{"id":7552,"date":"2020-12-04T22:51:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T15:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/04\/tong-luan-quan-diem-niet-ban-theo-luan-thanh-duy-thuc\/"},"modified":"2020-12-04T22:51:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T15:51:05","slug":"tong-luan-quan-diem-niet-ban-theo-luan-thanh-duy-thuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/04\/tong-luan-quan-diem-niet-ban-theo-luan-thanh-duy-thuc\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn Quan \u0110i\u1ec3m Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n Theo Lu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c"},"content":{"rendered":"

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T\u1ed4NG LU\u1eacN QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M<\/span> NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

THEO LU\u1eacN TH\u00c0NH DUY TH\u1ee8C<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

******<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

I\/TI\u1ec2U D\u1eaaN<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1<\/span>; Do \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> hai qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> n\u00e0y. L\u1ea1i do ly khai phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u1ed1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ch\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, T\u00e2y v\u1ef1c<\/span> Ph\u1ea1n \u00e2m<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba-l\u1ecb-n\u1eb7c-ph\u01b0\u1ee3c-n\u1eabm; T\u1eeb Sanskrit l\u00e0 parinirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>am<\/i>, b\u00e1t ni\u1ebft- b\u00e0n, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n vi\u00ean di\u1ec7u<\/span>, hay vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>[1]. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a v\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> hay qu\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean Sanskrit c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb Nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li Nibb\u0101na<\/i>, t\u1eeb Prakrit c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1e46<\/i>ivv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>.\u00a0 Nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ni<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>–<\/i>c\u0103n v\u0101<\/i>: c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e3, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>, ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t\u2026\u201d + Nirv\u0101ti<\/i> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ngh\u0129a “th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft”, “d\u1eadp t\u1eaft” (m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda), nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> Nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> mang ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span>, th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 cho d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> l\u1eeda phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, hay th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft l\u1eeda \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span> v.v..<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo lu\u1eadt Samdhi ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p Sanskrit, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft Nis<\/i> khi ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u201cv\u201d, Nis<\/i> —> Nir, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u00f9y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 Nis<\/i> \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Ni<\/i>, Nih<\/i> v.v..<\/span><\/p>\n

Nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 Nir<\/i> (kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng, \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi)\u00a0 + v\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a <\/i>l\u00e0 v\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a vane<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n van:<\/i> khu r\u1eebng, b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y, g\u1ed7; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n van<\/i> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span>, kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span>, them kh\u00e1t nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c v.v.. n\u00ean Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi khu r\u1eebng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, g\u1ed7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ee5 cho n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00ean t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1edfi n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span>, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n v\u0101:<\/i> \u1edf d\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb, ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ed5i, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra m\u00f9i (to emit an odour), hay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ecfa, b\u1ecb khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n (be wafted or diffused); \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n v\u0101<\/i>:\u00a0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 may, d\u1ec7t; v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a khi n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng Nis<\/i> m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh: kh\u00f4ng, t\u1eaft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n, v.v.. N\u00ean Nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n d\u1ec7t n\u00ean sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, may n\u00ean m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111i\u00ean<\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> d\u1eadp t\u1eafp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ecfa ra<\/span>, khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n ra nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> n\u1eefa\u00a0 v.v.. Na<\/i> c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u00ean v\u0101na<\/i>: c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ec7t n\u00ean phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nir-<\/i>c\u0103n v\u0157, <\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span>, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v.v..”, n\u00ean Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201ch\u01b0 v\u00f4\u201d \u201ctr\u1ed1ng tr\u01a1n\u201d, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n trong P\u0101li ng\u1eef Nibb\u0101na <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb Ni (=Na<\/i>) l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch: c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ly khai, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, ra kh\u1ecfi v.v… Bb\u0101na<\/i> \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span>, n\u00ean trong v\u0103n h\u1ec7 P\u0101li Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a ly khai kh\u1ecfi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, l\u00eca xa mong c\u1ea7u \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ean trong Sanskrit t\u1eeb Nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> hay Nibb\u0101na <\/i>c\u1ee7a P\u0101li, r\u1ea5t \u0111a ngh\u0129a, H\u00e1n hay Anh d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ngh\u0129a phong ph\u00fa<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t \u6ec5<\/span>, Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u6ec5\u76e1, Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u6ec5\u5ea6<\/span>, T\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t \u5bc2\u6ec5<\/span>, B\u1ea5t sinh\u4e0d\u751f, Vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span> \u5713 \u5bc2, v\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i<\/span> tho\u00e1t, n\u00ean nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch \u00fd l\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u89e3\u812b, V\u00f4 vi<\/span> \u7121\u7232, An l\u1ea1c \u5b89\u6a02<\/span> v.v…\u201d[2]<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> hay ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n<\/span>, l\u1eb7n ch\u00ecm trong sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span>, do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> m\u00e0 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f5i th\u00fa, v\u00e0 do nh\u00e0m t\u1edfm kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 mong c\u1ea7u th\u00fa h\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

