{"id":7513,"date":"2020-12-04T16:59:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T09:59:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/04\/bay-yeu-to-khien-tang-doan-hung-thinh\/"},"modified":"2020-12-04T16:59:39","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T09:59:39","slug":"bay-yeu-to-khien-tang-doan-hung-thinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/04\/bay-yeu-to-khien-tang-doan-hung-thinh\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ea3y Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 Khi\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n H\u01b0ng Th\u1ecbnh"},"content":{"rendered":"

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B\u1ea2Y Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0<\/span> KHI\u1ebeN T\u0102NG \u0110O\u00c0N<\/span> H\u01afNG TH\u1ecaNH<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Li\u00ean Hoa<\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n


\"B\u1ea3y

1. L\u00fd do<\/span> ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c2m h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a cung \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0 ba m\u00e3i trong l\u00f2ng th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u00e0i ba. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ch\u00ednh do T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m anh em t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Kon\u1ec9d\u1ec9an\u00f5n\u00f5a (Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0<\/span>). Nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tu<\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u00e0 giao cho T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span> Mah\u00e0paj\u00e0pati Gotam\u00ec tr\u00f4ng coi<\/span> h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> Ni gi\u1edbi<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng vang<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>: x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span>, T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd ch\u01b0a v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n khi ch\u00fang T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span> ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> Gi\u1edbi-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Tu\u1ec7, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00c1c ma<\/span>. [1,601] \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf Ng\u00e0i n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. H\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u0103ng hoa theo chi\u1ec1u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m ng\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ecf c\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> Gi\u1edbi-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 len l\u1ecfi<\/span> trong t\u1eebng nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> thay khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ba ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u1edbi mu\u00f4n m\u1ed1i duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u00e2m th\u1ea7m, \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c\u2026 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. Sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt. L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng mong m\u1ecfi<\/span> thi\u1ebft tha Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u201cB\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> khi\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> khi\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh n\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t h\u1ecda \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung xem x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c trong Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u00e0li, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1u trung kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy Gi\u1edbi-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Tu\u1ec7. B\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong kinh \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span>, g\u1ed3m: 1. c\u00f3 T\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span>, 2. c\u00f3 T\u00e0m, 3. c\u00f3 Qu\u00fd, 4. \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span>, 5. Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, 6. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, 7. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span>, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u1eefa. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111ang tu t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. B\u1edfi cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> bao l\u00e2u, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m<\/span>. Trong khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mang t\u00ednh h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1m b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed8I DUNG<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG 1 : T\u0102NG \u0110O\u00c0N<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi con s\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng an \u1ed5n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>: \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span>, giai c\u1ea5p<\/span>, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh\u2026 B\u1edfi v\u00ec, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0m t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1ef1a theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh. Vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00ec kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 di ch\u00fac cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd th\u1ecb t\u1ecbch<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> h\u00e3y n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> (Sangha) l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, g\u1ed3m: Bhikkhu (T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>), Bhikkhuni (T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span>), Sikham\u00e0n\u00e0 (Th\u1ee9c xoa ma na<\/span>), Samanera (Sa di<\/span>), Samaneri (Sa di Ni<\/span>). Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd C\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang danh x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>; ba ch\u00fang c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.1. Kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.1.1. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> Mah\u00e0vagga thu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u00e0li th\u00ec sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> b\u1ea3y tu\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u1edf Bodhag\u00e0ya (B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span>), \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Isipatana (v\u00f9ng Ch\u01b0 Ti\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9 ), t\u1ee9c Sarnath, thu\u1ed9c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Banares (Ba-la-n\u1ea1i) \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> cho n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng tu<\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> (n\u0103m anh em t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Kon\u1ec9d\u1ec9an\u00f5n\u00f5a). Nh\u00f3m sa m\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y sau khi li\u1ec5u tri<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> ngay v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u TCN). Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Yasa c\u00f9ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Banares. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng A-la-h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3, r\u1ed3i chia nhau \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u1ea1i Uruvela (\u01afu-l\u00e2u-t\u1ea7n-loa), Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 ba T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Kassapa (Ca-di\u1ebfp) v\u00e0 ng\u00f3t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. Hai th\u00e1ng sau m\u00f9a an c\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1<\/span> (R\u00e0jagaha) \u0111\u1ed9 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean v\u00e0 hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> s\u01b0 San\u00f5jaya. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n theo sau<\/span> Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf bu\u1ed5i ban s\u01a1<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> hay truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>. \u1ea4y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi<\/span> g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 hoan ngh\u00eanh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>: \u201c\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y T\u1ef3 kheo\u201d (Ehi bhikkhu- Thi\u1ec7n lai<\/span> T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>). Nh\u01b0ng khi T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> cho ai mu\u1ed1n gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Theo t\u1eadp Mah\u00e0vagga (\u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m<\/span>), tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1o b\u1ecf r\u00e2u t\u00f3c, kho\u00e1c y v\u00e0ng, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p tay<\/span> ngang ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> quy y Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span> :<\/span><\/p>\n

