{"id":7519,"date":"2020-12-04T17:00:32","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T10:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/04\/buc-thong-diep-muon-doi\/"},"modified":"2020-12-04T17:00:32","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T10:00:32","slug":"buc-thong-diep-muon-doi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/04\/buc-thong-diep-muon-doi\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ee9c Th\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p Mu\u00f4n \u0110\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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B\u1ee8C TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P<\/span> MU\u00d4N \u0110\u1edcI <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: HT. Piyadassi <\/span>
Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Gi\u1edbi H\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch<\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/small><\/span><\/p>\n


\"B\u1ee9c

***<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch g\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>; ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang<\/span> h\u01a1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span>, tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 “Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “Ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span>, l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee9\u01a1c mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vui l\u00f2ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng<\/span>; vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> bao h\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u2026, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng” Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t, x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> do \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> quy y<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (Buddham saranam gacchami<\/i>) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7u giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi du l\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edf v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i mong mu\u1ed1n. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129<\/span> ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span>, k\u00ea toa v\u00e0 b\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn<\/span> c\u1ee7a toa thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi h\u1ebft b\u1ecbnh. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc l\u01b0\u01a1ng y<\/span> ho\u1eb7c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y t\u1eeb bi<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc c\u00f3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a s\u1ea1ch v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1ed5 t\u1eadn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Thanh t\u1ecbnh hay nhi\u1ec3m \u00f4 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y m\u00ecnh<\/span><\/center>
Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec3m \u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c”<\/span><\/center> <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ccM C\u1ea6U CH\u00c2N L\u00dd<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e2y Ta-la song th\u1ecd \u1edf Kushinagar, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ea5y hoa r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ng\u00e0i, Ng\u00e0i m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> A-nan r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y A-nan, nh\u1eefng ai ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> cung k\u00ednh<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> n\u00e0y A-nan, h\u00e3y tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng theo ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span>, t\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1\u8ba7 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u \u00fd<\/span>, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e2ng hoa<\/span> c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> li\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb n\u00e0y v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bao<\/span> qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111ang c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y nghi v\u1ea5n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u00edch (to Love, Gr. philein) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (Wisdom, Gr. Sophia) “Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c truy t\u1ea7m<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>.” Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 darsana ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c truy t\u1ea7m<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> su\u00f4ng, thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u2013 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trau gi\u1ed3i ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111i ngang qua tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, ngang qua s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1n th\u00e1n<\/span> ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Theo Ng\u00e0i, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span>) ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> (vijjacaranasam panna). Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span> (bhavanamaya panna). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> su\u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> sau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3n l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> “ologies” v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> “isms.” N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eefng nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u00e1n cho n\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7t n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ean g\u00ec m\u00e0 ta th\u00edch, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u1ecf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi Upatissa v\u00e0 Kolita (hai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o<\/span> X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean) \u0111ang lang thang \u0111i t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Upatissa \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p T\u1ef3-kheo Assaji l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c<\/span>. Upatissa r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebb \u0111oan nghi\u00eam<\/span>, tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y si\u00eau tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0y. Ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi han, Upatissa li\u1ec1n \u0111i theo<\/span> Assaji v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Upatissa ch\u00e0o ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Assaji. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Assaji khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho b\u1ea1n nghe \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span>.” Upatissa \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> “T\u1ed1t l\u1eafm, n\u00e0y b\u1ea1n, xin h\u00e3y n\u00f3i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi.” R\u1ed3i t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Assaji \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u01b0ng bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

“B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sanh<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n,<\/span><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Upatissa ngay khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (T\u01b0-\u0111\u00e0-ho\u00e0n), hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> r\u1eb1ng “b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra, th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eacC \u0110\u1ea0O S\u01af TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec2N<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eeb thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, n\u00fai s\u00f4ng, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 do th\u1ea5y l\u00e1 r\u01a1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y, l\u1eeda r\u1eebng, \u0111\u00e8n b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft \u2026 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed5 ng\u1ee9a (tham c\u00f4ng \u00e1n<\/span>) v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed1n ng\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecd li\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. V\u00e2ng ! C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hoa sen<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee3i \u00e1nh n\u1eafng<\/span> m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>, ngay khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> chi\u1ebfu th\u00ec hoa sen<\/span> li\u1ec1n n\u1edf v\u00e0 mang ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> do d\u1ef1<\/span> khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Kosambi (Allahabad) trong r\u1eebng Simsapa, Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t \u00edt l\u00e1 trong tay v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

– “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 sao c\u00e1i n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u00e1 Simsapa trong tay ta hay s\u1ed1 l\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i r\u1eebng”<\/span><\/p>\n

– “B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u00e1 trong tay Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u00e1 \u1edf trong r\u1eebng”<\/span><\/p>\n

– “C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i sao, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u00fang, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9nh, to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng g\u1ec9ai?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

– “V\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ec9ang gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y? V\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh, to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ch\u00fang.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u00fang th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, h\u1ecd nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho<\/span> Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> lu\u00f4n tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y mai, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> ngay trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Ng\u00e0i Sakuludayi (b\u1eadc du h\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u1ea5t s\u0129<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

