{"id":7328,"date":"2020-12-03T00:31:57","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T17:31:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/03\/phat-giao-thoi-ky-an-do-co-dai\/"},"modified":"2020-12-03T00:31:57","modified_gmt":"2020-12-02T17:31:57","slug":"phat-giao-thoi-ky-an-do-co-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/03\/phat-giao-thoi-ky-an-do-co-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 C\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

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PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span> TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2<\/span> \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8<\/span> C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: RICHARD GOMBRICH – ETIENNE LAMOTTE – LAL MANI JOSHI
Ph\u1ecfng d\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Tr\u00ed Nguy\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"phat_giao_thoi_ky_an_do_co_dai\"

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1. TRUY\u1ec0N TH\u1ed0NG<\/span> PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span> \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Ph\u1eadt ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. Khi Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, 500 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> A la h\u00e1n<\/span> h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ho\u00e1 gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n (ki\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span>). C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> xung quanh<\/span> ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar, \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, t\u1ef3 kheo ni<\/span> n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111em Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 do vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span> (Asoka) (268-239 TCN) t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Asoka \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 lan r\u1ed9ng ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u1ea4n n\u1eefa. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a vua, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Mahindra, \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o Sri Lanka.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span>. D\u00f9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span>, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1t sinh, v\u00ec l\u1ebd do nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n ban trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Asoka \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mahayana. Cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 hai ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

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– hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>;
– v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nh\u01b0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0o ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban ph\u00fac gi\u00e1ng h\u1ecda<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> mang \u0111\u1eadm \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mahayana, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ebf l\u1ec5. V\u1edbi M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00ec trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 250 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1edbn lao. H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> x\u00e2m l\u0103ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span>, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1500 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ede khu v\u1ef1c Trung \u00c1, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1ecb H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a Asoka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vua Kuasana v\u00e0 Kaniska (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II). Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ebf t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng trang s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i trong l\u1edbp b\u1ee5i m\u1edd c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nepal l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>. C\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng Kathmandu tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span>2. PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span> TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2<\/span> \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8<\/span> C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A T\u0102NG \u0110O\u00c0N<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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“H\u00e3y \u0111i, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> s\u01a1 thi\u1ec7n, trung thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> mu\u1ed1n nghe ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i><\/b>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch 60 v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra \u0111i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>. T\u1ea1i gia<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>; \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p c\u00f4ng \u01a1n<\/span> \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, t\u1ef3 kheo ni<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecd gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>. “Ph\u00e1p th\u00ed l\u00e0 h\u01a1n h\u1ebft”.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, kinh v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn. Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 3 t\u1ea1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/span> hay kinh Koran c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> do t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 sau Ph\u1eadt ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Sri Lanka trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1ng Pal\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span>. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng Sanskrit t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1edf Kashmir (K\u1ebf T\u00e2n<\/span>) do vua Kaniska (Ca N\u1ecb S\u1eafc Ca) \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. Kaniska l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Kusan t\u1eeb Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0o x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng may, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Kusan v\u00e0 vua Kaniska t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi v\u1ea5n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> do vua Kaniska t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 4) x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00f3 kinh Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n; c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng nh\u1edd tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> pha tr\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ed5 \u00e2m (Middle Indo-Aryan) kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb Sanskrit. C\u00e0ng l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 sau nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 \u00e2m v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7u tr\u1ea7m b\u1ed7ng. Sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ed5 \u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> kh\u00e1c xa \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u1eefa. Mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u00ecm ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> chung cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> chung \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Sanskrit, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc<\/span> d\u00f9ng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, v\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 \u00e2m pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi: th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n Aryan (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Prakrit), ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm h\u01a1n. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Sanskrit c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i kinh n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> trong khi nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e0ng minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Sanskrit Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang kinh, ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do v\u1eady ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/span> b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n; c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u1edb thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong khi d\u1ecbch, n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span>, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n<\/span>. Cho d\u00f9 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb Sanskrit, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> g\u00ec, b\u1ee1i v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa. Hai d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 kinh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o Trung Hoa n\u0103m 68 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 hai tu s\u0129<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hai ng\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang theo<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay (b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o); ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> hai ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 sao l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00fang theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00fa ph\u00e1p<\/span>. S\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mahayana \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng t\u0103ng s\u0129 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>; n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb nh\u01b0: ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span> (\u0111i n\u0103m 399-413), ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> (\u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> n\u0103m 630-44) v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> (\u0111i n\u0103m 671-95). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII tr\u1edf \u0111i, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c: l\u00fd do<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> nhau truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0ng tr\u1eed trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XIII sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u0103ng s\u0129, thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Sanskrit, b\u1ee1i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eebng ch\u1eef<\/span> ra ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u00f2 b\u00f3 theo th\u1ed5 \u00e2m T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> hay c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> \u1edf Sri Lanka. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> pha tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pali — \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Kinh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Lu\u1eadn. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Pali n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>; nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit hay Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/span> La m\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Latin, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh ng\u1eef<\/span> khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tu s\u0129<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1edd Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng Pali m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1oTheravada tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Sri Lanka \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 in to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 X th\u00ec l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Sri Lanka m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali do vua Chulalongkorn \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u0103m 1893. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n, kinh Ph\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1ea5n sau ng\u00e0y d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Pali in \u1edf London theo d\u1ea1ng Latin do H\u1ed9i D\u1ecbch<\/span> thu\u1eadt Pali (Pali Text Society), th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> n\u0103m 1881.<\/span><\/p>\n