II\/T\u1ed4NG LU\u1eacN<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 (\u0100rya- Deva), Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i<\/i>: \u201cMa-h\u00ea-th\u1ee7-la lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>, qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi Na-la-di\u00ean (N\u0101r\u0101ya<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>). Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n. Ma-h\u00ea-th\u1ee7-la l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span>, Na-la-di\u00ean v\u00e0 Ma-h\u00ea-th\u1ee7-la. Ch\u00faa c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ma-h\u00ea-th\u1ee7-la. Trong ba c\u00f5i<\/span>, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 sinh m\u1ea1ng hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u do Ma-h\u00ea-th\u1ee7-la thi\u00ean sinh. N\u01a1i th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ma-h\u00ea-th\u1ee7-la, \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, th\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u00fai, s\u00e2u tr\u00f9ng trong ru\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 gi\u00f3, h\u01a1i \u1ea5m l\u00e0 l\u1eeda, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u1edbc… T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh t\u1eeb T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/span>, di\u1ec7t do T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i thi\u00ean<\/span>.\u201d[3]<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p c\u00f3<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m<\/span>, th\u1eddi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ea3n t\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, ng\u00e3 v.v.. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa, th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh, sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00eau ra nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1ecb Duy-th\u1ee9c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Vi-\u0111\u00e0 (V\u0113da<\/i>) n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb r\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n Na-la-di\u00ean (N\u0101r\u0101ya<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>) sinh ra m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng sen l\u1edbn. T\u1eeb b\u00f4ng sen sinh ra Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> T\u1ed5 \u00f4ng. V\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c n\u00ean h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng. T\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> sinh ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n; t\u1eeb hai vai, giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> s\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ecb; t\u1eeb hai b\u1eafp v\u1ebf, t\u1ef3-x\u00e1-x\u00e0; t\u1eeb g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n, th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0-la. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tu ph\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 sinh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> hoa c\u1ecf l\u00e0m ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. L\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m th\u00fa r\u1eebng, gia s\u00fac<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. N\u01a1i gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00ean c\u00f5i kia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n[4].<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00f3i, t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 sinh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (di\u015bat\u0101<\/i>). T\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sinh tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn quay v\u1ec1<\/span> n\u01a1i kia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u201d[5]<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Kh\u1ea9u l\u1ef1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00f3i, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>. Tho\u1ea1t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7y<\/span>, sinh h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. T\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> sinh gi\u00f3. T\u1eeb gi\u00f3 sinh l\u1eeda. T\u1eeb l\u1eeda sinh h\u01a1i \u1ea5m. T\u1eeb h\u01a1i \u1ea5m sinh n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t sinh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb c\u00e2y c\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c sinh ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c<\/span>. T\u1eeb ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c<\/span> sinh m\u1ea1ng. Lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng sau khi \u0103n, ch\u1ebft, quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>; \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u201d[6]<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p: v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> th\u1eddi lai gi\u1edbi, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng y. Do th\u1eed h\u1eefu ch\u01b0 th\u00fa<\/span>, c\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u7121\u59cb\u6642 \u4f86\u754c, \u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u7b49\u4f9d, \u7531\u6b64\u6709\u8af8\u8da3, \u53ca\u6d85\u69c3\u8b49\u5f97[7]. Cho n\u00ean, Gi\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>, t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t tuy\u1ec7t; t\u00ednh tuy t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh. Do quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1edbi[8]. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed, t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, tuy l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n h\u1eefu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m hay t\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span>; C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, n\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p b\u00e1t-Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p b\u00e1t-Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, khuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ba lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1[9].<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea3n lai<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng do ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 y<\/span> tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0: phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (kle\u015ba-\u0101vara<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>) v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (j\u00f1eya-\u0101vara<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>) hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 thi thi\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u1ea3 thi thi\u1ebft \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> B\u00e1t-ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ee9c l\u1eadp n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea3n lai<\/span> y tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>[10].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i y tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>: \u201cL\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, t\u00e2m xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span>, t\u00e2m \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>, t\u00e2m \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1edfi do nghe tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ed1i thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.\u201d[11] N\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng kia v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb h\u1ea1i<\/span>, y theo<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p<\/span> phi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai th\u1eeba<\/span>, s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kia v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb h\u1ea1i<\/span>, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng kia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb h\u1ea1i<\/span>, theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>[12].<\/span><\/p>\n

