{"id":7382,"date":"2020-12-03T14:00:47","date_gmt":"2020-12-03T07:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/03\/dao-phat-va-mo-hinh-giao-duc-con-nguoi-toan-dien\/"},"modified":"2020-12-03T14:00:47","modified_gmt":"2020-12-03T07:00:47","slug":"dao-phat-va-mo-hinh-giao-duc-con-nguoi-toan-dien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/03\/dao-phat-va-mo-hinh-giao-duc-con-nguoi-toan-dien\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 M\u00f4 H\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi To\u00e0n Di\u1ec7n"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ad_1]
\n<\/p>\n

\n


\u0110\u1ea0O PH\u1eacT<\/span> V\u00c0 M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C<\/span> CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/span> TO\u00c0N DI\u1ec6N<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n


Nguy\u00ean Thu\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\u0110\u1ea1o

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1eafn b\u00f3<\/span> v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u<\/span>, r\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp ngh\u0129, n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, m\u1edf mang d\u00e2n tr\u00ed<\/span>, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i<\/span> cho x\u1ee9 s\u1edf?<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span> trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> vai tr\u00f2<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. B\u00e0i g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u00e1u m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ed3m hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt nhau. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 1 (H\u00ecnh 1) n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y g\u1ed3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>; gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng; c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf; v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.\u00a0 Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay, khi th\u00f4ng tin ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, (ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> qua Internet, kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua cha m\u1eb9<\/span> hay th\u00e0y c\u00f4), c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (linear relationship), m\u00e0 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi[ii]. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, v\u1eeba ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn phi\u00ean ch\u00fang, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi hay c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> hay x\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>. R\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> hay c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nhau, c\u00f9ng nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u00ean ch\u00fang, s\u1ebd chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> li\u00ean l\u1eadp trong nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> (Bandura, 1986, 1991; Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1986; 1989). \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111an k\u1ebft v\u00e0o nhau nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao, t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, hay to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 2, t\u1ee9c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> (H\u00ecnh 2), n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 1. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn b\u00f3<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i chung hay to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xa l\u1ea1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c trau gi\u1ed3i tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> cho t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 2 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u00e1u m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> h\u00f3a to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> nhau, kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o;<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

2. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111i t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 1; v\u00e0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

3. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> (universal), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u1eabn h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu (students with special needs), h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh quy (traditional students) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy (non-traditional students). \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (\u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u1edf M\u1ef9, Canada, \u00dac, xin \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam Gates, 2005; Jagodzinski, 2002; Johnson, 2002; Vokey, 1999).\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 2.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu<\/span> trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u quan y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> th\u00ec h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span>, s\u1ebd ra sao v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m?[iii]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn con em v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y. T\u00f9y l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c cho thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1<\/span> \u1ea5u hay c\u1ea5p m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c em c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng<\/span> trung th\u1ef1c<\/span>; bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf (delayed gratification), t\u1eadp h\u00edt th\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> hay th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n; t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef s\u1ea1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng; c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i<\/span>, ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng cho; t\u1eadp b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen<\/span> x\u1ea5u; t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u00edch<\/span>, tr\u00e1nh xa h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span>, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, phim chuy\u1ec7n, hay tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span>, h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u1edbn, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>, b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129<\/span>, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ee3i m\u00ecnh l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ecda thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m-c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u2026 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, v\u1eeba \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh \u0111ang c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span>, kinh vi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m trao truy\u1ec1n tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n, khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, tin h\u1ecdc (computer science \/information technology), l\u1ecbch s\u1eed-c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social studies)\u2026. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u1edbn: ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd-h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u1ee5c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>, xoay v\u00f2ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, t\u1eeb m\u1eabu<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span>; ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd-h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf gi\u00e1o khoa, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, ph\u00f2ng vi t\u00ednh, k\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng, qu\u1ef9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 theo th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>; do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, v\u00ec c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n chung.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb x\u01b0a, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span>, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea7n khoa c\u1eed, h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, xa r\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n nay, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u1eefa. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> cho t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c<\/span>, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p hay h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda. thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span>, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c, ngh\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, may v\u00e1, n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng<\/span>. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1edbm (t\u1eeb m\u1eabu<\/span> gi\u00e1o), l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef (h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span>, kinh vi\u1ec7n), nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm, v\u00e0 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trau gi\u1ed3i th\u00eam nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> t\u1ed1t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>. \u1ede c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eadp d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span>, an to\u00e0n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o tay c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u1ea5p m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c em ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i, t\u1eadp d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i c\u01b0a c\u00e1i khoan, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba ch\u01a1i. Nh\u01b0ng khi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn trung h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c<\/span>, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc<\/span>, k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7\u2026. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, k\u1ef7 x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 di d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu<\/span> cao \u0111\u1eb9p, trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n<\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ecdng ngo\u1ea1i, b\u00e0i n\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e1t huy cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/span> nh\u1eb1m r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, minh m\u1eabn<\/span>, c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e0, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng<\/span>, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen<\/span> x\u1ea5u (nh\u01b0 h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c, r\u01b0\u1ee3u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span>), c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd<\/span> do b\u1ea9m sinh, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt hay tai n\u1ea1n<\/span>), v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu cho tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t huy h\u1ebft ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u1edbn lao cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span>, h\u1eefu \u00edch. Ngay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t huy m\u1eb7t m\u1ea1nh hay ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng em. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1<\/span> cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1. Nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i<\/span> l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n qu\u00fd b\u00e1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>; n\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i<\/span> cho mai h\u1eadu. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> 3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>: 1) nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span>; 2) d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; v\u00e0 3) b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng-khoa hoc-th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, l\u00e0 dem lai an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ph\u00fac cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1eeb khi l\u1ecdt l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> vun s\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, bi\u1ebft chia x\u1ebb<\/span>, c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span>, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u00e0 ai trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng ngo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ti m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m<\/span> hay ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> (chauvinism), ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n (self-complacency), c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> gi\u00fap c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, tr\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> chung (universal responsibility).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> g\u1ed3m ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>: b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng-khoa hoc-th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o<\/span> quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft l\u1edbp 12), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 logic c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p l\u1edbp n\u00e0y qua c\u1ea5p l\u1edbp k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y; n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang l\u00e0m; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u1ee9c x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> chung quanh, th\u00ec c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eeba b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m \u0111em l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> gi\u00fap c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> qua c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean?<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. L\u00e0ng x\u00f3m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i ch\u00f9a. \u1ede c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> thu\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung[iv]. T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span> nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span>[v].<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span>: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt\u201d (Matthieu, & Tr\u1ecbnh, 2001, trang 282). \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p s\u00e2u s\u1eafc thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia khoa h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 [vi].<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c tha<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> h\u1ea1nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> th\u00e2n gi\u00e1o (l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng), v\u00e0 t\u00f9y duy\u00ean<\/span>, t\u00f9y c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span> t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft, m\u1ed7i Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n tu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, n\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ch\u1ecdn cho m\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span>, v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> (Kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span>, k\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 25 b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Narada Thera, 1978, trang 27).\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, cha m\u1eb9<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0y c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i. Qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho con em m\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Ra ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, t\u0103ng ni<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0y c\u00f4 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. G\u01b0\u01a1ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> ph\u1ea3i soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c em v\u00e0o ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> qua t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> tham s\u00e2n si<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/span> h\u01b0 d\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0m m\u1edd m\u1ecbt<\/span>. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, b\u1eb1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i con tr\u1ebb nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u hay n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> th\u00eam th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n, ph\u00f2ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00e2m linh<\/span> (g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng \u201ct\u01b0 v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00fd\u201d) trong t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> hay \u1edf n\u01a1i thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng qu\u00e1n \u1ed3n \u00e0o<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 thi, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1edf mang tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n v\u1eeba thu hut gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 khu ph\u1ed1, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m n\u00ean thu x\u1ebfp<\/span> m\u1eddi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> sinh vi\u00ean, thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00f4 b\u1ed5<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. Qu\u00fd Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, gi\u00fap thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> l\u1ec5 nghi<\/span> n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>, l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/span> th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh<\/span> cho th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span>. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00fd Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a t\u1ecbnh tu (retreat) cho m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng<\/span> cho tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, khu ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 huynh Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 x\u00fay, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> s\u1edbm th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span> qua c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1eddi L\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> (Th\u00edch Thanh T\u1eeb, 1991).\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> h\u1ecdc sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> ph\u00e1t huy kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>; g\u00f3p \u00fd, g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> trong ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc cho tr\u1ebb em mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea, mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai; v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> cho tr\u1ebb \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc v\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf gia<\/span> \u0111\u00ecnh eo h\u1eb9p. Nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, t\u1eebng v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i trang b\u1ecb cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh chung.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, thi ca<\/span>, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch: qua sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> hay qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a, ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span>, ngay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ebfn sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span>, tham quan \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u00e1c di t\u00edch<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng<\/span>, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec5n l\u00e3m\/ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y trong trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, t\u1ec9nh, qu\u1eadn. H\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (th\u01a1, tranh v\u1ebd, c\u1eafm hoa, l\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e8n, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc<\/span>…) v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u01a1i t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/span>, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ec3 thao l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, chia s\u1ebb, l\u1eafng nghe th\u00e0y c\u00f4 hay c\u00e1c t\u0103ng ni<\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u1ecdc chung tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> b\u00e0n gh\u1ebf, l\u1ed1i \u0111i d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 (assistive technology) t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> h\u1eefu \u00edch. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (special schools\/institutions) \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp (mainstreaming\/inclusive education) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> (Seelman, 2002).[vii]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m non t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ea7n g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i<\/span> cho mai h\u1eadu. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> tham gia<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a con em m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> chung b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. V\u1edbi h\u01a1n 80% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c<\/span>, t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c<\/span> trong l\u1eabn ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span>, duy tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> g\u00ec v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng? Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean, mi\u1ec1n th\u00f4n qu\u00ea h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc v\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf gia<\/span> \u0111\u00ecnh? Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> trong ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, ph\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n (c\u1ea3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng) cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3? V\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> trong t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tha h\u00f3a v\u00ec b\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng?<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span>. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00ea c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean. Hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00eau l\u00ean trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> su\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. C\u00f3 qua th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u1ea7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Notes\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[ii]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kinh Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span> v\u00ed c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> li\u00ean l\u1eadp ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u00e2u<\/span> (\u201cIndra\u2019s jeweled net\u201d). M\u1ed7i m\u1eafc l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m<\/span> hay \u1edf ven r\u00eca. T\u1eebng h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u1edf ven r\u00eca m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u kia ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam The Dalai Lama, The Universe in a Single Atom (New York: Morgan Road Books, 2005; ISBN 0-7679-2066-X) trang 88-89.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[iii]\u00a0\u00a0 Trong quy\u1ec3n The Quantum and the Lotus (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001; ISBN 1-4000-8079-7), trang 264-265, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Matthieu Ricard, m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, vi\u1ebft: \u201c Family upbringing and education in general must put the emphasis back on human, ethical values that assist inner transformation. Parents and teachers, who are often as lost as their charges in this field, think that spirituality is a private affair and doesn\u2019t concern education. But it seems to me that schools should offer children the possibility to discover the world\u2019s great spiritual traditions \u2013and not just their histories, but also the essence of their teachings and ethics. I think that seeing secularity as a total absence of spiritual education is an impoverishment and a block to intellectual freedom. Since many young people have never been confronted with ideas that might inspire them, they think that life is meaningless.\u201d (Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00f3i chung ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 th\u00e0y c\u00f4, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m linh<\/span> nh\u01b0 con em h\u1ecd, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ri\u00eang t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean cho con em c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh t\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf<\/span> t\u1ef1 do<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> [NT xin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span>]. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn di d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh<\/span>, h\u1ecd cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u2013NT).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[iv]\u00a0\u00a0 R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a, th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> kinh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt bi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ec7n<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp, c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c x\u00f3m ngh\u00e8o \u1edf mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea, mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> online cho Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> (\u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 http:\/\/www.budsas.org\/).Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> n\u0103m ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Dr. Ambedkar (\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea4n (the untouchables). \u1ede Th\u00e1i lan, c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh AIDS v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span>. H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Prayak Kutajjito c\u00f9ng d\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0ng Pakham ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> m\u1ed9t r\u1eebng l\u1edbn, v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i, t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y. \u1ede New York, Bernard Glasmann \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quy t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> m\u00f4i sinh. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3<\/span> trong v\u00f9ng. T\u0103ng s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Matthieu Ricard an vui tu t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span> trong v\u00f9ng Hy m\u00e3 l\u1ea1p s\u01a1n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. [xin \u0111\u1ecdc Matthieu & Tr\u1ecbnh, trang 265, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn; v\u00e0 Matthieu, R., Happiness: A Guide to Developing Life\u2019s Most Important Skill (Paris: Nil, Edition, 2003), b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a Browner, Jesse (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2006, ISBN-10: 0-316-05783-5)].<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[v]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Dalai Lama ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span>, trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 tham gia<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7n Mind and Life t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: \u201cIn view of this capability [of modern physics], I have made a strong case on several occasions for the introduction of basics physics into the studies of the Tibetan monastic colleges. I argued that we would not in fact introducing a new subject; rather we would be updating an inherent part of the curriculum. I am happy that the academic monastic colleges now hold regular workshops on modern physics. The workshops are run by physics professors and some of their senior graduate students from Western universities. I hope that this initiative will ultimately result in the full entry of modern physics into the regular philosophical cur-riculum in Tibetan monasteries.\u201d (The Dalai Lama, The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality, trang 58) (Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y [c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>], trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbp t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. T\u00f4i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0o c\u1ea3; n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang<\/span> h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span>. T\u00f4i vui m\u1eebng<\/span> th\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e2u n\u0103m c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh kh\u00f3a t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span> T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u2013NT)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[vi]\u00a0\u00a0 Xin t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Mind and Life Institute http:\/\/www.mindandlife.org\/<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[vii]\u00a0\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Katherine D. Seelman, nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> Hoa k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> (NIDRR) su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Clinton, \u0111\u00e3 sang Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span> ba tu\u1ea7n<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a UNESCO 1998 v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, b\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n 1 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/span> (l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i 0-15). Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c em s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 36.6% tr\u1ebb em ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, 47.6% \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 15.8% ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc d\u1edf dang<\/span>. G\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i \u0111i h\u1ecdc (6-17 tu\u1ed5i) kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc (illiterate). Tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (assistive technology and rehabilitation) nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y (Seelman, 2002).<\/p>\n


