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NGH\u1ec6 THU\u1eacT PH\u1ea0M-B\u1ed0I TRONG KINH \u0110I\u1ec2N<\/span> PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00fac Ph\u00fa<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n<\/span> thanh c\u1ed1 kh\u1edfi1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\nNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cung b\u1eadc \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 t\u00e1n ca<\/span>, ng\u00e2m v\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>\u00a0V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0<\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i ri\u00eang mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean phong<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i ri\u00eang; tuy v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> nh\u1eefng giao thoa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec c\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nKh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u00e1c n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01a1 ca2<\/sup>. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt mang ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadtPh\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n<\/span> th\u01a1-ca mang n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o <\/span>c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cung b\u1eadc \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 t\u00e1n ca<\/span>, ng\u00e2m v\u1ecbnh<\/span> <\/span>c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\nQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>\u00a0v\u1ec1 ca x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u01a1, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ni\u00eam, lu\u1eadt, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n-\u0110\u1ed9 thu\u1edf x\u01b0a. Trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i sang d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 ni\u00eam, lu\u1eadt. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 ban l\u1eddi hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb:\u00a0N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt sang d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 ni\u00eam lu\u1eadt; v\u1ecb n\u00e0o ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> dukkata (t\u00e1c \u00e1c<\/span>). N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, ta cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> (sak\u0101ya niruttiy\u0101)3<\/sup>.<\/i>\u00a0Chuy\u1ec3n kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n sang nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 th\u00ec d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nV\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> B\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem, nghe ca v\u0169<\/span> x\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ef9. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7\u00a0A-h\u00e0m<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7\u00a0Nikaya<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y4<\/sup>. Theo Ng\u00e0i, ca v\u0169<\/span> x\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ef9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>, s\u00e2n nhu\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 ngu si<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1 La Ch\u00e2u La Na La<\/span>, khi \u00f4ng ta h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 ca v\u0169<\/span> x\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ef9 th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e1c sanh<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong kinh\u00a0T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m5<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\nTrong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span>\u00a0T\u1ef3-ni-m\u1eabu<\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra n\u0103m t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i<\/span> khi d\u00f9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5ng kinh<\/span>, t\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u00e2m thanh<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 hai, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ee9 ba, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng hoan h\u1ef7<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, d\u1ec5 sanh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>6<\/sup>. Lu\u1eadt\u00a0T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 35, ph\u1ea7n\u00a0Thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, c\u0169ng n\u00eau ra n\u0103m l\u1ed7i khi d\u00f9ng ca v\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> trong khi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, sanh t\u00e2m tham tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, \u0111\u1eafm nhi\u1ec5m \u00e2m thanh<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe d\u1ec5 sanh \u0111\u1eafm nhi\u1ec5m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo th\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u01a1 hi\u1ec1m, v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo khi ca h\u00e1t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>, n\u00ean s\u1ebd sanh t\u00e2m ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> tham thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh7<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\nN\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ngay \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t sanh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01a1 ca n\u00f3i chung. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, th\u01a1 ca c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m v\u1ecb. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ca ng\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u00e1i tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c<\/span> m\u1edf l\u1ed1i c\u00e1i thanh cao. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ef9, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00e1n th\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c th\u01a1 ca chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf v\u00e0 khai m\u1edf ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u t\u00e2m linh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\nT\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u00e2m v\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ng\u1ee3i ca, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean \u01b0\u01a1m m\u1ea7m kh\u1ed5 l\u1ee5y, s\u1ea7u bi<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1i thanh cao, tr\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00fa \u00fd, khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c th\u01a1 ca ng\u00e2m<\/span> v\u1ecbnh, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n v\u00e0o d\u1ea1ng ca-v\u0169-x\u01b0\u1edbng-k\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, khi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e1n<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i cao c\u1ea3, c\u00e1i linh thi\u00eang<\/span>, hay g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e1n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh b\u1ed1i hay\u00a0ca-b\u1ed1i, t\u00e1n-b\u1ed1i\u00a0<\/i>ho\u1eb7c\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nPh\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i, Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> ghi l\u00e0 \u092d\u093e\u0938 (Bh\u0101sa), v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> k\u1ecbch th\u01a1\u00a0(dramatic poet)<\/i>8<\/sup>\u00a0trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo\u00a0Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n9<\/sup>,<\/i>\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi ca v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5ng kinh<\/span>, t\u00e1n v\u1ecbnh, ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0thanh-b\u1ed1i, t\u00e1n-b\u1ed1i, kinh-b\u1ed1i, Ph\u1ea1m-kh\u00fac, Ph\u1ea1m-ph\u00f3ng, thanh-minh<\/i>\u2026 l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n Gi\u1eefa\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 ca-v\u0169-x\u01b0\u1edbng-k\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ca-v\u0169-x\u01b0\u1edbng-k\u1ef9 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec thanh \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m-b\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u00f3 t\u00e1m t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> (Ph\u1ea1m<\/i>). Bao g\u1ed3m<\/span>: 1, c\u1ef1c h\u1ea3o. 2, nhu nhuy\u1ebfn<\/span>. 3, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu<\/span>. 4, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> cao qu\u00fd. 5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e2m thanh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1eef nhi. 6, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e2m thanh<\/span> m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span>. 7, \u00e2m thanh<\/span> th\u00e2m vi\u1ec5n<\/span>. 8, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e2m thanh<\/span> b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i<\/span>10<\/sup>. Trong kinh\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng ghi r\u1eb1ng,\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m-\u00e2m<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span> g\u1ed3m n\u0103m t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00e2m thanh<\/span> ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u00e2m thanh<\/span> h\u00f2a nh\u00e3<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba, \u00e2m thanh<\/span> vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, \u00e2m thanh<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, \u00e2m thanh<\/span> tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y, d\u00f9 xa m\u1ea5y c\u0169ng nghe11<\/sup>. Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>\u00a0Nikaya<\/i>, \u00e2m thanh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u00e1m
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