Vol. IV. St. Petersburg, Russia n\u0103m 1912. M\u1ed9t \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi Buddhist Text Society, Calcutta, n\u0103m 1897 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1edfi \u015aaraccandra \u015a\u0101str\u012b. B\u1ea3n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i in sai. Poussin tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hai b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Cambridge v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb Paris. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n ki\u1ebfm tra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ee5ng (karika) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> P. L. Vaidya s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Poussin bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (Madhyamaka<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>s<\/i>\u1e6dr<\/i>a<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Devan\u0101gar\u012b.[13] T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> do Mithila Vidyapitha, Darbhanga. Stcherbatsky \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n do Poussin bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Conception of Buddhist Nirv\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.[14] Khi Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> n\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> g\u1ecdi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> (Madhyamaka\u2013madhyamaiva madhyamakam) hay l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(Madhyamaka<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>s<\/i>\u1e6dr<\/i>a<\/i>). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u1ea7y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u0101dhyamika.[15] T\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 Madhyamaka, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 M\u0101dhyamika. M\u0101dhyamika c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o hay l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> (Madhyamaka).<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(Madhyamaka-<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>s<\/i>\u1e6dr<\/i>a<\/i>), Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> vi\u1ebft ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n 400 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ee5ng (k\u0101rik\u0101) b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ecbp th\u01a1 anu<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>ubha<\/i>,[16] ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 27 ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

LONG TH\u1ee4<\/span> (N\u0100G\u0100RJUNA)<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc T\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II stl. Ng\u00e0i sinh trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0100ndhrade\u015ba, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u1edf Vidarbha (Ber\u0101r). \u015ar\u012bparvata v\u00e0 Dh\u0101nyaka\u1e6daka l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, ng\u00e0i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i m\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0[17] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng Amar\u0101vat\u012b v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (N\u0101g\u0101rjunako\u1e47\u1e0da). R<\/i>\u0101<\/i>jatara<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>gi<\/i>\u1e47\u012b<\/i> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 11th stl.) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Huska, Juska v\u00e0 Kaniska.<\/p>\n

Theo ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> cua ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp (Kum\u0101raj\u012bva) d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 405 stl.), Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> sinh trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. V\u1ec1 sau ng\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n sang theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, Khuy\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5ng<\/i> (Suh\u1e5bllekha<\/i>),[18] t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho vua \u0100ndhra, x\u1ee9 \u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c vua \u0100ndhra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp b\u1edfi Simuka (tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> Ancient India<\/i> c\u1ee7a R. C. Majumdar, tr. 133). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Khuy\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5ng<\/i> (Suh\u1e5bllekha<\/i>) l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft cho vua Ca-n\u1ecb-s\u1eafc-ca (Kani\u1e63ka).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. N\u0101ga c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c r\u1ed3ng. Arjuna<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y<\/span> Arjuna<\/i>, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i r\u1ed3ng, n\u01a1i Long v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> trao t\u1eb7ng cho ng\u00e0i b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (Mah\u0101 praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 S\u016btra), b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> giao ph\u00f3<\/span> cho Long v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1eeb N\u0101ga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span>: \u2018R\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb s\u1ea1ch l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span> (\u0101sava; e:passions) (Majjhima-Nik\u0101ya, I.23.).\u2019<\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, lo\u00e0i r\u1ed3ng (N\u0101ga), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 qua ng\u00e0i, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (Mah\u0101 praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao truy\u1ec1n. Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1ea7y t\u1eeb v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim (chemist), nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt<\/span> (tantrika) s\u1ed1gn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 stl.[19]<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> quy 122 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
  1. Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(Madhyamaka-<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>s<\/i>\u1e6dr<\/i>a<\/i>), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (Praj\u00f1\u0101) hay k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (karika), v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Akutobhaya<\/i>,[20] c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  2. H\u1ed3i tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn<\/span>[21] (vigraha-vy\u0101vartan\u012b), v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  3. L\u1ee5c th\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn[22] (yukti-\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhik\u0101), .<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  4. Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch[23] (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptati), v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  5. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da-h\u1e5bdaya-k\u0101rik\u0101)[24] v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span>.<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  6. Catu\u1e25stava.<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  7. Bh\u0101van\u0101krama.<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  8. Khuy\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5ng (Suh\u1e5bllekha)<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  9. B\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (r\u0101japarikath\u0101-ratn\u0101val\u012b).[25]<\/li>\n

    <\/ol>\n

    10. Bh\u0101vasamkr\u0101nti.<\/p>\n

    11. \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra).[26]<\/p>\n

    12. Th\u1eadp tr\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (da\u015babh\u016bmi-vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra).[27]<\/p>\n

    13. Eka-\u015bloka-\u015a\u0101stra.<\/p>\n

    14. Qu\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1 kinh<\/span> (vaidalya-s\u016btra), v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (vaidalya-prakara\u1e47a).[28] b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

    15. Vyavah\u0101ra-siddhi.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i b\u1ea3n trong s\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y.[29]<\/p>\n

    Trong ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> v\u1ec1 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>:<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n
    1. Upade\u015ba g\u1ed3m 100.000 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> (g\u0101th\u0101).<\/li>\n

      <\/p>\n

    2. Buddham\u0101rg\u0101la\u1e45k\u0101ra\u015b\u0101stra g\u1ed3m 5.000 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/li>\n

      <\/ol>\n

      S\u01b0u t\u1eadp ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> sau l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n
      1. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u00e1 h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn<\/span> (mah\u0101y\u0101na-bhavabheda-\u015b\u0101stra).[30]<\/li>\n

        <\/p>\n

      2. B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (bodhisa\u1e43bh\u0101raka).[31]<\/li>\n

        <\/p>\n

      3. T\u00e1n Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu-stava).[32]<\/li>\n

        <\/ol>\n

        TH\u00c1NH THI\u00caN<\/span> HAY L\u00c0 \u0110\u1ec0-B\u00c0 <\/b><\/p>\n

        Ng\u00e0i sinh \u1edf Si\u1e41hala (T\u00edch lan<\/span>) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i theo h\u1ea7u th\u1ea7y \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong vi\u00eac truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 405 stl.<\/p>\n

        T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (catu\u1e25\u015bataka<\/i>), g\u1ed3m 400 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/p>\n

        Ng\u00e0i t\u00e1n tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (S\u0101\u1e43khya) v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Vai\u015be\u1e63ika). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ak<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>ara-<\/i>\u015a<\/i>ataka<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hastavala-prakara<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> v\u00e0 Cittavi<\/i>\u015b<\/i>uddhi-prakara<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Winternitz[33] c\u00f3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed1i ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> Cittavi<\/i>\u015b<\/i>uddhi-prakara<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>. kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/p>\n

        T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, khi v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

        NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C CH\u00cdNH C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1eeaA<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

        <\/b><\/p>\n

        Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ma-ha-t\u0103ng k\u1ef3 (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghika; \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>) c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n t\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh v\u0103n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n
        1. Ma-ha-t\u0103ng k\u1ef3<\/i><\/b> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghika; \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>)<\/i>.<\/li>\n

          <\/ol>\n

          H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00ec-da-ly (Vai\u015b\u0101l\u012b) (theo Kimura), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>. D\u00f9 c\u00e1c t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o\u2019 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (Adhammavadin). Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghika), v\u00ec h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00e0nh T\u00ec-da-ly, hay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 d\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kia kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Sthavira (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span>) hay l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span> (Therav\u0101da), v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u1ea3 mi\u1ebfng<\/span> khi d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> (Mah\u0101y\u0101na) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi Sthavira l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> (H\u012bnay\u0101na).<\/p>\n

          Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gom l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>:<\/p>\n

          1. Vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

          Theo \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, v\u0129nh c\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u01a1i tr\u1ea7n gian, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> trong h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality) tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u00e1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea7n gian \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          2. Vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n<\/i>. <\/b><\/p>\n

          Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 quy k\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> cho A-la-h\u00e1n. Trong khi \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u do d\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u.[34] C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> v\u00f4 s<\/p>\n

          3. Vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

          Theo \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng <\/i>nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span> (insight) v\u00e0o Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>; v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (thought-constructions)<\/p>\n

          4. V\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> (Unsubstantial Nature) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p (Dharmas).<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

          Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u1ea1 b\u1ed9<\/span> tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la (pudgala) hay l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (dharmas; elements) l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya) m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (elements of existence) c\u0169ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya). V\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 V\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng- \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chi ph\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>, ti\u00ean phong<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ban s\u01a1<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          II. C\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n t\u1ecbch<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

          Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, kinh (s<\/i>\u016b<\/i>tra<\/i>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng kim kh\u1ea9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn (\u015b\u0101stra<\/i>) bao g\u1ed7m nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa th\u00edch, gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> tinh vi<\/span> mang tinh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. L\u00e0 Kinh, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111\u00f3, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb kim kh\u1ea9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i \u2018b\u1ea3n kinh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n\u2013seminal sutras\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u trong v\u0103n h\u1ec7 Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> phong ph\u00fa<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o g\u1ee1 r\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

          Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 Kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101). Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> (perfect wisdom). P<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ram-it<\/i>\u0101<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> (gone beyond). C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean d\u1ecbch Praj\u00f1\u0101-p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 \u2018n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t\u2013transcendent insight\u2019; hay \u2018tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau<\/span> vi\u1ec7t\u2019 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch theo c\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> n\u01a1i m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, c\u00e2u th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ec t\u1ee5ng: Gate, gate, p<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ra<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>-gate, p<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rasa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>gate Bodhi, sv<\/i>\u0101<\/i>h<\/i>\u0101<\/i>![35] C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018\u0110i qua, \u0111i qua, qua b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span>, qua \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span> Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, Ch\u00fac l\u00e0nh<\/i>!\u2019<\/p>\n

          Theo Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> Edward Conze, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 1000 n\u0103m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 4 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span>:<\/p>\n

          – Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 100 ttl. \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 100 stl. ): bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> trong tinh tu\u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

          – Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 100 stl. \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 300 stl. ): bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e0nh ba hay b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

          – Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300 stl. \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 500 stl. ): g\u1ed3m trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

          – Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 500 stl. \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1000 stl. ): g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0-la-ni (dh\u0101rani) v\u00e0 ch\u00fa ng\u1eef (mantra).<\/p>\n

            <\/p>\n
          1. Theo ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 B\u00e1t thi\u00ean t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i> (A\u1e63\u1e6da s\u0101hasrik\u0101), g\u1ed3m 8,000 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb trong \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span>. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/li>\n

            <\/p>\n

          2. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 B\u00e1t thi\u00ean t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i> (A\u1e63\u1e6da s\u0101hasrik\u0101) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng ra th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 B\u00e1ch thi\u00ean t\u1ee5ng<\/i> (\u015aatas\u0101hasrik\u0101; 100.00 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>), th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp ng\u0169 thi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ee5ng<\/i> (Pa\u00f1cavi\u1e41\u015batis\u0101hasrik\u0101; g\u1ed3m 25.000 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>); v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Th\u1eadp b\u00e1t thi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ee5ng<\/i> (A\u1e63\u1e6dada\u015b\u0101 s\u0101hasrik\u0101; g\u1ed3m 18.000 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>). B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Th\u1eadp b\u00e1t thi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ee5ng<\/i> do Lokarak\u1e63a d\u1ecbch n\u0103m 172. Stl.<\/li>\n

            <\/p>\n

          3. Nay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m kinh<\/span> (H\u1e5bdaya) v\u00e0 Kinh Kim Cang<\/span> (Vajracchedik\u0101 s\u016btra). Kinh Kim Cang<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V stl. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 868. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n in s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n

            <\/ol>\n

            Abhisamay\u0101la\u1e41k\u0101ra l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp ng\u0169 thi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ee5ng<\/i> (Pa\u00f1cavi\u1e41\u015batis\u0101hasrik\u0101), do ng\u00e0i Maitreyanatha, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (Asa\u1e45ga) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              <\/p>\n
            1. Sau c\u00f9ng, B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0-la-ni (dh\u0101rani) v\u00e0 ch\u00fa ng\u1eef (mantra). M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, theo Ek\u0101k\u1e63ar\u012b n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u2018A\u2019. R\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span>.<\/li>\n

              <\/ol>\n

              B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, m\u1ecdi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd. T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. C\u00f2n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang ch\u1ea5t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

              Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ec9 tin v\u00e0o B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya) hay l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (unsubstantiality of the individual). H\u1ecd x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00fa r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> n\u00e0y. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (sarva-dharma-\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (unsubstantiality of all dharmas).<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>. Tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya).<\/p>\n

              Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, ch\u00ednh ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p>\n

              C\u1ea3 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, h\u1eefu vi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (thought-constructions),[36] th\u1ebf n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Ultimate Reality) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00f3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m (empirical determinations) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 hay n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> (transcendent insight) c\u1ed1t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 d\u1eebng h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p>\n

              Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span> trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p>\n

              Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>, tr\u00ean t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> ch\u00ednh t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh v\u0103n B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              Th\u1ebf n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              C\u00c1C T\u00c1C PH\u1ea8M<\/span> TRUNG QU\u00c1N<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

              <\/b><\/p>\n

              V\u00c0 C\u00c1C TR\u01af\u1edcNG PH\u00c1I.<\/b><\/p>\n

              H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 stl. m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 11 stl.<\/p>\n

              Ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> do ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i (Pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika)[37] v\u00e0 Y t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Sv\u0101tantrika).[38] Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i (Pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika).<\/p>\n

              LONG TH\u1ee4<\/span> V\u00c0 TH\u00c1NH THI\u00caN<\/span> <\/b>(th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 stl.)<\/p>\n

              Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\u2013<\/i>Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Praj\u00f1\u0101 p\u0101ramit\u0101-s\u00e1stra<\/i>). B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n n\u0103m 402-405 stl. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>,, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101-m\u016bla) hay tr\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> C\u0103n b\u1ea3n Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(M\u016bla-madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101), th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101). \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> (\u0100ryadeva) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch<\/span> k\u1ec7 (Catu\u1e25-\u015bataka). Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o b\u1edfii ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> (\u0100ryadeva).<\/p>\n

              Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai\u2013<\/i>Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga<\/i>[39]<\/b><\/i> trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> l\u00fd<\/i> (reductio ad absurdum<\/i>).[40] Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng (prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga<\/i>-vakya) hay l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> l\u00fd<\/i> (reductio ad absurdum<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 duy<\/span> (bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf<\/span>) (thought-construction).<\/p>\n

              Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> (Buddhap\u0101lita)[41] ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng (prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga) <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1ea7y v\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> <\/i> nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Madhyamakav<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tti<\/i>.[42] Lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

              M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb<\/span> h\u01a1n ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Bhavya hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (Bh\u0101vaviveka), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> l\u00fd, m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (svatantra) hay c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

              Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span>[43] tin r\u1eb1ng ri\u00eang ch\u1ec9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute Truth)<\/p>\n

              Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e2n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (mah\u0101y\u0101nat\u0101laratna\u015b\u0101stra), Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i> (madhyamakah\u1e5bdayak\u0101rik\u0101), v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, nhan \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> t\u00e2m quang<\/span> minh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i> (madhyamaka-h\u1e5bdaya-v\u1e5btti-tarkajv\u0101l\u0101<\/i>), Nhi\u1ebfp trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadn<\/i> (madhyam\u0101rtha-sa\u1e43graha), v\u00e0 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/i> (praj\u00f1\u0101prad\u012bpa), m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(Madhyamaka \u015a\u0101stra) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> L. M. Joshi \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> cu\u1ed1n Nhi\u1ebfp trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadn<\/i> (madhyam\u0101rtha-sa\u1e43graha) sang m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 N\u0101gar\u012b v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Hindi, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span> trong Dharmaduta<\/i>, Vol. 29, July-August, 1964.<\/p>\n

              N. Aiyswami \u015a\u0101stri \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> Karatalaratna t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> (Yuan Chwang) sang ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta (Vi\u015bvabh\u0101rati \u015aantiniketan, 1949).<\/p>\n

              Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6, g\u1ea7n 400 n\u0103m sau khi Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

              (a) Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i[44] (pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika school), ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, v\u00e0<\/p>\n

              (b) \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i[45] (Sv\u0101tantrika school), ng\u00e0i Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              Y. Kajiama cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh Trung qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u00e0 do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (valid) hay kh\u00f4ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              Theo ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> kho\u00e1c v\u1ecf \u00e1o c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (S\u0101\u1e43khya) b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, d\u00f9 b\u00ean trong Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba<\/i>\u2014Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ba, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 hai Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> r\u1ea5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>.[46]<\/p>\n

              M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, ch\u1eebng 20 b\u1ed9, l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Nay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1n Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (s: Prasannapad\u0101),[47] lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng g\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kh\u00e1c sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

              Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 stl. v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i sinh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Samanta. Ng\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 Kamalabuddhi, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (Bbh\u0101vaviveka). Cu\u1ed1n Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00e1c, nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Madhyamak\u0101vat\u0101ra<\/i>), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> t\u1ef1 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y.[48] Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Madhyamak\u0101vat\u0101ra<\/i>) trong Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/i><\/p>\n

              Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptati<\/i>),[49] v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n L\u1ee5c th\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/i> (yukti-\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhik\u0101)[50] c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> cu\u1ed1n T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Catu<\/i>\u1e25\u015b<\/i>ataka<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> (\u0100ryadeva). Hai cu\u1ed1n prakara<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> hay l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, kim ch\u1ec9 nam kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Madhyamakapraj\u00f1\u0101vat\u0101ra<\/i> v\u00e0 Pa\u00f1caskandha<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u do ng\u00e0i tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (s: prasannapad\u0101) l\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ea1ng g\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i (pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika school), v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed7ng trong lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (Bbh\u0101vaviveka) t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (common-sense view) v\u1ec1 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> (sense-perception \u89ba\u89c0\u77e5\u89ba) v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (s: sva-lak\u1e63a\u1e47a; e: unique particular)[51] v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> (s: kalpan\u0101po\u1e0dha;[52] e: devoid of determination).<\/p>\n

              Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Vij\u00f1\u0101na v\u0101da) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c (vij\u00f1\u0101na) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

              T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> (\u015a\u0101ntideva) l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i. Ng\u00e0i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 stl. Theo s\u1eed gia T\u0101r\u0101n\u0101tha,[53] T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a vua Kaly\u0101navarman x\u1ee9 Saur\u0101\u1e63tra v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i vua. Khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n t\u1eed, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u015a\u0101ntivarman. Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3m k\u00edch r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u00e0i tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Jaideva \u1edf Tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 (N\u0101landa), sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> (Santideva).<\/p>\n

              Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn<\/i> (s: \u015bik\u1e63\u0101samuccaya) v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadp b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra). Trong T\u1eadp B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn<\/i>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, g\u1ea7n 97 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 bay gi\u1edd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

              Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nh\u1eadp b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, <\/i>ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u1ec1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 dung th\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa thi ca<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> l\u00fd\/l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng (prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga<\/i>) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u1ea5t k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

              V\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u015a\u0101ntarak\u1e63ita v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Kamala\u015b\u012bla \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u015a\u0101ntarak\u1e63ita th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8 stl. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Tattvasa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>graha<\/i> (Compendium of Reality). M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Kamala\u015b\u012bla, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Tattvasa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>graha-pa<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>jik<\/i>\u0101<\/i>, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 Tattvasa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>graha. <\/i><\/p>\n

              Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span> qu\u00e1n<\/i><\/b>:<\/p>\n

              Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

              Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5? Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0o v\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 trong kinh h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n tham d\u1ef1<\/span> nguy\u00ean u\u1ef7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

              S\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> (Metaphysics) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ng\u00e0i th\u0103m d\u00f2<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> \u1ea5y. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> (agnostic) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng? Qua s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

              C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 avy<\/i>\u0101<\/i>krta<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1ea7y trong lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(MK, 22, 12.)<\/p>\n

              Ng\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> Iha caturda<\/i>\u015b<\/i>a avy<\/i>\u0101<\/i>k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ta-vast<\/i>\u016b<\/i>ni bhaga-vat<\/i>\u0101<\/i> nirdi<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>t<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ni<\/i>\u2013\u2018Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> 14 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u2019<\/p>\n

              (a) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 (1) th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, (2) kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, (3) v\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, (4) v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

              (b) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 (5) \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, (6) kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> (7) v\u1eeba \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> (8) v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              (c) Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 (9) c\u00f2n sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>, (10) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span> (11) v\u1eeba c\u00f2n v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span> (12) ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n, v\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              (d) Th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 (13) \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, hay (14) kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

              S\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 4 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trong ba nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1ea7y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span><\/i> (s: catu\u1e63ko\u1e6di; e: tetra-lemma) trong bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              Trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (i) lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi (ii) lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i. Hai lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba, (iii) ch\u00fang kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (iv) ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u2018c\u00f3\u2019 \u2018kh\u00f4ng\u2019 cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 di<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>hiv<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da <\/i>v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb k\u00e9o v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

              Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1ea7y c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn (\u015a\u0101\u015b<\/i>vata-v<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da<\/i>), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o \u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Ucchedav<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da<\/i>), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (madhyam<\/i>\u0101<\/i> pratipada<\/i>), (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chi\u1ebft trung).<\/p>\n

              Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean do<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u00f3 suy t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality) v\u1ed1n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1eefng suy l\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/i> (alternative; s: anta \/ ko<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i<\/i>), b\u00f3c tr\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u1ea9n r\u1ed1i tung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ko<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> (Reason) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> \u0111ang gi\u01b0c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00f9ng s\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n<\/span> ra t\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> (dogmatism) hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> duy l\u00fd (rationalism). \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i n\u1eb1m trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat t\u1ec9a ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn l\u00fd kh\u1eaft khe trong h\u00e0m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> (ko<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i<\/i>), \u0111\u01b0a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> (Reason) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng,[54] v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span><\/i> (par<\/i>\u0101<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tti<\/i>; right-about-turn) sang b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3<\/i> (praj\u00f1\u0101).<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, v\u1eeba nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ngu\u1ef5 bi\u1ec7n (sophist) d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh<\/span>, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tin ch\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7m v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span> hay nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> trong m\u1ed7i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00f4 r\u00e1p, l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, do ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i, trong t\u00e2m th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, trong \u0111\u00f3 L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> khi n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (noumena)<\/p>\n

              \u00dd NGH\u0128A<\/span> C\u1ee6A BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG<\/span> PH\u00c1P<\/b><\/p>\n

              Th\u1ebf \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, m\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh hay ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> b\u1ecb sa l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tho\u00e1t ra ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC C\u1ee6A BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG<\/span> PH\u00c1P<\/b><\/p>\n

              Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span> qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i avy<\/i>\u0101<\/i>k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ta<\/i> theo sau<\/span> m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ho\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span><\/i> [55]( s: catu<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>ko<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i<\/i>; e: tetralemma\/ quadrilemma), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u<\/i> (four-cornered negation). C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0103n kh\u1edbp nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> n\u1ea7y r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

              L\u00ed lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong T\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e0: (i) lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ee9 hai (ii) lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ee9 ba (iii) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh hai lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (iv) ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 hai lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u.[56]<\/p>\n

              K\u1ef8 THU\u1eacT C\u1ee6A BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG<\/span> PH\u00c1P<\/b><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

              K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u1ed1t \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m \u00fd trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c anh ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5c b\u1ed5ng l\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Anh ta b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> phi l\u00fd<\/span> khi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a anh ta b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> (ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> l\u00fd (reductio ad absurdum<\/i>). T\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga<\/i>.<\/p>\n

              R. H. Robinson ch\u1ec9 ra trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Early M\u0101dhyamika in India and China <\/i>r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.[57] Trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1eabu th\u1ee9c hai d\u1ea1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2013modus ponens <\/i>v\u00e0 modus tollens<\/i>, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a modus ponens <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c R. H. Robinson tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Prasannapad<\/i>\u0101<\/i>, 3.2.), v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a modus tollens <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c R. H. Robinson tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong (Prasannapad<\/i>\u0101<\/i>, 19. 6.).<\/p>\n

              R. H. Robinson \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi cho r\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u song \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0: \u2018N\u1ebfu p, th\u00ec q; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> p, th\u00ec q.\u2019 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u2018c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a song \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 simple constructive dilemma\u2019 trong Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

              M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a song \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0: \u2018N\u1ebfu p th\u00ec q; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> p th\u00ec r\u2019, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong<\/p>\n

              \u2018c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a song \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 complex constructive dilemma\u2019 trong Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

              M\u1ee4C \u0110\u00cdCH<\/span> C\u1ee6A BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG<\/span> PH\u00c1P<\/b><\/p>\n

              <\/b><\/p>\n

              M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi d\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ri\u00eang n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 anh ta mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>; c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0o n\u00eau ra th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u1ea5y. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Vigrahavy<\/i>\u0101<\/i>vartan<\/i>\u012b<\/i> (St.29)[58] r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u00e0o qua Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, v\u00ec anh ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

              Yadi k<\/i>\u0101<\/i>cana pratij<\/i>\u00f1\u0101 <\/i> sy<\/i>\u0101<\/i>n me tata eva me bhaved da<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>.\/ N<\/i>\u0101<\/i>sti ca mama pratij<\/i>\u00f1\u0101<\/i> tasm<\/i>\u0101<\/i>n naiv<\/i>\u0101<\/i>sti me do<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> \/\/<\/p>\n

              \u2018N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau ra, th\u00ec anh s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do v\u1eady t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o, n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u2019[59]<\/p>\n

              Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> duy l\u00fd v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality). Qua s\u1ef1 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i theo sau<\/span> gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> trong n\u1eafm b\u1eaft Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality). Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00eau to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u1ea7y qua ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> sau:<\/p>\n

              Nirupapattika-pak\u1e63\u0101bhyupagam\u0101t sv\u0101tm\u0101na\u1e41 eva aya\u1e41 kevala\u1e41 visa\u1e41v\u0101dayan na \u015baknoti pare\u1e63\u0101\u1e41 ni\u015bcayam \u0101dh\u0101tum iti. Idameva asya spa\u1e63\u1e6datara\u1e41 d\u016b\u1e63a\u1e47a\u1e41 yaduta svaprat\u012bj\u00f1\u0101t\u0101rthas\u0101dhan\u0101s\u0101marthyam iti<\/p>\n

              (Madhyamakav\u1e5btti-prasannapad\u0101<\/i>, p.6)<\/p>\n

              \u2018B\u1edfi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9<\/span> t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean \u00e1n<\/span> h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 anh ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra<\/i>.\u2019<\/p>\n

              (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, tr.6)<\/p>\n

              Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (three-foot rule\/syllogism) c\u1ee7a suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> lan man r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m (empirical reality) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (\u015b\u016bnya) ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/i> (nis-svabh\u0101va), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> hay h\u1eefu vi<\/span><\/i> (unconditionedness)<\/p>\n

              Th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> mang t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, d\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. Th\u1ee9 ba, Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u2018c\u00f3\/ph\u1ea3i\/l\u00e0<\/i>\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng\/ kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\/kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/i>\u2019\u2013 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> (dichotomising mind).<\/p>\n

              \u1ee8NG D\u1ee4NG<\/span> C\u1ee6A BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG<\/span> PH\u00c1P<\/b><\/p>\n

              Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn m\u1ecdi l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> do c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> g\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadp l\u01b0ng \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1eebng tr\u1ee5, x\u1ee9 (ayatana<\/i>), u\u1ea9n (skandha<\/i>), ng\u00e3 (\u0101tman<\/i>) v.v…[60]<\/p>\n

              Stcherbatsky ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ph\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n q\u1ee7a v\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00f2n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

              Ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ti\u00ean h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

              \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> T\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra b\u1ed1n quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 (1) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (s: svata-upatti\u1e25; e: self-becoming<\/i>). (2) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 (s: parata-upatti\u1e25; e: production from another<\/i>). (3) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 (dv<\/i>\u0101<\/i>bhy<\/i>\u0101<\/i>m<\/i> upatti\u1e25,<\/i> production from both\/from itself and from another). (4) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> (ahetuta utpatti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>; e: production without any cause, production by chance).[61]<\/p>\n

              (1) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (s: svata-upatti\u1e25; e: self-becoming<\/i>). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 v\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Satk\u0101ryav\u0101da c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (S\u0101\u1e43khya) khi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ef1 sinh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

              S\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

              (i) N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngay trong nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (S\u0101\u1e43khya) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (abhivyakti<\/i>) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u1ea7y tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1m th\u1ec3<\/i> (underlying substratum<\/i>).<\/p>\n

              (ii) N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/span>, th\u00ec r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 trong c\u00f9ng c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              N\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/span>, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, cho n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Satk\u0101ryav\u0101da c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (S\u0101\u1e43khya)<\/p>\n

              (iii). N\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

              Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t (Satk\u0101ryav\u0101da), do v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

              (2) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 (s: parata-upatti\u1e25; e: production from another<\/i>). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 asatk<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ryav\u0101da<\/i> do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sautr\u0101ntika) hay Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ea7y. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u1ea7y khi\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t sinh<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng sau:<\/p>\n

              (i) N\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1i \u1ea5y. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

              (ii) C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3, th\u00ec nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh (ex hypothesi<\/i>), nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3: Tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, th\u00ec lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              (iii) C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sinh do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ea7y, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u00eam v\u00e0o v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/i> (regressus ad infinitum<\/i>).<\/p>\n

              (3) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 (dv<\/i>\u0101<\/i>bhy<\/i>\u0101<\/i>m<\/i> upatti\u1e25,<\/i> production from both\/from itself and from another).<\/p>\n

              Thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y tin r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1eeba kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i Satk<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ryav\u0101da<\/i> v\u00e0 Asatk<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ryav\u0101da<\/i>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, bao h\u00e0m t\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong c\u1ea3 hai. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> b\u1eb1ng hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch (\u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t) trong m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac.<\/p>\n

              (4) Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> (ahetuta utpatti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>; e: production without any cause, production by chance). Thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, m\u00e0 do t\u1eeb ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span>. C\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Svabh\u0101vav\u0101dins\u2013c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> (Naturalists), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> (Sceptics) tin v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean do<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n cho<\/span> thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, th\u00ec k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean do<\/span>, k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu trong nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tr\u00ean, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

              NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u00d3NG G\u00d3P T\u00cdCH C\u1ef0C<\/span> C\u1ee6A LONG TH\u1ee4<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

              Khi \u0111\u1ecdc Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Mah\u0101 praj\u00f1\u0101 p\u0101ramit\u0101 \u015a\u0101stra<\/i>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh<\/span> do Dr. K. Venkata Ramanan, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111ang g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality).<\/p>\n

              1. C\u1ea3 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>\u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 ra v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> (naihsvdbhavya), kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (unsubstantiality), hay l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u00ednh<\/span> (conditionedness), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh (relativity) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> (Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>) l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u00e2u m\u1ea7u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, do t\u1eeb c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/span> \u1ea9n m\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (dharmai<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47\u0101<\/i>). Do v\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (inveterate ignorance), c\u00e1i mong \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> sai. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu anh ta ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u00ec l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa anh ta l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u2018ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u2019 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ed1 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> s\u00e2u h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (unconditioned) tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu vi<\/span> (conditioned) hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00e1c t\u00e1ch l\u00eca<\/i> n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

              2. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (unconditioned), kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span> t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00e1t khao th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m h\u01a1n. Khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n<\/i> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng anh ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u00f4 vi<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Anh ta b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. B\u1ecb thu h\u00fat ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0o trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i qua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 s\u00e2u trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, anh ta n\u1eafm ch\u1eaft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, anh ta chi\u00eau v\u1eddi c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t khi anh ta t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1eeb h\u1eefu vi<\/span> (conditionedness), t\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>), c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a anh ta thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Anh ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (dharmai<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47\u0101<\/i>) c\u1ee7a anh ta, n\u1ed7i khao kh\u00e1t b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a anh ta nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n. Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(k\u0101rik\u0101) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n, t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (dharma; entities) v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 (s: pudgala; empirical individual).[62] Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(\u015b\u0101stra) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n n\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> n\u1ea7y khi\u1ebfn th\u1ed5i b\u00f9ng tia l\u1eeda nh\u1ecf nhoi khao kh\u00e1t Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u00e1nh l\u1eeda<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              3. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(k\u0101rik\u0101) nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u bao ph\u1ee7 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00ec trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>, ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga v<\/i>\u0101<\/i>kya<\/i>, t\u1ee9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> l\u00fd (reductio ad absurdum). \u0110i\u1ec3m quan t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (nihsvabh\u0101va; v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (sasvabh\u0101va; h\u1eefu t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3). Ngay c\u1ea3 trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady r\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu vi<\/span> hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span> trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u2018\u2019<\/p>\n

              ya \u0101java\u1e43jav\u012bbh\u0101va up\u0101d\u0101ya prat\u012btya v\u0101 |<\/p>\n

              so ‘prat\u012bty\u0101nup\u0101d\u0101ya nirv\u0101\u1e47am upadi\u015byate ||<\/p>\n

              MMK_25,09)[63]<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i, sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

              S\u1ef0 KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T GI\u1eeeA TI\u1ec2U TH\u1eeaA<\/span> V\u00c0 \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1eeaA<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

              C\u00f3 v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> kh\u1eafc bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                <\/p>\n
              1. Kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> <\/i><\/li>\n

                <\/ol>\n

                (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. N\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb hai quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng sanh gi\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

                Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0o. V\u00ec Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc<\/span> v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc n\u1ea7y. C\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc n\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>. Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u2018c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\u2013conditioned co-production\u2019 hay \u2018ph\u00e1t sinh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau\u2013interdependent origination.\u2019<\/p>\n

                Theo Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 prati prati ity<\/i>\u0101<\/i>n<\/i>\u0101\u1e41<\/i> vin<\/i>\u0101\u015b\u0101\u1e41<\/i> samutp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>; \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong tho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1c\u2013the evanescent momentary things appear.”<\/p>\n

                Theo \u0111\u00f3, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (dharma).<\/p>\n

                Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>, s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (dharma) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                Khi Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00eau ra:<\/p>\n

                Hetupraty<\/i>\u0101<\/i>yapek<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>o bh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>van<\/i>\u0101<\/i>m utp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> <\/i><\/p>\n

                prat<\/i>\u012b<\/i>tyasamutp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>d<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rtha<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> (P. P., p. 2)<\/p>\n

                \u2018Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean (causes and conditions)\u2019. (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>)<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> (temporal sequence) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> (temporal sequence), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. N\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (relativity). T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 2500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ed3i. Khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hay l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (dharma; element), v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec1u tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.[64] T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (nis-svabh\u0101vatva) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>) th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>. Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (Prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>) hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c\/ (Interdependence) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh (Relativity) v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh bao h\u00e0m v\u00f4 th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00ednh (t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>; \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                Tadatra-nirodhd<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ya<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>a-vi<\/i>\u015b<\/i>e<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a-vi<\/i>\u015b<\/i>i<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e25<\/i><\/p>\n

                prat<\/i>\u012bt<\/i>yasamutp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> <\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>str<\/i>\u0101<\/i>bhidhey<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rtha<\/i>\u1e25<\/i><\/p>\n

                <\/i>(P. P, p. 2)<\/p>\n

                C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018\u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u1ee7<\/span> y\u1ebfu hay \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1m ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/i>.\u2019 (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span>, tr.2)<\/p>\n

                \u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (prat<\/i>\u012bt<\/i>yasamutp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da<\/i>) l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng; \u015b\u016bnya), \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> (svabh\u0101va).<\/p>\n

                Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                Na hi svabh\u0101vo bh\u0101v\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 pratyay\u0101di\u1e63u vidyate<\/i><\/p>\n

                (M. K. 1,3 )|[65]<\/p>\n

                Ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1<\/span> t\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong duy\u00ean<\/i>.[66]<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> E. Conze tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y: \u2018T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (duy\u00ean).\u2019 (Buddhist Thought in India<\/i>, p. 240).<\/p>\n

                Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng sau:[67]<\/p>\n

                Aprat\u012btya samutpanno dharma\u1e25 ka\u015bcin na vidyate |<\/i><\/p>\n

                yasm\u0101t tasm\u0101d a\u015b\u016bnyo hi dharma\u1e25 ka\u015bcin na vidyate <\/i>|| <\/i><\/p>\n

                <\/i>MMK_24,19<\/p>\n

                V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya) (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>).<\/p>\n

                Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) hay l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh (relativity). Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                Ya\u1e25 prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\u1e25 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101\u1e43 t\u0101\u1e43 pracak\u1e63mahe<\/i> |<\/p>\n