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R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u0103ng s\u0129 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Council”, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VI h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Rangoon n\u0103m 1954-1956 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> t\u1ea1ng Pali. D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VI t\u00ednh theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span> (Rajagaha), nay thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau khi Ph\u1eadt ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ef3 X\u00e1 Ly<\/span> (Vaisali), c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c bang Bihar, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i Ca Di\u1ebfp<\/span> (Maha Kasyapa), m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> trong t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> do ng\u00e0i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> kh\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u01afu Ba Ly<\/span> (Upali) tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean t\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt-Gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 A Nan<\/span> (Ananda), v\u1ecb th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt, tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean t\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed7i quy\u1ec3n kinh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u “Ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghe nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y\u2026”, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 A Nan<\/span>. T\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Pali l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n th\u1edd t\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c; m\u1ed7i t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh. Kinh, Lu\u1eadt, Lu\u1eadn c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span>. N\u00f3i chung, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mahayana \u00edt quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. So s\u00e1nh<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pali, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit) ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u1edbn c\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng trang m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u00e2n chia<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 sau khi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00f9ng t\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1edf k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u1ee9 I. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Frauwallner \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do<\/span> r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u1ee9 II, trang s\u1eed v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> theo hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1eed li\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ba La \u0110\u1ec1 M\u1ed9c Xoa<\/span>, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdp t\u0103ng. M\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ra sau khi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 tu ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1eeb kim kh\u1ea9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o<\/span>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai tho\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>; nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u trong Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p trong Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> g\u1ea7n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> trong 45 n\u0103m (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> cho t\u1edbi khi Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111a nghi<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i sau Ph\u1eadt ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng s\u0129. Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: Kinh, Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>. Kinh, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 I. Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u0103ng s\u0129 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft sau th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span>. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea1y cho c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Theo nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali t\u1ea1i Sri Lanka v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V sau t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch do ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Sri Lanka l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang theo<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u01b0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> chung th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 sai.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> su\u1ed1t thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai nh\u00f3m: v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mahayana th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Mahayana l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt \u0110a<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quy\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Kim Cang Kinh<\/span>, T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span>, Li\u00ean Hoa Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e2m m\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn khu v\u1ef1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u00e0n trong nh\u1eefng trang k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna (Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch) l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> trong l\u1ed1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> ch\u1eb7c ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 logic, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Madhyamaka (Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u1ee9c C\u00f3, t\u1ee9c Kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>: gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Vijn\u00e0na-v\u00e0da) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb kinh L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0<\/span> (Lank\u00e0rat\u00e0ra S\u00f9tra) m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 D.T. Suzuki \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 50 n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> Kim Cang Th\u1eeba<\/span> (Vajray\u00e0na hay Mantray\u00e0na), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> d\u00f9ng cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Tantra. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft g\u00ec th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> ra. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng Sanskrit; nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u0129. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span>. vua Harsa (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII), cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea9n danh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>: nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00eau t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng n\u1ed9i dung th\u00e0nh ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span> th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eebng u\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n xu\u00f4i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u00eam v\u00f4 qu\u00e1<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nhau r\u1ea5t nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span>, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u00f9ng t\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, \u00edt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi suy t\u01b0, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> an t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: RICHARD GOMBRICH – ETIENNE LAMOTTE – LAL MANI JOSHI Ph\u1ecfng d\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch N\u1eef Tr\u00ed Nguy\u1ec7t 1. TRUY\u1ec0N\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7330,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-7328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7328"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7328\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7328"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=7328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}