Tam Th\u1eadp T\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i: \u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u57f7\u53d7\u8655\u4e86\u5e38\u8207\u89f8 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span>, x\u1ee9, li\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3:\u76f8\u53ca\u5883\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5225\u4e00\u9ad4\u7121[13], t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>; nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t. T\u1eeb Sanskrit c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201casa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>viditakop\u0101disth\u0101navij\u00f1aptika<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> ca tat\/<\/i>\u201d; T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0: de ni len pa dag da<\/i>\u1e45<\/i> gnas\/ rnam par rig pa mi rig te\/<\/i> Teramoto: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; H. H. Jacobi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0: \u201cin ihm bleibt sowohl das Material (up\u0101di<\/i>) wie die Pr\u00e4sentation eines Standorts unbewu\u00dft\u201d. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc: asamviditop\u0101di<\/i>\/(asa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>viditaka<\/i>) sath\u0101navij\u00f1aptika<\/i>; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0: b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> \u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u57f7\u53d7, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span> x\u1ee9-li\u1ec5u \u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8655\u4e86. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, sth\u0101navij\u00f1apti <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-l\u1ea1i-da v\u1ec1 y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sthiramati: \u201casa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>viditaka up\u0101dir yasmin asa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>viditak\u0101vasth\u0101vij\u00f1aptir yasmin tad \u0101laya vij\u00f1\u0101nam asa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>viditakop\u0101disth\u0101na vij\u00f1aptika<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u201d<\/i>. Trong th\u1ee9c a-l\u1ea1i-da, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> (up\u0101di<\/i>) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span>. V\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, Sthiramati<\/i> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u201csth\u0101navij\u00f1aptir bh\u0101janalokasa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>nive\u015bavij\u00f1apti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\u201d: nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 (th\u00f4ng tri<\/span> v\u1ec1) y x\u1ee9<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (th\u00f4ng tri<\/span>) v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> (tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng<\/span>) c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd \u57f7\u53d7<\/span> t\u1eeb Sanskrit c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 up\u0101di<\/i>. Sthiramati: \u201cup\u0101d\u0101nam up\u0101di<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> sa punar \u0101tm\u0101divikalpav\u0101san\u0101 r\u016bp\u0101didharmavikalpav\u0101san\u0101 ca\u201d<\/i>, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 (ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span>, trong th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span>). N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p<\/span>; Up\u0101di<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong t\u1eeb ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p: sa-up\u0101di-\u015be<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a-nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>, h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi? A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u1ea7n c\u00f2n, d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng tuc c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc do \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m y n\u01a1i th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u0103n m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n\u2026\u201d[14] Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y, up\u0101di<\/i> d\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, hay sinh y, l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n. Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd <\/i>n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u1ea5p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp tr\u00ec \u651d\u7fa9\u6301\u7fa9 (th\u00e2u t\u00f3m v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span>). Th\u1ecd, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c tri \u9818\u7fa9\u89ba\u7fa9. Th\u00e2u t\u00f3m v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, duy tr\u00ec<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i, c\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed3ng an nguy l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span>.\u201d[15] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 upatta<\/i>, trong t\u1eeb ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p upatta-mah\u0101bh\u016bta<\/i>, (h\u1eefu) ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u1eefu c\u01a1, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ee3 \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 y x\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n; v\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee7a tha th\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1edf d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7n trung bi\u00ean<\/i> n\u00f3i: \u201cXu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 tha th\u00e2n\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Cho n\u00ean, khi t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi<\/span> kh\u00e1c hay nh\u1eadp B\u00e1t-ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, thi h\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec \u201cQuy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>\u201d n\u00eau r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> a-l\u1ea1i-da ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i><\/b>: c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00e2m v\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng a-l\u1ea1i-da<\/i><\/b>: A-la-h\u00e1n, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> h\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> tr\u1ee5 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m v\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai: c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m v\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai: A-la-h\u00e1n, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi[16].<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span> Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> a-l\u1ea1i-da. T\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/i> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u1ec9 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tu<\/span> t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai\u201d[17]. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> qu\u1ea3 b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, th\u00e0nh A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Song c\u0169ng theo Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai (H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>), A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, d\u1ee9t s\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p t\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> A-l\u1ea1i-da nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa; do A-l\u1ea1i-da v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> ti\u00eau th\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd li\u1ec1n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span>. V\u00e0 Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3 khi B\u1ed3 t\u1eaft s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span> khi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y c\u0169ng x\u1ea3. