{"id":7367,"date":"2020-12-03T06:52:09","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T23:52:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/03\/kinh-ruot-tue-giac-sieu-viet\/"},"modified":"2020-12-03T06:52:09","modified_gmt":"2020-12-02T23:52:09","slug":"kinh-ruot-tue-giac-sieu-viet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/03\/kinh-ruot-tue-giac-sieu-viet\/","title":{"rendered":"Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t"},"content":{"rendered":"

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KINH RU\u1ed8T TU\u1ec6 GI\u00c1C<\/span> SI\u00caU VI\u1ec6T<\/span><\/b><\/span>
Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea Tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5<\/b><\/span>
Prajnaparamita Hrdaya Sutra (B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> T\u00e2m kinh<\/span>)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Thi V\u0169 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span>
\"Bi\u1ec7n

\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n R\u1eebng Tr\u00fac<\/span>
B\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 Ph\u1ea1n Prajnaparamita Hrdaya Sutra do \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Th\u1ebf T\u1ecbnh sao ch\u00e9p
Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda<\/span> Tr\u00ed Quang<\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd Kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3
B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span>, b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>
Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thi V\u0169<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n R\u1eebng Tr\u00fac<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n Gi\u1ecdt Tr\u0103ng<\/i>, th\u01a1 Qu\u00e1ch T\u1ea5n ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khen t\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu xa g\u1ea7n<\/span> trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n<\/span>. V\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng \u0111ang mang.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> chung, nh\u00e2n l\u1ea7n in \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> xin ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> cho t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n th\u00eam c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i anh em, v\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bao dung<\/span>, n\u00ean l\u00f2ng tuy s\u1ed1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 th\u00e2n b\u00f2ng b\u00e8o n\u01a1i l\u01b0u x\u1ee9. Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111i, nh\u1eefng mong t\u00ecm n\u01a1i xa r\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u hay l\u1ebd th\u1eadt g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i nguy<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau. Th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n ng\u1eeda nghi\u00eang, l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ec9nh, khi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn bi\u1ebfn ra chuy\u1ec7n m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 to nh\u1ecf c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> hay b\u00e8 nh\u00f3m. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3i th\u00e2n cho h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> sinh ra trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, b\u1ecb hy sinh<\/span> phung ph\u00ed<\/span>, b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span>. V\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0m b\u1ebfn, nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi ai l\u00e0m b\u1edd. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ch\u00ed b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u1ede trong \u0111\u00e1m gi\u1eb7c m\u00e0 t\u00e2m ch\u00ed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1? Trong \u0111\u00e1m qu\u00e2n lo\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady.\u201d<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u0111ang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng tr\u00f9ng v\u00e2y lo\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> uy hi\u1ebfp. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n<\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111em gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u00f4m \u1ea5p t\u1eeb thu\u1edf \u1ea5u th\u1eddi<\/span> ra th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, lu\u00f4n ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0m k\u1ebf nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> cho anh em, thay v\u00ec \u0111i than r\u00ean xin x\u1ecf<\/span> hay \u0111i l\u00e0m thu\u00ea \u1edf m\u01b0\u1edbn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn cho nghi k\u1ef5<\/span> d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c. \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn m\u1eb7t. May thay, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen bi\u1ebft<\/span> xa g\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1m c\u1ea3nh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, k\u1ebb \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3p cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> m\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u00e0m v\u1ed1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n r\u01b0\u1ee1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y hai ph\u00e2n hay ba ph\u00e2n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> qu\u00fd h\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u vay, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 gia cho vay l\u1ea5y l\u00e3i \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n<\/span>, h\u1ed9t xo\u00e0n th\u1ebf ch\u00e2n m\u1edbi cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i tay tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng, n\u00f3i ch\u1eb3ng ai tin.<\/p>\n

C\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u00e0 in l\u1eadp t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1970, ba n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Gi\u1ecdt Tr\u0103ng<\/i>. \u1ea4y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec su\u1ed1t ba n\u0103m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3i, l\u1ea1nh, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u00ec hi\u1ec3m nguy ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n<\/span>, trong m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng in ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Paris. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 17 gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nguy bi\u1ebfn. V\u1ed1n thi\u1ebfu, m\u00e0 l\u00fac kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng quen v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea1nh tranh<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0103n n\u01a1i x\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 \u201ccan \u0111\u1ea3m, ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng\u201d\u2026 b\u1ed7ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ee9 n\u00f3i-ch\u01a1i-vui tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft nguy k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n sinh. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111i tr\u00ean d\u00e2y \u0111u l\u1eedng l\u01a1, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u1eeda, sau l\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u0103m d\u1ecda<\/span> s\u00e1t kh\u00ed, t\u1edbi hay lui \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eebng n\u1ea5y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111i t\u1edbi. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 may m\u1eafn<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, h\u00f4m nay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y!<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp t\u00e2m<\/span> x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 in cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, m\u00e0 v\u00ec mi\u1ebfng c\u01a1m manh \u00e1o, ng\u00e0y ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i lo in thu\u00ea cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, in nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh g\u00ec t\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>. \u1ea4n ph\u1ea9m Gi\u1ecdt Tr\u0103ng<\/i> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5<\/span> l\u00e0 xong, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> ba th\u00e1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd khuya kho\u1eaft, l\u00fac m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed7i. Ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ch\u01b0a trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t. Khi in Gi\u1ecdt Tr\u0103ng<\/i>, ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed7 b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh, r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 tay \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t, sau m\u1edbi l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n k\u1ebdm \u0111\u1ec3 in. Mu\u00f4n b\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n!<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n<\/span>, so ra ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 in trung b\u00ecnh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u1eady nh\u1edd, n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f9y h\u1ee3p. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> t\u1edbi t\u00e1c phong c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> T\u00edn H\u1ecdc<\/span>, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng n\u0103m thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u00f2i<\/span>, ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> b\u00ean Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span> h\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/span> ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>.<\/p>\n