                MMK_24,18<\/p>\n

                (C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do) Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).[68]<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>) hay t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>) l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> theo sau<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng minh nhi\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 trong Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(\u015b\u0101stra). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(K\u0101rik\u0101) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i> (dharmai<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47\u0101<\/i>), mong \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u1ea9n m\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm trong tim con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Trong Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(\u015b\u0101stra) tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i> (dharmai<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47\u0101<\/i>), n\u1ea7y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00ednh trong t\u00e1n ca<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(K\u0101rik\u0101), h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u00edt c\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(\u015b\u0101stra) \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>(K\u0101rik\u0101), v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (unconditioned) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u01a1i \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quanh co<\/span>. Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(\u015b\u0101stra), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span>. Ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> cho m\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Ph\u1ea9m qu\u00e1n Bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> (bhutakoti) ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> (up\u0101ya), di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5 sung cho Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

                2. Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> chung gi\u1eefa Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                (1) Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng sanh, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>. N\u00f3 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> (am<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ta<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                (2) Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1eeb trong ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> m\u1ecdi tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                (3) Ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t trong ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> h\u1eb3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                (4) C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9 (\u015b<\/i>ama<\/i> hay upa<\/i>\u015b<\/i>ama<\/i>) bao tr\u00f9m m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                (5) Ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                T\u1eeb Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (nirv\u0101\u1e47a) \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018d\u1eadp t\u1eaft\u2019 v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u2018t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh.\u2019<\/p>\n

                C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                (1) ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, (2) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, (3) ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u00e0 (4) bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                1. Ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i>: M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 th \u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0<\/p>\n

                (1) b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> (s: am\u1e5bta; e: deathless), (2) b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, (3) b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1i<\/span> (s: acyuta; e: imperishable), (4) v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> (s: ananta), (5) kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh, (6) ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> (7) kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span>, (8) Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tan ho\u1ea1i (s: apalokina<\/i>; e: not liable to dissolution), (9) v\u00f4 t\u00e1c<\/span> (abhutam), (10) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh, (11) kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0; (12) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, (13) v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn<\/span> (s: anuttaram; utmost), (14) Kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span> (duhkha-nirodha), (15) gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> (s: apavagga).<\/p>\n

                2. T\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i>: Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0<\/p>\n

                (1) T\u0129nh ch\u1ec9 (\u015b<\/i>ama<\/i> hay upa<\/i>\u015b<\/i>ama<\/i>);<\/p>\n

                B\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y trong Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Mah\u0101 parinirv\u0101\u1e47a s\u016btra) n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n

                anity<\/i>\u0101<\/i> vata sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>sk<\/i>\u0101<\/i>r<\/i>\u0101<\/i> utp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da-vyaya-dharmi<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> \/ <\/i><\/p>\n

                utpadya hi nirudhyante te<\/i>\u1e63\u0101<\/i>m vyapai<\/i>\u015b<\/i>mas sukham<\/i> \/\/<\/p>\n

                Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u0110\u00e3 sinh ra \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>.[69]<\/p>\n

                T\u0129nh ch\u1ec9 (\u015b<\/i>ama<\/i> hay upa<\/i>\u015b<\/i>ama<\/i>) bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> t\u00e2m tham d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> an t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                (2) Di\u1ec7u l\u1ea1c<\/span>: Nibb<\/i>\u0101<\/i>nam parama<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> sukham<\/i><\/p>\n

                Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                (3) Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> hay B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>)<\/p>\n

                (4) Tr\u00ed (s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>), li\u1ec5u tri<\/span> (vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101nam)\u2013 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                (5) Kham nh\u1eabn<\/span> (k\u1e63amam)<\/p>\n

                3. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span><\/i>: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u1ea7y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong v\u0103n h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 hay Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 (abide) trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (non-abiding). C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p>\n

                4. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

                M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> \u1edf ch\u1ed7 tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>. T\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u1ea7y, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                (1) hang l\u1ea1nh, (2) \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o, (3) b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span>, (4) th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 linh thi\u00eang<\/span>, (5) n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea5n<\/span>, (6) ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e1u<\/span>, (7) n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p an to\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan<\/span> n\u1ea7y, li\u1ec7u ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay n\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ea3 hai, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> qua c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> (ta<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>h<\/i>\u0101<\/i>; craving<\/i>), c\u1ee7a l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/i> (\u0101sava; obsessions); ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> qua c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ed B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 hay ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> (sambodhi<\/i>) v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> (\u015b\u0101<\/i>nti; peace<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                Trong khi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1mh th\u00e1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> kh\u00e1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                Hai tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n:<\/p>\n

                – N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng sanh, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span> vi, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng sanh, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span> vi, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span> kh\u1ecfi sanh, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, b\u1ecb l\u00e0m, h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng sanh, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu<\/span> vi, n\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span> kh\u1ecfi sanh, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, b\u1ecb l\u00e0m, h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. (III) (Ud 80)[70]<\/p>\n

                \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t khao th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c trong kinh Kinh Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef1<\/span> Thuy\u1ebft (Ud<\/i>\u0101<\/i>n<\/i>a)[71] m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u0169gn kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                Atthi bhikkhave tad \u0101yatana\u1e41, yattha n ‘eva pathav\u012bna apo \/ na tejo va v\u0101yo na \u0101k\u0101s\u0101na\u00f1c\u0101yatanam, vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101nc\u0101yatana\u1e41 na \u0101ki\u00f1ca\u00f1\u00f1\u0101yatana\u1e41 na nevasa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101nayatana\u1e43 n\u0101ya\u1e41 loko na paraloko ubho candimas\u016briy\u0101, tad aham bhikkhave n’eva \u0101gati\u1e41 vad\u0101\u1e41i na gati\u1e41, na \u1e6dhiti\u1e41 na cuti\u1e41 na upapattim appati\u1e6d\u1e6dha\u1e41 appati\u1e6d\u1e6dha\u1e43 appavatta\u1e41 an\u0101ramma\u1e47a eva ta\u1e41, e\u015b ev\u2019anto dukkhass\u0101” ti (Ud<\/i>\u0101<\/i>na, 80<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                – N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> tr\u0103ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, Ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00fa, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sanh; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 an tr\u00fa<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111au<\/i>.<\/p>\n

                Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn d\u00e0i n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbgn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                Trong Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>yutta Nik\u0101ya<\/i>; 1069-76) v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 Upa\u015biva. Hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                Acc\u012b yath\u0101 v\u0101tavegena khitto<\/p>\n

                attha\u1e41 paleti, na upeti sa\u1e45kha\u1e41\/<\/p>\n

                evam mun\u012b n\u0101mak\u0101y\u0101. vimutto<\/p>\n

                attha\u1e41 paleti, na upeti sa\u1e45kha\u1e41.\/\/<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh khi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

                Attha\u1e45-gatassa na pam\u0101\u1e47a\u1e41 atthi;<\/p>\n

                yena na\u1e41 vajju, ta\u1e41 tassa n’atthi;<\/p>\n

                sabbesu dhammesu sam\u016bhatesu<\/p>\n

                sam\u016bhat\u0101 v\u0101dapath\u0101 pi sabbeti.<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0169ng t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. <\/i><\/p>\n

                C\u1ea3 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd<\/span> n\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                Ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 Suzuki ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u2018Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7m ch\u1ebf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> hay th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; m\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 th\u1ec3 (ego-substance) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb \u2018\u00fd ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m\u2019 n\u1ea7y. (Outlines of Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism<\/i>, pp. 50-51)<\/p>\n

                B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1eefa hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

                (1) C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> tin r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> (nitya), di\u1ec7u l\u1ea1c<\/span> (sukha).<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                (2) C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> tin r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> cho ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau:<\/p>\n

                aprah\u012b\u1e47a\u1e41 asa\u1e43pr\u0101pta\u1e41 anucchinna\u1e41 a\u015b\u0101\u015bvata\u1e41 |<\/p>\n

                aniruddha\u1e41 anutpanna\u1e41 etan nirv\u0101\u1e47a\u1e41 \u016bcyate ||<\/p>\n

                MMK_25,03<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> (c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>), kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng sanh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ecb l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/i>.[72]<\/p>\n

                Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                Sarvaprapa<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>copa<\/i>\u015b<\/i>ama<\/i>\u015b<\/i>ivalak<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> nirv<\/i>\u0101<\/i>na<\/i>\u1e41<\/i><\/p>\n

                <\/i>(P. P. p. 2).<\/p>\n

                Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. <\/i><\/p>\n

                3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika) cho r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 (bh\u0101va). Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> tin r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span>. N\u00f3i ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (s: asa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta; e: unconditioned), v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 (bh\u0101va), r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 (bh\u0101va), th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> (abh\u0101va; v\u00f4<\/i> ), t\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00ec (abh\u0101va; v\u00f4<\/i> ) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> (abh\u0101va; v\u00f4<\/i> ) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i ph\u00f9 du.<\/p>\n

                Trong lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u1ea7y t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Arya Ratnavali<\/i>.<\/p>\n

                Na cabh\u0101vo’ pi nirv\u0101\u1e47am kuta ev\u0101sya bh\u0101van\u0101\/<\/p>\n

                Bh\u0101v\u0101bh\u0101vapar\u0101mar\u015ba-k\u1e63ayo nirv\u0101\u1e47am ucyate.\/\/<\/p>\n

                (P.P., p. 229)<\/p>\n

                Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi suy l\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (bh\u0101va; ens) hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (abh\u0101va; non-ens) v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/i><\/p>\n

                Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                Tata<\/i>\u015b<\/i>ca sarvakalpan<\/i>\u0101<\/i>-k<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>ayar<\/i>\u016b<\/i>pam eva nirv<\/i>\u0101\u1e47<\/i>am<\/i> (P., P. p. 229)<\/p>\n

                Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                4. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span> (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>). Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                na sa\u1e43s\u0101rasya nirv\u0101\u1e47\u0101t ki\u1e43cid asti vi\u015be\u1e63a\u1e47am |<\/i><\/p>\n

                na nirv\u0101\u1e47asya sa\u1e43s\u0101r\u0101t ki\u1e43cid asti vi\u015be\u1e63a\u1e47am <\/i>||<\/p>\n

                <\/i>MMK_25,19<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t giai v\u1ecb ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>).[73]<\/p>\n

                nirv\u0101\u1e47asya ca y\u0101 ko\u1e6di\u1e25 ko\u1e6di\u1e25 sa\u1e43sara\u1e47asya ca |<\/i><\/p>\n

                na tayor antara\u1e43 ki\u1e43cit sus\u016bk\u1e63mam api vidyate<\/i> ||<\/p>\n

                <\/i>MMK_25,20<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> (ng\u1eb1n m\u00e9) c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea3y may<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> \u1ea5y.[74]<\/p>\n

                ya \u0101java\u1e43jav\u012bbh\u0101va up\u0101d\u0101ya prat\u012btya v\u0101 |<\/i><\/p>\n

                so ‘prat\u012bty\u0101nup\u0101d\u0101ya nirv\u0101\u1e47am upadi\u015byate || MMK_25,09<\/i><\/p>\n

                V\u00ec th\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> n\u00ean xoay v\u1ea7n (lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>) trong sanh t\u1eed<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecd c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>.[75]<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span>, c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1edbi Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                (1) C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xem c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u nhi\u1ec5m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Theo h\u1ecd, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, h\u1eefu vi<\/span> (sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta), v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> (kle\u015ba) th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (asa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta) v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 trong ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> (kle\u015ba) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> (s: sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta dharma; e: conditioned existences) l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology).<\/p>\n

                Suzuki t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 xua tan \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y<\/span> \u0111ang l\u1ea3ng v\u1ea3ng quanh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9<\/span> b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> (egoism<\/i>) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> bi (karu\u1e47\u0101<\/i>). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy h\u00e0ng<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (Dharmak\u0101ya<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                (Outlines of M. Buddhism<\/i>, p. 369).<\/p>\n

                C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u00eam, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology), ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> (c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>), kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng sanh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ecb l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/i>.[76] (M.K..XXV, 3).<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                2. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m (Empirical), B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> (Noumenon) v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (Phenomena), Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nirv\u0101\u1e47a) v\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> (Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i l\u1eabn nhau. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, hay Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (vikalpa; bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>) th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. C\u00f5i gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>[77] th\u00ec lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm v\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> theo sau<\/span> s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t t\u00e2m tham v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng cho Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong t\u00e2m ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> khi d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 25[78] c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute Reality) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                3. Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n; l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>; l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                Ch\u1eef \u2018y\u0101na<\/i>\u2019 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, c\u1ed7 xe<\/i>.[79] Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Survey of Buddhism<\/i>, T\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u Sa\u1e45gharaksita g\u1ee3i \u00fd n\u00ean d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ‘career<\/i>; s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p’ \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef \u2018y\u0101na<\/i>\u2019. T\u1eeb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Anh cho t\u1eeb \u2018y\u0101na<\/i>\u2019.<\/p>\n

                C\u00f3 ba th\u1eeba (y\u0101na) <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> (\u015ar\u0101vaka-y\u0101na), B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span> (Pratyekabuddha-y\u0101na) v\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba Bodhisattva-y\u0101na).<\/p>\n

                Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> (s: \u015ar\u0101vaka; p: S\u0101vaka) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe\u2013hearer.\u2019 Danh x\u01b0ng n\u1ea7y d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. A-la-h\u00e1n (Arhat\/ Arhant) c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Arhat<\/i> theo t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng<\/i> (worthy). Ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch (han<\/i>) k\u1ebb th\u00f9<\/span> (ari<\/i>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> hay nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (s: Pratyekabuddha; p: Poccekabuddha) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>,\u2019 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. T\u1eeb pratyeka<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng chia x\u1ebb<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng v\u1eady, b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o<\/span> d\u00f2ng th\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span> hay gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

                Hai d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh th \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. H\u1ecd xem s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> hay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba (Bodhisattva y\u0101na<\/i>) c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span> (Buddhay\u0101na<\/i>) hay Nh\u01b0 Lai th\u1eeba<\/span> (Tath\u0101gatay\u0101na). T\u1eeb bodhi <\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span><\/i> (perfect wisdom) hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 si\u00eau<\/span> vi\u1ec7t\u2019 (transcendental wisdom), gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                T\u1eeb sattva<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span>, y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh (essence<\/i>). T\u1eeb bodhi <\/i>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e1nh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u1eeb trong Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (Dharmak\u0101ya) c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> hay ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> hay gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ti\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i. C\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfp t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>, trong m\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfp, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> (six perfections) v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (da<\/i>\u015b<\/i>abh<\/i>\u016b<\/i>mi<\/i>),[80] s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu<\/span> v\u00e0 hy sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong m\u00ecnh b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> (bodhi-citta) v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n<\/i> (pra<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>idhanabala<\/i>). B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101). Nguy\u1ec7n (pra<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>idhanabala<\/i>) l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (Dharmak\u0101ya), l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute Personalized) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (Praj\u00f1\u0101) l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>; t\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101) l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n (pra<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>idhanabala<\/i>) l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, Discourse on the Trans-cendentality of the Bodhicitta<\/i>, Suzuki \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism<\/i>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                  <\/p>\n
                1. B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2013ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, 12 x\u1ee9, 18 gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t.<\/li>\n

                  <\/p>\n

                2. T\u1eeb bi<\/span> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span>. Do v\u1eady h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (raison d’ etre) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong n\u1ea7y.<\/li>\n

                  <\/p>\n

                3. B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> an tr\u00fa<\/span> trong t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng (samat<\/i>\u0101<\/i>), t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> (up<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ya<\/i>) c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n

                  <\/ol>\n

                  C\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh tu<\/span> t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (da<\/i>\u015b<\/i>abh<\/i>\u016b<\/i>mi<\/i>),[81] \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                  1. Hoan h\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (pramudit\u0101-bh\u016bmi; e: delight): ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111i qua l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 sang l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfgn cao h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00f4 minh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  2. Li c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (vimal\u0101-bh\u016bmi): V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>,\u2019 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, \u2018th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp b\u1ea3n t\u00e2m<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh\u2019.<\/p>\n

                  3. Ph\u00e1t quang \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (prabh\u0101k\u0101r\u012b-bh\u016bmi): N\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

                  4. Di\u1ec7m hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (arci\u1e63mat\u012b-bh\u016bmi): \u1ede giai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> song \u0111\u00f4i l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  5. C\u1ef1c nan th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (sudurjay\u0101-bh\u016bmi): Giai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng (samat\u0101), gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  6. Hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (abhimukh\u012b-bh\u016bmi; Face to Face): \u1ede giai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  7. Vi\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (d\u016bra\u1e45gam\u0101-bh\u016b-mi): \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u00e0i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> cho c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  8. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (acal\u0101-bh\u016bmi): Trong giai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m V\u00f4 sinh ph\u00e1p nh\u1eabn<\/span> (anutpattika-dharma-k\u1e63\u0101nti), hay l\u00e0 t\u00e2m tu\u1ef3 thu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea9n t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan<\/span> trong to\u00e0n ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  9. Thi\u1ec7n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (s\u0101dhumat\u012b-bh\u016bmi): \u0110\u1ebfn giai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u00f2 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0103n t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span> h\u1ecd th\u00edch<\/span> h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  10. Ph\u00e1p v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i> (dharmamegh\u0101-bh\u016b-mi): \u0110\u1ebfn giai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n hay \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o. Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00edch chi Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span>, theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n (mah\u0101<\/i>). L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n (h<\/i>\u012b<\/i>na<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                  \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai ph\u00e1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (Buddhatva), l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfgn cao nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, (n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101) l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                  4. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                  <\/b><\/p>\n

                  Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> tin r\u1eb1ng qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya) th\u00ec s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                  C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya), m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (dharma-nair\u0101tmya) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hay c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> ri\u00eang ch\u00ednh n\u00f3), th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                  Theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ea3 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                  5. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span> (\u0101vara\u1e47a) hay ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                  M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00ec Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecb che ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 che khu\u1ea5t<\/span> (tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span>; \u0101vara\u1e47a<\/i>) c\u1ee7a si m\u00ea<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (kle<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>; phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>). Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Do v\u1eady phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf khi th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>,, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> (t\u00e1t-ca-da ki\u1ebfn; satk\u0101yad\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di). N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 do nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c hay v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> hay ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb s\u1ea1ch, th\u00ec ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  Tr\u1eeb s\u1ea1ch phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (kle<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) do v\u1eady, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> xem vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eeb s\u1ea1ch ri\u00eang phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (kle<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                  C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecb che ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (kle<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n do s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (j<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>ey<\/i>\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n che<\/span> ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 g\u1edf b\u1ecf s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (j<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>ey<\/i>\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (dharma-nair\u0101tmya) hay ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (dharma-\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                  Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 g\u1edf b\u1ecf phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (kle<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala-nair\u0101tmya), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1edf b\u1ecf s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (j<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>ey<\/i>\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (dharma-nair\u0101tmya).<\/p>\n