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u<\/span> kh\u00f4ng khi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb x\u1ea3, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> d\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma<\/i> nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cGi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p; do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i th\u00fa h\u01b0\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u201d; ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00e1c: \u201c\u7121\u59cb\u6642\u4f86\u754c\/\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u7b49\u4f9d\/\u7531\u6b64\u6709\u8af8\u8da3\/\u53ca\u6d85\u69c3\u8b49\u5f97\u201d [18] v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> th\u1eddi lai gi\u1edbi, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng y, do th\u1eed h\u1eefu ch\u01b0 th\u00fa<\/span>, c\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>; \u00a0Ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c kinh c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201c\u7121\u59cb\u4e16\u4f86\u6027\/\u4f5c\u8af8\u6cd5\u4f9d\u6b62\/\u4f9d\u6027\u6709\u8af8\u9053\/\u53ca\u8b49\u6d85\u69c3\u679c\u201d[19]; trong \u0111\u00f3, \u201ct\u00ednh\u201d ch\u1ec9 cho Nh\u01b0 lai t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. \u00a0C\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c, nghi\u1ec7p, sinh \u0111\u1ec1u y ch\u1ec9<\/span> n\u01a1i th\u01b0c n\u00e0y; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> s\u1edf y<\/span> v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> cho d\u00f2ng l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>: \u201cL\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n (prav<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tti<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd sinh t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n<\/span>. \u00a0Ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span> (niv<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tti<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00fa h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u00eat-b\u00e0n.\u201d[20] B\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a a-l\u1ea1i-da:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. S\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, vin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, h\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103m bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Duy\u00ean t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>: n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u00e0n v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n<\/span>[21].<\/span><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i> d\u1eabn: \u201cDu-gi\u00e0<\/i> 51<\/i> n\u00f3i, ho\u00e0n t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>; di\u1ec7t t\u1ee9c Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.\u201d V\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u201cC\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u201d: \u00a0do c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, do do c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadn<\/span> chi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (\u0111\u1ea1o) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>. V\u00ec Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng y ch\u1ec9<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Ho\u0103c \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>; v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ea3 hai, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u201cNi\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u201d ch\u1ec9 cho di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng; v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u201cch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc\u201d sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (\u0111\u1ea1o) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>. Do con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb m\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb; cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1eadn tr\u1eeb, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. C\u00e1i \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1y y tr\u00ean th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> y ch\u1ec9<\/span> v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> cho ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng: t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span> di\u1ec5n ra hai th\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u1eddi hai nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u1eafp di\u1ec7t[22]. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 y ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 hay c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i><\/b>, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Ch\u01b0 th\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i><\/b>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fa h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 sinh, c\u00e1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f5i th\u00fa l\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u00e1p thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>; t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>. C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u y th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00ec theo l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span> \u7121\u6027, hay v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span>; Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 agotra<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd<\/span> Th\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1y s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m.\u201d H\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span>.\u201d N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p. Khi b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi duy\u00ean, n\u00f3 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean s\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, h\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea3y xi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00f2ng th\u00e1c l\u0169\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai s\u00e1t-na kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>. Do kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> nhau n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ecb hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span>[23]. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, t\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp<\/span>, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i sau; v\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>; Khi t\u1eeb v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> ch\u1ebft, t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>; b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, do s\u1eafc b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia s\u1ea3n sinh s\u1eafc<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>[24]. B\u1eadc v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> h\u1eb5n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 u\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>; v\u00ec s\u1eafc t\u00e2m<\/span> trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1eadn t\u1eed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc t\u00e2m<\/span> sau. N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng duy ch\u1ec9 t\u00e2m s\u00e1t-na \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> d\u1eabn sinh t\u00e2m s\u00e1t-na theo sau<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch<\/span>; th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y.[25]<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> khi th\u1ecd sinh, khi m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u00e1n t\u00e2m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh[26]. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, khi sinh, khi ch\u1ebft, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. N\u00ean ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng trong Lu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u00f5, duy ch\u1ec9 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c t\u00e2m<\/span>, do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span> th\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n<\/span>. Ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span>, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> l\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t sinh, t\u1ea1i v\u00ec<\/span> th\u1ecd, no\u00e3n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, ba c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ly khai t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. Ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> l\u1ea1nh kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> phi t\u00ecnh<\/span>. Ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 tuy v\u1eabn l\u00e0 (th\u1ee9c) bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ecd. Cho n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh<\/span> th\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. Kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cNh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> giai y th\u1ef1c tr\u1ee5\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u y th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>[27]. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c<\/span>. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf P\u0101li: \u201ccatt\u0101ro \u0101h\u0101r\u0101\u2013 kaba<\/i>\u1e37<\/i>\u012bk\u0101ro \u0101h\u0101ro o<\/i>\u1e37<\/i>\u0101riko v\u0101 sukhumo v\u0101, phasso dutiyo, manosa\u00f1cetan\u0101 tatiy\u0101, vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> catuttha<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u201d[28]: \u201cc\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> s\u1eafp sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd sanh. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n? m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf; hai l\u00e0 x\u00fac th\u1ef1c<\/span>; ba l\u00e0 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c<\/span>; b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c\u201d[29]. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> y v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u y th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i?\u201d. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u1eed h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u1eadu; ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u201cth\u1ee9c \u0103n\u201d. \u00a0\u201cTh\u1ee9c \u0103n\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u8b58\u98df, Th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> b\u1edfi th\u1ee9c; t\u1eeb Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vij\u00f1\u0101na-ah\u0101ra<\/i>[30]: \u201cTh\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c, do l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c a-l\u1ea1i-da m\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u201d [31] Ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cDo y n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 sinh, ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>.\u201d[32] Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>. Do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span>, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>; ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> th\u00e2n, m\u1ea1ng khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ecb tan r\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t l\u00eca. Y theo<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u00eau y n\u01a1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u201d N\u00f3i chung khi l\u00ean cao c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span> tinh vi<\/span>, t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Sau r\u1ed1t, th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, ng\u1eef, t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span>, T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span>[33]; Ng\u1eef h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. T\u00e2m h\u00e0nh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng; tuy h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, ng\u1eef, t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00f3i: th\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi h\u01a1i \u1ea5m, c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca th\u00e2n, Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>[34]. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca th\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cTrong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y (Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>), \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec?\u201d[35] ; Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y ch\u1ec9<\/span> v\u00e0o Lu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>[36] m\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m hay v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span>. V\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c thi\u1ec7n, thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y Thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u5584\u5b9a, t\u1ee9c t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. V\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i do ch\u00e1n thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nhi\u1ec5m v.v\u2026 V\u00e0 V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u t\u1ecbch<\/span> t\u0129nh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi t\u00e1n t\u00e2m<\/span>. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u00e2n minh<\/span><\/i>, theo Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>: (T\u00f4ng) Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m c\u1ea7u Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi t\u00e1n t\u00e2m<\/span>. (Nh\u00e2n) V\u00ec c\u1ea7u duy\u00ean t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>. (D\u1ee5) Nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> thi\u1ec7n; c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n l\u1ecdai thi\u1ec7n:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i>: thi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/i>: thi\u1ec7n do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 tham<\/span> v.v\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/i>: t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng do t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u0110\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/i>: do ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh<\/span>[37].<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 tham<\/span> v.v.. T\u00e2m \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00ec tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y; v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> v.v., v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Y theo<\/span> Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch<\/span> Kinh b\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i t\u00e2m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n do \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi b\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c gia h\u00e0nh<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. V\u00ec tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m trong Di\u1ec7t T\u1eadn \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m<\/span> ba t\u00ednh<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span> do \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, t\u00e2m m\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00e3 v\u1eady<\/span>, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, t\u00e2m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng[38].<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh, sau khi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a ba gi\u1edbi t\u1ea5t<\/span> s\u1ebd sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>. V\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1ebf v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span>, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p<\/span> kia sau c\u00e1c t\u00e2m d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i, do s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3<\/span>: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> do \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1ebf v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span>, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p<\/span> kia sau c\u00e1c t\u00e2m d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i: sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1edfi sinh c\u00e1c t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. Gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c t\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span>. Hai t\u00e2m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1edf hu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>[39].