V\u1eeba s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7<\/span>, v\u1eeba s\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m. Th\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hay, nh\u00ecn b\u1ee9c tranh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb9p, th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u00e2m tr\u1ea7m, ng\u1eafm m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi\u2026, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u00edt ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i lao t\u00e2m lao l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 qua bao nhi\u00eau kh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00eam s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u00e3, g\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ee7 khung tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed trang nghi\u00eam<\/span> hay t\u00e0i hoa<\/span>, ph\u01a1i ph\u1edbi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1edbm l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. \u1ea4n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh dung th\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, \u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch chia n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3 hai h\u00f2a v\u00e0o nhau \u0111i g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb9p, nh\u00e3, trang tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea3i in l\u1edbn, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u. Quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi in, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>. B\u1eafc xong nh\u1ecbp c\u1ea7u \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ra c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i in cho \u201cph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang\u201d, \u201cgi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n\u201d. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span>, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch in. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch in t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00ean v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 trong tay. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n gi\u1ea5y in ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m<\/span> qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00ec v\u1ed9i v\u00e3, v\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ra v\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00ean h\u00f3a ra gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1eb3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eddi cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f2n mang th\u00eam t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ng\u1eafn, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i, ni\u1ec1m vui mong manh<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00fd b\u00e1u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eb7ng nhau qua cu\u1ed9c tr\u0103m n\u0103m l\u00e0 th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> d\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cho nhau. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> c\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span>. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n in l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a t\u1eebng n\u00f3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7<\/span> trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi han c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc. Xin t\u1ea1m m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y n\u00eau \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p \u00fd, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec xa n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> tr\u00f4ng mong.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n R\u1eebng Tr\u00fac<\/span><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i \u00fd Kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1o b\u1ec9 ng\u1ea1n<\/span> (\u0111\u00e1o b\u1ec9 ng\u1ea1n<\/span>: c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>). C\u00f2n \u201ct\u00e2m\u201d trong ch\u1eef T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span> ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1eadp \u2013 t\u1ee9c bao nhi\u00eau y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> du h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh T\u0103ng<\/span> d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9ng, l\u00fac b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n<\/span> gi\u1eefa sa m\u1ea1c m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111i qua, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c du h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>. Sau v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u00e0i li\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 600 cu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i La-th\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft Kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t sanh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, c\u00f2n c\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u00e0ng ma<\/span> tr\u1eeb n\u1ea1n c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung Kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef S\u1eafc v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. S\u1eafc v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111inh ninh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Hi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec S\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span>. U\u1ea9n, ngo\u00e0i s\u1eafc, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. Kinh n\u00e0y m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt s\u1ef1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> sau:<\/p>\n

\u201cKhi ng\u00e0i Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ea5y n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>, n\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i T\u1eed, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span>, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span>; th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n<\/span>, h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> mu\u1ed1n d\u1ecbch t\u1eaft, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u201cc\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00e0 12 x\u1ee9, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 Kinh n\u00e0y n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, r\u1ed3i ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

\u201cKhi ng\u00e0i Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>, n\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i T\u1eed, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i T\u1eed, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.\u201d<\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 sau c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y: C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p = ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> = c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng? L\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tuy c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u1ea5y, x\u00e9t theo t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u00ec v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp), v\u00e0 x\u00e9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh): c\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u1ea5y v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00ean t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft \u00fd. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3, d\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i \u2013 nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i do c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> (n\u00ean v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>), v\u00e0 do m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> (n\u00ean v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eady ra c\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 = kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng = c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. V\u00e0 khi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00ec \u201ct\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng e s\u1ee3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3\u201d, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span>, c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, t\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng luy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc khi m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng e s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, m\u00e0 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Quang<\/span><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

Ma-ha B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh th\u00e2m B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> th\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> giai kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201cX\u00e1-l\u1ee3i t\u1eed, s\u1eafc b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb s\u1eafc, s\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb s\u1eafc<\/span>. Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/p>\n

X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i t\u1eed, th\u1ecb ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1ea5t sanh<\/span> b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, b\u1ea5t t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m<\/span>. Th\u1ecb c\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng trung v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u1ecd<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c; v\u00f4 nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ec9, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n, \u00fd; v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p; v\u00f4 nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e3i ch\u00ed<\/span> v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1edbi, v\u00f4 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> di\u1ec7c v\u00f4 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> t\u1eadn, n\u00e3i ch\u00ed<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span> di\u1ec7c v\u00f4 l\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1eadn; v\u00f4 kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span> di\u1ec7c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1eafc, d\u0129 v\u00f4 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ecfa y B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> c\u1ed1, t\u00e2m v\u00f4 qu\u00e1i ng\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00f4 qu\u00e1i ng\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ed1 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span> \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Tam th\u1ebf ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt<\/span> y B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eafc A-n\u1eadu-\u0111a-la tam-mi\u1ec7u-tam-b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed1 tri<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span>, th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i minh<\/span> ch\u00fa, th\u1ecb v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u00fa, th\u1ecb v\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> ch\u00fa, n\u0103ng tr\u1eeb nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u1ed5, ch\u01a1n thi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t h\u01b0, c\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> ch\u00fa, t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ch\u00fa vi\u1ebft: Y\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ebf y\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ebf, Ba-la y\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ebf, Ba-la-t\u0103ng y\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ebf, B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1t-b\u00e0-ha.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n ra n\u0103m h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y su\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1ea1o \u1ee9ng hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

N\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari, m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng d\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u00eam c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1edbt.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari, trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n, \u00fd; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh, ti\u1ebfng, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb, s\u1edd ch\u1ea1m, hi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ebft gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed gi\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari, nh\u1edd an nhi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> c\u00e1c ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1edd ly ni\u1ec7m n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, th\u1eafng l\u01b0\u1edbt m\u1ecdi \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00ednh an<\/span> nh\u01b0. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 linh ng\u1eef k\u1ef3 v\u0129, linh ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a hu\u1ec7 tr\u00ed<\/span>, linh ng\u1eef t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> v\u00f4 song<\/span>, mang kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lay \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ecdi ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Linh ng\u1eef tho\u1eaft sinh t\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may<\/span> d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1<\/span>. C\u00e2u linh ng\u1eef c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201c\u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9, si\u00eau su\u1ed1t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ecdi sinh d\u00e2n. Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t! T\u1ea5t th\u1ea3y c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 an nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9<\/span> Kinh Ru\u1ed9t<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Prajnaparamita Hrdaya Sutra, Trung Hoa d\u1ecbch B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4 k\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c Kinh b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng kinh b\u1ea3n B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, Astasahasrika c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 179 sau TL d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3\u201d, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 8.000 c\u00e2u k\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c Kinh b\u1ea3n B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 Satasahasrika (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span>), Pancavimsatisasrika, vv, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 125.000 c\u00e2u k\u1ec7. Kinh Ru\u1ed9t ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y 300 ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u1ec7 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span>, Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, hay Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00ec Kinh Ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0u b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u2013 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n di\u1ec5n N\u00f4m B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eeb x\u01b0a t\u1edbi nay, Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> sang ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb trong Kinh Ru\u1ed9t vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng ai l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. Ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, Kinh Ru\u1ed9t tuy ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n<\/span> (mantra), n\u00ean \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> t\u1eeb 1930 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0o sinh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean ph\u00eda \u00c2u h\u1ecdc, Kinh Ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang Anh ng\u1eef, \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u1eef, Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef<\/span>, vv. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Max Muller in n\u0103m 1884. Shaku Hannya d\u1ecbch l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 in n\u0103m 1923. N\u0103m 1934, D. T. Suzuki c\u0169ng d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 in trong b\u1ed9 Thi\u1ec1n Lu\u1eadn tr\u1ee9 danh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1948, E. Conze l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. T\u1ef1u trung, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i sai kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh t\u00fac theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u1ed9i dung b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c xa m\u1ea5y v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII.<\/p>\n

Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> cho in l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham<\/span> c\u1ee9u. C\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u xin th\u01b0a ngay: \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cLi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch\u201d (\u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span>) nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>. Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u trong b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n ng\u00e0i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3? Th\u00eam chi gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129a v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn m\u00e0 Kinh b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> g\u00ec. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u0103m, b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cnh\u1edd an nhi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d. B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> trong b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Conze. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111em v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a Kinh<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00eam hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Prajnaparamita Hrdaya, Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 hai b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u1eafn. B\u1ea3n ng\u1eafn l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, Trung Hoa. B\u1ea3n d\u00e0i l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n v\u0103n. C\u1ed1t kinh hai b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. B\u1ea3n d\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft. Ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u01a1i n\u00f3i Kinh t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Linh Th\u1ee9u (Gridhrakuta) g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span> (Rajagriha), v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00f3i Kinh. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (samadhi) th\u00ec K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy gi\u1ea3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari nghe v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u quan tr\u1ecdng cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> m\u1ecdi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span>, m\u1ecdi \u00fd l\u1eddi. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai\u2026 Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n ng\u1eafn, n\u00f3i sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ecf l\u1eddi khen<\/span> ng\u1ee3i K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>. Song ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u t\u1eeb th\u01a1 bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec c\u00f2n ngh\u00e8o t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> tr\u00e1nh. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c thay c\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1edbi c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng hay, mi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a. Vi\u1ec7c thay c\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 b\u00f3c tr\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>. Hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u0169 tuy \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span>, \u1ea9n \u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac th\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb th\u00e2m h\u1eadu, \u0111ang b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> th\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3n, t\u1ee5c, th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf. Th\u00f3i quen<\/span>, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span>, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, tuy mang s\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>, c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span>, song l\u1eafm khi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3n. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

Ary\u00e0valokite\u00e7varaya-Bodhisattvo:<\/b> B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy. Bodhi<\/i> do ch\u1eef Budh<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ec9nh d\u1eady, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00fd\u201d. Sattva<\/i> l\u00e0 k\u1ebb. Bodhisattva<\/i> l\u00e0 K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span>, k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng l\u01b0\u1edbt m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> (B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t) tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>: 1\/ Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Bodhicittop\u00e0da) h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> qu\u1ea7n sinh<\/span>. 2\/ Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (Anuttar\u00e0-samyaksambodhih). T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u1ee9ng th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> sinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u-su\u1ea5t<\/span> (Tu\u1e63ita).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a quen v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u201cK\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy\u201d mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u<\/span> h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong t\u1eeb Avalokite\u00e7vara <\/i>v\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Avalokana<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa. Trong cu\u1ed1n Tibetan Painted Scrolls, Giuseppe Tucci c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y trong c\u00e2u: Sarvatath\u00e0gat\u00e0-disth\u00e0na-sattv\u00e0lokana-buddhakse-trasandarsanavy\u00f9ha. H\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> (B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span>, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (Prajna) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t<\/span> (Karuna) tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cnghe ti\u1ebfng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1edbi c\u1ee9u\u201d, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> d\u1ecbch th\u1eb3ng ra \u201cQu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy\u201d.<\/p>\n

Praj\u00f1\u00e0p\u00e0ramit\u00e0h\u1e5bdaya S\u00f9tra:<\/b> Trung Hoa d\u1ecbch \u00e2m l\u00e0 Maha B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> T\u00e2m kinh<\/span>. Praj\u00f1a <\/i>l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> trong ngh\u0129a tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ly ni\u1ec7m. Ly ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, lu\u1eadn l\u00fd (D\u1e5b\u1e63ti) v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (vikalpa, Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>). Paramit\u00e0<\/i> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1edbi b\u1edd b\u00ean kia<\/span>, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> khi n\u00f3i \u201cl\u00e0m cho t\u1edbi n\u01a1i<\/span> t\u1edbi ch\u1ed1n\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n. Khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi b\u1edd b\u00ean kia\u201d. S\u00f9tra <\/i>l\u00e0 Kinh. H\u1e5bdaya<\/i> l\u00e0 l\u00f5i, c\u1ed7i, tim, y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh\u2026<\/p>\n

V\u00ec Praj\u00f1\u00e0p\u00e0ramit\u00e0<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u00ed gi\u00e1c theo ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo l\u1eddi, ch\u1eef, \u00fd, khi l\u1eddi, ch\u1eef, \u00fd n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Trung Hoa, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Kinh Ru\u1ed9t trong ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Panca Skand\u00e0h:<\/b> Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cng\u0169 u\u1ea9n\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cn\u0103m u\u1ea9n\u201d. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cn\u0103m h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3\u201d. N\u0103m h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng duy\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ed1t di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh (Pratityasamutp\u00e0da) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u00ea c\u1ee9u c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 theo khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i quan n\u0103m h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>:<\/p>\n

R\u00f9pa: h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. Trung hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eafc\u201d.<\/p>\n

Vedan\u00e0: c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>. Trung hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ecd\u201d, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Samjn\u00e0: nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Trung hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Sa\u1e43skh\u00e0ra: t\u1ea1o \u1ee9ng. Trung hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh\u201d, t\u1ea1o \u1ee9ng bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Vij\u00f1\u00e0na: \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Trung hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee9c\u201d, quy g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Sariputra:<\/b> Trung hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cX\u00e1-l\u1ee3i t\u1eed\u201d hay \u201cX\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t\u201d. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari. Ch\u1eef Sari mang nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Sariputra c\u00f3 hai: Sari l\u00e0 x\u00e1-l\u1ee3i, ho\u1eb7c sari l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Sariputra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00f4ng minh<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> b\u00e0 b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Sari. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u01b0u t\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y, n\u00ean d\u1ecbch theo Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dharma:<\/b> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d. Dharma mang r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a: lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, vv. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> n\u01a1i d\u00f9ng m\u00e0 dharma mang nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u201cph\u00e1p th\u00e2n\u201d (dharmak\u00e0ya) l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt; ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dharmd\u00e0tu, dharmat\u00e0) l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Trong Kinh Ru\u1ed9t ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a<\/b>: th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u201d. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a, tr\u1eeb k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a. Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a \u1edf ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n nh\u00ecn theo c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span> n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Candrakirti khi lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> (N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna) c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh (xem M\u00e0dhyamikakak\u00e0rik\u00e0v\u1e5btti). N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eefu\u201d (bh\u00e0va), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4\u201d (abh\u00e0va) m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n-th\u1ec3-th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-n\u1eb1m-ngo\u00e0i-hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi (asamskrta). Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ngay trong c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft<\/span> ta, song nh\u1eefng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> l\u00e0m che m\u1edd th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> an nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> (Praj\u00f1\u00e0p\u00e0ramit\u00e0) m\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> bao ph\u1ee7 quanh ta h\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. D\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n (avy\u00e0k\u1e5bta).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> chia l\u00e0m ba th\u1ee9 Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a: Upadhise\u1e63a (h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n) t\u1ee9c khi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Nirupadhise\u1e63a hay Parinirv\u00e0na (V\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103m h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