                  C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (kle<\/i>\u015b\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t; s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (j<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>ey<\/i>\u0101<\/i>vara\u1e47a<\/i>) c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                    <\/p>\n
                  1. \n

                    6. <\/i>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u00dd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p (Dharma)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                    <\/li>\n

                    <\/ol>\n

                    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p (dharmas). T\u1eeb ph\u00e1p<\/span> (dharmas) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ed1i khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt\u2013things.\u2019 C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p (dharma) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt\u2013things\u2019 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u2018Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u2013’Elements of existence\u2019, \u2018th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2013ultimate reals\u2019 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb hay h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p (dharma). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, tho\u00e1ng qua v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (impersonal). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi<\/span> (sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta), ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (dharmas with signs); v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (asa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta), ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (dharmas without signs).<\/p>\n

                    Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (mental constructs) (Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>). \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span> (ultimate sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta) v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (ultimate asa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta) c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, n\u00ean ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng (kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> (devoid of reality).<\/p>\n

                      <\/p>\n
                    1. 7. <\/i>Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt th\u00e2n<\/span> lu\u1eadn <\/b>(Buddhology) <\/i><\/li>\n

                      <\/ol>\n

                      S\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span> (rupa-k\u0101ya) Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n s\u1eafc<\/span> ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00e2n n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                      \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u1ee8ng th\u00e2n<\/span> (nirm<\/i>\u0101\u1e47<\/i>a-k\u0101ya<\/i>),[82] l\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> mang l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o ng\u00e0i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n n\u1ea7y gi\u1eefa Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                      \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau n\u1eb1m trong quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p (dharma) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> quy y<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngay n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span> (Buddha-nature) n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 anh ta quy y<\/span>. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng quy y<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> C\u1ed3-\u0111\u00e0m (Gautama) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                      C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng th\u00e2n<\/span> (sambhoga-k\u0101ya)[83] l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Yogacarins). Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c th\u00e2n n\u1ea7y d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

                      8. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> mang t\u00ednh tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/b>.<\/i><\/p>\n

                      Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00fang B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra. Trong Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                      Trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (Supreme Reality), ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf tr\u1ea7n gian trong h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                      \u00dd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> (Divine Love) ph\u00e1t ra t\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngay ch\u00ednh trong h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ed5 b\u1eadt n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh. T\u00e2m s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1. C\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e0u tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

                      \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a d\u00e0nh cho r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> A-di-\u0111\u00e0, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, T\u1eeb th\u1ecb<\/span> Di-l\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n

                      9. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> phi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

                      T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> lu\u1eadn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span>. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng phi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> lu\u1eadn nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t (B\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb\u2013advaya; non-dualism)<\/p>\n

                      10. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> duy l\u00fd, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n

                      C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft duy l\u00fd pha tr\u1ed9n ch\u1ea5t huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng si\u00eau duy l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                      Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n

                        <\/p>\n
                      1. 1. <\/i>Kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya)\u2013t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101)<\/i><\/li>\n

                        <\/ol>\n

                        \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya) <\/i>v\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). <\/i>Th\u1ebf n\u00ean tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 v\u0101da), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya) <\/i>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality)<\/p>\n

                        Kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya) <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (nihilism). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                        V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc (Etymologically), n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u0103n l\u00e0 \u015a<\/i>v<\/i>\u012b<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean<\/i> (swell), m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i ra<\/i> (expand). \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Brahman<\/i> c\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u0103n l\u00e0 b<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>h<\/i> hay b<\/i>\u1e5b\u1e41<\/i>h , <\/i>c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean<\/i> (swell), m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i ra<\/i> (expand). T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u1ee5 trong nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (\u015b\u016bnya tattva<\/i>, \u015b\u016bnya <\/i>principle). T\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (\u015b\u016bnya) <\/i>d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology) trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y. H\u00e0m \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean (etymological) c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u1ea7y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                        Theo m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya<\/i> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology). N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya<\/i> d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u1ee5 \u00fd v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> (axiological) v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn<\/span> (soteriological)<\/p>\n

                        V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology), \u015b\u016bnya<\/i> l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n. V\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u1edbi Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (Param\u0101rtha-sat; Supreme Reality), v\u1edbi Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Tattva; Reality). C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnya-tattva<\/i>)? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                        aparapratyaya\u1e43 \u015b\u0101nta\u1e43 prapa\u00f1cair aprapa\u00f1citam |<\/p>\n

                        nirvikalpam an\u0101n\u0101rtham etat tattvasya lak\u1e63a\u1e47am ||<\/p>\n

                        MMK_18,09[84]<\/p>\n

                        T\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tri nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o (theo s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a) k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c (m\u00e0 tin v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u). <\/i><\/p>\n

                        T\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>) \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

                        (1) \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tri nh\u1eadn (aparapratyaya\u1e43<\/i>). L\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t do n\u01a1i<\/span> ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                        (2) \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> (\u015b\u0101nta\u1e43<\/i>), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                        (3) \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (prapa\u00f1cair aprapa\u00f1citam<\/i>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1edfi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                        (4) Kh\u00f4ng sai kh\u00e1c (nirvikalpam<\/i>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi suy ngh\u0129<\/span> lan man r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

                        (5) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (an\u0101n\u0101rtham<\/i>). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> (non-dual).<\/p>\n

                        T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) k\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n<\/span>, c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                        T\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya<\/i> v\u00e0 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi t\u1eeb svabh\u0101va<\/i>. Svabh\u0101va <\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh\u2013’own being\u2019. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi 2 c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

                          <\/p>\n
                        1. Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0<\/li>\n

                          <\/ol>\n

                          \u2018s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda.\u2019<\/p>\n

                          Iha yo dharmo yam pad<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rtha<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> na vyabhicarati, sa tasya svabh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>va iti vyapadi<\/i>\u015b<\/i>yate, apara-pratibaddhalv<\/i>\u0101<\/i>t<\/i>.<\/p>\n

                          <\/i>(P.P. 105)<\/p>\n

                          C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u00f3, n\u00ean khi li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch l\u00eca v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> (svabh\u0101va<\/i>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y. (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span>. 105)<\/p>\n

                            <\/p>\n
                          1. Svabh\u0101va <\/i>( t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>; own-being) <\/i>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a<\/li>\n

                            <\/ol>\n

                            par<\/i>a<\/i>bh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>va<\/i> (tha t\u00e1nh; other-being). Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

                            svo bh\u0101va\u1e25 svabh\u0101va itiyasya pad\u0101thasya yad\u0101tm\u012bya\u1e41 r\u016bpa\u1e41 tat tasya svabh\u0101va iti (P. P. p. 115)<\/p>\n

                            \u2018T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt<\/i>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                            (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span>)<\/p>\n

                            Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            ak\u1e5btrima\u1e25 svabh\u0101vo hi nirapek\u1e63a\u1e25 paratra ca ||<\/p>\n

                            MMK_15,02<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra (<\/i>ak\u1e5btrima\u1e25), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (<\/i>nirapek\u1e63a\u1e25 paratra ca)<\/i>.[85]<\/p>\n

                            Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Svabh\u0101va <\/i>v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng: <\/i><\/p>\n

                            k\u1e5btrimasya paras\u0101pek\u1e63asya ca svabh\u0101vatva\u1e41 ne\u1e63tam.<\/p>\n

                            \u2018Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c<\/i>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                            (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span>)<\/p>\n

                            Ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> (Svabh\u0101va<\/i>) hay y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> <\/i>(k\u1e5btrima) v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan<\/span> <\/i>(s\u0101peksa) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. <\/i>Ngay c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda, c\u0169ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c\u2013que di\u00eam, hay th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, hay nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t hai thanh c\u1ee7i. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> (svabh\u0101va<\/i>) l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>. Trong m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, t\u1eeb Svabh\u0101va<\/i> l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute reality), trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tha t\u00e1nh<\/i> (parabh\u0101va), t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9<\/span> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> (relative).<\/p>\n

                            T\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya<\/i> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, (1) t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (svabh\u0101va-\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>), l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. (2) t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 (prapa<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>ca<\/i>–\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>), gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng<\/i> hay thi thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng<\/i>.[86] L\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> hay di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf<\/span>) v\u00e0 \u0111a t\u1ea1p\/d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t (plurality).<\/p>\n

                            (i) Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t<\/span> t\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya<\/i> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

                            tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eeb svabh\u0101va <\/i>kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> t\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya <\/i>khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0n t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hay v\u1edbi dharmas<\/i> (y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>). Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u015b\u016bnya <\/i>bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> svabh\u0101va-\u015b\u016bnya <\/i>(t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> hay Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da<\/i>) trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c (Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>; prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da<\/i>). Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality): \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            ya<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> prat\u012btya samutp\u0101da<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> <\/i>\u015b<\/i>\u016bny<\/i>\u0101\u1e41<\/i> t<\/i>\u0101m<\/i> pracak<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>mahe. <\/i><\/p>\n

                            MMK_24,18<\/p>\n

                            \u2018Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>: ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh do duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng.\u2019[87]<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

                            Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i bb\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (svabh\u0101va). Quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n (sequence of appearances<\/i>). V\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n. Do v\u1eady Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (relativity). Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. M\u1ed9t \u2018v\u1eadt\u2019 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u2018kh\u00f4ng<\/i>\u2019 l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101; emptiness) c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (dharmas).<\/p>\n

                            (ii) B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) prapa\u00f1cair aprapa\u00f1citam<\/i>, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf<\/span> (thought-construction); c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 an\u0101n\u0101rth<\/i>\u0101<\/i>m, <\/i>l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111a t\u1ea1p[88] (plurality). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (tattva<\/i>) t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            (a) Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            (b) \u2018l\u00e0\u2019, \u2018kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u2019, \u2018v\u1eeba l\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u2019, \u2018ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u2019[89]\u2013kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n cho<\/span> n\u00f3. N\u00f3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 duy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            (c) N\u00f3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi \u0111a th\u00f9, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t To\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> (Whole), kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                            N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo 6 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. Ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c trong s\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9gn n\u00eau ra trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> th\u1ee9 18 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m 24 c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

                            ya\u1e25 prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\u1e25 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101\u1e43 t\u0101\u1e43 pracak\u1e63mahe |<\/p>\n

                            s\u0101 praj\u00f1aptir up\u0101d\u0101ya pratipat saiva madhyam\u0101 ||<\/p>\n

                            MMK_24,18<\/p>\n

                            \u2018Ta g\u1ecdi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da), gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> (praj\u00f1apti) v\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (madhyam\u0101).\u2019<\/p>\n

                            1. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> vyavah<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ra<\/i> hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m (empirical reality), t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (nai\u1e25sv\u0101bh\u0101vya) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sanh<\/span> (conditiond co-production) hay Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da), ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            2. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qua thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> up\u0101d\u0101yapraj\u00f1apti<\/i>, hay l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> <\/i>(derived name), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean \u1ea5y. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            cakr\u0101d\u012bnyup\u0101d\u0101ya rath\u0101\u1e45g\u0101ni ratha\u1e25 praj\u00f1\u0101-pyate<\/p>\n

                            M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe c\u00f3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe<\/i>, v.v…<\/p>\n

                            (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span>)<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc xe l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (relativity).<\/p>\n

                            V\u1edbi ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i (relativity), t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u00f2n h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

                            3. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ecdi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u hay to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, h\u00e0m \u00fd Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (madhyam\u0101 pratipat)\u2013nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> chung \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> (1) c\u00f3\/l\u00e0, v\u00e0 (2) kh\u00f4ng \/ ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0.<\/p>\n

                            Bao tr\u00f9m v\u00e0 tr\u00ean ba \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ba ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            4. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (param\u0101rtha) hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (ultimate reality), t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u00ednh phi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (non-conceptual nature) c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            5. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1ea3n nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> (aspirant), t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) bao h\u00e0m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc (anupalambha) hay l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e9o<\/span> l\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, hay ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            6. \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101-p\u0101ramit\u0101 \u015a\u0101stra) n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> <\/i>(dharmai\u1e63a\u1e47\u0101), mong \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Real), si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh tr\u1ea7n \u0111i qua trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e0m t\u00ecnh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ec1 Thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> (Axiological) <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            <\/b><\/p>\n

                            c\u1ee7a T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontology). N\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd Thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> (axiological). V\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>, do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u2013worthless.\u201d Do v\u00ec v\u00f4 minh<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u00e1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t khi tho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>, l\u00f3ng tham qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/span> truy \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt:<\/p>\n

                            \u2018Nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sa m\u1ea1c.<\/i><\/p>\n

                            S\u00e1ng lo\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t hai gi\u1edd sau l\u00e0 tan bi\u1ebfn<\/i>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                            d\u1eebng h\u1eb3n, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m vui an l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Soteriological)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            <\/b><\/p>\n

                            c\u1ee7a T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            <\/b><\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh \u0111a t\u1ea1p (d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u2018tu\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1\u2019 t\u1eeb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi tham v\u1ecdng<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i t\u0103m<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh tu\u00fd gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            karmakle\u015bak\u1e63ay\u0101n mok\u1e63a\u1e25 karmakle\u015b\u0101 vikalpata\u1e25 |<\/p>\n

                            te prapa\u00f1c\u0101t prapa\u00f1cas tu \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 nirudhyate ||<\/p>\n

                            MMK_18,05<\/p>\n

                            V\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> di\u1ec7t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o Kh\u00f4ng T\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc m\u1ecdi h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t<\/i>.[90]<\/p>\n

                            \u2018Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t\u2019 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> qua s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 do b\u1edfi<\/span> bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf<\/span> v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, xem nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh ra c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf<\/span> hay v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (prapa\u00f1ca), h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m<\/span>. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.
                            <\/i><\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            <\/b><\/p>\n

                            bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec<\/span><\/i>.<\/b><\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec<\/span>. Khi g\u1ecdi Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (av<\/i>\u0101<\/i>cya<\/i>), b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> (anabhil<\/i>\u0101<\/i>pya<\/i>), <\/i>l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (inexpressible). Trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u00e1m \u2018ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u2019<\/p>\n

                            anirodham anutp\u0101dam anucchedam a\u015b\u0101\u015bvata\u1e43 |<\/p>\n

                            anek\u0101rtham an\u0101n\u0101rtham an\u0101gamam anirgama\u1e43 ||[91]<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                            (1) b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, (2) b\u1ea5t sanh<\/span>, (3) b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, (4) b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, (5) b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t, (6) b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb (\u0111a t\u1ea1p\u2013plurality), (7) b\u1ea5t lai<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn\/beyond ingress) (8) b\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t\u2014( kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\/beyond egress).<\/p>\n

                            N\u00f3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span>, Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>) ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u1ea7y, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (av<\/i>\u0101<\/i>cya<\/i>), b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> (avy<\/i>\u0101k\u1e5bta; not expressed<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            <\/b><\/p>\n

                            Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (d<\/i>\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>i; theories<\/i>) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (\u015b\u016bnya) hay v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/i> (ni\u1e25svabh\u0101va), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn do kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi hi\u1ec3u ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> (Reason) \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00fac b\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> n\u00f3. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy t\u01b0 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> lan man, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi cao r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                            M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> qua b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            atra br\u016bma\u1e25 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101y\u0101\u1e43 na tva\u1e43 vetsi prayojanam |<\/p>\n

                            \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101\u1e43 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101rtha\u1e43 ca tata eva\u1e43 vihanyase || MMK_24,07[92]<\/p>\n

                            C\u00e1c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec cho t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p>\n

                            Khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 im b\u1eb7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy l\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (prapa<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>castu \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101y<\/i>\u0101\u1e41<\/i> nirudhyate<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf<\/span> khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng suy t\u01b0 theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            <\/b><\/p>\n

                            ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (nihilism)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                            C\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ban t\u1eb7ng<\/span>. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

                            Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ecdi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality), m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ecdi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 (hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>; existent), ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng (non-existent). N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy<\/span>; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi th\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ec3 (non-entity). N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> phi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. N\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            param\u0101rtham an\u0101gamya nirv\u0101\u1e47a\u1e41 n\u0101dhigamyate<\/p>\n

                            MMK_24,10<\/p>\n

                            Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.[93]<\/p>\n

                            Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality); n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (nihilism). Nh\u01b0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/span> Murti ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u2018Phi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u2019 \u2018T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 duy<\/span> suy l\u01b0\u1eddng; nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. (CPB, p. 160)<\/p>\n

                            Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> vi\u1ec7c Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (n\u0101stika; nihilist). Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Do v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eabn ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. (P. P. p., 156-157).<\/p>\n

                            Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>d\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 24 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 V\u00f4 vi<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> qua b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            sarva\u1e43 ca yujyate tasya \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 yasya yujyate |<\/p>\n

                            sarva\u1e43 na yujyate tasya \u015b\u016bnya\u1e43 yasya na yujyate ||<\/p>\n

                            MMK_24,14<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u1eefng ai th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u an tr\u1ee5 trong v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span>, Nh\u1eefng ai th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u1ea7y.\u2019[94]<\/p>\n

                            Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>. C\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) \u2013 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span><\/i>.<\/b><\/p>\n

                            Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span> qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). Ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span>), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. B\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 sarvad\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6d\u012bn\u0101\u1e43 prokt\u0101 ni\u1e25sara\u1e47a\u1e43 jinai\u1e25 |<\/p>\n

                            ye\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 tu \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis t\u0101n as\u0101dhy\u0101n babh\u0101\u1e63ire ||<\/p>\n

                            MMK_13,08<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb<\/span> m\u1ecdi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> hay h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (isms<\/i>). Nh\u1eefng ai quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> hay nh\u1edd v\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                            Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf Ca-di\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Ca-di\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

                            \u2018Th\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span> (pudgala d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di<\/i>) n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 n\u00fai tu-di c\u00f2n h\u01a1n ch\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> (abh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>v<\/i>\u0101<\/i>bhi-nive<\/i>\u015b<\/i>ikasya<\/i>). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 toa thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1ebfu nh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh ch\u0103ng? Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> ho\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o n\u00f3, xem ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1eadt l\u00e0 bi \u0111\u00e1t<\/span>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                            \u1ede n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u00e1i thang d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft l\u00ean m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p c\u00e1i thang \u0111i.<\/p>\n

                            M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> sau:<\/p>\n

                            vin\u0101\u015bayati durd\u1e5b\u1e63t\u0101 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 mandamedhasam |<\/p>\n

