{"id":7548,"date":"2020-12-04T22:50:20","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T15:50:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/04\/cot-loi-cua-coi-bo-de-tanh-khong-la-gi\/"},"modified":"2020-12-04T22:50:20","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T15:50:20","slug":"cot-loi-cua-coi-bo-de-tanh-khong-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/04\/cot-loi-cua-coi-bo-de-tanh-khong-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ed1t L\u00f5i C\u1ee7a C\u1ed9i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 – T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng L\u00e0 G\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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C\u1ed0T L\u00d5I<\/span> C\u1ee6A C\u1ed8I B\u1ed2 \u0110\u1ec0<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00c1NH KH\u00d4NG<\/span> L\u00c0 G\u00cc <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Buddhadasa Bhikkhu <\/span>
(Hoang Phong chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

\"C\u1ed1t


L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch:<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, cao th\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o n\u00eau l\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o” d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> “t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng” mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span>. Ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span>, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, khoa h\u1ecdc gia… thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Buddhadasa (1906-1993) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Th\u00e1i Lan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> trong ba ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Siriraj \u1edf Bangkok (bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p n\u0103m 1961, hai bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> sau v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1962). Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 ba b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u00f3p chung th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 “C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1” xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1962 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>. N\u0103m 1965, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> UNESCO th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eb7ng.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e3i h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m sau th\u00ec quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i sang ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> d\u1ecbch sang nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006 th\u00ec quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> UNESCO ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c gia t\u00e0i<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m ba ph\u1ea7n, ghi l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ba bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n I: Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/b> (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span>)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n II: T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/b> (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n III: Ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p xin gh\u00e9p th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1eddi ghi ch\u00fa nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/i> v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i<\/span> nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c l\u1eddi ghi ch\u00fa n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t trong hai d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n II<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec <\/span>
<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 m\u00f9 m\u1edd, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f4m nay cho \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span>. C\u0169ng th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1eadt tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef “nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u” trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> quan s\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng theo d\u00f5i<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dhamma (\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>)<\/i> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft quan s\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang trong ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh th\u00ec m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dukkha<\/i> (kh\u1ed5 \u0111au)<\/i> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a dukkha<\/i> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dhamma<\/i> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Sau \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi l\u00e2m chung<\/span>, l\u00fac n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y: ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt chung quanh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u1ea5y, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu theo d\u00f5i<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u1ecfi dukkha<\/i> – \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1edb l\u00e0 trong bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb “L\u01b0\u01a1ng Y t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n”, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh<\/span>: lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. B\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u1ea5y? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u00fap ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00eda sau t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u00fap ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m linh<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp gi\u00fap \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Khi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span>, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh. Khi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ra s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> g\u00e2y ra m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1ea5y mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh nh\u01b0: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> hay c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00eam cho n\u00f3, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 “hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> “kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn” (vacuit\u00e9 immuable \/ immutable emptiness)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y – n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khi “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> – th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian<\/span>: m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ebft n\u1eefa)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i mong qu\u00fd v\u1ecb lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng” – ti\u1ebfng Pa-li g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sunnat\u00e2<\/i> – \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i l\u1eddi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> do ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i th\u1ed1t ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i th\u00eam v\u00e0o, v\u00ec ham th\u00edch<\/span> bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> d\u00f4ng d\u00e0i<\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> – th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef “tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng” ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 mang th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau (xin nh\u1eafc th\u00eam l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>. C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Theravada r\u1ea5t “th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf” v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng “tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp”, “th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf” v\u00e0 “gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb” h\u01a1n)<\/i>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 “tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng” mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> n\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

– s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a dukkha<\/i> (kh\u1ed5 \u0111au) <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i>– s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ra dukkha<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> t\u00ecm trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0o d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u: “Sunnato lokam avekkhassu magharasa sada sato”<\/b>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: “H\u00e3y xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa”.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> cao si\u00eau nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi dukkha<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> – c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt – \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt v\u1edbi n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ea5y: “Nibb\u00e2na<\/i> (ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” v\u00e0 “Nibb\u00e2na<\/i> l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t”. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nibb\u00e2na<\/i>, <\/i>hay s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00e0 “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> “t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft hay sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. Khi n\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” l\u00e0 g\u00ec. C\u00e1i “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nibb\u00e2na<\/i> b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111ang thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a dukkha<\/i>” c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nibb\u00e2na<\/i> l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00ean ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00ec su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft nu\u00f4i m\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3 khi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i> l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/i> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> trong l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i> v\u1eabn to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t cao h\u01a1n th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> hay l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> loanh quanh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec c\u1ea3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi nibb\u00e2na<\/i> l\u00e0 “ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng”. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi t\u00f4i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef “ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh” th\u00ec n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 lan tr\u00e0n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (c\u00e1c t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>)<\/i> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i)<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi n\u00e0o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i)<\/i> th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mong c\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> khi x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nibb\u00e2na<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed7i khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn: “Nibb\u00e2na<\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 xem nibb\u00e2na<\/i> \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u1eb1ng mong c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u1ee9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00ean b\u1eb5ng \u0111i l\u00e0 nibb\u00e2na<\/i> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>: “Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 dhamma<\/i> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3” (xin ch\u00fa \u00fd ch\u1eef dhamma – s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng hoa<\/span> – c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay n\u00f3i<\/span> chung l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hay h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Dhamma – s\u1ed1 \u00edt v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft hoa – th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>)<\/i>. N\u1ebfu suy r\u1ed9ng<\/span> ra th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: D\u00f9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef “d\u00f9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi” kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef “n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu” th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef “xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span>, hay h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n<\/span>. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef “nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”. C\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c (t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh – l\u00e0 “t\u00f4i”, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”)<\/i>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i<\/span> hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc qu\u00fd, hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng cao nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec, n\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng t\u1eebng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u1ea5y – t\u1ee9c “Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i> n\u00e0o” – th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span>; mang c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u1ea5y ra \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>; ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1edb n\u00ean lo s\u1ee3 khi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 l\u00e1 trong r\u1eebng th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> nibb\u00e2na<\/i> th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm<\/span> l\u00e1 trong tay. “N\u1eafm gi\u00e1o l\u00fd” \u1ea5y trong b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hay b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe l\u1eddi<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ri\u00eang n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. S\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> l\u00e0 hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Tu t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. V\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ea5y bao h\u00e0m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00e1c”. V\u1eady qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u1eed suy ngh\u0129<\/span> xem c\u00f2n c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00eam hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y? Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1eed suy ngh\u0129<\/span> th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 xem! \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t: kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 quy y Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span>, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>. V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f9ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i> khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> (v\u00f4 minh<\/span>)<\/i> v\u00e0 dukkha<\/i> (kh\u1ed5 \u0111au)<\/i>, th\u00ec nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a Dhamma (\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>)<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> “m\u1ed9t” v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n<\/span> hay t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m<\/span> g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> hay c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u1edbi Dhamma<\/i> v\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc ng\u1eafn, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u1ea5y. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span>, r\u1ea1ng ng\u1eddi v\u00e0 an b\u00ecnh<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Dhamma<\/i> v\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, m\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u01a1i Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span> m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng (d\u00e2na \/ b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>)<\/i>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n – th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 mong c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> – th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 mua b\u00e1n<\/span>. \u0110\u00e3 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0o: \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” n\u1eefa th\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u00ec n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed? Khi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan bi\u1ebfn th\u00ec c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” (c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>)<\/i> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tan bi\u1ebfn theo. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> (sila).<\/i> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y hay vi\u1ec7c n\u1ecd (khi quy y<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n)<\/i>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ee9 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1 hay sao? Ch\u1eb3ng qua \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00ec ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh x\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ariyakantasila<\/i> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh, khi tr\u1ed3i khi s\u1ee5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng samadhi \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng hay s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 samadhi th\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 samadhi <\/i>t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp trung b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 khandha<\/i> (ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span>)<\/i> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>: \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00fang. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn\u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (pann\u00e2). N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>, hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, hay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> khi v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 bao ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span>. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb suy ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i khi th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ebft ngu \u0111\u1ea7n (nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t<\/span>, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eadt ngu xu\u1ea9n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh khi “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00f4 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hoang mang v\u00e0 u m\u00ea<\/span>)<\/i>. Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ngu \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> hay l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00fang (ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>)<\/i> gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt – c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nhau m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, trong c\u00e1i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. M\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 minh<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean sinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean sinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 – t\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i)<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi 89 hay 129 lo\u1ea1i “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> trong A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn (Abhidhamma). Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1ecdi “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng”. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng” \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. M\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> g\u00e1n cho<\/span> n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau (Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span>, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> hay nguy\u00ean sinh…)<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hay b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> n\u00e0o. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00e0 Nibban\u00e2 (Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2 <\/i>hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <\/i>t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (paramasunnata hay paramam sunnam)<\/i>. Do \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00fac kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 quy y<\/span>, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng-b\u00e1m-v\u00edu v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ng\u00e3. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nibban\u00e2 <\/i>t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2 <\/i>thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span>; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>; ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng” mang m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1eadt l\u1edbn, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dhamma<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> xem t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “dhamma”<\/i>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3i l\u00ean ch\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Ch\u1eef dhamma<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 dhamma”<\/i> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> hay t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3 ba th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u1ea5y th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 dhamma”<\/i>. T\u00f4i mong r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y: l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi “th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi” c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c “l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c” c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. M\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u00ec t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i>. N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i>. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> y\u00eau, h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf…, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i>. D\u00f9 cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang hay sai, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. N\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, hay tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (tu gi\u1edbi, tu \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu tu\u1ec7)<\/i> hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0o, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ea5y – d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> nh\u01b0 “s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>)<\/i>, qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>)<\/i> hay l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2 (ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i>” – th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> Dhamma<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>)<\/i>, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt” v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec d\u00f9 l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hay xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>. C\u00e1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hay b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> n\u00ean b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o th\u00e2n x\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1eeba ph\u1ec9nh m\u00ecnh t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (n\u1ebfu xem th\u00e2n x\u00e1c l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd lo trau chu\u1ed1t<\/span> n\u00f3, t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea5n son cho n\u00f3, x\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa cho n\u00f3, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c<\/span> cho l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c n\u1edf nang c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111eo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, trang s\u1ee9c l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, s\u1eeda sang “s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p”, “c\u1eaft b\u1edbt” ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, “\u0111\u1ed9n th\u00eam” ch\u1ed7 kia… T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed7i nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 khi xem t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00e3 xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u00f9ng l\u00ean, h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh, t\u1ef1 \u00e1i<\/span> d\u00e0y v\u00f2, tham lam<\/span> x\u00fai d\u1ee5c, trong l\u00f2ng nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span>, \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1<\/span>, m\u01b0u m\u00f4, ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf… khi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hung b\u1ea1o, ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch, t\u1ef1 t\u1eed, s\u00e1t sinh<\/span>…, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gian nh\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/span> “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”…)<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng mang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u1eef “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng” (t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> hay l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean sinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3)<\/i>. Ch\u1eef “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/span>, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef<\/span>, v.v…. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i dhamma<\/i> c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 dhamma<\/i> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> u m\u00ea<\/span> (c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh hay \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> l\u00f9 l\u00f9 nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c)<\/i>. N\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u00fap qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. B\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. S\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 chao \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh ra dukkha<\/i> (kh\u1ed5 \u0111au)<\/i>. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> xem s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. N\u1ebfu d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t<\/span> b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00f4i k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 “nghi th\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c”, khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00e0ng th\u00eam kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao (\u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 kh\u00fac tri\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng, do \u0111\u00f3 xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t. B\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> “th\u1ee9 ba” trong s\u1ed1 “m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i” (entraves, emp\u00eachements \/ obstacles) bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 “m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i” g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 samyojana (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 Pa-li), kinh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n ng\u1eef g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Th\u1eadp S\u1eed” hay “Th\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i” hay “Th\u1eadp C\u0103n Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o”. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u1ebfu b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh – phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> – th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u00e0y ra m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u00ecnh th\u00eam kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf ch\u0103ng ?)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu t\u1eadp<\/span> Dhamma<\/i> c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>: ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh – \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. N\u1ebfu n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 khi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9<\/span>, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec nh\u01b0 khi b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u1eadt th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t<\/span> t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u1ee9 xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. N\u1ebfu n\u1eafm b\u1eaft n\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nibban\u00e2<\/i> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nibban\u00e2<\/i> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt t\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nibban\u00e2 <\/i>hay t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> dhamma<\/i> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1eef “thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean”. C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef dhamma<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 “. C\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00e0nh hai th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau: m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> ch\u00fang nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00fang trong ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>)<\/i>. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c dhamma <\/i>kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2<\/i> hay l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f3 hai th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i dhamma<\/i> : m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt lu\u00f4n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> hay t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>)<\/i>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> (hay t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>)<\/i>, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00f4i k\u00e9o trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>)<\/i> th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 dhamma <\/i>c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean”, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi dhamma<\/i> l\u00e0 tathat\u00e2<\/i> <\/b>(c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \/ ainsit\u00e9 \/ suchness, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 “Nh\u01b0 Lai” t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf”)<\/i>: dhamma<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9” \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 dhamma<\/i> n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> Dhamma <\/i>\u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef hoa v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1 \u00edt)<\/i> th\u00ec d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o, c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc n\u00e0o hay th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i ng\u00e3” (\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>)<\/i>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> (xin ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam l\u00e0 khi Buddhadasa n\u00eau l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1edbi “c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u” c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y)<\/i>. Theo ph\u00e9p suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00f4-gic (d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>)<\/i> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt = \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt = \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c dhamma <\/i>= \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> – syllogism -: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft, Aristoteles l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Aristoteles c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft) <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau (nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>)<\/i> th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> (cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”)<\/i> th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 pann\u00e2<\/i> (hay nana, jnana, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> hay b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3)<\/i>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 dhamma c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 dhamma<\/i> n\u1eefa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dhamma <\/i>c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span> hay c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, khi dhamma<\/i> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi dhamma<\/i> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (mat\u00e9rialit\u00e9 \/ materiality \/ t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> hay th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>)<\/i> th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m (c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh)<\/i>. Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ng\u1ea3 theo ho\u1eb7c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 u m\u00ea<\/span> (v\u00f4 minh<\/span>)<\/i> ho\u1eb7c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/span> (b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh)<\/i> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i dhamma<\/i> \u0111\u00f3 (t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> hay \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>)<\/i>. Dhamma<\/i> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 dhamma <\/i>c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 dhamma<\/i> (nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c dhamma kh\u00e1c)<\/i>. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> hay nibban\u00e2<\/i> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3. Tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t” v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt – t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ed3m chung trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt”.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> mang \u0111\u1ea7y u m\u00ea<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thi\u1ebfu minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft ch\u1ea1y theo<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> th\u00fa t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u1edf c\u1eeda ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 dhamma <\/i>c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 di s\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1eeb mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf<\/span> (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 xung n\u0103ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng – n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> – v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n “ki\u1ebfm \u0103n” n\u1eefa m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span>, g\u1edfi ti\u1ec1n trong ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, m\u01b0u m\u00f4, l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh)<\/i>. N\u1ebfu quan s\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u1ecd – d\u00f9 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> – \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 “ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y” \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o<\/span>, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng<\/span>… trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi internet, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, xui d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> “v\u00f4 minh” v\u00e0 “b\u00e1m v\u00edu” v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay sao? \u0110\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9<\/span>, anh em, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c<\/span>, x\u00f3m gi\u1ec1ng<\/span>, th\u1ea7y c\u00f4… m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> – t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> hay n\u01a1i ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n – n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00f4 minh<\/span> d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111ang bao ph\u1ee7, giam h\u00e3m<\/span> v\u00e0 si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh, xui d\u1ee5c m\u00ecnh b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>)<\/i>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eadp cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Tr\u1ebb con ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u00f2n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch<\/span> bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00eam c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh)<\/i>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 m\u1edbi sinh ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung quanh n\u00f3. Khi m\u1edbi m\u1edf m\u1eaft<\/span> ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn t\u1eadp cho n\u00f3 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cha “c\u1ee7a n\u00f3”, m\u1eb9 “c\u1ee7a n\u00f3”, gian nh\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a n\u00f3”, th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> “c\u1ee7a n\u00f3”; k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a n\u00f3” v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a \u1ea5y “c\u1ee7a n\u00f3”! (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> khi n\u00f3 va \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o g\u00f3c b\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n th\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 g\u00f3c b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 b\u1ecb va \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec d\u1ea1y n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00e1nh xa g\u00f3c b\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y tay \u0111\u00e1nh g\u00f3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span> cho n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9. C\u00e1i t\u00f4i” \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u “h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi” m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c “kinh nghi\u1ec7m” m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> m\u1edbi tr\u00ean th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y hay nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span>, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 \u0111ang h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i. “C\u00e1i t\u00f4i” \u0111ang tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> qua nh\u1eefng “th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng” kh\u00e1c nhau – tr\u1ebb th\u01a1, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span>, gi\u00e0 nua<\/span> – nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 mang theo<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n ghi \u0111\u1eadm tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb va \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa)<\/i>. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh – hay s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” trong tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 – l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> theo \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00f3 (quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>…)<\/i>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 su\u1ed1t trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n b\u00e9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> do ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> \u1ea5y g\u00e2y ra. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u1ea5y “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng khi m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t<\/span> v\u00e0o dukkha<\/i> (kh\u1ed5 \u0111au)<\/i>. C\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t, b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, r\u00e1t b\u1ecfng v\u00e0 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au (\u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f3c hay c\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span>, lo bu\u1ed3n hay h\u1edbn h\u1edf, h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc<\/span> hay hy v\u1ecdng<\/span>, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef<\/span> hay y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>…, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ebf t\u1eafc th\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 m\u00e0 Buddhadasa mu\u1ed1n n\u00eau l\u00ean)<\/i> – t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ecdi tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a dukkha<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, m\u1ed7i khi x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc s\u1ebd sinh ra kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1<\/span> cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t th\u00ec th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> hay l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec “c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t” c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a “dukkha” <\/i>– m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 dukkha<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 dukkha<\/i>, ch\u1eb3ng qua b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dukkha<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e2y: “Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3” (“sabbe dhamma nalam abhinivesaya”). C\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, n\u00e0o c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2u!<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00ecnh qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>, v\u00e0 khi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span>. V\u1eady khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ai s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0: (ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai c\u1ea3)<\/i> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>: s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i>, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i>, dukkha<\/i> (kh\u1ed5 \u0111au)<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i>, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u1ee7a dukkha<\/i> (s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>)<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> dukkha<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>)<\/i> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>, th\u00e2n x\u00e1c l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i> th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>)<\/i>, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng (merite \/ ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \/ ti\u1ebfng Pa-li l\u00e0 punna)<\/i> hay kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng (demerit \/ thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \/ ti\u1ebfng Pa-li l\u00e0 papa)<\/i> th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu quan s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u1eadt c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> khi sinh ra \u0111\u1ec1u ngang h\u00e0ng<\/span> nhau: \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00fac gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span>, \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m…)<\/i>. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, x\u1ea5u xa<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh?<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> x\u1ea5u v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> (l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>)<\/i>. Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn theo m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a th\u00eam cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “kinh nghi\u1ec7m” s\u1ed1ng)<\/i>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng khi \u0111\u01b0a tay v\u00e0o l\u1eeda th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> d\u1ec5 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>, th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> th\u00ec trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u00fat tay v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1ng than h\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 dhamma<\/i> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng than h\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> Adittapariyaya-sutta trong Samyutta-Nikaya IV, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u00e0i Kinh: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y<\/b><\/a>” –<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem ph\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u00ean Th\u01b0 Vi\u00ean Hoa Sen<\/span>)<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i khi n\u1eafm b\u1eaft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, th\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u1ebd b\u00f9ng l\u00ean ngay. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u00e0m cho b\u1ecfng tay m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i c\u1ea3 con tim l\u1eabn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00fan s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111ang b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> lao m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1ng than h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a tay v\u00e0o l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au do s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0: ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au do s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i khi qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nibban\u00e2<\/i>. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nibban\u00e2 <\/i>m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua trung gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 “l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c” gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m (ayatana<\/i> \/sph\u00e8re des sens \/ sphere of senses \/ “th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi” gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m).<\/i> C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng n\u00ean m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nibban\u00e2<\/i> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 “l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c” (sphere \/ th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, c\u00f5i)<\/i> b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y! (nibban\u00e2, thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> hay c\u00f5i c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span>… th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c “\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft” c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> – n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ai tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c dhamma \u1ea5y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3)<\/i>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1edbi s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> trong “th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi” (sphere \/ c\u00f5i, l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span>)<\/i> c\u1ee7a nibban\u00e2<\/i>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nibban\u00e2<\/i> (hay trong c\u00f5i ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng-b\u00e1m-v\u00edu v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c – t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y. V\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u1ecf ra<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> C\u00e1i Ng\u00e3 (hay l\u00e0 Linh H\u1ed3n<\/span>, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh)<\/i> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> (n\u00f3i chung)<\/i>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u1eadn sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u00f4-ng\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>)<\/i> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4-ng\u00e3, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4-ng\u00e3. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (dhamma)<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4-ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00ec sau n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ecfng tay th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean-nh\u00e2n-c\u1ed9i-r\u1ec5 khi\u1ebfn ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u00f9ng l\u00ean – \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd ch\u00e1n ng\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 mong c\u1ea7u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang, h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u00f9ng l\u00ean n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u1ea3<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng”. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nibban\u00e2<\/i>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1ecb xao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>. Nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, n\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef “tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng” th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ng\u00e3; m\u1ed7i khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 “xao l\u00e3ng” th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hoang mang, hay th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” s\u1ebd h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Kinh S\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y. Hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1- C\u1ea3m t\u00ednh nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec l\u00e0 “t\u00f4i” c\u1ea3 – (na aham kavacini).
<\/span><\/p>\n

2- Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat lo l\u1eafng<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 “t\u00f4i” c\u1ea3 – (na kassaci kincanam kisminci).<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

3- C\u1ea3m t\u00ednh nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” c\u1ea3 – (na mama kavacini).<\/span><\/p>\n

4- Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat lo l\u1eafng<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” c\u1ea3 – (kisminci kincanam natthi).<\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> Ananjasappaya Sutta, thu\u1ed9c Majjhima Nikaya \/ Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> – MN, 106<\/i>)<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 “t\u00f4i” c\u1ea3, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “l\u00e0 t\u00f4i”. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 (m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c)<\/i> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa hay bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i (trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch)<\/i> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau: “Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ea3” – thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y th\u1eed h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> xem l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u00e1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ra th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd mang m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd<\/span> do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 e ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hay trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” c\u1ea3 (n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 hay n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>)<\/i>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1c<\/span> y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 hai th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf khi n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecf ra<\/span> kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t. V\u00e0o ch\u00ednh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span>: t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a s\u1eb5n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” (\u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Samyutta Nikaya) \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t Sinh<\/span> Linh Gi\u00e1c<\/span> Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y (ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o” v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 “Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o” lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng internet, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i “ch\u1ea1y v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i” ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 xung n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ch\u1ea1y v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i” th\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y nhanh th\u00ec s\u1ee9c “ly t\u00e2m” c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 – b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc – c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u1eafn ra xa h\u01a1n<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>)<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m an \u1ee7i<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn lao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t giai tho\u1ea1i<\/span> k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. H\u1ecd th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> Ng\u00e0i h\u00e3y ban cho<\/span> h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m an vui cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, c\u00f2n b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu v\u1ee3 con<\/span>, c\u00f2n b\u00f4i d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0n h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa”. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u00e8n gi\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecd b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u00e8n gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00e1c, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap h\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quy y<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh b\u01b0\u1edbc theo v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>)<\/i>, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, Dhamma<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>)<\/i> v\u00e0 Sangha (T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>)<\/i>, v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> (tu gi\u1edbi)<\/i> khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n<\/span> khi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c (mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n quy y<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>)<\/i>. Theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba! Khi nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i)<\/i> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1eb3ng. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt<\/i>, Dhamma<\/i> v\u00e0 Sangha<\/i> v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>: \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00fd (t\u1ee9c cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>)<\/i> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u00ean l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00e2u (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>)<\/i>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh<\/span> ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng ai h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nibban\u00e2<\/i> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>)<\/i> – d\u00f9 cho h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m an vui cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>. V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> ai c\u00f3 l\u00fd? \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta? N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00fd th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> (Buddhadasa mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i nghe gi\u1ea3ng)<\/i> ph\u1ea3i lo t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi xem ai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, ai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1edfi tr\u1eadn h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng than h\u1ed3ng? Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c! N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ai b\u1ecb b\u1ee7a v\u00e2y b\u1edfi tr\u1eadn h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i lo t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eaft \u0111i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau<\/span> dukkha<\/i> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i x\u00f4ng pha trong ch\u1ed1n l\u1eeda b\u1ecfng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o an to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n<\/span>: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho m\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ch\u1ed1n l\u1eeda b\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> m\u00e1t m\u1ebb<\/span>. C\u00e1i n\u01a1i \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra c\u00e1i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 (c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>)<\/i> th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong chu vi c\u1ee7a khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>)<\/i> – \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 an l\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1eb1ng: “sunnatapppatysamyutta lokuttara dhamma”<\/i><\/b> – t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “dhamma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p th\u00eam t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”<\/i><\/b>. V\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ban t\u1eb7ng<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mong r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e3y x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i xem t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi xem \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em ra h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Samyutta Nikaya), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>, v\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i> th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> (nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>)<\/i> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2<\/i> (ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i> c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i>. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nibban\u00e2<\/i> l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng trong l\u1eeda b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu hi\u1ec3m nguy nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ngay trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0y<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef nibban\u00e2 <\/i>t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2<\/i>. H\u00e3y \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f2n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang xen v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9<\/span> ra c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y. Khi ch\u0103m ch\u00fa nghe t\u00f4i n\u00f3i th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 ra m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o cho c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ra. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1eed nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i xem t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh ngay trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (t\u00f4i xin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef “n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3” b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> “\u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>) th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111ang \u1edf trong khung c\u1ea3nh (c\u00f5i, hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>)<\/i> nibban\u00e2 (ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i>. D\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2 <\/i>tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Nibban\u00e2<\/i> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ngay trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng mong r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”, lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u00e0. Khi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o gian nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c trong l\u00fac l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u00e0 th\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m thay cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh)<\/i> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. C\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 dukkha<\/i> do gian nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u00e0 t\u1eebng g\u00e2y ra cho m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. L\u00fac n\u00e0o qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111eo l\u00ean ng\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nibban\u00e2<\/i> hay t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Th\u00e1i Lan th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111eo \u1edf ng\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 b\u00f9a hay th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ecf, qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1eadt x\u01b0a, v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 “b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh”)<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3m nguy v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00e1 b\u00f9a \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt (t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh)<\/i> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ban cho<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u0111oan<\/span> (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u00f9a ch\u00fa, nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> m\u00e0u m\u00e8<\/span>… ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u0111oan<\/span> hay nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> – upaya – m\u00e0 th\u00f4i)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n rao b\u00e1n m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng xin qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean xem t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> (thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>)<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a sinh l\u00e3o b\u1ec7nh t\u1eed<\/span> , th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> tin v\u00e0o l\u1eddi t\u00f4i n\u00f3i. Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf s\u1ef1<\/span> qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u xa<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. V\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (ti\u1ebfng Pa-li l\u00e0 dh\u00e2tu, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>…, kinh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>…)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (dh\u00e2tu) <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef dh\u00e2tu <\/i>v\u00e0 ch\u1eef dhamma<\/i> c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef “dhr”<\/i> v\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “n\u1eafm gi\u1eef”, “duy tr\u00ec”…, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 – c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef dhamma<\/i>. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi dhamma<\/i>, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ngay b\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang duy tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang b\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-bi\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> (\u00e9l\u00e9m\u00e9nts chimiques \/ chemical elements \/ c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1<\/span> h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 carbon, oxy…)<\/i>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra th\u00eam. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c – hay \u00edt ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt s\u00e2u xa<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (\u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch “hi\u1ec3u” hay “gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch” kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa Theravada v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> x\u01b0a nh\u01b0 sravaka v\u00e0 pratyekabudha v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> “nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y” – theravada, sravaka, pratyekabudha – ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> – dhamma. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Buddhadasa \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Buddhadasa “v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa” h\u01a1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Theravada)<\/i>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> hay l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phi-h\u00ecnh-t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb con tim v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y (xin l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1eef “\u00edt ra”, v\u00ec Buddhadasa s\u1ebd c\u00f2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng” thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 chung quanh s\u1ebd c\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ngay. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phi-h\u00ecnh-t\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (“Noble Ones” \/ “Nobles \u00catres \u00e9veill\u00e9s”, n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span>)<\/i> s\u1ebd c\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba: \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nirodhadh\u00e2tu<\/b> – “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9” (hay \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span>)<\/i> – \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> – ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ebft”. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft (m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>)<\/i>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa n\u00f3 c\u00f2n bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span>)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dhamma<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>)<\/i> th\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1eeda l\u00e0 g\u00ec th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 – \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng cho tr\u1ebb con nghe. C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> xa h\u01a1n<\/span> n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1eeda, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (spirit, mind)<\/i>, tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> (consciousness, mental proceses)<\/i> thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t. Nibban\u00e2<\/i> (ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 (nirodhadh\u00e2tu)<\/i>. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng n\u00ean d\u00e0nh th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> nibban\u00e2 <\/i>v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u00f4-ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u01b0 sau: trong s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>: th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c (t\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9)<\/i> th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, danh x\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1edd m\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m (th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span>, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu)<\/i>, c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, t\u01b0 duy<\/span>, tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v.v… – t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f3 tham gia<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (xin hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>)<\/i>, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9<\/span> ra s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> hay l\u00e0 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf (s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Buddhadasa v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng<\/span>)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u1ea3: \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i-nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t-to\u1ea1i-nguy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> (th\u1eadt th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng trung h\u00f2a<\/span>, khi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u1ea3y ra – nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, ng\u1eedi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i… – th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> ngay nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng “v\u00f4 t\u01b0”)<\/i>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> (d\u1ea1y m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch\u2026 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng)<\/i>, hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu<\/span> (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh lo bu\u1ed3n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ea1y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eebng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9 quay v\u1ec1<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o “c\u1ed9t” t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c)<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n, h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> ch\u00fang ra th\u00e0nh ba th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft Ng\u00e0i n\u00eau l\u00ean th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nekkhamadh\u00e2tu<\/i> – “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf”<\/i> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> (sensuality – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 r\u00fat lui ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span> hay l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>)<\/i>; sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> arupadh\u00e2tu<\/i> – “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t”<\/i> – nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>; th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nirodhadh\u00e2tu<\/i> – “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9”<\/i> – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> (monde conditionn\u00e9 \/ conditioned world \/ th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> qua s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i b\u1edfi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> (sensuality \/ d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span>. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi “t\u1ea1i gia” kh\u00f4ng xem phim \u1ea3nh nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/span> k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i – hay \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh – th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi “xu\u1ea5t gia”)<\/i>. M\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span> s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y d\u00f9 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> thanh tao<\/span> h\u01a1n th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp du-gi\u00e0 (yogi) th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> do ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd (ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>, ph\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 an vui b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ea3. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi n\u00f3)<\/i>. \u1ede m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i hay say m\u00ea \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c th\u00edch s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e2y ki\u1ec3ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3. Tuy c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1i b\u1eaby \u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi – t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ra th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang (choses conditinn\u00e9es \/conditioned things)<\/i> \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u01a1n (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i<\/span>, t\u1eeb bi<\/span>, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ecb tha<\/span>…)<\/i>. Trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa<\/span> – ch\u1eb3ng ai mu\u1ed1n nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y! T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1ch trau d\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y hay sao! Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 sankhata – t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> (\u00e9tat conditionn\u00e9 \/ conditioned state. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea7y hoa th\u01a1m<\/span> c\u1ecf l\u1ea1 c\u00f9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t vang l\u1eebng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u2026 hoa gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 x\u01b0a, l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7u, th\u1eed h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng<\/span> n\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng hay ch\u0103ng? T\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef sankhata m\u00e0 Buddhadasa n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00f4i s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o)<\/i>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ecb giam<\/span> h\u00e3m trong c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0y hay th\u1ebf kia v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1eadt n\u00e0y hay v\u1eadt n\u1ecd! Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ai th\u00edch, v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1 g\u00ec l\u1eafm th\u00ec l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> (celestial being \/ \u00eatre c\u00e9leste)<\/i>. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng<\/span> n\u00ean l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh (brahma-god \/ divinit\u00e9)<\/i>. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hay, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u00edch l\u00e0m vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh (mahabrahma-god \/ roi des divinit\u00e9s)<\/i>! Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”, hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> (sankhata). Ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> khi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 (nirodhadh\u00e2tu) th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 \u1ea5y mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> linh gi\u00e1c<\/span> ng\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. T\u00f4i xin qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> mang h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng mang h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0m t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang mang h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ba th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span>, t\u1eeb v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> h\u1ecdc. Ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ch\u00fang n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1eeba ph\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y theo<\/span> ch\u00fang n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu l\u1ee1 tay<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ch\u00fang th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay l\u00e0 c\u00f5i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ch\u00fang Sinh<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111i xa h\u01a1n<\/span>, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> (kinh Uppannasaka-Sutta trong Majjhima Nikaya)<\/i> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ch\u00fang Sinh<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng (mahipurisavihara). C\u00e1c Ch\u00fang Sinh<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh lang thang v\u00e0 xao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, xoay h\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y sang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span>. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c V\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng an tr\u00fa<\/span> trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u00ednh t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> hay l\u00e0 t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ch\u00fang Sinh<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ch\u00fang Sinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c V\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c V\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i \u1ea5y v\u00e0 h\u00edt th\u1edf b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f5i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Trong khi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> Dhamma<\/i> th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Trong khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c<\/span> hay trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i hay t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 X\u00e1 l\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t<\/span> (Sariputta) r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00ecnh trong c\u00f5i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span> ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Sinh<\/span> Linh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa trong m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 xi-m\u0103ng, m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. C\u00e1i c\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh tho\u00e1ng qua m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi c\u00f2n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> khi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0. C\u00f5i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i: paramanuttara-sunnata<\/i><\/b> – c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”<\/b> (parama<\/i>: t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, anuttara<\/i>: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, sunnata<\/i>: t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>). N\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> th\u1eadt tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong n\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng trung gian<\/span>. Trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tuy \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mang m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i l\u00f9i ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh “kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” hay “anuttara”)<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. D\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ea7n th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> phong ph\u00fa<\/span> h\u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> hay ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (coinsidences \/ b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, c\u01a1 duy\u00ean<\/span>)<\/i>. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (c\u01a1 duy\u00ean<\/span>) <\/i>x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> gi\u00fap t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> an tr\u00fa<\/span> trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t hay hai gi\u1edd li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” (paramanuttarasunnata) do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecf, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh paramanuttarasunnata s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0<\/span> sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– nevasannanasannayatana<\/i><\/b>: c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– akincannayatana<\/i><\/b>: c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– vinnancayatana<\/i><\/b>: c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– akasanancayatana<\/i><\/b>: c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– pathavisanna<\/i><\/b>: <\/b>c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– arannasann<\/i><\/b>: c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn r\u1eebng<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 arannasanna<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch “c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hoang d\u00e3” (perception of forest)<\/i>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed3n \u00e0o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y hoang mang th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng hoang d\u00e3<\/span> th\u1eadt y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> n\u01a1i \u1ea5y th\u1eadt an b\u00ecnh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> r\u1ed3i – th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb con.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc pathavisanna<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch “c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t”. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> g\u00ec c\u1ea3)<\/i>. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m<\/span> nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 akasanancayatana<\/i>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 “c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn”. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> bao la<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 vinnancayatana<\/i>, hay s\u1ef1 “c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean”. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 akincannayatana<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i”. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o hay tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc kh\u00e1c cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nevasannanasannayatana<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn”. Trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng hay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> sai, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u0169ng sai n\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o g\u00e1n cho<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c” (perception sans perception \/ awareness without perception)<\/i>. S\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadt cao, cao \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y c\u00f2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 sai, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> – paramanuttarasunnata – m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh s\u1ee3)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1u c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u1edbi “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” (paramanuttarasunnata). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Sinh Linh<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi du-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. D\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u1ea5y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ri\u00eang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa cho nh\u1eefng Sinh Linh<\/span> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eb7ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” m\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1eadp Lu\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Kinh S\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 sunnataphassa – “ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng”. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa m\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u1eefa tai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh<\/span> nghe th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v.v…, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 hay nirodhadh\u00e2tu<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng”. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Cao C\u1ea3 (Noble Sentier \/ Noble Path \/ Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e1m S\u1ef1 \u0110\u00fang \u0110\u1eafn<\/span> hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>. Xin ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef “\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn” – “ch\u00e1nh” – mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> Cao C\u1ea3 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb thay ch\u1eef “\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn” b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef “ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o”)<\/i> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span>. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n tay \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai qu\u00e1n nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> (anatt\u00e2nupassan\u00e2) <\/i>th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e1m S\u1ef1 \u0110\u00fang \u0110\u1eafn<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u00e3 mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u1ea5y (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 dhamma)<\/i> th\u00ec Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e1m S\u1ef1 \u0110\u00fang \u0110\u1eafn<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng” (sunnataphassa). S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (dukkh\u00e2nupassan\u00e2). Qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a tay v\u00e0o l\u1eeda v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m; ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u1eafm b\u1eaft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t dhamma<\/i> n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o ch\u00fang, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y ch\u00fang th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/span> ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, khi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m cho ng\u1ea1t th\u1edf, g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch, b\u1ee7a v\u00e2y v\u00e0 giam h\u00e3m<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> dukkha<\/i> l\u00e0 g\u00ec (dukkh\u00e2nupassan\u00e2).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nibban\u00e2<\/i> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u1ea5y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nibban\u00e2 <\/i>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 con tim c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ngay \u0111ang trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0y t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ti\u1ec1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt)<\/i> r\u1ed3i. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e3y tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 (t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a)<\/i> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh S\u00e1ch c\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c N\u1ec1n M\u00f3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Ch\u00fa T\u00e2m<\/span> (c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span>)<\/i> trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (citt\u00e2nupassan\u00e2) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh: “N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf, th\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> hoang mang t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7<\/span>; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng; n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh xem sao<\/span>: ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t n\u00f3 c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> trong s\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nibban\u00e2<\/i> hay s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, d\u00f9 cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 ngay trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u01a1 duy\u00ean<\/span> h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n v\u00e0 an b\u00ecnh<\/span> (n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00eam th\u00ec th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a “s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn” (vikkambhanavimutti \/ release by suppression). V\u00ec th\u1ebf ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00f3 – nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1eabu do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ban t\u1eb7ng! N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng m\u1eabu \u1ea5y th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> n\u01a1i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 B\u1ed1n N\u1ec1n M\u00f3ng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Ch\u00fa T\u00e2m<\/span> theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t: tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m, ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. S\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i cho qu\u00fd v\u1ecb “h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb” c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> su\u1ed1t trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00fac ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>. V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00f9ng khi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au do s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. V\u00e0o ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a nibban\u00e2<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng “h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3)<\/i> trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> n\u00f3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> ri\u00eang chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00f3, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Khi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> l\u1eafm. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0m l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00fat b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Anguttara Nikaya) c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng khi n\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, tr\u00fat b\u1ecf h\u1ebft “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> kamma (nghi\u1ec7p)<\/i> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kamma<\/i>, qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> kamma<\/i>, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean lo s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn kamma<\/i> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span>, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> n\u00ean ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> cho “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec kamma <\/i>theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tan bi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 Angulimala c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u sai nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> cho Angulimala : “Ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i, ch\u00ednh con v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00f4i” (nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc theo d\u00f5i<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Buddhadasa tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u0169ng xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 Angulimala nh\u01b0 sau:… M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec n\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 Angulimala v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> hung d\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111ang t\u00ecm gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n tr\u1ecd thi\u1ebft tha xin \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u00e3y d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nghe v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u1eafng tanh<\/span>, nh\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda<\/span>. Angulimala th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t con ph\u1ed1 v\u1eafng, h\u1eafn b\u00e8n r\u00fat thanh ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111i theo<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 k\u1ebb l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ngay \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00ean s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t<\/span> c\u00e1ch thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>. Angulimala r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, h\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0a cao thanh ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e9t l\u00ean ra l\u1ecbnh cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea5ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf v\u1ebb s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u1edbi Angulimala m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng<\/span>: “N\u00e0y Angulimala, con c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng, ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i<\/b> t\u1eeb l\u00e2u l\u1eafm r\u1ed3i. Ch\u00ednh con v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang m\u00faa may trong l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/span>, c\u1ee7a gi\u1eadn d\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng”. Angulimala h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2 x\u00e9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t<\/span> tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Angulamala b\u1ed7ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> tr\u01a1 tr\u1ee5i <\/b>v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n<\/span><\/b>, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n h\u1eafn nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. H\u1eafn b\u00e8n n\u00e9m b\u1ecf thanh ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 qu\u1ef3 xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 xin nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hung \u00e1c (kinh Angulimala-sutta, trong Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> – Majjhima-Nikaya. \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ba c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/b><\/a>” <\/span>– c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem tr\u00ean Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/span>)<\/i>. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Angulimala tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nay th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Angulimala \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n. C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> sai. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef “d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i<\/b>” v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” n\u1eefa, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp Angulimala tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n cao c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 Angulimala \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e2u? B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt, m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kia hay quay v\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt. Khi n\u00e0o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng” mang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u1eef “d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i” v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1eef m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho Angulimala ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh<\/span>, trong khi m\u00e0 hai tay c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1ea5y m\u00e1u v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111eo m\u1ed9t x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i v\u1edbi 999 \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n cho kamma<\/i> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m “d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i” th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e2y: “Ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” – v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> d\u00f4ng d\u00e0i<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng”. Tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dukkha<\/i>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.