Con th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m<\/span> quy y Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ea3o (Buddham saranam gacch\u00e0mi).<\/span><\/p>\n

Con th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m<\/span> quy y Ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1ea3o (Dhammam saranam gacch\u00e0mi).<\/span><\/p>\n

Con th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m<\/span> quy y T\u0103ng<\/span> b\u1ea3o (Sangham saranam gacch\u00e0mi).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao truy\u1ec1n 10 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e0manena (Sa di<\/span>) . \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> Pabajj\u00e0 (xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>). Khi \u0111\u1ee7 20 tu\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c Sa di<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao truy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Upasampad\u00e0 hay th\u1ecd C\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i ban s\u01a1<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

1.1.2. Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> Ni \u0111o\u00e0n:<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> E. J . Thomas, v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> cung th\u00e0nh Kapilavatthu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m vua Suddhodana \u0111ang l\u00e2m b\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u00fap vua cha ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd l\u00e2m chung<\/span> . V\u00e0o d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y, di m\u1eabu<\/span> Mah\u00e0pajap\u00e0ti \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Nirodha, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111ang t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa, c\u1ea7u xin<\/span> Ng\u00e0i cho ph\u00e1i n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, Sau ba l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> Ves\u00e0li, di m\u1eabu<\/span> Pajap\u00e0ti c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> d\u00f2ng S\u00e0kya t\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng t\u00f3c kho\u00e1c c\u00e0 sa<\/span> v\u00e0ng, b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn Ves\u00e0li \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. X\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tha thi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> S\u00e0kya n\u00e0y, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u00c0nanda \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>. Ba l\u1ea7n \u00c0nanda thay m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd c\u1ea7u xin<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> l\u1ea1i ba l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u00c0nanda h\u1ecfi: \u201cB\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng trong Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ee9 qu\u1ea3<\/span> Sa m\u00f4n<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng?\u201d\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>: \u201cN\u00e0y \u00c0nanda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng T\u1ee9 qu\u1ea3<\/span> Sa m\u00f4n\u201d. Sau \u0111\u00f3, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u00c0nanda th\u01b0a, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, di m\u1eabu<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u01a1n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u1eb3m b\u1ed3ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> l\u00fac \u1ea5u th\u01a1\u2026, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf B\u00e1t k\u1ec9nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, t\u1ee9c t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u cung k\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ni ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e2ng gi\u1eef. Di m\u1eabu<\/span> Pajap\u00e0ti v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> d\u00f2ng S\u00e0kya \u0111\u1ec1u hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 .<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb m\u00e0u da s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c\u2026 . \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebb m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u01a1n 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.2. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> (t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span>) :<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Sangha (c\u1ee7a P\u00e0li, Sanskrit), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> chung. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Sangha kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ri\u00eang cho t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 chung c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> Sr\u00e0mana (Sa m\u00f4n<\/span>), v\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sangha. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, Sangha c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a<\/span> dung th\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 nhau nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, r\u1ed3i chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> cho h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> tha nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chung s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 An c\u01b0<\/span>, T\u1ef1 t\u1ee9<\/span>, B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t<\/span>, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c \u2026\u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00ednh h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> do vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n .<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ee9a x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n qu\u0103ng ch\u00fang l\u00ean b\u1edd, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> lu\u00f4n bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mang t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang khi \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng v\u1eady khi gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i<\/span>, d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt .<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1eafp bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u<\/span> kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u0103m s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3n t\u0103ng l\u00ean hay gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span> d\u00f9 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m .<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> kho t\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a trong bi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c con c\u00e1 l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span>, \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ed1ng trong T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>. [6,557-565]<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u00f9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o, T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>, v\u00e0 khi T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> chung. Do v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 mang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.3. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1eddi . \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay, Ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5\u201d. L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> theo l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span>: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u1ec3 y\u00ean<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea5y, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span>, danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hay uy t\u00edn\u2026m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00ec s\u1ef1 an \u1ed5n<\/span> v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> Gi\u1edbi – \u0110\u1ecbnh – Tu\u1ec7, l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi .<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> g\u00ecn gi\u1eef<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp nh\u00e2n gian<\/span>, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n m\u1ef9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ebf gian ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian ph\u00e1p<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span>, l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5<\/span>, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span>. L\u00e0m sao x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qua bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7? Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb3n, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00f9y duy\u00ean<\/span> r\u1ea5t di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 kho\u00e1c l\u00ean cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cho t\u1eebng t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. V\u00ec ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng suy c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u1ea5y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u00e0li. Ngay nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng quan t\u00e2m<\/span>, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb tham \u00e1i<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 tha thi\u1ebft d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. B\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> s\u1eafp tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh .<\/span><\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG 2 : B\u1ea2Y Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0<\/span> KHI\u1ebeN T\u0102NG \u0110O\u00c0N<\/span> H\u01afNG TH\u1ecaNH<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn th\u1ecbnh suy<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh suy<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, l\u1ea5y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u0103ng hoa t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> khi\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, g\u1ed3m: C\u00f3 T\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span>, c\u00f3 T\u00e0m, c\u00f3 Qu\u00fd, \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span>, Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> do ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span>. B\u00e0i kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, ghi l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> t\u1ea1i Kusinar\u00e0 \u2013 n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u00e2n c\u1ea7n<\/span> nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>. D\u1eebng ch\u00e2n m\u1ed7i tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> khuy\u00ean nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00fac t\u00edch<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> khi \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1 th\u00e0nh<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng suy c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. B\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 t\u00f3m th\u00e2u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tinh hoa<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.1. C\u00f3 T\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span> :<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, Saddh\u00e0 (\u0110\u1ee9c tin<\/span>, l\u00f2ng tin<\/span>) l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> thi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 cho m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o. Kinh Ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecba qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cV\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, qua s\u00f4ng sanh t\u1eed<\/span> l\u1ea5y gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0m thuy\u1ec1n\u201d. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/span> cu\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Saddh\u00e0\u1ee5 (T\u00edn) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0103n Sam (t\u1ed1t, kh\u00e9o) + dah (\u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span> (Ph\u1eadt-Ph\u00e1p-T\u0103ng), tin nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span>, tin kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Saddh\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> ti\u00eau s\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vua chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f3ng s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1u b\u1ea9n. [13,38] Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span>, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u<\/span> (xem Kinh T\u1eadp<\/span>, tr. 184). N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9 m\u1edd hay s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Saddh\u00e0 n\u00ean xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay, v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> (kinh T\u1eadp<\/span>, tr. 182). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 hay \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ngay b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho n\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 l\u1ee5y mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tin v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au: \u201cPh\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u00e9o thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ngay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> bi\u1ebft\u201d. [5-II,286] Tin v\u00e0o T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi, \u201cCh\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4i t\u00e1m v\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, cung k\u00ednh<\/span> ch\u1ea5p tay<\/span> ch\u00e0o, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian\u201d. [5II,286] Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, d\u00f9 g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nghe qua v\u1ed9i tin li\u1ec1n, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u uy t\u00edn<\/span> \u0111i n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y:\u201cCh\u1edb c\u00f3 tin v\u00ec nghe truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>; v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>; v\u00ec nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i; v\u00ec kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng<\/span>; v\u00ec nh\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>; ch\u1edb c\u00f3 tin sau khi suy t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span>; ch\u1edb c\u00f3 tin theo<\/span> thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>; ch\u1edb c\u00f3 tin v\u00ec v\u1ecb Sa m\u00f4n<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d. [5-II,212] \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft tin ai v\u00e0 tin c\u00e1i g\u00ec ? Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y th\u1eadt nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng: H\u00e3y tin ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, tin \u1edf n\u01a1i l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y khi n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span>, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span>, n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u00e1n th\u00e1n<\/span>, n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh t\u00e0. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span> ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. [12,32-33]<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>. Trong kinh Cank\u00ec \u2013 Trung b\u1ed9<\/span> II, s\u1ed1 95, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ba tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>: H\u1ed9 tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng tin<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> (t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>) khi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00ec c\u1ee9 tin, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta tin m\u1edbi th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang, ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch n\u00ean t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ta c\u1ee9 tin nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> \u00f4m ch\u1eb7t n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham, s\u00e2n, si\u2026 v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00f4 si\u2026th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00f2ng tin<\/span>. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span> r\u1ed3i th\u00e2n c\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe, nghe xong ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span>, khi th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1edd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y h\u00e2n hoan<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u00e0i cam go, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh m\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> thi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> ph\u00e1p, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00f3ng tai, mu\u1ed1n l\u00f3ng tai ph\u1ea3i th\u00e2n c\u1eadn giao thi\u1ec7p<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n th\u00e2n c\u1eadn giao thi\u1ec7p<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> lu\u00f4n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 m\u00f9 m\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span> l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u2013 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh t\u00edn, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lung lay, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>, cho d\u00f9 tr\u00f4i l\u0103n trong sanh t\u1eed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2. C\u00f3 T\u00e0m :<\/span><\/p>\n