                            sarpo yath\u0101 durg\u1e5bh\u012bto vidy\u0101 v\u0101 du\u1e63pras\u0101dhit\u0101 ||<\/p>\n

                            MMK_24,11<\/p>\n

                            V\u00ec c\u0103n t\u00e1nh<\/span> \u00e1m \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e1nh qu\u00e1n Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u00e1nh n\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1eaft r\u1eafn n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o.[95]<\/p>\n

                            R. H. Robinson t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n m\u1ef9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau:<\/p>\n

                            \u2018T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb kho\u00e1 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> ho\u00e1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u2019 (Early Mddhyamika in India and China<\/i>, p. 49)<\/p>\n

                            Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>).<\/b><\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> (aspiration). \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ea7y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 20 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i khi n\u00eau ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

                            2. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> <\/i><\/p>\n

                            Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            Thi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> (transcendent-insight). B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101 yath<\/i>\u0101<\/i>bh<\/i>\u016b<\/i>tam artham praj\u00f1\u0101ti<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                            K. V. Ramanan n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101) trong hai ngh\u0129a<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            (1) B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> (eternal praj\u00f1\u0101), v\u00e0<\/p>\n

                            (2) B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 5 ba-la-m\u1eadt (trong L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>).<\/p>\n

                            Ngh\u0129a sau l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>, trong khi ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u1ec3<\/i>, hay l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. D\u1ee5ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> (eternal praj\u00f1\u0101) li\u1ec1n hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span>. Trong B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> (eternal praj\u00f1\u0101), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> trong t\u00e2m.\u2019 C\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u00f2n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 n\u1ea7y th\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> chi\u1ebfu soi.<\/p>\n

                            D\u1ee5ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec5u ng\u1ed9<\/span> S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n s\u0129 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m<\/span> \u2018\u1ed1m y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb xanh xao c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span>.\u2019 N\u00f3 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng suy ngh\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o<\/span>, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 luy\u1ec7n tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span><\/i>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i> (transcendent wisdom) .<\/p>\n

                            C\u00f3 6 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh t\u00e2m<\/span> linh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> bao tr\u00f9m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u1ea7y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                            1. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> (d\u0101na; charity) 2. Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span> (\u015a\u012bla; withdrawing from all evil deeds), 3. Nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> (ks\u0101nti; forbearance), 4. Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> (v\u012brya; enthusiasm and exertion), 5. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/p>\n

                            (dhy\u0101na; concentration) 6. Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101; transcendental insight).<\/p>\n

                            B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. Sau khi tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, m\u1eaft s\u00e1ng ra v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> (vipa<\/i>\u015b<\/i>yan<\/i>\u0101<\/i>); con nh\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ra t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n<\/span>.\u2019[96]<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span><\/i> (tathat\u0101), ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i> (dharmadh\u0101tu), th\u1eadt t\u1ebf<\/span><\/i> (bh\u016bta-ko\u1e6di).<\/p>\n

                            B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean n\u00f3bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tham \u00e1i<\/span> d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1ecdi tham v\u1ecdng<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            3. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t<\/i><\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            Theo \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(Mah\u0101 praj\u00f1\u0101 p\u0101ramit\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra), Bodhi<\/i> (b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 sattva<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e2m (citta) B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m (citta<\/i>) hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisattva).<\/p>\n

                            C\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. T\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng lay \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng lui s\u1ee5t.<\/p>\n

                            Khi t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00f4 sanh ph\u00e1p nh\u1eabn<\/span><\/i> (anutpattika-dharma-k\u1e63\u0101nti), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng sanh, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (ny<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ma<\/i>) c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o giai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 avaivarta<\/i>, b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng lui s\u1ee5t.<\/p>\n

                            Khi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 sanh ph\u00e1p nh\u1eabn<\/span><\/i> (anutpattika-dharma-k\u1e63\u0101nti), c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ecba<\/span><\/i>), v\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> s\u1ea1ch h\u1eb3n v\u00f4 minh<\/span> tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (residual impressions).<\/p>\n

                            Ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (anuttara puj<\/i>\u0101<\/i>)\u2013tinh c\u1ea7n tu<\/span> t\u1eadp B\u1ea3y b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi<\/span>), v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ph\u00e1t b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u1edbi hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 (1) T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) hay B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101) v\u00e0 (2) T\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101).<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) hay B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101) l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i. T\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span> hay t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> n\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn<\/i> (universal love) nh\u01b0 Suzuki \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 hay tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1eeb bi<\/span> hay t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn<\/i> s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                              <\/p>\n
                            1. Ph\u1eadt th\u00e2n<\/span> lu\u1eadn (Buddhology<\/i>)<\/li>\n

                              <\/ol>\n

                              Trong Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edb th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span>. Trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, ch\u00ednh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span> (Divinity) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 sinh<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n gian \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> cao si\u00eau nh\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> \u00e2n hu\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                              \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> m\u1edf ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Tam th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                              (1) Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47a-k\u0101ya)<\/p>\n

                              (2) Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (Dharma-k\u0101ya)<\/p>\n

                              (3) Th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u00e2n\/B\u00e1o th\u00e2n (Sa\u1e43bhoga-k\u0101ya)<\/p>\n

                              Th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng th\u00e2n<\/span> (Sa\u1e43bhoga-k\u0101ya) hay B\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> (body of bliss) l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra sau n\u1ea7y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span>. Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47a-k\u0101ya)<\/p>\n

                              Dharma (ph\u00e1p) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m linh<\/span> hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ea9n m\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ec1 s\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u1edf trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                <\/p>\n
                              1. Ph\u00e1p (Dharma) l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (ultimate Reality).<\/li>\n

                                <\/ol>\n

                                N\u00f3 v\u1eeba si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u1eeba t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                  <\/p>\n
                                1. Ph\u00e1p (Dharma) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>, t\u00edn<\/li>\n

                                  <\/ol>\n

                                  ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                    <\/p>\n
                                  1. Ph\u00e1p (Dharma) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span>,<\/li>\n

                                    <\/ol>\n

                                    l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      <\/p>\n
                                    1. Ph\u00e1p (Dharmas) v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u2018y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.\u2019<\/li>\n

                                      <\/ol>\n

                                      Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ea7y, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u1eef ph\u00e1p (dharma) trong Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (ultimate Reality). T\u1eeb k\u0101ya<\/i> trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> (body), m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span><\/i> (\u0101\u015braya) hay l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf (substratum), trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.\u2019 \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u2018\u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u2019 (religious consciousness).<\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u00e1p (dharma) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (essence of being), l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (ultimate Reality), l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute). Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p hay Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> (samat<\/i>\u0101<\/i>) v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1gn v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Khi t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u Vakkali, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddgn b\u1ec7nh s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft, s\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 duy\u00ean<\/span> \u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u2018Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u00e1y Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u01a1i d\u1eady ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (Dharma), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt C\u1ed3-\u0111\u00e0m (Gautama) l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghika) quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> (lokottara) hay l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> (transcendental), v\u00e0 Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni<\/span> (\u015a\u0101kyamuni) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47akaya) hay l\u00e0 th\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u1eeb ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n trao th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span> (dharmat<\/i>\u0101<\/i>) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. C\u00f3 ch\u00fat t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Brahman[97] v\u00e0 \u012a\u015bavara[98] c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a (Ved\u0101nta) v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> hay Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Brahma c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a (Ved\u0101nta) v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u012a\u015bavara c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a (Ved\u0101nta), nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng. Trong Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a (Ved\u0101nta), \u012a\u015bavara k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi M\u0101y\u0101 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>, duy tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, l\u1eafng s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>, nh\u1ed5 s\u1ea1ch sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadcc Th\u00e1nh (Divine) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (God), v\u00ec trong m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tin ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. Suzuki ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sau: \u2018\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb ph\u00e1n x\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n<\/span> khi t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> (agnostic), hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch duy v\u1eadt<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, tuy th\u1ebf<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 trong to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u1ebb huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u2019 (Outlines of Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism p. 219<\/i>)<\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng<\/span> tr\u1ea7n gian nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                                      B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khi n\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f5i tr\u1ea7n<\/span> trong h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> huy\u1ec5n \u1ea3o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47akaya). Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e2n gi\u1ea3 huy\u1ec5n t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf tr\u1ea7n gian \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00ednh qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n trong th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 S\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span> (r\u016bpa-k\u0101ya). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 C\u01a1-\u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y Ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n d\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>.[99] Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

                                      Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> quy y Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quy y ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                                      Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47akaya).<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47akaya) l\u00e0 th\u00e2n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian<\/span> trong h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (dharma-k\u0101ya) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u00e2n (Sv\u0101bh\u0101vika-k\u0101ya) hay l\u00e0 th\u00e2n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47akaya) l\u00e0 th\u00e2n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. S\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span> (r\u016bpa-k\u0101ya)<\/p>\n

                                      hay l\u00e0 th\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirm\u0101\u1e47akaya) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                                      \u00dd NGH\u0128A<\/span> C\u1ee6A \u00dd NI\u1ec6M<\/span> TRUNG \u0110\u1ea0O<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

                                      <\/b><\/p>\n

                                      (MADHYAM\u0100 PRATIPAD)<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c quan, m\u00e0 \u1edf trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (madhyama pratipad). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 \u00edt th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 \u00edt, v.v…<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      k\u0101ty\u0101yan\u0101vav\u0101de c\u0101st\u012bti n\u0101st\u012bti cobhayam |<\/p>\n

                                      prati\u1e63iddha\u1e43 bhagavat\u0101 bh\u0101v\u0101bh\u0101vavibh\u0101vin\u0101 ||<\/p>\n

                                      MMK_15,07[100]<\/p>\n

                                      Trong Kinh Ca-chi\u00ean-di\u00ean (K\u0101ty\u0101yan\u0101vav\u0101da-s\u016btra), Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00f3<\/i> (bh\u0101va; ens) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (abh\u0101va; non-ens). Ng\u00e0i b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> c\u00f3<\/i> (bh\u0101va; ens) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (abh\u0101va; non-ens).<\/p>\n

                                      Lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y, Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> trong Kinh Ca-chi\u00ean-di\u00ean (K\u0101ty\u0101yan\u0101vav\u0101da-s\u016btra), v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. \u2018\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Ca-di\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

                                      \u201cN\u1ea7y Ca-di\u1ebfp. \u2018C\u00f3\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>, \u2018kh\u00f4ng\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o so s\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft…\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a Trung<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u1ea7y Ca-di\u1ebfp. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (bhuta pratyavek<\/i>\u1e63\u0101<\/i>).\u201d\u2019(P. P., p. 118)<\/p>\n

                                      Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u1eadp quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> trung (madhyam<\/i>\u0101<\/i>) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u2018\u1edf gi\u1eefa\u2019 hay \u2018\u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean.\u2019 R\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u2018kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, v.v… Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>, t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u2018nh\u1ed1t, giam v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n\u2019 trong c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> \u2018c\u00f3\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng.\u2019 Ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> g\u1ecdi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> (madhyamaka), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> (eternalism) v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn<\/span> (annihilationalism). C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> ri\u00eang v\u00e0o \u2018kh\u00f4ng\u2013nonbeing<\/i>\u2019 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> ri\u00eang v\u00e0o \u2018c\u00f3\u2013being<\/i>.\u2019 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng trung gian<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, ng\u00e0i k\u00e9o l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y sinh r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span>, v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy<\/span> suy l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      TUY\u1ec6T \u0110\u1ed0I<\/span> V\u00c0 HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

                                      C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> d\u00f9ng cho Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Absolute) hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality) trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (Tathat\u0101; suchness), t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (nirv\u0101\u1e47a), b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> (advaya; non-dual), b\u1ea5t sanh<\/span> (anutpanna; unproduced), v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (nirvikalpa; the realm of non-discrimination), ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> hay ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span> (dharmdh\u0101tu \/ dharmat\u0101), v\u00f4 \u0111\u1eafc (anabhil\u0101pya; inexpressible), th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i\/nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 tattva; thatness), v\u00f4 h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (ni\u015bprapa\u00f1ca; free of verbalisation and plurality), nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c (yathabhuta; that which really is), s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c\/ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\/\u0111\u1ebf<\/i> (Satya; Truth), th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh (bh\u016btatathat\u0101\/ bhutat\u0101; the true reality), Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> (tath\u0101gata-garbha; the womb of Tath\u0101gata), t\u1ef1 tri b\u1ea5t tu\u1ef3 tha (aparapratyaya; reality which one must realize within oneself), v.v…m\u1ed7i thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed7i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                                      Su\u1ed1t trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ea3 suy l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. C\u1ea3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 (bh\u0101va; ens) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng (abh\u0101va; non-ens) \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u00f3. ltj ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> sau cho \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n

                                      bh\u0101vas t\u0101van na nirv\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43 jar\u0101mara\u1e47alak\u1e63a\u1e47am |<\/p>\n

                                      prasajyet\u0101sti bh\u0101vo hi na jar\u0101mara\u1e47a\u1e43 vin\u0101 ||<\/p>\n

                                      MMK_25,04, [101]<\/p>\n

                                      Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hay h\u1eefu vi<\/span>; v\u00ec n\u1ebfu v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a sinh gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      N\u1ebfu ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hay h\u1eefu vi<\/span>; th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 vi<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 vi<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3), n\u00f3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3\/h\u1eefu vi.<\/p>\n

                                      Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

                                      bh\u0101vasya ced aprasiddhir abh\u0101vo naiva sidhyati |<\/p>\n

                                      bh\u0101vasya hy anyath\u0101bh\u0101vam abh\u0101va\u1e43 bruvate jan\u0101\u1e25 ||<\/p>\n

                                      MMK_15,05, 5)[102]<\/p>\n

                                      Khi H\u1eefu (bh\u0101va) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ec V\u00f4 (\u0101bh\u0101va) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec V\u00f4 (\u0101bh\u0101va) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft khi H\u1eefu (bh\u0101va) bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                                      Khi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> H\u1eefu (bh\u0101va) (hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m\u2013empirical existence) v\u00e0 V\u00f4 (abh\u0101va) , ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u1ef3 thgu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o hai \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tr\u00ean. N\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span>, Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> suy l\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, n\u00ean n\u00f3 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      niv\u1e5bttam abhidh\u0101tavya\u1e43 niv\u1e5btta\u015b cittagocara\u1e25 |<\/p>\n

                                      anutpann\u0101niruddh\u0101 hi nirv\u0101\u1e47am iva dharmat\u0101 ||<\/p>\n

                                      MMK_18,07, 7)[103]<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                                      Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

                                      Param<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rtho hi <\/i>\u0101<\/i>ry<\/i>\u0101\u1e47\u0101<\/i>m tu<\/i>\u1e63\u1e47\u012b<\/i>mbh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>va<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> (P. P. p. 19)<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>.\u2019 (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, p. 19)<\/p>\n

                                      Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00ednh hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean ch\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00ean t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                                      Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u00ec ph\u00e1t sinh ra hay \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> lan man.<\/p>\n

                                      N\u1ebfu Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0\u2013 Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1edbi Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 ra Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ng\u0103n che ban t\u1eb7ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 ng\u0103n che.<\/p>\n

                                      Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      Anak<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>arasya dharmasya <\/i>\u015b<\/i>ruti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> k<\/i>\u0101<\/i> de<\/i>\u015b<\/i>an<\/i>\u0101<\/i> ca k<\/i>\u0101<\/i> \/ <\/i><\/p>\n

                                      \u015a<\/i>r<\/i>\u016b<\/i>yate de<\/i>\u015b<\/i>yate c<\/i>\u0101<\/i>pi sam<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rop<\/i>\u0101<\/i>danak<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>ara<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> \/\/ <\/i><\/p>\n

                                      \u2018L\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>)? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1edbng an l\u1eadp<\/span> (sam<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ropa; <\/i>ascribed mark) <\/i>\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong n\u00f3 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi<\/span> g\u1ecdi t\u1eeb Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. T\u01b0\u1edbng an l\u1eadp<\/span> (sam\u0101ropa; superimposed character\/ascribed mark) c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi che khu\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> (noumenon). Khi T\u01b0\u1edbng an l\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e9n m\u1edf, khi s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n che b\u1ecb th\u00e1o g\u1edf, l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 v\u00e9n m\u1edf ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

                                      T\u1ee4C \u0110\u1ebe<\/span> V\u00c0 \u0110\u1ec6 NH\u1ea4T NGH\u0128A \u0110\u1ebe<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt? Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf\/s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti satya<\/i>); n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. TR\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1i \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti <\/i>[104]<\/b><\/i> <\/i> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n ng\u0103n che hay bao ph\u1ee7. Sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti <\/i>hay bao ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 t\u01a1 tr\u00f4i b\u1eadp b\u1ec1nh trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (vacuo); Sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti <\/i>bao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (param\u0101rtha) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (absolute reality). Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      dve satye samup\u0101\u015britya buddh\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 dharmade\u015ban\u0101 |<\/p>\n

                                      lokasa\u1e43v\u1e5btisatya\u1e43 ca satya\u1e43 ca param\u0101rthata\u1e25 ||<\/p>\n

                                      MMK_24,08[105]<\/p>\n

                                      \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>[106] v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.[107]<\/p>\n

                                      R\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0u mang<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

                                      ye ‘nayor na vij\u0101nanti vibh\u0101ga\u1e43 satyayor dvayo\u1e25 |<\/p>\n

                                      te tattva\u1e43 na vij\u0101nanti gambh\u012bra\u1e43 buddha\u015b\u0101sane ||<\/p>\n

                                      MMK_24,09[108]<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018Nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> n\u1ea7y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ebbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1eadm th\u00e2m<\/span>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 Sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                                      Samant\u0101vara\u1e47am sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti\u1e25. Aj\u00f1\u0101na\u1e41 hi samant\u0101t-sarva-pad\u0101rthatattv\u0101vacch\u0101dan\u0101t sa\u1e41v\u1e5btirityucyate \/\/<\/p>\n

                                      (P. P. p. 215)<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018C\u00e1i g\u00ec bao ph\u1ee7 tr\u00f9m kh\u1eafp<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti. Sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span><\/i> (aj<\/i>\u00f1\u0101<\/i>na<\/i>) (v\u00f4 thu\u1ef7 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>; primal ignorance) ng\u0103n che th\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4t t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti (quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>), v\u00ec n\u00f3 bu\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n che<\/span> l\u00ean Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti-satya) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> do t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> danh ng\u00f4n<\/span> (vy\u0101vah\u0101rika-satya),[109] l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> (pragmatic) hay l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                                      S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (param\u0101rtha-satya) l\u00e0 (th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> absolute reality). Hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> (nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>)\u2013Quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a<\/span>, Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>,, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0m \u00fd hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span>. C\u00e1i Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o b\u1ecf tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> n\u1ea7y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> ba \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ec1 quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti)<\/p>\n