“H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sanh th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia sanh<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Paticca-samuppada) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eacC L\u01af\u01a0NG Y<\/span> V\u00d4 SONG<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc l\u01b0\u01a1ng y<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> (bhisakko), nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea9u thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1ng<\/span> (sallakatto-anuttaro).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc l\u01b0\u01a1ng y<\/span> v\u00f4 song<\/span>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc l\u01b0\u01a1ng y<\/span>. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng y<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> b\u1ecbnh, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u00e1t sanh ra b\u1ecbnh, r\u1ed3i xem x\u00e9t<\/span> s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 (dukkha) l\u00e0 b\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> (tanha) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ecbnh (samudaya), ngang qua vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ebft b\u1ecbnh (nirodha=Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n). B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n n\u00ean nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 tr\u1ecb. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y n\u00ean ngh\u0129 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111i t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng y<\/span> t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span>. Ngang qua hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb, b\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u01a1 kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 n\u00f3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea7m kha (abhinneyya) (Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>). Kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> (pahafabba) (T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>). B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> trau gi\u1ed3i (bahavetabba) v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa b\u1ecbnh (\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>). V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> ngang qua th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span> B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (saccikatabba) (Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>) l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho Sela, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ta bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n tu<\/span> t\u1eadp ta \u0111\u00e3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span>, ta l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh<\/span>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, cho n\u00ean th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ba \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> kia v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt<\/span> t\u00edn th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nu\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y.” L\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y hoang mang. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> trau gi\u1ed3i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan th\u00ec m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u1edbn trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf gian<\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 (dukke loko patithito). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00edch th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> gi\u1eefa tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau: nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u00fang? Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt<\/span> s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea3y sinh l\u1eabn nhau. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea3y ra trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u00fang. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea3y sinh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u00e2n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef0 TH\u1eacT<\/span> CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1edcI<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1eadt) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, b\u1eadc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> khi Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5. Trong T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> cho Mahali Licchavi, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y Mahali, n\u1ebfu s\u1eafc thanh<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi kh\u1ed5, b\u1ee7a v\u00e2y b\u1edfi kh\u1ed5, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> m\u1ea5t an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ph\u00fac th\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y Mahali, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngang qua c\u00e1c c\u0103n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tham \u0111\u1eafm c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> (assada<\/i>) v\u00e0 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n vui th\u00fa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111ang th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ea7u bi<\/span>, \u01b0u n\u00e3o. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb, trong s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u vui th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u00ecm ni\u1ec1\u8b60vui m\u1edbi, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00fac v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m vui m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111ang l\u01b0\u1edbt qua<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span>, li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng? Khi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> tr\u1ea7n gian \u0111ang l\u01b0\u1edbt qua<\/span> nh\u01b0 vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i kh\u1ea9u, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u1eed ch\u1ec9<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thi\u00ea\ufba0v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c mang kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, d\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o, sang tr\u1ecdng<\/span> hay th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n<\/span>, th\u00f4ng minh hay ngu d\u1ed1t<\/span>. Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o<\/span> Shakespeare ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khi \u00f4ng ta vi\u1ebft trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Hamplet “Khi bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c”<\/i> (Ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t tr\u00f9ng lai, h\u1ecda v\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n ch\u00ed<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 du c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngu g\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span> trong t\u00e2m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> x\u1ea5u \u00e1c (adinava). Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 tham \u0111\u1eafm s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh, nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3<\/span>, th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0. Vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> trau gi\u1ed3i gi\u00fap cho v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng t\u00e2m tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m y\u00eau gh\u00e9t \u2026 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (nissarana). Ba \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u2013 l\u1ea1c (assada<\/i>), kh\u1ed5 (adinava<\/i>), v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (nissarana<\/i>) \u2013 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, b\u1ee9c tranh<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Mahali:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y Mahali, n\u1ebfu s\u1eafc thanh<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea5p b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi l\u1ea1c, b\u1ee7a v\u00e2y b\u1edfi l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y Mahali, v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span>, do b\u1ecb nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> trong ch\u00fang. Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
  1. Kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5<\/span> (dukkha-dukkhata<\/i>): l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  2. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/span> (sankhara-dukkhata<\/i>): l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f5a m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  3. Ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/span> (viparinama-dukkhata<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 do v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/ol>\n

    T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 sanh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ecbnh, t\u1eed, ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u00e1i \u00fd, ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00eca<\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u1ebfn y\u00eau, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u01b0a mu\u1ed1n, bu\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5<\/span>. V\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, ta c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u00f4i,” t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc<\/span> (nama-rupa), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh n\u0103m nh\u00f3m hay n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> (panca-khandhakka). Rupa l\u00e0 s\u1eafc bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> u\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 namma l\u00e0 danh bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> 4 u\u1ea9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y “T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5<\/i>“(Samyutta, V, PTS, p. 421).<\/span><\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>. Ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 quay cu\u1ed3ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span>. C\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t, n\u00f3 ch\u00f3ng tan nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> do s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn. M\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> vui s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> th\u00ec d\u1ec5 m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> do ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/span> n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (anicca<\/i>), kh\u1ed5 (dukkha<\/i>), v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (viparinamadhamma<\/i>). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ecb v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ed5; v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (yadaniccam tam dukkham<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 bi quan<\/span> khi Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n vui v\u1ebb<\/span> m\u0129m c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

    “Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c<\/span>,<\/span><\/center>
    Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/center>
    V\u1edbi h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>,<\/span><\/center>
    Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i.”<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean bi quan<\/span>, bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u<\/span>, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n<\/span>, u \u00e1m<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i trau gi\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh h\u1ef7 (piti) l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111ang chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd bi quan<\/span> y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    ***<\/span><\/p>\n

    [Ph\u1ecfng d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Anh “<\/i>The Timeless Message,” c\u1ee7a HT. Piyadassi \u0111\u0103ng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> <\/i>“C\u00e1c Vi\u00ean Ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o” (<\/i>Gems of Buddhist Wisdom), CBBEF, Taiwan, 1996, trang 35-49].<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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