2.3. C\u00f3 Qu\u00fd :<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd l\u00e0 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> thi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i chung v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xen l\u1eabn<\/span> nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh T\u0103ng chi, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ecdi T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u201ch\u1ed9 tr\u00ec th\u1ebf gian\u201d, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 soi r\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho hai \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng hoa n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> – n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0m (Hir\u00ec) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t<\/span>, gh\u00ea t\u1edfm tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, do m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh. Qu\u00fd (Ottappa) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u1ea5y, quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, T\u00e0m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi\u00eam cung, Qu\u00fd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span>, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u00ec: ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> gi\u00e1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u00e2m gh\u00ea s\u1ee3<\/span> t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span>, s\u1ee3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd kh\u00f4ng cho d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e2m, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0m cho Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, \u201c N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng sanh T\u00e0m Qu\u00fd<\/span>, si\u00eang h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d. [20,54]<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, Hir\u00ec (h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n<\/span>) ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 Ottappa t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i do ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span>. V\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> thanh s\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea7u kia thoa \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01a1 th\u00fai v\u00e0o. Ta kh\u00f4ng s\u1edd tay v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01a1 th\u00fai c\u1ee7a thanh s\u1eaft v\u00ec gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, g\u1edbm , v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1edd tay v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng v\u00ec s\u1ee3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Rhys David v\u1ec1 T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHir\u00ec v\u00e0 Ottappa, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Buddhaghosa ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Gom chung l\u1ea1i, hai danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ea3m x\u00fac\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ebft \u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Sati (Ni\u1ec7m) ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Hir\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n<\/span> (lajj\u00e0), Ottappa t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> (ubbego) v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Hir\u00ec b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 gh\u00ea s\u1ee3<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span>. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a Hir\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n: \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, Hir\u00ec s\u1ebd suy t\u01b0: \u201c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3i r\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 d\u1ed1t m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y\u201d v\u00e0 v\u00ec ngh\u0129 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf, nh\u1ecbn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ottappa, Qu\u00fd gh\u00ea s\u1ee3<\/span> h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ta. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>: \u201c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ebd khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch ta, v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n\u201d. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Otaappa, gh\u00ea t\u1edfm h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd l\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Thi\u1ebfu hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u0103n minh<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sao m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf !<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u00f4n kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Trong Ottappa ta c\u1ea3m nghe gh\u00ea s\u1ee3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u1ec1n h\u00e0<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ta; s\u1ef1 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1edd c\u00f3 T\u00e0m Qu\u00fd<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1edbi xa l\u00eca<\/span> \u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng an vui kh\u00f4ng \u00e1y n\u00e1y<\/span> hay h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00ec l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00fd<\/span> th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y, T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> bi\u1ebft t\u00e0m, bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> \u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u1ec9nh; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u1ec9nh th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> t\u00edn; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00edn th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy<\/span>; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy<\/span> th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span>; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u0103n, gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn<\/span>, hoan duy\u1ec7t, hoan h\u1ef7<\/span>, t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9<\/span>, l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span>, v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>; n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft- b\u00e0n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 th\u00ec v\u1ecf trong kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0, v\u1ecf trong kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 n\u00ean th\u00e2n, l\u00f5i, nh\u00e1nh, c\u00e0nh, hoa, l\u00e1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. [11,528-529]<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sa m\u00f4n<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh Sa m\u00f4n<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 T\u00e0m Qu\u00fd<\/span>. V\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> T\u00e0m Qu\u00fd<\/span> th\u00ec th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec<\/span> , \u0103n u\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>. [2, 600] V\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 T\u00e0m Qu\u00fd<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng khen m\u00ecnh ch\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eau c\u0103ng<\/span> hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb<\/span>, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> , bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9\u2026. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0m v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> hay gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao v\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.4. \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span> (V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span>):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110a v\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 nghe nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho nghe gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Nghe gi\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span>. Trong Tam hu\u1ec7<\/span> h\u1ecdc (V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span>, T\u01b0 hu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 Tu hu\u1ec7<\/span>), V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1eadn b\u1eadc tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng nghe xong ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e9o t\u01b0 duy<\/span> quan s\u00e1t<\/span> (T\u01b0 hu\u1ec7<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u1ea5y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam cho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed7. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh khi h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe, nghe xong \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u1eeda V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> th\u00ec tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p v\u1ecb<\/span> :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ngu d\u1eabu tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i mu\u1ed7ng m\u00fac canh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed d\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t kh\u1eafc<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ngay ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb canh\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[ PC.64-65]<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh ba l\u1ed7i<\/span>: L\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> b\u01b0ng b\u00edt, kh\u00f4ng h\u00e2n hoan<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1p, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eefa v\u00e0o; l\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1eafng nghe, nghe tai n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1y sang tai kia, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh l\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eefa v\u00e0o s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y h\u1ebft; l\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 ba, nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> vinh d\u1ef1<\/span> hay ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> hay tham d\u1ee5c\u2026, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u00f4 u\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u00e3y \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng h\u00e2n hoan<\/span>, c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh tr\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1y, c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00fac s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> vui m\u1eebng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n l\u1eafng nghe s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 h\u1ebft b\u1ecbnh. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1eafng nghe di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh tham, s\u00e2n, si v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ecbnh \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span> do \u00f4m gi\u1eef c\u00e1i ta nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: \u201c V\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nghe nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1edfi sanh, gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o. Ta n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1edfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5\u201d. [9,214-215]<\/span><\/p>\n

Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u00e1i theo m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1eadc tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 nghe di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span>: Do th\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1eadc ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00ean nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span>, nh\u1edd nghe di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00edn<\/span> t\u00e2m, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span>, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span>, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ef1oc \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>. N\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, khi n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span> di\u1ec7t th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. [8,9-26]<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn v\u00f4 minh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng nghe di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> (V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span>). Ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3<\/span> l\u1eafng nghe, suy g\u1eabm<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u01b0 hu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 Tu hu\u1ec7<\/span>, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. N\u1ebfu d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u (V\u0103n hu\u1ec7<\/span>), h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, nghe nhi\u1ec1u, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/span> ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> th\u00ec ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u1ecf b\u00e9. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span> theo ki\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00edch c\u00fa, l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy<\/span> mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc h\u1eefu<\/span> ng\u00e3\u2026.V\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span>, t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u1edbng duy\u00ean, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> lu\u00f4n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u1ea3i si\u00eang n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u00e1p, nghe nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. T\u1eeb c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u2013 n\u00f3 bao la<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u1ecdi ng\u1ecdn ng\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u00e1i tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng<\/span> nghe nhi\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, l\u1eafng nghe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Nghe nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00f3i \u00edt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. Nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda, th\u1ea7y t\u1ed5, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8\u2026. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y, t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt khi ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh. Im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span>, h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p, trau gi\u1ed3i ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf s\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1p ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ea1p t\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u00e2m, l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.5. Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>(Viriya):<\/span><\/p>\n

Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb ph\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u00edch m\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Viriya xu\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0103n Vaj ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i + ir \u201c v\u00ec\u201d thay cho \u201caj\u201d . V\u00ecra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>. Viriya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft<\/span>. Danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> hay ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Viriya c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1<\/span>, gi\u1eef v\u1eefng, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1<\/span>, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u0169, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t m\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1<\/span>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, Viriya h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Viriya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t-Ng\u0169 c\u0103n (Indriya), v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng. Viriya c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t- Ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c<\/span> (Bala), v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng l\u00e0m lay chuy\u1ec3n. Viriya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> (Iddhip\u00e0da \u2013 T\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n t\u00fac<\/span>). Viriya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (Bojjhanga- Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi<\/span>). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, Viriya \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m chi c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> cao qu\u00fd (Atthangika Magga- B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>). Chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n<\/span>, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span>, t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi Viriya.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bao qu\u00e1t, Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> hay n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, t\u01b0 duy<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea5u \u00e1c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> sai l\u1ec7ch, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u00e0 v\u1ea1y<\/span>. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba<\/span>, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span>, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t huy v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span>. [8, 15] N\u00f3i chung, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> hay \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u0103n<\/span> : Khi m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, tai nghe \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, m\u0169i ng\u1eefi c\u00e1c m\u00f9i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, th\u00e2n x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> hay kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chung v\u00e0 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Do kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u1eafc, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> hay \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau<\/span>, h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u1ec1 kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9, t\u01b0 duy<\/span> b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> hay \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> vun b\u1ed3i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00e1nh t\u00e0, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span>, h\u1ef7, khinh an<\/span> th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> ly tham<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> \u1edf thi\u1ec7n \u00edch .<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> hay \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 sanh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9 m\u1edd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u0103n ng\u1eeba, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 b\u1ed1n tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0 con<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u v\u1edbi tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111au\u201d. [8,15]<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> h\u00e3y tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 do m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0<\/span>. T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00fac nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i du h\u00f3a<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u00e3i c\u00e1t n\u00f3ng, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i kh\u00f4 tr\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng xanh\u2026 kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1eadc gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb tham \u00e1i<\/span> \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u00ean ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb h\u00e3y si\u00eang n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, h\u00e3y du h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span>, v\u00ec an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>, v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, v\u00ec an l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. [7,128] M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, t\u1ea5m th\u00e2n t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac m\u00f5i m\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u00ec lu\u00f4n t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. B\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> chia theo Gi\u1edbi- \u0110\u1ecbnh \u2013Tu\u1ec7. N\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> th\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span> ng\u0103n che ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00fac \u0111\u1eaby v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Khi ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e2y quanh nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fac ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 tr\u1ebb kh\u1ecfe nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5\u00ea \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

[PC.280]<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, thanh l\u1ecdc chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span>. V\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ef1c s\u0129<\/span> mu\u1ed1n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tu t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng<\/span>, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1ed7i khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sanh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 tr\u00f4i qua<\/span>. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 \u00e9p, mu\u1ed1n g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7, ta c\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 \u00e9p gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 ng\u1ee7 h\u01a1n. Cho n\u00ean, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7, gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0 gi\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh<\/span> h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y n\u00ean \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>: kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng<\/span>. Trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i theo ph\u00e1p trung<\/span> dung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m trong l\u00fac ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>, m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1nh xa tam \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> tham, s\u00e2n, si\u2026. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> tham lam<\/span>, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span>, ganh t\u1ef5<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u00e1c kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span>, si\u00eang n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, tham thi\u1ec1n<\/span> hay tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1edbn lao gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m vui trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span>, v\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec so s\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span>, d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qua s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a ta. D\u00f9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> n\u00e0o, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ed3, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc kia, r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nhoi nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n h\u00f4m qua m\u1ed9t \u00edt, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7y. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3. T\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00ec h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh l\u1ef1c<\/span>, s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.6. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ( Sammasati):<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u00ecn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi. B\u1edfi \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n\u201d v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, xa l\u00eca<\/span> m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ta th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ta h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00e0<\/span> ki\u1ebfn, t\u00e0 ng\u1eef<\/span>, t\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1edd tr\u00fa ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>. [4]<\/span><\/p>\n