Th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u1eeda, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00ed hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, v.v… (xin ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00ed, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t-lai L\u1ea1t-ma v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n n\u00eau th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>)<\/i>. Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3. Tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u1ee7a kamma<\/i>, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt” \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 dhamma<\/i>, v\u00e0 dhamma<\/i> th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay nh\u1eefng g\u00ec “t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf”; ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i ng\u00e3” v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o “c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang”. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 dhamma<\/i> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 u m\u00ea<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> (ch\u1eef n\u00e0y trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 “culture”, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n…)<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> (trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 “la fa\u00e7on dont nous vivons” \/ “the way that we live”)<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> “ego” (“c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”)<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu-hi\u1ec3u-bi\u1ebft (unknowing) <\/i>v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00ec c\u00e1i “t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng” \u1ea5y (trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 p\u00e9ch\u00e9 originel \/ original sin, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 “kh\u1ed5 \u0111au” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c, khi c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span>. Buddhadasa xem c\u00e1i t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>)<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ed9i h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft)<\/i> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho m\u00ecnh (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0a tay v\u00e0o l\u1eeda)<\/i>. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3; ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung ni\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdng tu\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span> (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai bi\u1ebft r\u00fat t\u1ec9a cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00ec s\u1ef1 “ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng” \u0111\u00f3)<\/i>. \u00cdt ra th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span> hay v\u00e0o l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111ang giam gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay b\u1ed5ng l\u00ean b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00e1 th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> khi bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u1ea5y. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Hui Neng (Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng<\/span>)<\/i> v\u00e0 Hoang Po (Ho\u00e0ng B\u00e1<\/span> Hy V\u00e2n) <\/i>ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Dhamma<\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> (Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada khen Thi\u1ec1n H\u1ecdc<\/span>)<\/i>, v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u1eadt then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Dhamma, Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9” (tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> thay s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Buddhadhasa, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n v\u00e0i ch\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span>. D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c” hay “th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c” v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ngay trong “th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i”)<\/i>. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> d\u00f4ng d\u00e0i<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span> c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh s\u00e1ch. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> (l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span>, t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, c\u1ea7u xin<\/span>, chu\u00f4ng m\u00f5 vang r\u1ec1n…)<\/i> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u00f2n n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng “t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i”. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ngay trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hoang Po (Ho\u00e0ng B\u00e1<\/span>)<\/i> lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u00ednh tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1o kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng m\u1ed9t xu h\u1ea7u mong c\u1ea7u mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f5i thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u00fap l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh khao kh\u00e1t. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111ang d\u00ednh tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n m\u00ecnh n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u (c\u00f5i c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1n thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>)<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> n\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i mong r\u1eb1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng th\u1eadt ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, xem c\u00f3 g\u00ec d\u00ednh tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00e0n tay m\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn<\/span> gi\u00fap kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u00f2n \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, \u1ea5y l\u00e0: “Ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> (be still \/ \u00eatre tranquille \/ b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n… – c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span>)<\/i> th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u00fat b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng”. C\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span>: “C\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3” tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y mang nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00edch ngh\u1ecbch ng\u1ee3m<\/span> v\u00e0 ham vui<\/span> \u0111\u00f9a (naughty and playful)<\/i>. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> thu g\u00f3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong n\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra<\/span> qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c cho c\u00e1c dhamma<\/i> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (s\u1ef1 u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>)<\/i> l\u00e8o l\u00e1i n\u00f3, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ham th\u00edch<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch ng\u1ee3m<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 m\u1eb7c k\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ch\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1edd. H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, khi m\u1eaft tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y”, th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 “h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> – \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y! Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span>. N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ngay v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i” s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span>. Ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 \u0111au s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong c\u00e2u “gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n” do Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 th\u00ec l\u1ea5y g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m xao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hoang mang cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea1y theo<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n cho m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u00ecnh t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec th\u1eadt x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ho\u00e0i v\u1ecdng<\/span>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span>, s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span>, s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. C\u00e1i t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u00e0 Dhamma<\/i>, l\u00e0 Sangha, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span>, minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span>, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1i kia th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u1ea5y th\u00ec s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1eefa (n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1eefa)<\/i>. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Dhamma<\/i>, Sangha, s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span>, s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span>, s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh<\/span>, nibban\u00e2<\/i>,…t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hoang Po (Ho\u00e0ng B\u00e1<\/span>)<\/i> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>: \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 sau: “H\u00e3y th\u1eed nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0i nhi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh”. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 \u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1eed nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0i nhi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i”, c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u0103m th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p – ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> – \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i “t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”)<\/i>. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u01b0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u1ea5y tay s\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, c<\/span>h\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u00edt th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>)<\/i>. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u1ea5y. D\u00f9 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec (t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o, h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o, kinh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o…)<\/i> th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>; n\u1ebfu luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap mang l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>; n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i g\u00ec h\u01a1n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00f4i xin c\u00e2m mi\u1ec7ng l\u1ea1i! \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (Buddhadasa tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd “m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n” b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y Buddhadhasa s\u1ebd n\u00e9m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00e2y th\u00f2ng l\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt)<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e2y: “Nibban\u00e2<\/i> (ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n)<\/i> l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng”, “Nibban\u00e2<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng”. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span> ch\u1eef “ph\u00fac h\u1ea1nh” tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c – c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tin r\u1eb1ng nibban\u00e2 <\/i>l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c d\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c (du-gi\u00e0)<\/i> tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e1nh xa<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o: d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> (nekkhamadh\u00e2tu) (xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>)<\/i> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> phi-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t (arupadh\u00e2tu \/ immateriality) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> ph\u00e9p l\u1eafng s\u00e2u v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-tinh-t\u1ebf (fine-material plane \/ c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thanh tho\u00e1t<\/span>, l\u00e2ng l\u00e2ng v\u00e0 an b\u00ecnh<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>)<\/i>, v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ec9 (nirodhadh\u00e2tu) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> (conditionn\u00e9 \/ conditioned \/ c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef conditionnant hay conditioning th\u00ec th\u00edch nghi<\/span> h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> – trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> – v\u1eeba “t\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c” l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 “t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c” ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c – th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 chuy\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, tuy r\u1eb1ng lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng-li\u00ean v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean-nh\u00e2n-h\u1eadu-qu\u1ea3. Ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eaft ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u1eeba “tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c” l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba “t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c” c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>)<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i hoang mang t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 (tan bi\u1ebfn)<\/i> v\u00e0o t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 cho qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 cho qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111em nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y ra \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ecb. B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng qu\u00fd v\u1ecb.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f4m nay t\u00f4i xin ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bures-Sur-Yvette, 31.08.12<\/span><\/p>\n

Hoang Phong<\/b> chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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