                                      (1) Samant\u0101t sarvapad\u0101rthatattv\u0101vacch\u0101dan\u0101t sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti\u1e25.<\/p>\n

                                      (P. p. p. 215)<\/p>\n

                                      Sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti<\/i> bao ph\u1ee7 tr\u00f9m kh\u1eafp<\/span> th\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span><\/i> (aj<\/i>\u00f1\u0101<\/i>na<\/i>) (v\u00f4 thu\u1ef7 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>; primal ignorance). Sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span><\/i> (aj<\/i>\u00f1\u0101<\/i>na<\/i>) ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (avidy\u0101) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 thu\u1ef7 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (primal ignorance) bu\u00f4ng b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      (2) Parasparasambhavana\u1e41 v\u0101 sa\u1e41v\u1e5btiranyonyasam\u0101\u015braye\u1e47a<\/p>\n

                                      (P. p.p. 215)<\/p>\n

                                      Sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti<\/i> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hay l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quam c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      (4) Sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti\u1e25 sa\u1e41keto lokavyavah\u0101ra\u1e25. Sa ca<\/p>\n

                                      abhidh\u0101n\u0101bhidheya-j\u00f1\u0101naj\u00f1ey\u0101dilak\u1e63a\u1e47a\u1e25.<\/p>\n

                                      (P.p. p. 215.)<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau. \u00dd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ngh\u0129a sau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                                      Sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti<\/i> hay l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> (up\u0101ya) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality) n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> (upeya), Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ri\u00eang t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> danh ng\u00f4n<\/span> (vy\u0101vah\u0101ra) hay l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m (empirical reality) trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      vyavah\u0101ram an\u0101\u015britya param\u0101rtho na de\u015byate |<\/p>\n

                                      param\u0101rtham an\u0101gamya nirv\u0101\u1e47a\u1e43 n\u0101dhigamyate ||<\/p>\n

                                      MMK_24,10[110]<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018Kh\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> (pragmatic reality), th\u00ec Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hi\u1ec3u Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1ea7y, Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

                                      Tasm\u0101d nirv\u0101\u1e47\u0101dhigamop\u0101yatv\u0101d ava\u015byameva yath\u0101vasthit\u0101 sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti \u0101d\u0101veva abhyupey\u0101 bh\u0101janam iva salil\u0101rthin\u0101 \/\/<\/p>\n

                                      (P. P. P. 216)<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018Do v\u1eady, v\u00ec sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, th\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span>, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i n\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t khao c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>)<\/p>\n

                                      Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> (up\u0101ya; means), \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> (upeya; goal).<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti)<\/p>\n

                                      (i) Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (loka-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti) v\u00e0<\/p>\n

                                      (ii) Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (aloka-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti)<\/p>\n

                                      (i) Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n,, c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh, mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i, v.v….<\/p>\n

                                      (ii) Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (aloka-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti) ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u1eefng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt hay khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng (sense-organs), \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, v.v… \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> gian\u2013ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                                      Praj\u00f1\u0101karamati \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u00f5 Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (loka-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti) l\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> <\/i>(tathya-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti; true sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti) v\u00e0 Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (aloka-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti) l\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i> h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/i>\/sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/i> (mithya-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti; false-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti<\/i>).<\/p>\n

                                      Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> <\/i>gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> danh ng\u00f4n<\/span> (vy\u0101vah\u0101ra-satta). Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i> h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span> <\/i>gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 pr<\/i>\u0101<\/i>tibh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>sika satt<\/i>\u0101<\/i> <\/i>c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a (Ved\u0101nta). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (aloka-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m, ngay c\u1ea3 Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> (loka-sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> si\u00eau xu\u1ea5t. Sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>[111]\/ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\/\u0111\u1ebf (satya; true or real) l\u00e0 do phong c\u00e1ch tao nh\u00e3, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c trong Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> (Truth). \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a<\/span> (Param\u0101rtha) hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1ich\u00e2n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

                                      Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> hay gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\/ch\u00ednh\/tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (n\u012bt\u0101rtha (primary \/ direct), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> phi li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\/gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp\/th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu (ney\u0101rtha\/secondary\/indirect)<\/p>\n

                                      CH\u00c2N NH\u01af<\/span> (TATHAT\u0100) -NH\u01af LAI (TATH\u0100GATA)<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharma-dh\u0101tu) hay ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span> (dharmat\u0101) hay ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 chi cho Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

                                      Y\u0101 s\u0101 dharm\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 dharmat\u0101 n\u0101ma saiva tatsva-r\u016bpam<\/p>\n

                                      (P. P. p. 116).<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018C\u00e1i g\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> (Reality) v\u1ed1n d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a Bradley, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i<\/i> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec<\/i> (that it is, not what it is<\/i>). Theo Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      tath\u0101bh\u0101vo’vik\u0101ritva\u1e41 sadaiva sth\u0101yit\u0101. (P. P. p. 116)<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> bao h\u00e0m trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, trong s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (Truth), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> (impersonal). \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trung gian<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 trung gian<\/span> \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Reality). Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ho\u00e1. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 (amphibious) d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n<\/span> trong c\u1ea3 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101), nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span> (Tath\u0101gatagarbha), b\u00e0o thai<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (the womb of Tathagata).<\/p>\n

                                      T\u1eeb Tath\u0101gata \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tath<\/i>\u0101<\/i>+gata<\/i>[112] hay l\u00e0 tath<\/i>\u0101<\/i>+<\/i>\u0101<\/i>gata<\/i>, d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/i> (thus gone) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/i> (thus come), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng to\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong S\u1eed thi Mah<\/i>\u0101<\/i>bh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rata<\/i>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e9n m\u1edf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u chung quanh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

                                      \u015aakunt\u0101n\u0101miv\u0101k\u0101\u015be matsy\u0101n\u0101miva codake \/<\/p>\n

                                      Pada\u1e41 yath\u0101 na d\u1e5b\u015byate tath\u0101 j\u00f1\u0101navida\u1e41 gati\u1e25 \/\/<\/p>\n

                                      (\u015a\u0101<\/i>ntiparva<\/i>, 181, 12)<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018Ngay d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a chim bay tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1 l\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 \u0111ang \u0111i<\/i> (gati<\/i>\u1e25; going<\/i>) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Ri\u00eang thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> tath<\/i>\u0101<\/i>-gati<\/i>[113] (ch\u1ec9 trong d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tath\u0101gata) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u1ed1n d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o truy t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> truy t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> (untraceable) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho Tath\u0101gata trong Trung b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> (Majjhimanik\u0101ya , Vol. I,”p. 140, P. T. S.)<\/p>\n

                                      tath<\/i>\u0101<\/i>gatam ananuvejjoti vad<\/i>\u0101<\/i>mi. <\/i><\/p>\n

                                      C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018T\u00f4i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm[114] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 duy nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span>.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Trong kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span> (Dhammapada<\/i>) c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft (p: apada; e: trackless) trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      tam Buddhamananta gocaram apada<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> kena padena nessatha<\/i>. (k\u1ec7 179).[115]<\/p>\n

                                      Oai l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u1ea5y th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft Ng\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0o?[116]<\/p>\n

                                      M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa, trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> 254 c\u1ee7a kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span>, t\u1eeb Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0101<\/i>k<\/i>\u0101<\/i>se pada<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> natthi<\/i> (h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span>).[117] Nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u2013thus gone\u2019, \u2018\u0111i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u2013so gone\u2019 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      S\u1eed thi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> Mah<\/i>\u0101<\/i>bh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>rata<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> xem l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. D\u00f9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0o, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n trao \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> (Truth) cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ra \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata). Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata), nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i b\u1ecb qu\u00ean \u0111i, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u2018d\u1ea1ng\u2019 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Ng\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1ebf tr\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> m\u1ecdi \u0111a t\u1ea1p d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> suy l\u01b0\u1eddng (sarvaprapa<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>ca-at<\/i>\u012b<\/i>ta<\/i>), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0110o\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> (duality), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u1edf c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> (non-dual). V\u00e0 do Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, do v\u1eady m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata) ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> .<\/p>\n

                                      T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tath\u0101gata). T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> (transcendental insight). \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) hay B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101), Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0\/Nh\u01b0 t\u00e1nh (Tathat\u0101) hay Kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya). C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101), ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n. Trong th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u2018s\u00e2u m\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy l\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f2 th\u1ea5u.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      Ph\u00e1p (dharmas) hay c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sanh<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do v\u00ec, trong th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>. C\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.\u2019 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9<\/span> trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      prapa\u00f1cayanti ye buddha\u1e43 prapa\u00f1c\u0101t\u012btam avyayam |<\/p>\n

                                      te prapa\u00f1cahat\u0101\u1e25 sarve na pa\u015byanti tath\u0101gatam ||<\/p>\n

                                      (MMK_22,15)[118]<\/p>\n

                                      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (prapa\u00f1ca; the verbalising mind), th\u1ebf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                                      Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> trong Kinh Kim Cang<\/span>: (verse 43)<\/p>\n

                                      Dharmato Buddh\u0101 dra\u1e63\u1e6davya dharmak\u0101y\u0101 hi n\u0101yak\u0101\u1e25 \/ Dharmat\u0101 c\u0101pyavij\u00f1ey\u0101 na s\u0101 \u015baky\u0101 vij\u0101nitum \/\/<\/p>\n

                                      (P. P., p. 195)<\/p>\n

                                      \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u00e1nh ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>) c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span> trong c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng ysur t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                                      (Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>)<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> V\u00f4 vi<\/span> (unconditioned Reality) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> kh\u00e1c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. V\u00f4 vi<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu vi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Suy ngh\u0129<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> lu\u1eadn (eternalism; \u015b\u0101svata-v\u0101da).[119] V\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span> l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn (negativism).[120]<\/p>\n

                                      \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/i>(Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 \u015a\u0101stra) ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ba lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) hay th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> (essential nature). Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh h\u1eefu vi<\/span> hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

                                      Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tao nh\u00e3. N\u00f3 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00f4 vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> hay l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u00e2n t\u00e1nh\u2019 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> hay l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span> hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span> (dharmat\u0101) trong hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n

                                      PH\u00c1P GI\u1edaI<\/span> (DHARMADH\u0100TU)<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      <\/b><\/p>\n

                                      V\u00c0 TH\u1eacT T\u1ebe<\/span> (BH\u016aTAKO\u1e6cI)<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) hay Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span> (dharmat\u0101). T\u1eeb dh<\/i>\u0101<\/i>tu<\/i> trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (tathat\u0101) hay Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu) \u0111\u1ec1u si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ati. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (ultimate Reality), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ngay trong m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                                      Th\u1eadt t\u1ebf<\/span> (bh\u016btako\u1e6di) ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0o trong ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu). T\u1eeb bh<\/i>\u016b<\/i>ta<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span> (unconditioned reality), l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu. T\u1eeb ko<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> hay t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng; n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. Bh<\/i>\u016b<\/i>tako<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i <\/i>(bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 anutp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>dako<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i <\/i>(bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 truy c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1nh (anutp\u0101dadharma), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u2018c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o trong Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 anutp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>dako<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>i <\/i>(bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng). Anutp<\/i>\u0101<\/i>da <\/i>bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> cho ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1ed1n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. Trong ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1<\/span> th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/span> (dharma nature).<\/p>\n

                                      B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu). B\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> (Advaya) l\u00e0 phi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u00ednh<\/span> (non-dual) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>, Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> (non-dual). T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, s\u1ebd m\u1edf b\u00e0y v\u00f4 vi kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1eefu vi<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, h\u1eefu vi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. (Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>, K\u1ec7 20, Ph\u1ea9m 25. Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)[121]<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. N\u00f3 v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, v\u1eeba huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, n\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c (prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>g<\/i>\u0101<\/i>p<\/i>\u0101<\/i>dana<\/i>) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. N\u00f3 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc<\/span> t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> khi mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1ee7a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft hy v\u1ecdng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> (Truth). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd quay sang thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>. Nh\u1edd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Du-gi\u00e0 (yogic), h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>. \u1ede t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, v\u00f2ng quay v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng b\u1eb7t, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> lang thang l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1ea9n m\u1eadt<\/span> (bh\u016bta-tathat\u0101) s\u1ebd k\u00ednh c\u1ea9n c\u00fai m\u00ecnh h\u00f4n l\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh; anh ta \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u00f4m h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean anh ta khi \u0111\u01b0a ra di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh cao h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch phi th\u1eddi<\/span> gian kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (nirvikalpa), si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0o n\u1eefa. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>; c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc si\u00eau lu\u1eadn l\u00fd (supralogical), si\u00eau l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> (suprarational) c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (scepticism) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> (agnosticism). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi<\/span> kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1t cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ngay t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span> s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u1ea7y v\u1edbi l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sa\u1e45gharak\u015bita:<\/p>\n

                                      \u2018\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e2y. Nh\u1ea1n th\u1ee9c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y. Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e1 hoa. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a hoa, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sinh ra tr\u00e1i. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> l\u00fd do<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng<\/span>; t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh ra Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e2y c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd bao h\u00e0m h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00ean trong l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. (A Survey of Buddhism<\/i>, p. 432).<\/p>\n

                                      D\u1ecbch xong Th\u00e1ng 2\/2009. K\u1ef7 S\u1eedu.<\/p>\n

                                      Th\u00edch Nhu\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u<\/p>\n

                                      T\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5t<\/span> T\u1eeb Nghi\u00eam<\/span>
                                      <\/p>\n

                                      \n

                                      [1] C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [2] C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [3] K\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      [4] S: dharmas; e: elements.<\/p>\n

                                      [5] S: sa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta, e: compounded; conditioned.<\/p>\n

                                      [6] S: asa\u1e41sk\u1e5bta, e: uncompounded; unconditioned.<\/p>\n

                                      [7] Du-gi\u00e0 \u745c \u4f3d; S, P: yoga; nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u00e1ch<\/i>;<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. V\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00ean Du-gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                                      Ngay trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span>. C\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> du-gi\u00e0 (karmayoga), T\u1eadn hi\u1ebfn du-gi\u00e0 (bhaktiyoga), Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> du-gi\u00e0 (j\u00f1\u0101na-yoga)<\/p>\n

                                      T\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Du-gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn Ha-\u1e6dha du-gi\u00e0 (t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span>), ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> Du-gi\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t Du-gi\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                                      Du-gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p tu huy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0. Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu theo Tan-tra c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0<\/p>\n

                                      [8] E: Hybrid Sanskrit; mixed Sanskrit.<\/p>\n

                                      [9] M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tu t\u1eadp<\/span> Tan-tra c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n Sa-ra-ha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e2u sinh kh\u1edfi th\u1eeba<\/span> (s: sahajay\u0101na<\/p>\n

                                      [10] S: k\u0101lacakra-tantra; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 B\u00e1nh xe th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/i>; T\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Tan-tra Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 10, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n do nh\u00e0 vua th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> Sam-ba-la (s: \u015bambhala) bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span>. Trong b\u1ed9 M\u1eadt kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u0103m 1027, Th\u1eddi lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Th\u1eddi lu\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> B\u1ea3n s\u01a1 Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (A-\u0111\u1ec1-ph\u1eadt; s: \u0101di-buddha; Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n<\/span>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ng\u0169 Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t Man-\u0111a-la (s: ma\u1e47\u1e0dala) v\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n uy l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [11] Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u6708 \u7a31; S: Candrak\u012brti; tk. 6-7; Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> sau Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. S\u01b0 qu\u00ea \u1edf Nam \u1ea4n, xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00fac nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u00e2n l\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, S\u01b0 s\u00e1ng r\u00f5 t\u00e2m \u00fd. Sau S\u01b0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 l\u00e0 Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u660e \u53e5 \u8ad6), Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u5165 \u4e2d \u89c0 \u8ad6). Khi h\u00e0nh ho\u00e1<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn 300 tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 (tr\u00edch): 1. Minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (s: Prasannapad\u0101), g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (s: Madhyamakav\u1e5bt-ti-pra\u00ac\u00acsan\u00acnapad\u0101), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Madhyamaka-\u015b\u0101stra) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (N\u0101\u00ac\u00acg\u0101r\u00acjuna) duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>; 2. Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Ma\u00acdh\u00acyamak\u0101vat\u0101ra), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 3. Nh\u1eadp trung lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/span> (Madhyama\u00ack\u0101va\u00act\u0101\u00acra-bh\u0101\u1e63ya), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 4. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/span> (Prat\u012b\u00actya-sa\u00acmut-p\u0101da-h\u1e5b\u00acda\u00acya-v\u1e5btti), m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (Prat\u012bt\u00acyasa\u00acmut\u00acp\u0101da-h\u1e5b\u00acda\u00acya-k\u0101\u00acri\u00ack\u0101), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 5. Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch (\u015a\u016bn\u00acyat\u0101-sap\u00actati\u00acv\u1e5btti), ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u015a\u016bn\u00ac\u00acya\u00act\u0101-sap\u00actati) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (v\u00e0 Para\u00achita) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 6. L\u1ee5c th\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn th\u00edch (Yukti-\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhik\u0101-v\u1e5btti), lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> L\u1ee5c th\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn (Yukti-\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhik\u0101), m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 7. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch (Bo\u00acdhi\u00acsattva\u00acyog\u0101\u00acc\u0101\u00acra-catu\u1e25\u015ba\u00acta\u00acka-\u1e6d\u012bk\u0101), ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Ca\u00actu\u1e25\u015ba\u00acta\u00acka) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> (\u0100ryadeva), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 8. Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (Madh\u00acyama\u00acka-\u015b\u0101stra-stuti).<\/p>\n