Sati ( ni\u1ec7m) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0103n Sar ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, Sati c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb Samm\u00e0 \u0111i k\u00e8m theo c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Samm\u00e0-sati l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> hay bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u201cl\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec\u201d m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m\u201d, kh\u00f4ng suy t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> quan s\u00e1t<\/span>, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 tr\u00f4i qua<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> g\u1ed3m Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ba chi n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 ba tao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y, ch\u00fang \u0111an xo\u1eafn v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> qua l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tao m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong s\u1ef1 th\u00e2u th\u1eadp c\u1ea3 an t\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u1eabn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u01b0 x\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh: Ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n<\/span>, ni\u1ec7m th\u1ecd<\/span>, ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> ra v\u00e0o, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> ra v\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span>. H\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> ra, h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u1eafn, d\u00e0i hay trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na<\/span> gi\u1eefa h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> mong manh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> s\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i\u2026 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 n\u1eafm g\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span> nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i, nh\u00ecn, \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfm, ng\u1eefi hay \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u2026 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>: ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng – kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m hai c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n: trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201c c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i\u201d, \u201cc\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> ng\u00e3: \u201cc\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i\u201d, \u201cc\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span>, ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> vui, bu\u1ed3n, hay kh\u00f4ng vui<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5p m\u1eafc, hay tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> vui, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu<\/span>, hay s\u1ef1 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u1ed5 hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> m\u00ea m\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng vui<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. T\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham, s\u00e2n, si hay v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00f4 si<\/span> h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. N\u00f3i chung, t\u00e2m \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u1eadp trung hay t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n, cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay h\u00e8n h\u1ea1, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> hay tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u2026h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> hay \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span> (tham, s\u00e2n, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/span>, tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi), s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 khi s\u00e1u c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n<\/span>, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi<\/span>). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> d\u1ea1y, T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho sung m\u00e3n<\/span> th\u00ec di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> tham \u00e1i<\/span> t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u<\/span>, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> (Nibb\u00e0na).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> hay T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kham nh\u1eabn<\/span>, v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i<\/span>, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> qua \u0111\u00f3 ta \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 an \u1ed5n<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> . \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> . Do v\u1eady khi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh<\/span>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ai lo l\u1eafng<\/span> hay kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tham , s\u00e2n, si\u2026 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> hay tu t\u1eadp<\/span> T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i an vui m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. S\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng ngay v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t . Than th\u1edf<\/span> nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hay m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, h\u00e9o m\u00f2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n ta\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng than vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 qua,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Kh\u00f4ng mong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp t\u1edbi,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
S\u1ed1ng ngay v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Do v\u1eady s\u1eafc th\u00f9 di\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Do mong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp t\u1edbi,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Do than vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 qua,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
N\u00ean k\u1ebb ngu h\u00e9o m\u00f2n,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Nh\u01b0 lau xanh l\u00eca c\u00e0nh\u201d. [7,18]<\/span><\/address>\n\n
\u201cQu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng truy t\u00ecm,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span>,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>,<\/span><\/address>\n\n
Tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y\u2026\u201d [4,442]<\/span><\/address>\n

Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd (ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span>) th\u00ec lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 (talk about) hay ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 (think of), c\u00f2n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi (live with), s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> trong thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y hay m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u1ebb, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span>. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 qua r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, th\u00ec h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.7. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (pan\u00f5n\u00f5\u00e0):<\/span><\/p>\n