Aprati\u1e63thita Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a (v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/span>) tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, song t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> cho qu\u1ea7n sinh<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> hi\u1ec3u Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span>, b\u00ecnh an<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb d\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span> tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ecbch Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh an nh\u01b0\u201d thay cho ch\u1eef Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u00e2m H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 v\u00e0o non 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, ta c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au th\u1ed1ng h\u1eadn v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eafm gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u<\/span> h\u1ecd m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, tham nh\u0169ng, cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7m l\u1ee3i. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> th\u00ec ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u1ea9n th\u00e2n<\/span> im ti\u1ebfng, ho\u1eb7c lao sa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>, tri\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb3ng \u0103n thua<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u00e9o h\u1eaft c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhau, nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ea tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng<\/span> tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span>, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i c\u00f2n sinh ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a. M\u00e3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c k\u1ef3 v\u0129 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 T\u00e1nh. Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, c\u0103n t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> hai nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> T\u00e1nh v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 H\u1eefu. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> T\u00e1nh cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> (t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>) l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> T\u01b0\u1edbng cho r\u1eb1ng Huy\u1ec5n (t\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 C\u00f3. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, hai nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00f9 \u1ee9ng theo t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng theo c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u00f4ng, th\u00ec T\u00e1nh-T\u01b0\u1edbng, Kh\u00f4ng-H\u1eefu nh\u01b0 hai b\u00e1nh xe c\u00f9ng l\u0103n tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa \u2013 trung-\u0111\u1ea1o. Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 trung lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba ngo\u00e0i hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kia. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1eaft c\u00f2n n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n<\/span> theo \u0111u\u00f4i nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> tranh h\u00f9ng<\/span>. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1eefa hay Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed9<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3m nguy, m\u00ecn n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, hi\u1ec3m nguy lang thang v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 trung lu\u1eadn<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> m\u1ecdi n\u1ebbo \u0111i ngang c\u1ee7a lang thang, m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna, Aryadeva, Vimalakirti, Shantideva, Candrakirti\u2026 qua nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> nh\u01b0 Mah\u00e0prajn\u00e0paramit\u00e0s\u00e0stra, Catu\u1e25 sataka, Vimalakirtinirdesa, Sik\u1e63\u00e0samuccaya, Prasanapad\u00e0 Madhyamakav\u1e5btti, Avata\u1e43saka\u2026 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, B\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0, Kinh Hoa Nghi\u00eam<\/span>, vv.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5. Khi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> hi\u1ec3n ra. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi hai nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. M\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (Samv\u1e5bti). M\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c khi \u0111\u00e3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf (Param\u00e0rtha).<\/p>\n

