{"id":7509,"date":"2020-12-04T16:58:06","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T09:58:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/04\/dao-duc-hoc-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-04T16:58:06","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T09:58:06","slug":"dao-duc-hoc-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/04\/dao-duc-hoc-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea0O \u0110\u1ee8C<\/span> H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A GI\u1ea2I THO\u00c1T<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u1ea5n M\u1eabn<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/center><\/p>\n

\"\u0110\u1ea1o

Khi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y?”. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u00e9p g\u1ed3m hai v\u1ebf \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1ebf sau li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 do kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> hay do k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span>, hay do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, do l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>, do b\u1ea9m sinh, v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n<\/span>, t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7, v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn… Nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0: Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng? Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>…? T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc duy nghi\u1ec7m, duy l\u00fd, duy nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fd, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> hoan l\u1ea1c<\/span>, kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m, duy d\u1ee5ng, duy nhi\u00ean, duy c\u1ea3m v.v… <\/span><\/p>\n

\u01af\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>. C\u00e1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng y\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lu\u00f4n b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> quay t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>, n\u00f3 ra m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, thu\u1ea7n t\u00edn \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao<\/span>… Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> theo ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: “V\u00ed nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Pah\u00e0rada, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5”. Trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Benares, gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, n\u00eau nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 (gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>) v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span>. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chung v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, hay Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y, l\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, l\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean: Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: Do kh\u1ed5, do kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 n\u1ea3y sinh ra c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span>, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean kia (m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>) c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1eady thay v\u00ec b\u1ea3o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea5y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> : “Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>.” <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 duy nghi\u1ec7m, duy l\u00fd, duy c\u1ea3m v.v… nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Duy gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 “Emancipisme”! V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/span> hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, hay \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/span>, c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, hi\u1ec3u theo l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a E.Kant khi \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span>, c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. N\u1ebfu Descartes \u0111\u1ea9y \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u1ebfu Spencer \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u00f3i quen<\/span> do di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u01b0 y c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun \u0111\u1eafp<\/span> th\u00eam trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do<\/span>. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do<\/span>; t\u1ef1 do<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a… Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. \u1ede b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span>. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecm n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ni\u1ec1m vui t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i… \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. T\u1ef1 do<\/span> ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1, t\u1ef1 do<\/span> ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft… C\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, qua t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n, qua thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ni\u1ec1m vui, ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> trong khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, trong khi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 truy t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0n ti\u1ebfp h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u1ed5i c\u1ed9m trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> (le bonheur). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m: H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n! Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo<\/span> ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v.v… C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/span>, v\u1ee3 con<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n nghi<\/span>… v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>…? N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u1eabn m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i trnh c\u00e3i. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd<\/span>, t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> an vui, c\u00e1i hoan h\u1ef7 t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00ean m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (t\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3) l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u00e2y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Khi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. V\u1eady v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh<\/span>, v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span>, h\u1ef7 x\u1ea3<\/span>, mang tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u xem l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea5y ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Do m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao, th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/span>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do<\/span> trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, b\u1ecb y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m<\/span> khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t hay ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 cao, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01a1i v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a J.P. Sarter: “T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb” (La libert\u00e9 est I’unique source de la valeur), “K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec. tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf n\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf n\u1ecd”. Hay c\u1ee7a S. de Beauvoir: ” Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa.” S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ee9c c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> trong tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb! \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ch\u00e2n tu<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 Sartre v\u00e0 De Beauvoir quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i v\u1ea1ch con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 La Rochefoucauld, La Bruy\u00e8re, Vauvenarge… hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 Epicure, Aristote, Kan, Max Scheler… \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c quan<\/span>. T\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span>, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> ngay \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd; l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00edch T\u1eadp V\u0103n Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea3n<\/span> , s\u1ed1 16, 1991<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[ad_1] \u0110\u1ea0O \u0110\u1ee8C H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A GI\u1ea2I THO\u00c1T Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u1ea5n M\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7510,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-7509","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7509","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7509"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7509\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7510"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7509"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7509"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7509"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=7509"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}