Pan\u00f5n\u00f5\u00e0 (Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0103n \u201cpa\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang+ \u201cn\u00e0\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Pan\u00f5n\u00f5\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Anicca (V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>), Dukkha (Kh\u1ed5) v\u00e0 Antt\u00e0 (V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ti\u00ean phong<\/span>, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u<\/span> cho b\u00ecnh minh. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span>, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. [5,516] N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ee7 tr\u00f9m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 an \u1ed5n<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span>. [5-I,340]<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hai m\u1eaft (t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn) to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c<\/span>, tr\u1eafng \u0111en, \u0111\u00fang sai, l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i<\/span>. [5-I,129] Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi hai m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, th\u1ebf gian<\/span> v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian<\/span> l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span> v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, hi sinh<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh cha m\u1eb9<\/span>, t\u00f4n ttr\u1ecdng s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o cao \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00eau tr\u00ean c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> s\u1ef1 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> cao v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span> nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng, \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ed5, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u00f3c x\u00edch duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean\u2026 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> qua kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> t\u1eebng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>. Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1eeb vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. V\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trau gi\u1ed3i gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 trau gi\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span> tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n<\/span> qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> s\u1eafc b\u00e9n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ai ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf\u2026 trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4i l\u0103n trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> sanh t\u1eed<\/span>. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ly tham<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ee7 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do<\/span>, kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean sinh<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> duy\u00ean sanh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed s\u1ebd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, v\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i<\/span>, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span>, n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> sanh ra trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 an vui cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hay trong Yoga, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span> qu\u00fd b\u00e1u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u0103ng hoa.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> hay x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, qu\u1ed1c gia\u2026, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc hay c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> r\u1ea5t di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> cho t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, d\u00f9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o, b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> tr\u00ean lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1o n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p trang nghi\u00eam<\/span> cho \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> hay T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 T\u00e0m, c\u00f3 Qu\u00fd, c\u00f3 \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span>, c\u00f3 Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, c\u00f3 Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh l\u1ef1c<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. Hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t gi\u00fap cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> \u2013 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c<\/span>, gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG 3 : \u0110\u1eb6C \u0110I\u1ec2M<\/span> C\u1ee6A T\u0102NG \u0110O\u00c0N<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> m\u00ecnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang hai \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng dung ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a<\/span> m\u1ecdi giai t\u1ea7ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> khi gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb n\u00e0o. Sau khi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c giai c\u1ea5p<\/span>, gia t\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn Gang\u00e0, Yamun\u00e0, Acir\u00e0vati, Sar\u00e0bh\u00f9 v\u00e0 Mah\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t danh t\u00e1nh khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t danh t\u00e1nh trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sa m\u00f4n<\/span> Th\u00edch t\u1eed<\/span> . [5-III,57] T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> Sa m\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng giai c\u1ea5p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u1edfi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7i g\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1eabn b\u00f9ng l\u00ean b\u1ed1c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda gi\u1ed1ng nhau. [3,635] \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00ec \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span>. [4, s\u1ed1 93]<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p<\/span>. Theo Ng\u00e0i, c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nghi\u1ec7p. Giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> ri\u00eang do nghi\u1ec7p hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (kamma), v\u1eeba l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thai t\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd sinh ra, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1eafng\u201d. [4,481]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nghi\u1ec7p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 cao qu\u00fd hay h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 cao qu\u00fd hay h\u1ea1 ti\u1ec7n.\u201d Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu n\u01a1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u00e0i thu nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00e0o T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, v\u00ec l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0o trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1ed1n d\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau tu t\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng<\/span> mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>. Trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho \u201clu\u1eadt nam n\u1eef<\/span> b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n\u201d v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gotama Sakyamuni ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> Ni \u0111o\u00e0n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng<\/span> cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, quy\u1ec1n kia cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh hay m\u00e0u da ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c\u2026 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> khi n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 v\u00ec n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> ganh gh\u00e9t<\/span> h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111en t\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ra kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ee5c t\u00f9 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> tr\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, trau gi\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> \u1ea5y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 k\u00eau g\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ta l\u00e0m cho ta thanh cao hay h\u00e8n h\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> hay h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ta. Trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span> khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd<\/span> do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd<\/span> do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u00eau c\u0103ng<\/span>, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> nh\u1ea5t m\u1edf ra mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. [22,124-125-146]<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ef7 kheo Ni<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 S\u00e0riputta, Moggal\u00e0na\u2026, ch\u00fang T\u1ef7 kheo Ni<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Dhammadinna, Khem\u00e0\u2026. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> khi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> Gi\u1edbi-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> \u1edf bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 khai<\/span> qua Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o T\u0103ng k\u1ec7<\/span> (Therag\u00e0th\u00e0) v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Ni k\u1ec7<\/span> (Therig\u00e0th\u00e0). S\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u01a1i d\u1eady trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>, ni\u1ec1m l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5<\/span>, ni\u1ec1m h\u00e2n hoan<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m duy\u1ec7t h\u1ef7 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u1eabn ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 sinh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng trao cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n uy<\/span> hay c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc n\u00e0o. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00ean ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng giao T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span>, m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 B\u1ed1 t\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 y c\u1ee9<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> bi\u1ebft ai s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 x\u1eed s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n l\u1eabn nhau. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, T\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o. Do v\u1eady trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef3 kheo ni<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3<\/span> nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i giao cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> trong T\u0103ng m\u00e0 b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt do Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf ra cho t\u0103ng noi theo, t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed s\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/span> x\u1eed s\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. [2,108] Sau khi Ph\u1eadt ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, trong 45 n\u0103m T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n mang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, do \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi giai t\u1ea7ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. N\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> Gi\u1edbi-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span>, thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> lu\u00f4n li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span>. (\u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng<\/span> n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ebd v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u01b0<\/span> s\u0129 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> ). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> mang tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u00e3i \u1edf T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u2013 b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng suy c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span> hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan<\/span> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i soi r\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00ecnh theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> Gi\u1edbi \u2013 \u0110\u1ecbnh \u2013 Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9\u2026 l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 \u0111au chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span>. N\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span>, ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kheo Ni<\/span> khi ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh xem \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang theo b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y hay ch\u01b0a. H\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u1ecf r\u00f5<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1eefa, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p\u2026 c\u00f9ng nhau tu t\u1eadp<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh .<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00e2n to, t\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 bao l\u1ea7n thay l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e0nh v\u1eabn sum xu\u00ea t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nh\u1ef1a s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u2013Thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u00fap c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1 kh\u1eafp th\u00e2n c\u00e2y. Nh\u1ef1a s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 t\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ai \u1edf ngo\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i b\u00ean l\u1ec1. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay lu\u00f4n xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng<\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> cho mu\u00f4n tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> bao th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng theo Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c. Ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u1ea1y: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> lo ki\u1ec1m h\u00e3m<\/span> t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f5i th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A La H\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n\u201d . [10,198] N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch xa Ph\u1eadt h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u1eabn chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m<\/span> tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00ec Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi .<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> thu nh\u1ecf<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, cho n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> thu nh\u1ecf<\/span> n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, c\u00f3 khi nguy h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ri\u00eang, \u201cT\u00f9y duy\u00ean b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\u201d, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span>, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span> tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng s\u00f3ng tri\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u1ea5y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u00ean tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u201ctri th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> th\u00eam l\u1edbn, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u2013 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. H\u1ecd ch\u01b0a quan t\u00e2m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong \u2013 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh .<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> bi\u1ebft bao trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u00e0y \u2013 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tham lam<\/span>, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9… th\u00ec m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> cho n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1eabn th\u1ebf, v\u1eabn di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh th\u00edch th\u1eddi. Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u01b0u t\u01b0<\/span> qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span> hay \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nhau tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> lu\u00f4n t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1<\/span> su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1ea5y h\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh: V\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 T\u00edn t\u00e2m<\/span>, c\u00f3 T\u00e0m, c\u00f3 Qu\u00fd, \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span>, Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span>, Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u2013 Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> . H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