Su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> theo Th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> ho\u1eb7c Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb nghi ho\u1eb7c<\/span>, duy v\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khai th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u00e0. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec ta c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 khai di\u1ec5n<\/span>, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf th\u00ec m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t. Cho n\u00ean B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng (B\u00e1t b\u1ea5t trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>): Kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n (B\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1ea5t lai b\u1ea5t kh\u1ee9<\/span> b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng). Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed<\/span> m\u1ecdi \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng, m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111ang che m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng cho ta th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f4 k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Song \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Kinh Ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n<\/span> (mantra) hay t\u1ed5ng tr\u00ec<\/span> (dh\u00e0rani). Ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1eef m\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> trong M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (prasang\u00e0p\u00e0danam, reductio ad absurdum<\/i>) l\u1ea1i \u0111i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> ch\u0103ng? Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> D. T. Suzuki th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn Kinh Ru\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u00e1n<\/span>. V\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n<\/span> k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> Kinh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e2m vang th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u00e0 K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy c\u1ea5t l\u00ean, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n, h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> h\u1eadu \u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Suzuki. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4 k\u1ebft th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t linh ng\u1eef. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi. B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111em h\u1ebft th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. M\u1ed7i l\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (vikalpa). M\u1ed7i kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3n sinh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf hi\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ea1i, v\u00f4 minh<\/span> n\u1edf n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> xin \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh<\/span> hay s\u1ed1ng Kinh kia b\u1ed7ng v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi n\u01a1i<\/span> ch\u1ed1n\u2026 r\u1ed3i ni\u1ec1m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ea5y b\u1ebfn b\u1edd qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng sau chu\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u00e2m l\u1ee5y, l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y<\/span>, s\u1ebb b\u1eadt l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u201c\u1ee6a\u201d, nh\u1ebfch ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, hay qu\u1eafc l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft\u2026 Ti\u1ebfng th\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, hay qu\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00ed ra cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kinh Ru\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 trong khung c\u1ea3nh n\u00fai Linh Th\u1ee9u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, sau khi qu\u00e1n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u00ec h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eadt l\u00ean linh ng\u1eef k\u1ef3 v\u0129, v\u00f4 song<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m h\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ea5m: Gate, gate, p\u00e0ragate, parasamgate, bodhi sv\u00e0ha!<\/i> \u0110\u00e3 t\u1edbi r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 y\u00ean n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n! V\u00e0 linh ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> (B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3nh tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau su\u1ed1t m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ecdi sinh d\u00e2n! Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t!<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> hay l\u00e0 Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5<\/b>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0110\u1ea1i quan v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> x\u01b0a nay<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> x\u01b0a nay<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. T\u0129nh hay \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb H\u00e9raclite, Parmenide, Zenon, Platon. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u0129nh, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> cho ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span>. Th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh do nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00ean trong, v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u2026 \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111i t\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y nay bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111ua nhau gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> theo lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span>. Tuy c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>, song l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cai\u201d l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch \u0111i t\u1edbi? T\u00e2m hay v\u1eadt? N\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 hay ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ec3? Th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? M\u1ed9t b\u00ean nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi, song ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1eb1ng c\u1eedu<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u1eb1ng c\u1eedu<\/span> r\u00e1o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh v\u1eadt, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay v\u1eadt c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eabn nhau kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee9t. Tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m hay thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chia h\u1eb3n ra hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t dung<\/span> nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ngay trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i duy t\u00e2m<\/span> hay duy v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng chia ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> hay c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span>, d\u00f9 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u00e2m hay v\u1eadt. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong phe duy t\u00e2m<\/span>, khi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i th\u00ec ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i ta, c\u00e1i n\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i (nh\u01b0 Fichte) hay ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i ta, c\u00e1i n\u1ed9i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> (nh\u01b0 Schelling), ho\u1eb7c dung h\u00f2a<\/span> hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tr\u00ean v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> (nh\u01b0 Hegel). B\u00ean phe duy v\u1eadt<\/span>, tuy ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u1eadt<\/span>, ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1ed9i th\u1ec3, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t\u2026 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span>, th\u00f4ng qua.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng? Hai h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> t\u00e2m, v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi hai nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Kh\u00e1c \u1edf nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> qua ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. H\u1ec7 duy t\u00e2m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c<\/i> hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh<\/i> (selbstbewusstsein) l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span>, h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y<\/span>. T\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c<\/i> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> ng\u00e3, c\u00e1i ta, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. C\u00e1i ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u1edbi suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ta (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9c<\/i> (Aufheben) h\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c,<\/i> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh<\/i>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span>, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i t\u0103m<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 duy v\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed quan, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. N\u00f3i g\u00ec th\u00ec n\u00f3i, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt hay ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, d\u00f9 t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c\u2026 B\u1edfi v\u00ec theo ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>, b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, b\u1ecb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi kh\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> sinh l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed quan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd (v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>) v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span>. Lu\u1eadt m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> trong ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hegel l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh xa l\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi, h\u1ea7u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, l\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, l\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f9ng qua ba ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>: ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 (th\u00e8se), ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 (antith\u00e8se), v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1 hay t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec1 (synth\u00e8se). Sau n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hegel l\u00e0 Marx \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5<\/span> m\u00ecnh. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh \u0111i th\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span>, Marx h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5<\/span> quay v\u1ec1<\/span> s\u1eed quan duy v\u1eadt<\/span>. L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. V\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> th\u1ea3m s\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, theo khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 kh\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed quan nh\u01b0 Marx, Engels, L\u00e9nine \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y qua lu\u1eadt m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hegel, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd theo d\u00f5i<\/span> t\u1eeb ban s\u01a1<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo v\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> (c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> duy t\u00e2m<\/span>, duy th\u1ea7n, duy v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n (v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n). L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ecdi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> g\u1eaft gao<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, h\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> trong s\u00e1ng<\/span>, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh (affirmation<\/i> t\u1ee9c th\u00e8se<\/i>), ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh (n\u00e9gation<\/i> t\u1ee9c antith\u00e8se<\/i>), v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh (n\u00e9gation de la n\u00e9gation<\/i> t\u1ee9c synth\u00e8se<\/i>). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111i qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: l\u1eadp, ph\u00e1, r\u1ed3i h\u1ee3p. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt<\/span>. H\u1ecd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span>, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00e1ch quan tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>. Tuy c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>, c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, tuy c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> b\u00ean trong, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t l\u1ef1c (nh\u01b0 Hegel, autodynamisme) l\u00e0m d\u1eabn chuy\u1ec3n cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> (\u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sang ph\u1ea9m). Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, theo h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. Marx cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea7m b\u1edfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng: Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed quan \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Ch\u00ednh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 XIX \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn l\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> duy t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 duy v\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1edbi. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd h\u1ecd m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm trong li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebb l\u1ebb, nh\u1ed1t k\u00edn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u01a1i t\u1eebng kh\u1ed1i ri\u00eang, xa l\u00eca<\/span> nh\u1eefng li\u00ean quan<\/span> d\u00f9 xa d\u00f9 g\u1ea7n, d\u00f9 \u00edt d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1eadt (pratityasamutp\u00e0da). H\u1eb3n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n nh\u1edb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (Schwan v\u00e0 Schleiden); v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ngay trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1; v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00ed; v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Darwin; v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Descartes, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1ecdc y khoa c\u1ee7a Claude Bernard; v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kant, Auguste Comte, vv.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1i duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n ra nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span> quan v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> quan lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay l\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ly ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

T.R.V. Murti l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u01b0u t\u00fa<\/span> v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (M\u00e0dhyamika) cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi si\u00eau h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> lu\u1eadn (Agnosticisme). Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo lu\u1eadn l\u00fd n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i h\u01b0 ph\u00f9 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng<\/span> n\u01a1i tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>. N\u1ed7i tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> qua nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i g\u00ec cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i? Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p<\/span> ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span>. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> khi \u00fd l\u1ef1c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span>; c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong nhau tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t, b\u1ecb che k\u00edn, b\u1ecb r\u00e0o ng\u0103n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n<\/span>, s\u1edd so\u1ea1n \u0111em \u00fd l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111em ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1ed1 lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y \u0111i t\u00ecm hoa gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft. Hoa ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 xu\u00e2n th\u00ec hoa m\u1edbi n\u1edf, hay xu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 hoa th\u00ec xu\u00e2n m\u1edbi xu\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi kia \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? L\u00e0m sao n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u00f3? C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i duy t\u00e2m<\/span> xua l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm, v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0103n thua<\/span> g\u00ec. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1eb1ng c\u1eedu<\/span> ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i duy v\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec xua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u0129nh c\u1eefu<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span> tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ee9 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh (l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy t\u00e2m<\/span>) v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh (l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span>) \u0111\u00f3. Bao gi\u1edd th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (synth\u00e8se) hay ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n ra? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 bao l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ly ni\u1ec7m, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n<\/span> t\u1eadn n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng<\/span>, g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 suy, c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 suy tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy t\u00e2m<\/span>) hay s\u1ef1 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 suy (bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span>).<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hai (b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> – Advaya) m\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ly ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn l\u00fd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1edbi th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01b0 ph\u00f9 n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng, ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u1ed3n \u00e0o<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, ra kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ee5c t\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ea1ch m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. M\u1ecdi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> (drsti) (xem Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng Kinh<\/span> <\/i>trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i> \u2013 Brahmaj\u00e0la sutta \u2013 Digha nik\u00e0ya).<\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb<\/span><\/i> (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n, avy\u00e0k\u1e5bta) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n v\u00ec danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 sao bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e2y gi\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb<\/span>. Im l\u1eb7ng<\/span>. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec3n sinh k\u1ef3 v\u0129 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ebbo v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00fd nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n t\u00eanh.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> lung linh kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i ra hay di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> ra th\u00ec c\u00f2n g\u00ec l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m im l\u1eb7ng? Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: v\u00ec x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean im l\u1eb7ng!<\/p>\n

2. Ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ta v\u1eeba nh\u00ecn nhanh qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> x\u01b0a nay<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u1ebfu d\u01b0 d\u1ea3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, ta s\u1ebd c\u00f2n t\u00ecm ra<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh<\/span>, h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span> n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n. Tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> theo ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> theo k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn dai d\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, L\u00e9nine, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gia \u01b0u t\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed quan, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eadt v\u00f4 t\u1eadn!\u201d (L\u2019objet de la connaissance est in\u00e9puisable.) \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4n d\u00f2. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc L\u00e9nine kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u1edbi t\u00edn ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec\u201d (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n). N\u00f3i v\u1eady, ch\u1ee9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o<\/span> ch\u1ecbu \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n\u201d? Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 d\u00f2 l\u1eafm. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed quan l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u1edf h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u, theo bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch cho ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> h\u01a1n, ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t phong quang<\/span> h\u01a1n, ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. N\u00f3i theo danh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00ean d\u1ea7n theo v\u00f2ng tr\u00f4n \u1ed1c<\/span> (spirale).<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3, ta th\u1ea5y ngay r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> duy v\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed quan khai tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u00e9gel ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (samv\u1e5bti) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u00e2m linh<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n v\u00f9i d\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ta n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> d\u00e0i l\u00e2u, ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1edfi tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00fd l\u1ef1c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u00f3i ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span>. B\u1ed7ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y, trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y tho\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng \u0111i t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh kia. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Song c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt y nguy\u00ean<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> khi n\u00f3i: Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi, hay ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> x\u01b0a nay<\/span>. Ta h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 ch\u00e1y, trong c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u00fd l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang c\u00f3, sai c\u00f3, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u00f3, v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai h\u00f4 ch\u1ea1y ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 l\u1eeda, ch\u1ea1y ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ea3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ng\u00e2y th\u01a1, song nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5. N\u00f3 g\u1ecdi ta ch\u1ea1y ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 l\u1eeda, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ta tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> say s\u01b0a gi\u1eefa l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. N\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi manh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u l\u00f4i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh. Nh\u1edd ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Xin hi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi trong ngh\u0129a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u1eb7p m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> t\u1edbi c\u0103n r\u1ec5 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. B\u1eaft ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i t\u1ee9c th\u00ec ng\u1eebng ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 c\u00fat b\u1eaft v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ngay gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span>. Tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, trong Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. B\u1edfi ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1 (hay t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh) l\u1eadp n\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1 hay t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecdng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 ba. V\u1ecdng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1edbi, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u00e0i m\u00e3i l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c<\/span> t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 quan<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u1edf m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp lang<\/span> m\u1edbi h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, hay m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec hai l\u1ebd: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00f2ng l\u00ean tr\u00f4n \u1ed1c c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span> \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp lang<\/span> m\u1edbi, kh\u1ea3 quan<\/span> h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf m\u00e3i ho\u00e0i m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>. V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n l\u1eadp-ph\u00e1-h\u1ee3p c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span> quay tr\u00f2n, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00ean theo tr\u00f4n \u1ed1c. Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> b\u1ecb t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn, v\u00ec bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. V\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd m\u00e3i ho\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, trong tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y mai ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span>, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t r\u1eebng m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea t\u1ee9c r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng, r\u1eddi b\u1ecf t\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, r\u1eddi b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63ti) v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. M\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1, suy v\u1ec1, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1, s\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3n sinh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a v\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n bao quanh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span>, qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea7m, n\u00f3 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft \u0111i th\u00ec Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1edbi khai m\u1edf. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00f2n trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (vikalpa, bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>). Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh \u0111\u1ebb ra th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e9n m\u1edf b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n m\u00ea bao quanh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ta, khi\u1ebfn cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. Khi\u1ebfn cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span>, c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do<\/span>. H\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> n\u1ed9i th\u1ec3, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi\u2026 th\u1ea3y th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng hai (b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span>) s\u00e1ng l\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu<\/span>, tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1, ch\u1ec9 tay<\/span> n\u0103m ng\u00f3n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch<\/span> \u0111ang nh\u00ecn t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh (pratityasamutp\u00e0da), c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (s\u00f9ny\u00e0ta) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> kh\u1ecfi m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5. V\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span>, quy\u1ec1n s\u1ee9c g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p<\/span> n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u<\/span> cho t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i g\u00ec cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i? Nh\u00ecn cho k\u1ef9, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do<\/span> b\u00ean ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u, b\u00ean ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. T\u1ef1 do<\/span> ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u1ef1 do<\/span> h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u2026 n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/span>, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea3i ho\u00e0i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng x\u00e2y tr\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn?<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 b\u00e0y m\u1edf ra th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span>. T\u1ef1 do<\/span> v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> (Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a) tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> \u0111\u00f3; \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o xa kh\u00e1c. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u00ec ta m\u00ea. H\u1ebft m\u00ea th\u00ec ng\u1ed9. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi (sams\u00e0ra) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Do v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u1ea5p ra hai. Do tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> chia ra hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>: Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cK\u1ebb n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2ng g\u00ec hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf (Param\u00e0rtasatya) hay l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>,<\/i> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u00ednh<\/span>. Ki\u1ebfn t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span>, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> theo s\u1edf th\u00edch<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> h\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n, y\u00eau gh\u00e9t, \u00fd th\u00edch, ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3n ra. <\/i>Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ly ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ly ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ea1ch. Ly ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 l\u00eca c\u00e1i v\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5p<\/span>. Ly ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ec5m, sa \u0111\u1eafm, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u00e1i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> d\u1ea5y l\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho hai th\u1ee9 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean ly ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> nghe, th\u1ea5y, ng\u1eedi, n\u1ebfm, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n\u201d (b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb<\/span>, avy\u00e0krta) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n v\u1edbi danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111em c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p c\u1ed9ng tr\u1eeb nh\u00e2n chia ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh vi ph\u00e2n<\/span> (calcul diff\u00e9rentiel). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u00e9n m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (samv\u1e5btisatya) l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u1ec7nh danh, th\u1ee9 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. Candrakirti \u0111\u01b0a ra ba \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\n
    <\/p>\n
  1. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec che \u00e1m th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec ly h\u1eb3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (avidya).<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  2. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n.<\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  3. Th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ecb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>. \u0110\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 sai \u1edf kia. T\u1ed1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y x\u1ea5u cho k\u1ebb kia. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u1ea5u tr\u0129<\/span>.<\/li>\n