\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations o f Thought and Action.A Social Cognitive<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action . In W. M.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kurtine s, & J. L. Gewi rtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development. Vol. 1: Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological system theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.) Annals of Child Development. Vol. 6: Theories of Child Development: Revised Formulations and Current Issues. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dalai Lama (2005). The Universe in a Single Atom. New York: Morgan Road Books, 2005; ISBN 0-7679-2066-X.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gates, G.S. (2005). Awakening to school community: Buddhist philosophy for educational reform.\u00a0 Journal of Educational Thought. Vol 39(2), 149-173.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jagodzinski, J. (2002). The ethics of the \u201creal\u201d in Levinas, Lacan, and Buddhism: Pedagogical implications. Educational Theory, 52(1), 81-96.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Johnson, I. (2002). The application of Buddhist principles to lifelong learning. International Journal of Lifelong Education. Vol. 21(17), 99-114.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Matthieu, R. & Trinh, X.T. (2001). The Quantum and the Lotus -New York: Three Rivers Press.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Seelman, K.D. (2002). Inclusive education in Vietnam: A snapshot. Disability World. E-zine o f the International Disability Exchanges and Studies Issue No. 14, 1-3. June-August 2002. http:\/\/www.disabilityworld.org\/. Truy c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2005.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thera, Narada (1978). The Dhammapada. 3rd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Buddhist Missionary Society.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00edch Thanh T\u1eeb (1991). Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> Cu\u1ed1i Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 20. Thi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. S\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng do Thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Tu\u1ec7 Th\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i California, USA.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vokey, D. (1999). Macintyre, moral value, and Mahayana Buddhism: Embracing the unthinkable in moral education. Educational Theory, 49(1), 91-106.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[ad_1] \u0110\u1ea0O PH\u1eacT V\u00c0 M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C CON NG\u01af\u1edcI TO\u00c0N DI\u1ec6N Nguy\u00ean Thu\u1ea7n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1eafn b\u00f3\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7383,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-7382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7382"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7382\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7382"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7382"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7382"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=7382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

[ad_2]
\n
Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"