                                      [12] Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u8056 \u5929; S: \u0101ryadeva; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0, Ka-na \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0, \u0110\u01a1n nh\u00e3n \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 (s: k\u0101\u1e47adeva); H\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (n\u0101g\u0101rjuna) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> (s: m\u0101dhyamika), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> sinh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 3 t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 15 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft<\/i> (k\u0101\u1e47adeva). T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n S\u01b0 b\u1ecb<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ebft. Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Tan-tra xem S\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 84 v\u1ecb Ma-ha T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> (s: mah\u0101siddha). S\u01b0 sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan<\/span>. Thay v\u00ec nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m quan th\u00ec S\u01b0 l\u1ea1i gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Hermadeva. Sau khi h\u1ecdc xong c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, S\u01b0 \u0111i h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nh\u1eefng th\u00e1nh t\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp<\/span> n\u00e0y, S\u01b0 g\u1eb7p Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 theo h\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 khi Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> r\u1eddi Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111i Trung \u1ea4n<\/span>, S\u01b0 c\u0169ng theo th\u1ea7y. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span>, S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n trao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 S\u01b0 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i Trung \u1ea4n<\/span> bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0y, S\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Nghe tin<\/span> m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> l\u1eebng danh thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tung ho\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t T\u1ec9-kh\u01b0u n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, S\u01b0 li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n trong ba v\u00f2ng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0, S\u01b0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ra\u1e45gan\u0101tha, Ki\u1ebfn-ch\u00ed (k\u0101\u00f1c\u012b).<\/p>\n

                                      T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (Catu\u1e25\u015bataka) c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 g\u1ed3m 400 c\u00e2u k\u1ec7, v\u1edbi suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. T\u1eadp B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (\u015bata\u015b\u0101stra) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thu g\u1ecdn<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, c\u0169ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Trong t\u1eadp B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tam lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [13] Devan\u0101gar\u012b: N\u0101gar\u012b<\/i>: mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb<\/span>; Deva<\/i>: thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n<\/span>. M\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Devan\u0101gar\u012b: <\/i>ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [14] Madhyam\u0101-pratipad; e: the middle path, the middle way.<\/p>\n

                                      [15] madhyamakam adh\u012byate vidanti v\u0101 M\u0101dhyamik\u0101\u1e25<\/i>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [16] anu\u1e63tubha<\/i>: m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1n ca<\/span>, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 28 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft, g\u1ed3m trong 4 c\u00e2u m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u c\u00f3 7 ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n

                                      [17] Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 \u90a3 \u721b \u9640; S: n\u0101land\u0101;Vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Th\u01b0\u1edbc-ca-la D\u1eadt-\u0111a (s: \u015bakr\u0101\u00acdi\u00actya) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2192 Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u2192 Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u2192 Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa nh\u01b0 \u2192 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, \u2192 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span>, \u2192 Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u gh\u00e9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tu h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1000 n\u0103m. T\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> n\u0103m 1351. Theo Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> v\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00ec trong th\u1eddi c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 000 t\u0103ng s\u0129 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u2192 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, \u2192 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span>, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, y khoa. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0<\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u2192 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (s: n\u0101g\u0101rjuna), \u2192 H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (s: dhar\u00acma\u00acp\u0101la), \u2192 Tr\u1ea7n-na (s: dign\u0101ga), Gi\u1edbi Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> (s: \u015b\u012bla\u00acbha\u00acdra), Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>, \u2192 An Hu\u1ec7<\/span> (sthi\u00acramati) gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 12, 13.<\/p>\n

                                      [18] Long Th\u1ee5 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t khuy\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (\u0101rya-n\u0101g\u0101rjunabodhisattva-suh\u1e5bllekha; e: Friendly Epistle). Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      [19] Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u9f8d \u6a39; S: n\u0101g\u0101rjuna; Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim<\/i>; Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> 84 v\u1ecb Ma-ha T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>; L\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> (s: \u0101ryadeva) v\u00e0 Sa-va-ri-pa (s: \u015bavaripa). Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u. Sau \u0111\u00f3 S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1<\/span> (s: r\u0101jag\u1e5bha) tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u1ea5n t\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (s: mah\u0101mudr\u0101siddhi). Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng du ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, S\u01b0 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u0103n c\u1eebu gi\u00fap \u00f4ng qua s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1n \u01a1n<\/span>, S\u01b0 thi tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0m vua. V\u1ec1 sau khi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span> xin \u0111\u1ea7u, S\u01b0 d\u00f9ng ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ee3i Ph\u1eadt Di-l\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 sinh<\/span> s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u00fap Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                                      Nh\u01b0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 2, tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh r\u1eafn ph\u1ee7 quanh \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tan-tra, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tan-tra t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 hai, Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> (s: m\u0101dhyamika) m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c L\u1ea1t-ma T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh si\u00eau th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp qua c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> Chu-c\u00f4 (t: tulku).<\/p>\n

                                      [20] C\u0103n b\u1ea3n Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn th\u00edch V\u00f4 \u00fay ch\u00fa<\/span><\/i> (m\u016blam\u0101dhyamikav\u1e5btti-akutobhay\u0101), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 V\u00f4 \u00fay ch\u00fa<\/span><\/i>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [21] H\u1ed3i tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (vigraha-vy\u0101vartan\u012b, vigrahavy\u0101vartan\u012bk\u0101rik\u0101), T\u00ec-m\u1ee5c Tr\u00ed Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 C\u00f9-\u0111\u00e0m L\u01b0u-chi d\u1ecbch chung;<\/p>\n

                                      [22] Th\u00ed H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch, c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [23] Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptativ\u1e5btti), ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptati), Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (candrak\u012brti) v\u00e0 Parahita c\u0169ng c\u00f3 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                                      [24] kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

                                      [25] C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ratn\u0101val\u012b<\/i> (V\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o ch\u00e2u<\/span>), 1 quy\u1ec3n, Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> (param\u0101rtha) d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

                                      [26] Mah\u0101-praj\u00f1\u0101-p\u0101ramitopade\u015ba; 100 quy\u1ec3n, C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

                                      [27] 17 quy\u1ec3n, C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      [28] B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

                                      [29] C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m 25 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                                      1. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> ([m\u016bla-] madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101), c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (madhyamaka-\u015b\u0101stra);<\/p>\n

                                      2. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn th\u00edch v\u00f4 \u00fay ch\u00fa<\/span> (m\u016blam\u0101dhyamikav\u1e5btti-akutobhay\u0101), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 V\u00f4 \u00fay ch\u00fa<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef;<\/p>\n

                                      3. \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra, mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramitopade\u015ba), 100 quy\u1ec3n, C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      4. Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (dv\u0101da\u015ba-nik\u0101ya-\u015b\u0101stra, dv\u0101da\u015badv\u0101ra-\u015b\u0101stra), C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      5. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da-h\u1e5bdaya-k\u0101rik\u0101), kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      6. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (mah\u0101y\u0101na-vi\u1e43\u015bik\u0101), Th\u00ed H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      7. B\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (r\u0101japarikath\u0101-ratn\u0101val\u012b, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ratn\u0101val\u012b, l\u00e0 V\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o ch\u00e2u<\/span>), 1 quy\u1ec3n, Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> (param\u0101rtha) d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      8. Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptati), b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n;<\/p>\n

                                      9. Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptativ\u1e5btti), ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptati), Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (candrak\u012brti) v\u00e0 Parahita c\u0169ng c\u00f3 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0y;<\/p>\n

                                      10. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn<\/span> (up\u0101ya-h\u1e5bdaya), m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn l\u00ed h\u1ecdc (nh\u00e2n minh<\/span>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a S\u01b0, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n do C\u00e1t-ca-d\u1ea1 d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      11. T\u1eadp kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (s\u016btrasamuccaya); c\u00f3 hai t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> (\u015b\u0101ntideva) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a S\u01b0;<\/p>\n

                                      12. H\u1ed3i tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (vigraha-vy\u0101vartan\u012b, vigrahavy\u0101vartan\u012bk\u0101rik\u0101), T\u00ec-m\u1ee5c Tr\u00ed Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 C\u00f9-\u0111\u00e0m L\u01b0u-chi d\u1ecbch chung;<\/p>\n

                                      13. H\u1ed3i tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/span> (vigraha-vy\u0101vartan\u012b-v\u1e5btti);<\/p>\n

                                      14. Long Th\u1ee5 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t khuy\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (\u0101rya-n\u0101g\u0101rjunabodhisattva-suh\u1e5bllekha), Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      15. Qu\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1 kinh<\/span> (vaidalya-s\u016btra?), Qu\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (vaidalyaprakara\u1e47a?), b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n;<\/p>\n

                                      16. L\u1ee5c th\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn (yukti-\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhik\u0101), Th\u00ed H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef;<\/p>\n

                                      17. Th\u1eadp tr\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (da\u015babh\u016bmi-vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra), 17 quy\u1ec3n, C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      18. B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> li t\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadn (lak\u1e63a\u1e47avimukta-bodhih\u1e5bdaya-\u015b\u0101stra), 1 quy\u1ec3n, Th\u00ed H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      19. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u00e1 h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn<\/span> (mah\u0101y\u0101na-bhavabheda-\u015b\u0101stra), 1 quy\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ea1t-ma C\u1ea5p-\u0111a (dharmagupta) d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      20. T\u00e1n Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu-stotra), 1 quy\u1ec3n, Th\u00ed H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      21. B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (bodhisa\u1e43bh\u0101raka), 6 quy\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ea1t-ma C\u1ea5p-\u0111a (dharmagupta) d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

                                      [30] 1 quy\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ea1t-ma C\u1ea5p-\u0111a (dharmagupta) d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

                                      [31] 6 quy\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ea1t-ma C\u1ea5p-\u0111a (dharmagupta) d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

                                      [32] T\u00e1n Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (dharmadh\u0101tu-stotra), 1 quy\u1ec3n, Th\u00ed H\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

                                      [33] Winternitz: Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o.<\/p>\n

                                      [34] \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ng\u0169 s\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [35] H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch: Y\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, y\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, ba la<\/span> y\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, ba la<\/span> t\u0103ng y\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, ta-b\u00e0-ha!<\/p>\n

                                      E: O wisdom which has gone beyond the beyond, to thee Homage.<\/p>\n

                                      [36] T\u1ee9c Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>…<\/p>\n

                                      [37] Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i (Pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika): \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> (\u4f5b \u8b77; buddhap\u0101lita), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. Trong lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ean Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch<\/i> (buddhap\u0101lita-m\u016blamadhyamaka-v\u1e5btti), S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> (prasa\u1e45ga) sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00bbph\u00e1 t\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh<\/span>,\u00ab ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ecd. S\u01b0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n-C\u1ee5 duy\u00ean (\u4e2d \u89c0 \u5177 \u7de3; c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n-\u1ee8ng th\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng; \u4e2d \u89c0 \u61c9 \u6210 \u5b97; s: pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika-m\u0101dhyamika) \u2013 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                                      [38] Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (\u6e05 \u8faf; Bh\u0101vaviveka) \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00ed h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n-na (\u9673 \u90a3; Dign\u0101ga) trong thuy\u1ebft Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u01b0 hay nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p quy lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n-T\u1ef1 \u00fd l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng<\/i> (\u4e2d \u89c0 \u81ea \u610f \u7acb \u5b97) hay Trung qu\u00e1n-Y t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi t\u00f4ng (\u4e2d \u89c0 \u4f9d \u81ea \u8d77 \u5b97; Sv\u0101tantrika-m\u0101dhyami-ka). S\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span> lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span>. Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0o \u2013 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u2013 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m th\u00eam phong ph\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean qua \u0111\u00f3 Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, s\u01b0 xem n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [39] prasa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>ga: \u0111<\/i>\u1ed1i, ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan\u95dc, phi ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00edch truy\u8ffd c\u1ea7u, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>. \u1ee9ng th\u1ecb, \u01b0ng h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

                                      \u0110\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> (prasa\u1e45ga<\/i>) sai tr\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/p>\n

                                      [40] Reduction to the absurd<\/i>. (proving the truth of a proposition by proving the falsity of all its alternatives\u2013 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 (b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>, n\u1ebfu l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> theo t\u1eebng ch\u1eef, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [41] Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> \u4f5b \u8b77; C: f\u00f3h\u00f9; J: butsugo; S: buddhap\u0101lita; L\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. S\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (\u6e05 \u8faf; s: bh\u0101vaviveka, 490-570), nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u1eadu b\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (\u6708 \u7a31; s: candrak\u012brti, ~ 650). M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y qua nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span>: trong khi Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadn l\u00ed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e2n l\u00ed<\/span> T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, m\u1ecdi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i chung. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> sau n\u00e0y k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i (\u6b78 \u8b2c \u8ad6 \u8b49 \u6d3e; s: pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika). S\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ean Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trung s\u1edb<\/i> (buddhap\u0101lita-m\u016blamadhyamaka-v\u1e5b-tti), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef<\/p>\n

                                      [42]<\/p>\n

                                      [43] Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u6e05 \u8faf; S: bh\u0101vaviveka, bhavya; C: q\u012bngbi\u00e0n; J: sh\u014dben;<\/p>\n

                                      M\u1ed9t Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> (s: m\u0101dhyamika), s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa 490 v\u00e0 570. S\u01b0 sinh t\u1ea1i Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, theo h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o l\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (n\u0101g\u0101rjuna) t\u1ea1i Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 (magadha). Sau \u0111\u00f3 S\u01b0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span>. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n), Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> (s: vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101da, yog\u0101c\u0101ra) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span>. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n-Y t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi (\u4e2d \u89c0 \u4f9d \u81ea \u8d77; m\u0101dhya-mika-sv\u0101tantrika, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i \u7368 \u7acb \u8ad6 \u8b49 \u6d3e), m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>, S\u01b0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch<\/span> Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> (s: buddhap\u0101lita), ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n-C\u1ee5 duy\u00ean (\u4e2d \u89c0 \u5177 \u7de3; pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika-m\u0101dhyamika) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> (s: hetuvidy\u0101), Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc (s: pram\u0101\u1e47av\u0101da). V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 8, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ecbch H\u1ed9<\/span> (s: \u015b\u0101ntarak\u1e63ita) bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n-Duy th\u1ee9c (m\u0101dhyami-ka-yog\u0101c\u0101ra).<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1c tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 (tr\u00edch): 1. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e2n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (mah\u0101y\u0101nat\u0101laratna\u015b\u0101stra<\/i>), Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch; 2. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng lu\u1eadn th\u00edch (praj\u00f1\u0101prad\u012bpa, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean praj\u00f1\u0101prad\u012bpa-m\u016blamadhyamaka-v\u1e5btti), Ba-la-ph\u1ea3 M\u1eadt-\u0111a d\u1ecbch; 3. Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (madhyamakah\u1e5bdayak\u0101rik\u0101), T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 4. Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> t\u00e2m quang<\/span> minh bi\u1ec7n<\/span> lu\u1eadn (madhyamaka-h\u1e5bdaya-v\u1e5bttitarkajv\u0101l\u0101), ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (madhyamakah\u1e5bdayak\u0101rik\u0101), T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 5. Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> (madhyamikaprat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da-\u015b\u0101stra), T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 6. Nh\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u0103ng lu\u1eadn (madhyamak\u0101vat\u0101raprad\u012bpa), T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef; 7. Nhi\u1ebfp trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadn (madhyam\u0101rtha-sa\u1e43graha), c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span>; 8. D\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng tinh th\u00edch<\/span> (nik\u0101yabheda-vibha\u1e45gavy\u0101khy\u0101na), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sau khi Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span>, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng D\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (samayabhedavy\u016b-hacakra\u015b\u0101stra) c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu<\/span> (vasumitra).<\/p>\n

                                      [44] C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi Trung qu\u00e1n-C\u1ee5 duy\u00ean (\u4e2d \u89c0 \u5177 \u7de3).<\/p>\n

                                      [45] C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi Trung qu\u00e1n-Y t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi (\u4e2d \u89c0 \u4f9d \u81ea \u8d77; m\u0101dhya-mika-<\/p>\n

                                      [46] T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u5bc2 \u5929; S: \u015b\u0101ntideva; Cao t\u0103ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng S\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 7, 8, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0. S\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>) T\u1eadp B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn (s: \u015bik\u1e63\u0101samuccaya) v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadp b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra). M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 T\u1eadp kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (s: s\u016btrasamuccaya) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n (theo Th\u00e1nh Nghi\u00eam<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n ng\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u1eadt y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadn). Nh\u1eadp b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> gi\u00e1o khoa.<\/p>\n

                                      Nh\u1eadp b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span>, t\u1eeb l\u00fac ph\u00e1t B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span> (bodhicitta) cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ed<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> (p\u0101ramit\u0101). Nh\u1eadp b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho C\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n<\/span>. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> gi\u1eefa m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (par\u0101tmasamat\u0101), m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e9p ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (par\u0101tmaparivartana, xem th\u00eam B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i<\/span>) gi\u1eefa, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> (s: sattva).<\/p>\n

                                      [47] T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (s: madhyamakav\u1e5btti-prasannapad\u0101), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (madhyamaka-\u015b\u0101stra) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (n\u0101g\u0101rjuna) duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> (sanskrit).<\/p>\n

                                      [48] Nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadp trung lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/span> (madhyamak\u0101vat\u0101ra-bh\u0101\u1e63ya<\/i>), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

                                      [49] Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Th\u1ea5t th\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101-saptati) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (v\u00e0 Parahita) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef;<\/p>\n

                                      [50] L\u1ee5c th\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/i> (yukti-\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhik\u0101-v\u1e5btti), lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> L\u1ee5c th\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn (yukti-\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dhik\u0101), m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef;<\/p>\n

                                      [51] T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Thing-it-is<\/i>: V\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Kant.<\/p>\n

                                      [52] H\u00e1n: ly s\u00e1t, v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u96e2\u5bdf, \u7121\u5206\u5225.<\/p>\n

                                      [53] S\u1eed gia T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [54] Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: cul de sac. <\/i><\/p>\n

                                      [55] s: catu\u1e63ko\u00ac\u1e6di\u00ack\u0101: T\u1ee9 c\u00fa ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i>. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung th\u00ec c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng \u2192 Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>. Trong hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00ec \u2192 \u1ea2o \u1ea3nh<\/span>, \u2192 V\u00f4 minh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> b\u1eb1ng hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span>: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 (e: subject) \u2013 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n<\/i> v\u00e0 hai l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 (e: object), l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh<\/i> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. C\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai, c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 l\u1eabn kh\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp trung tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u2013 khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u2013 th\u00ec Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

                                      [56] Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch l\u00ed lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 : 1. C\u00f3 (\u6709; h\u1eefu); 2. Kh\u00f4ng (\u7121; v\u00f4); 3. V\u1eeba c\u00f3 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng (\u4ea6 \u6709 \u4ea6 \u7121; di\u1ec7c h\u1eefu di\u1ec7c v\u00f4), 4. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng (\u975e \u6709 \u975e \u7121; phi h\u1eefu<\/span> phi v\u00f4). T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00ed h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0: 1. Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh; 2. Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh; 3. Chi\u1ebft trung v\u00e0 4. Ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 c\u00fa ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> <\/i>\u56db \u53e5 \u5206 \u5225; S: catu\u1e63ko\u1e6dika; J: shiku fum\u00acbet\u00acsu;<\/p>\n