    <\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

    \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ee9 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y theo Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n sinh s\u1ed1ng, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng<\/span>, suy ngh\u0129<\/span> theo v\u00e0 trong V\u00f4 minh<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> (th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> V\u00f4 minh<\/span> gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span>, c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> (B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh) trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a y li\u1ec7u. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 y li\u1ec7u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh, ta c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span>. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> t\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y hay d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m kia c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u<\/span>. Ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> y khoa ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m ph\u00f9 \u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u00e2m-sinh l\u00fd, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. U\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o gi\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u<\/span>, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00fac kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> g\u00ec. Khoa h\u1ecdc y khoa ch\u1ec9 quan<\/span> s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span>, nh\u01b0 y li\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb sa \u0111\u1eafm, l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 ch\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n theo ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> suy c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng-\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n c\u00e1i n\u00e0o. C\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> n\u00f3 \u1edf trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, an vui. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> khi b\u1ecb nh\u00ecn qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e9t \u0111i r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> hi\u1ec3n sinh ra. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn<\/i>, c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y<\/i> kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean kia. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span>, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhau. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gom h\u1ecdp nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (quantitative) kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gom h\u1ecdp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m (qualitative) kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 kia. \u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t (autodynamisme) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u1ea9m. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, ra l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi? Bao l\u00e2u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u01b0a im b\u1eb7t<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u00f2n quay ho\u00e0i c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span>, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>, tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    Ta th\u1eed nh\u00ecn ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 qua Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

    Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 m\u1ecdi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p<\/span> n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Kinh Ru\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. \u0110au kh\u1ed5<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. V\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c thu\u00ea, \u0111i l\u00e0m thu\u00ea \u1edf m\u01b0\u1edbn cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3n sinh m\u00ecnh trong t\u1ef1 do<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy qu\u00e1n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/span>. Qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, qu\u00e1n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch, l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi \u2013 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Kh\u1ecfi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong, l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y ph\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. T\u1ea5t th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nhau m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. V\u00e0 ngay m\u1ed7i h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 kia c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng<\/i> (s\u00f9ny\u00e0ta). Kh\u00f4ng <\/i>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng <\/i>l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh (pratitya sammutpad\u00e0), kh\u00f4ng <\/i>l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u00f4, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt\u2026 Kh\u00f4ng<\/i> l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng <\/i>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (antadvayas\u00f9nya).<\/p>\n

    Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebb t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au li\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>. \u0110\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1edf ra.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Tuy h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tin v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u1eafn d\u1ef1ng ra m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> skanda<\/i>) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3<\/i>. Ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, s\u1ebd n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> sau khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span>: ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> hay ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u2026 vv. Trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng (s\u00f9ny\u00e0ta per se<\/i>) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, c\u00e1i n\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> trong khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 Kinh Ru\u1ed9t n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u201cH\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng\u201d gi\u1ea3i ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngh\u0129 v\u1eady n\u00ean v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 (r\u00f9pa), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eaft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ee7y th\u1ec3, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, bi\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ra h\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c xem ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu (bh\u00e0va). C\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> nguy h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, b\u1edfi ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>. Ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> theo t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>: xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>; ho\u1eb7c xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>; ho\u1eb7c xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eeba c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1eeba v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f3 hai c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t; ho\u1eb7c xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span>. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span> khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Trong Kinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m (Brahmaj\u00e0la Sutta \u2013 Dikhanik\u00e0ya) \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau ra t\u1edbi 62 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 sau \u0111\u00e2y, khi Kinh \u0111em hai danh t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3<\/i> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> nhau trong s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> chi\u1ebfu si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>:<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> hay m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

    Kinh Ru\u1ed9t vi\u1ebft: \u201cTrong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u2026\u201d, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nhau. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. C\u00f9ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, \u1eaft ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nhau t\u1edbi k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> nhau t\u1edbi k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau t\u1edbi k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng, cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00f2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> theo hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f5i c\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u00f4, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2026 quy\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Kinh Ru\u1ed9t khai th\u1ecb: \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3\u201d. Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1ecdi ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 Tr\u1eeb nguy v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>. Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, m\u1ecdi li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> qua th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> (t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> anitya<\/i> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> an\u00e0tma<\/i>), h\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span>, c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> hay c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

    \u0110i t\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u01b0 ph\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> tr\u00ean kia, Kinh Ru\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>: h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00eau ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, n\u00eau ra t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. H\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean do nhi\u1ec1u duy\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i<\/span>. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00ec ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3. Ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0m c\u00e1n c\u00e2n, n\u1ea3y m\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c khi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/i>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p<\/b><\/p>\n

    Gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng do nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi: h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. Song th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y khi quan s\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1eadt g\u00ec, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00ec, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp n\u00ean b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Ta n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 trong ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> Kinh Ru\u1ed9t n\u00f3i \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3\u201d. Nh\u1edd h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 t\u00e1nh n\u00ean duy\u00ean sanh\u201d v\u00e0 v\u00ec duy\u00ean sanh<\/span> n\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u00e1nh<\/span>. Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u201cNh\u1edd ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00ean m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span>.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay v\u00f4 t\u00e1nh<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u qua b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

    \n
      <\/p>\n
    1. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3<\/i>, t\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i n\u00e0y (ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>) v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i kia (h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3). Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u1ea9n \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i.<\/li>\n

      <\/p>\n

    2. H\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>, t\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i kia v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i n\u00e0y. N\u00eau ra ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t \u0111i h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n

      <\/p>\n

    3. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>. Qua hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00eau c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u1ea5t c\u00e1i kia song s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u1edf trong nhau, ch\u00fang h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p nhau, n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1 nhau m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Ch\u00fang dung th\u00f4ng<\/span> nhau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eady. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u: ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/li>\n

      <\/p>\n

    4. V\u00ec h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1eefa. B\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> tho\u1eaft sinh: Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u1ed5 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9 ng\u1ee5c, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>. V\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y ta mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ta c\u00f3 n\u00f3i h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> g\u00ec ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. V\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9ng m\u1ecb. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1t thi\u00eau h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi phong c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, m\u00e0n k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n

      <\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

      Ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> hay v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 ba ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1edd qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ta n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span>. Nh\u1edd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 ta khai m\u1edf Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, nh\u1edd v\u1eady ta kh\u01a1i m\u1edf t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c l\u00f2ng x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> (\u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span>, mah\u00e0karuna) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea9n k\u00edn n\u01a1i an vui v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span>. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 sau khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi k\u1ebb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh) trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> (mah\u00e0 praj\u00f1a) hay \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> tr\u00ean v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> an nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, h\u1eefu, v\u00f4, t\u00e2m, v\u1eadt\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u trong Kinh Ru\u1ed9t: \u201cN\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi con d\u00f2ng Sari, m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng d\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u00eam c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1edbt.\u201d M\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tri\u1ec7t-ph\u00e1-kh\u00f4ng-ng\u01b0ng-nh\u1eefng-\u1ea3o-v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y. V\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tri\u1ec7t-ph\u00e1-kh\u00f4ng-ng\u01b0ng-nh\u1eefng-\u1ea3o-v\u1ecdng (prasangav\u00e0kya, reductio ad absurdum<\/i>), l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. N\u00f3 sa th\u1ea3i<\/span> m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf, kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ng\u01b0ng t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

      Th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span>, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng) ch\u00fang h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, ch\u1edd l\u00fac th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau<\/span> nhau, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ng\u1ee5y trang, chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee3i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span> trong c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 trong Kinh Ru\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

      Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> hay bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u00e0-th\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u00ean. Tuy v\u1eady v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Bao l\u00e2u c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>, c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t-ph\u00e1-kh\u00f4ng-ng\u01b0ng-nh\u1eefng-\u1ea3o-v\u1ecdng (m\u1ecdi Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ra tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span>. Tuy tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> (nihilisme). Ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa H\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, hay bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0: H\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 (tr\u1eeb h\u1ecd, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean!), c\u00f2n bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, hay bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00ec (v\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, hay bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span>, cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef (Kle\u015bas v\u00e0 Karma). Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. T\u00e1c phong c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb mang bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c phong d\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span>. Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n sinh s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      Ch\u00ednh ngay trong b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span> Ru\u1ed9t, \u0111o\u1ea1n 4, ta th\u1ea5y Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/span> l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span>, m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t an<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1edbm t\u00ecm ra<\/span> an nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u00ec. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a<\/span> n\u00e0o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft hay x\u01b0\u1edbng minh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Kinh Ru\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 t\u1edbi k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng, ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc: \u201cTrong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 (s\u1eafc th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c<\/span>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 18 gi\u1edbi (dh\u00e0tu), g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u c\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1eaft tai m\u0169i l\u01b0\u1ee1i th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u00fd; s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>: s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y, ti\u1ebfng nghe, m\u00f9i ng\u1eedi, v\u1ecb n\u1ebfm, s\u1edd ch\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u1ea3nh<\/span>, hay \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; v\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft (\u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>) n\u1ea3y sinh ra khi s\u00e1u c\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n<\/span>.\u201d Kinh Ru\u1ed9t c\u0169ng ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 (xem Astas\u00e0hasrik\u00e0prajn\u00e0p\u00e0ramit\u00e0). N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u1ebfu v\u00f4 minh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, v\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf? L\u00e0m sao ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc? (xem M\u00e0dhyamikakaric\u00e0). V\u00f4 minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn (epistemic status). V\u00f4 minh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng hai vai tr\u00f2<\/span> th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 n\u00f3 che m\u1edd th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (\u00e0varana), hai l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (asatkhy\u00e0pana). V\u00ec n\u00f3 che m\u1edd, n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra k\u1ebd h\u1edf cho k\u1ebb t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1 \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e9n m\u1edf th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      V\u00ec v\u00f4 minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, n\u00ean Kinh Ru\u1ed9t n\u00f3i: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ebft gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft<\/i>, nh\u01b0 Kinh Ru\u1ed9t vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a danh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      Kinh Ru\u1ed9t vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/i> \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, c\u1ed1 t\u00edn v\u00e0o B\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ed5 (T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, Catv\u00e0ry\u00e0ryasaty\u00e0ni) m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong l\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf th\u00e0nh Balan\u1ea1i, xem \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn<\/span>, \u0111i t\u00ecm th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. Ng\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, ng\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. B\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ed5 (kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

      – Kh\u1ed5, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 (Kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ea1o) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      – Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (di\u1ec7t, nirodhasatya hay Nirv\u00e0\u1e47a) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

      Ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f3 b\u00e0y ra Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt trong ba \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u trong Kinh Ru\u1ed9t: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/i><\/p>\n

      B\u1edfi v\u1eady Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Kh\u00f4ng. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> (tath\u00e0gatha) v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> (mah\u00e0praj\u00f1a) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> (mah\u00e0karuna) m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ra mu\u00f4n ngh\u00ecn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eddi, c\u1ee9u sinh d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng sinh d\u00e2n th\u1ed1ng h\u1eadn, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00e1 m\u00ea tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5. \u1ede gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1u b\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span>, trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u00e0 trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, Kinh Ru\u1ed9t l\u00e0 y li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, s\u1eeda d\u1ecdn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau su\u1ed1t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ecdi sinh d\u00e2n, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> linh ng\u1eef: Gate gate p\u00e0ragate p\u00e0rasamgate Bodhisv\u00e0ha.<\/i><\/p>\n

      V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngay gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. L\u00fd do<\/span> khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m sao?<\/p>\n

      Tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm l\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng mong an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, n\u00f3i t\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho an l\u1ea1c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng an l\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ebfch d\u1eb7m m\u00f9 kh\u01a1i. Tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u201ctr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p, d\u00f9 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span>. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i t\u1edbi h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Song ch\u01b0a ai gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Gi\u1eefa ai, v\u1edbi ai, cho ai? H\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o? Ai h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho ai v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ai? Ai, ai \u0111ang v\u1ecdng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi bi thi\u1ebft, bu\u1ed3n t\u00eanh, ai o\u00e1n? C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tri\u1ec7u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi, th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ecdc l\u00ean ngh\u00ecn tri\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e2u trong \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      Ph\u1ea3i h\u00f3a<\/i> m\u00ecnh \u0111i th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec ch\u1eef h\u00f2a<\/i> ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a uy\u00ean<\/span> nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ed3i. Ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3i t\u1edbi h\u00f2a<\/i> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span>, n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u0169<\/span> l\u1ef1c. H\u00f2a<\/i> bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ea1m ho\u00e3n, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> nhau. Ph\u1ea3i h\u00f3a<\/i> m\u00ecnh \u0111i b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ly ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Kinh Ru\u1ed9t Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1edbi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ai \u0111\u00e2y trong 30 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1ecbu r\u0169 b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady<\/span>, v\u1ee9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea<\/span> ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u1ee9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> sinh d\u00e2n?<\/p>\n

      D\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Kinh Ru\u1ed9t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec s\u1edf h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i cho ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm, v\u00ec tinh v\u00e0o h\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n Kinh<\/span>. Ri\u00eang c\u00e1i linh ng\u1eef Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> Si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00f4i, in ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n, th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh<\/span> h\u1ed3n linh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u00fang ch\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ch\u0103ng? \u00cdt ra ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>: ph\u1ee5ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y cho nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, \u0111ang \u00e2m th\u1ea7m t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n sinh Kinh<\/span> Ru\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, hay tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecf. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t Chi Mai.<\/p>\n

      R\u1eebng Tr\u00fac<\/span>, vi\u1ebft xong \u0111\u00eam tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch 2517.<\/p>\n

      Thi V\u0169<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

      Printed in France by Imprimerie VOV. 25, rue Jaffeux, 92230 Gennevilliers, France.<\/p>\n

      (c) 1973, D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 & R\u1eebng Tr\u00fac<\/span>.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eadp li\u1ec7u<\/b>: Ch\u00fac Huy Nguy\u1ec5n minh Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Ch\u00fac Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n th\u1ecb Di\u1ec7u Minh<\/span>.<\/div>\n

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      Ngu\u1ed3n :       Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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