TH\u01af M\u1ee4C THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp I, Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> (VNCPHVN) \u20131991 .<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp I, VNCPHVN \u20131992.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp II, VNCPHVN \u20132000.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp III, VNCPHVN \u20132001.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp I,II,III, VNCPHVN \u2013 1988.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp III, VNCPHVN \u20131996.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp I, VNCPHVN \u20131996.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp II, VNCPHVN \u2013 1991.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> t\u1eadp V, VNCPHVN \u2013 1996.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m<\/span> t\u1eadp I, VNCPHVN \u2013 1991.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Trung A H\u00e0m<\/span> t\u1eadp I, VNCPHVN \u20131992.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, VNCPHVN \u20131990.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p T\u1eadp Y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eadp I, Ban Tu th\u01b0<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u20131996.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u20131996.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]. V\u00f5 \u0110\u00ecnh C\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00c1nh \u0110\u1ea1o V\u00e0ng<\/span>, Minh \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span> XB v\u00e0 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> 1962.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]. Th\u00edch Gi\u00e1c D\u0169ng, Ph\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u20132003.<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]. L\u00ea Ho\u00e0ng Thanh D\u00e2n, C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, NXB Tr\u1ebb 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]. Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng dg, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, NXB Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u2013 1996 .<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]. Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span>, Trung B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span>) tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u20132002.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]. Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span>, T\u1ee9 Ph\u1ea7n Lu\u1eadt<\/span> TKN gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1ea3i t\u1eadp I, THPGTPHCM \u20131995.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]. Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span> dg, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eadp I, II, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]. Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span>, T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> 2004.<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]. Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span>, Ngu\u1ed3n M\u1ea1ch T\u00e2m Linh<\/span>, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]. Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh dg, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, NXB TP. HCM 1998.<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]. Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan dg, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, VNCPHVN \u20131997.<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]. L\u1ee5c Th\u1ea1ch dg, Tam b\u1ea3o<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m tinh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p T\u0103ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n, T\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, VNCPHVN \u20131991.<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n, Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u00e1i lu\u1eadn, NXB TP. HCM \u20131999.<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n, Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t s\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u20132000.<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]. Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n, T\u00ecm v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, VNCPHVN \u20131997.<\/span><\/p>\n

[31]. Th\u00edch Minh Th\u00f4ng<\/span>, Theo d\u1ea5u<\/span> ch\u00e2n x\u01b0a, NXB T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u20132003.<\/span><\/p>\n

[32]. Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean Tr\u00ed, \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y HVPGVN t\u1ea1i TP. HCM kh\u00f3a V \u20132001.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Lu\u1eadn V\u0103n T\u1ed1t Nghi\u1ec7p)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n

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