                                      [57] hypothetical syllogisms: Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb hai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y)<\/p>\n

                                      [58] H\u1ed3i tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> (\u8ff4 \u8acd \u8ad6; s: vi\u00acgraha-vy\u0101\u00acvar\u00actan\u012b ho\u1eb7c vi\u00acgra\u00acha-vy\u0101vartan\u012bk\u0101\u00acrik\u0101), T.32. Lu\u1eadn t\u1eadp b\u1ed9<\/p>\n

                                      [59] H\u00e1n: 0021c23 \u6cd5\u82e5\u6709\u81ea\u9ad4 \u53ef\u5f97\u906e\u8af8\u6cd5<\/p>\n

                                      ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> gi\u00e0 ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      0021c24 \u8af8\u6cd5\u7121\u81ea\u9ad4 \u7adf\u70ba\u4f55\u6240\u906e<\/p>\n

                                      ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1nh vi h\u00e0 s\u1edf gi\u00e0<\/p>\n

                                      [60] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a 25 ph\u1ea9m trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [61] B\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ph\u1ea9m n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 4 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> hay duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>: 1. Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. 2. Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3.3. Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3. 4. Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                                      Sau khi k\u1ec3 ra 4 thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00eam t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong 4 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (p: svata-upatti\u1e25; e: self-causation). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady 4 lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean (p: pratyaya) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (p: svata-upatti; e: self-causation), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 T.R.V. Murti, theo g\u00f3t<\/span> ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ed1n 4 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean, thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> trong th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 kko th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 Sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, ngay trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o trong 4 thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. (Kaluphana<\/i>)<\/p>\n

                                      [62] B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la (pudgala), ch\u1ec9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                                      [63] \u53d7\u8af8\u56e0\u7de3\u6545 \u8f2a\u8f49\u751f\u6b7b\u4e2d<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e0d\u53d7\u8af8\u56e0\u7de3 \u662f\u540d\u70ba\u6d85\u69c3\u2468 Ph\u1ea9m 25. Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                                      [64] Svabh\u0101va: t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>, t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

                                      [65] H\u00e1n \u5982\u8af8\u6cd5\u81ea\u6027 \u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u7de3\u4e2d<\/p>\n

                                      [66] T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c duy\u00ean; ch\u1ec9 do c\u00e1c duy\u00ean h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi. T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3. Trong c\u00e1c duy\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>. T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n

                                      [67] \u672a\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u6cd5 \u4e0d\u5f9e\u56e0\u7de3\u751f<\/p>\n

                                      \u662f\u6545\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5 \u7121\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u8005\u2472 Ph\u1ea9m 24. Qu\u00e1n T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [68] \u773e\u56e0\u7de3\u751f\u6cd5 , \u6211\u8aaa\u5373\u662f\u7121.<\/p>\n

                                      [69] H\u00e1n: Ch\u01b0 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Th\u1ecb sanh di\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e1p. Sanh di\u1ec7t<\/span> di\u1ec7t d\u0129. T\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t vi l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

                                      [70] Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> thuy\u1ebft (Ud\u0101na).<\/p>\n

                                      [71] Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1eadp I trong Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> (Khuddaka Nik\u0101ya). Ud\u0101na c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng ng\u1eef<\/span><\/i>, Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> thuy\u1ebft<\/i>, g\u1ed3m 80 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span>, g\u1ee3i ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> hoan h\u1ec9<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 8 ph\u1ea9m. 1: Ph\u1ea9m B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1<\/span>, 2: Ph\u1ea9m Muccalinda, 3: Ph\u1ea9m Nanda, 4: Ph\u1ea9m Meghiya, 5: Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o<\/span> Sona, 6: Ph\u1ea9m Sanh Ra \u0110\u00e3 M\u00f9, 7: Ph\u1ea9m Nh\u1ecf, 8: Ph\u1ea9m Pataligamiya.<\/p>\n

                                      [72] \u7121\u5f97\u4ea6\u7121\u81f3 \u4e0d\u65b7\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5e38<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e0d\u751f\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6ec5 \u662f\u8aaa\u540d\u6d85\u69c3\u2462 Ph\u1ea9m 25, Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                                      [73] \u6d85\u69c3\u8207\u4e16\u9593 \u7121\u6709\u5c11\u5206\u5225<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e16\u9593\u8207\u6d85\u69c3 \u4ea6\u7121\u5c11\u5206\u5225 \u2472<\/p>\n

                                      [74] \u6d85\u69c3\u4e4b\u5be6\u969b \u53ca\u8207\u4e16\u9593\u969b<\/p>\n

                                      \u5982\u662f\u4e8c\u969b\u8005 \u7121\u6beb\u91d0\u5dee\u5225 \u2473<\/p>\n

                                      [75] \u53d7\u8af8\u56e0\u7de3\u6545 \u8f2a\u8f49\u751f\u6b7b\u4e2d<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e0d\u53d7\u8af8\u56e0\u7de3 \u662f\u540d\u70ba\u6d85\u69c3 \u2468<\/p>\n

                                      [76] \u7121\u5f97\u4ea6\u7121\u81f3 \u4e0d\u65b7\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5e38<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e0d\u751f\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6ec5 \u662f\u8aaa\u540d\u6d85\u69c3 \u2462 Ph\u1ea9m 25, Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                                      [77] D\u1ecbch tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Latin: sub specie aeternitatis<\/i>.<\/p>\n

                                      [78] Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nirv\u0101\u1e47apar\u012bk\u1e63\u0101 n\u0101ma pa\u00f1cavi\u1e43\u015batitama\u1e43 prakara\u1e47a\u1e43).<\/p>\n

                                      [79] H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch th\u1eeba<\/i>, c\u00f3 khi phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1eb7ng<\/p>\n

                                      [80] Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (da\u015babh\u016bmi): stages-of-moral and spiritual discipline.<\/p>\n

                                      [81] Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba\u5341 \u5730; S: da\u015babh\u016bmi; M\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> tu ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u2192 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ea7y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (\u83e9 \u85a9 \u5730; s: bo\u00acdhisattva-bh\u016bmi) trong Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba kinh<\/span> (\u5341 \u5730 \u7d93; s: da\u00ac\u015ba\u00ac\u00acbh\u016b\u00acmika-s\u016btra)<\/p>\n

                                      [82] transformation body; \u61c9\u8eab<\/p>\n

                                      [83] \u53d7\u7528\u8eab ; enjoyment of the dharma and causing others to receive this enjoyment<\/p>\n

                                      [84] \u81ea\u77e5\u4e0d\u96a8\u4ed6 \u5bc2\u6ec5\u7121\u6232\u8ad6<\/p>\n

                                      \u7121\u7570\u7121\u5206\u5225 \u662f\u5247\u540d\u5be6\u76f8\u2468 Ph\u1ea9m 18, Qu\u00e1n Ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [85] \u6027\u540d\u70ba\u7121\u4f5c \u4e0d\u5f85\u7570\u6cd5\u6210 \u2461 Ph\u1ea9m 15, Qu\u00e1n H\u1eefu v\u00f4<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      \u0111a d\u1ea1ng; prapa\u00f1ca (s); h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u6232 \u8ad6.<\/p>\n

                                      [86] pra-pa\u00f1ca (\u221a1. pac, or pa\u00f1c): expansion, development, manifestation. mutual false praise; ludicrous dialogue.<\/p>\n

                                      [87] ya\u1e25 prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\u1e25 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101\u1e43 t\u0101\u1e43 pracak\u1e63mahe |<\/p>\n

                                      s\u0101 praj\u00f1aptir up\u0101d\u0101ya pratipat saiva madhyam\u0101 || MMK_24,18<\/p>\n

                                      \u773e\u56e0\u7de3\u751f\u6cd5 \u6211\u8aaa\u5373\u662f\u7121<\/p>\n

                                      \u4ea6\u70ba\u662f\u5047\u540d \u4ea6\u662f\u4e2d\u9053\u7fa9\u2471<\/p>\n

                                      [88] C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 V\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> (non-dual).<\/p>\n

                                      [89] T\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span> (catuskoti)<\/p>\n

                                      [90] \u696d\u7169\u60f1\u6ec5\u6545 \u540d\u4e4b\u70ba\u89e3\u812b<\/p>\n

                                      \u696d\u7169\u60f1\u975e\u5be6 \u5165\u7a7a\u6232\u8ad6\u6ec5\u2464<\/p>\n

                                      [91] \u4e0d\u751f\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6ec5 \u4e0d\u5e38\u4ea6\u4e0d\u65b7<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e0d\u4e00\u4ea6\u4e0d\u7570 \u4e0d\u4f86\u4ea6\u4e0d\u51fa .<\/p>\n

                                      \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n, C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch B\u1ea5t sinh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [92] \u6c5d\u4eca\u5be6\u4e0d\u80fd \u77e5\u7a7a\u7a7a\u56e0\u7de3<\/p>\n

                                      \u53ca\u77e5\u65bc\u7a7a\u7fa9 \u662f\u6545\u81ea\u751f\u60f1\u2466<\/p>\n

                                      [93] \u82e5\u4e0d\u4f9d\u4fd7\u8ae6 \u4e0d\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e0d\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9 \u5247\u4e0d\u5f97\u6d85\u69c3 \u2469<\/p>\n

                                      [94] \u4ee5\u6709\u7a7a\u7fa9\u6545 \u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u5f97\u6210<\/p>\n

                                      \u82e5\u7121\u7a7a\u7fa9\u8005 \u4e00\u5207\u5247\u4e0d\u6210 \u246d Ph\u1ea9m 24. Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                                      [95] \u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u89c0\u7a7a \u920d\u6839\u5247\u81ea\u5bb3<\/p>\n

                                      \u5982\u4e0d\u5584\u5492\u8853 \u4e0d\u5584\u6349\u6bd2\u86c7 \u246a Ph\u1ea9m 24. Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                                      [96] H\u1ea3i \u1ea5n tam-mu\u1ed9i<\/span>. ‘the light that never was on sea or land’<\/p>\n

                                      [97] Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [98] \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [99] Nh\u01b0 trong Kinh Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean hoa<\/span> (Saddharmapu\u1e47\u1e0dar\u012bka):<\/p>\n

                                      Th\u1ecb ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u00e1p v\u1ecb<\/span>. Th\u1ebf gian t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>…<\/p>\n

                                      ch. ii. k. 103: dharmasthiti\u1e43 dharmaniy\u0101mat\u0101\u1e43 ca\/ Cf. S. ii. 25: upp\u0101d\u0101 v\u0101 tath\u0101gat\u0101na\u1e43 anupp\u0101d\u0101 v\u0101 tath\u0101gat\u0101na\u1e43, \u1e6dhit\u0101va s\u0101 dh\u0101tu dhamma\u1e6d\u1e6dhitat\u0101 dhammaniy\u0101mat\u0101 idappaccayat\u0101<\/i>,<\/p>\n

                                      C\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> d\u00f9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, gi\u1edbi t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 t\u00ednh quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/i> t\u00ednh (dhamma\u1e6d\u1e6dhitit\u0101), l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u1ecb<\/span><\/i> t\u00ednh (dhammaniy\u0101mat\u0101).<\/p>\n

                                      [100] \u4f5b\u80fd\u6ec5\u6709\u7121 \u5982\u5316\u8fe6\u65c3\u5ef6<\/p>\n

                                      \u7d93\u4e2d\u4e4b\u6240\u8aaa \u96e2\u6709\u4ea6\u96e2\u7121 \u2466 Ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 15. Qu\u00e1n H\u1eefu v\u00f4<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [101] \u6d85\u69c3\u4e0d\u540d\u6709 \u6709\u5247\u8001\u6b7b\u76f8<\/p>\n

                                      \u7d42\u7121\u6709\u6709\u6cd5 \u96e2\u65bc\u8001\u6b7b\u76f8 \u2463 Ph\u1ea9m 25. Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                                      Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, v\u00ec h\u1eefu vi<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. V\u00e0 v\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> (chung c\u1ee5c) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p H\u1eefu<\/span>, n\u00ean, vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                                      N\u1ebfu ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00ec ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span> c\u1ea3 (* v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span> th\u00ec ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o c\u00e1i c\u00f3).<\/p>\n

                                      [102] \u6709\u82e5\u4e0d\u6210\u8005 \u7121\u4e91\u4f55\u53ef\u6210<\/p>\n

                                      \u56e0\u6709\u6709\u6cd5\u6545 \u6709\u58de\u540d\u70ba\u7121 \u2464 Ph\u1ea9m 15. Qu\u00e1n H\u1eefu v\u00f4<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      H\u1eefu (th\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>) n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 V\u00f4 (v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Nh\u00e2n v\u00ec H\u1eefu (c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>) cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p, n\u1ebfu H\u1eefu (c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>) b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00ec g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 V\u00f4 (v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>).<\/p>\n

                                      [103] \u8af8\u6cd5\u5be6\u76f8\u8005 \u5fc3\u884c\u8a00\u8a9e\u65b7<\/p>\n

                                      \u7121\u751f\u4ea6\u7121\u6ec5 \u5bc2\u6ec5\u5982\u6d85\u69c3\u2466 Ph\u1ea9m 18. Qu\u00e1n Ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      Th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eb7t, c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u1eabn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ( t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00f3i n\u0103ng), (th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p) kh\u00f4ng sanh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> (v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span>) nh\u01b0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      [104] T\u1eeb c\u0103n -\u221av\u1e5b, Sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti<\/i> tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bao ph\u1ee7 (covering), ho\u1eb7c che \u0111\u1eady\u2013concealing, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd\u2013 dissimulation, s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ng\u1ea1i\u2013 obstruction… Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1eef c\u0103n kh\u00e1c -\u221av\u1e5b, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a\u2013to choose,\u2019 v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u1ea7y, danh c\u00e1ch (nominal form) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn\u2013 election\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a\u2013 choice,\u2019 c\u00f9ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eeb sa\u1e43muti t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong P\u0101li. T\u1eeb c\u0103n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 -\u221av\u1e5bt, hai trong nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Sa\u1e43vartate l\u00e0 \u2018quay l\u1ea1i hay \u0111i t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u2013 to turn or go towards,\u2019 \u2018ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n\u2013’to encounter,\u2019 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u2018h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh,\u2013 to come into being,\u2019 \u2018s\u1ea3n sinh \u2013to be produce,\u2019 \u2018t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u2013to be,\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u2013to exist.\u2019<\/p>\n

                                      [105] \u8af8\u4f5b\u4f9d\u4e8c\u8ae6 \u70ba\u773e\u751f\u8aaa\u6cd5<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e00\u4ee5\u4e16\u4fd7\u8ae6 \u4e8c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9\u8ae6\u2467 Ph\u1ea9m 24. Qu\u00e1n T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [106] sa\u1e41v\u1e5bti-satya; empirical truth: Th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>;<\/p>\n

                                      [107] paramartha-satya; absolute truth: Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [108] \u82e5\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u77e5 \u5206\u5225\u65bc\u4e8c\u8ae6<\/p>\n

                                      \u5247\u65bc\u6df1\u4f5b\u6cd5 \u4e0d\u77e5\u771f\u5be6\u7fa9\u2468 Ph\u1ea9m 24. Qu\u00e1n T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [109] Vy\u0101vah\u0101ra: bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> danh ng\u00f4n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [110] \u82e5\u4e0d\u4f9d\u4fd7\u8ae6 \u4e0d\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9<\/p>\n

                                      \u4e0d\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9 \u5247\u4e0d\u5f97\u6d85\u69c3 \u2469 Ph\u1ea9m 24. Qu\u00e1n T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [111] H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebf<\/p>\n

                                      [112] Do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n gam=to go<\/i><\/p>\n

                                      [113] H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee9 …. \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i= has gone<\/i>.<\/p>\n

                                      [114] p: ananuvejja; s: ananuvedya; e: untraceable.<\/p>\n

                                      [115] Ph\u1ea9m Buddhavaggo<\/i>, H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0<\/span> ph\u1ea9m <\/i>\u4f5b\u9640\u54c1 , Anh ng\u1eef The Buddhas<\/i> ; Awakened.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                      [116] V\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Magandy\u0101 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> khoa chi\u00eam t\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3gn r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

                                      – Th\u01b0a \u00f4ng ! Tuy \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00eca phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> r\u1ed3i. B\u00e0 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

                                      “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> th\u00ec d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00f5m v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 g\u00f3t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham \u00e1i<\/span> th\u00ec d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> thi\u00ean n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> r\u1ed3i”. (T\u00edch truy\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span><\/i>).<\/p>\n

                                      [117] \u0100k\u0101se pada\u1e41 natthi, Samano natthi b\u0101hine, Papa\u00f1c\u0101bhirat\u0101 paj\u0101, Nippapa\u00f1ca tath\u0101gat\u0101. \u2013H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft, Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng Sa m\u00f4n<\/span>, Ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> th\u00edch h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> v\u1ecdng di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span><\/i>. (K\u1ec7 254)<\/p>\n

                                      [118] \u5982\u4f86\u904e\u6232\u8ad6 \u800c\u4eba\u751f\u6232\u8ad6<\/p>\n

                                      \u6232\u8ad6\u7834\u6167\u773c \u662f\u7686\u4e0d\u898b\u4f5b \u246e Ph\u1ea9m 22. Qu\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                      [119] Ch\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

                                      [120] Ch\u1ea5p \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

                                      [121] nirv\u0101\u1e47asya ca y\u0101 ko\u1e6di\u1e25 ko\u1e6di\u1e25 sa\u1e43sara\u1e47asya ca |<\/p>\n

                                      na tayor antara\u1e43 ki\u1e43cit sus\u016bk\u1e63mam api vidyate || MMK_25,20<\/p>\n

                                      \u6d85\u69c3\u4e4b\u5be6\u969b \u53ca\u8207\u4e16\u9593\u969b<\/p>\n

                                      \u5982\u662f\u4e8c\u969b\u8005 \u7121\u6beb\u91d0\u5dee\u5225 \u2473 Ph\u1ea9m 25. Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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                                      Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      [ad_1] Th. Stcherbatsky \u00dd NI\u1ec6M NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N trong \u0110\u1ea0O PH\u1eacT (The Conception of Buddhist Nirv\u0101\u1e47a ) JAIDEVA SINGH M.A (Phil. and Sans.), D.Litt PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH V\u00c0 GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U Th\u00edch\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7327,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-7326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7326"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7326\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7327"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7326"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7326"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=7326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}