<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean. N\u1ebfu hai t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n, v\u1eady sau khi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y hai t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> kia \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>. Theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1edf y<\/span> (th\u00e2n) sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh. V\u00ec khi Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> hay n\u00f3i<\/span> theo Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i> \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span>, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00ec trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Do hai t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> kh\u1edfi. T\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>) kia, v\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau, nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eafc, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1eadn v.v\u2026 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, v\u1ecb lai<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1eefu. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc v.v.. kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>. C\u00e1i b\u1ecb ly khai \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i ly khai c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng; Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, y ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec, do b\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi sinh n\u1eefa, theo \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1ec1 sau c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa n\u00ean v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u1edfi. Duy ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nan \u0110\u00e0<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ed1i Th\u1eafng T\u1eed<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> di\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh. V\u00ec T\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng n\u00f3i, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>: v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7ng d\u0129 sinh<\/span> \u7121\u7a2e\u5df2\u751f[40]; gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 u\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n khi nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n – ab\u012bjotpannam: caram\u0101<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> skandh\u0101<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>[41]. Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i> n\u00f3i: B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. Qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span>. Ch\u1ee7ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 u\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Hay: \u201cCon m\u1eaft t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n; c\u00f3 c\u0103n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi (ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>).\u201d[42] V\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ea7m non kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHo\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (K\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9) r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch<\/span>; (s\u1eafc) \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\u2026 N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, t\u00e2m t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3 (s\u1eafc) \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span> duy\u00ean\u201d[43]. Thuy\u1ebft H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>[44], c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u1edf Nhi\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/i> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span>; n\u00f3i th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> theo Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span> cho c\u00e1i sau, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>. A-l\u1ea1i-da c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n v\u00e0 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con s\u00f3ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. V\u00ec s\u1eafc t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00ean s\u1eafc t\u00e2m<\/span> s\u00e1t na<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> cho s\u00e1t na<\/span> sau khi v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111ang nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span>[45].<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span>, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, h\u1ea1ng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. V\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/span>. \u201cC\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh k\u1ebft, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee5 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>[46] h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh\u201d[47], c\u00e1c k\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> (sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>yojana<\/i>) c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/span>. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n do th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>). C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i> n\u00f3i: \u6b32\u8b02\u5e0c\u6c42\u6240\u4f5c\u4e8b\u696d[48]. \u00a0Sanskrit Ko\u015ba<\/i> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201cchanda<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tak\u0101mat\u0101<\/i>\u201d, d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m. Ya\u015bomitra: chanda<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> katama<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>? abhiprete vastuny abhil\u0101<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>; \u201cTh\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> d\u1eabn sinh, x\u1ee9c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, th\u1ecd t\u00f9y<\/span> l\u01b0u, ni\u1ec7m t\u0103ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, hu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u1eafng, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh\u201d[49] – \u201cN\u00f3i h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> (sinh t\u1eed<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 mong c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5\u2026\u201d[50]. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u201cH\u1ecfi: Kinh n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. T\u1ecbnh hay nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb d\u1ee5c. V\u1eady sao n\u00f3i d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh (n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai c\u0103n)?\u201d[51]<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0Si\u00a0\u00bb t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea \u00e1m trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u00fd. Nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00f4 si<\/span>, l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> – Sthiramati<\/i>: \u00ab\u00a0moho \u2018p\u0101ye<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>u sugatau nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>e tatprati<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>h\u0101pake<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>u hetu<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>u te<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> c\u0101vipar\u012bte hetuphalasa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>bandhe yad aj\u00f1\u0101nam\/ aya<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> ca sa<\/span><\/i>\u1e43<\/i>kle\u015botpattisa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>ni\u015brayad\u0101nakarmaka<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Si, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span> (v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 th\u00fa. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span> s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> ba ph\u1ea7n: phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> (kle\u015ba<\/i>), nghi\u1ec7p (karma<\/i>), t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> (janma<\/i>); c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i sau\u201d. V\u00ec do v\u00f4 minh<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, nghi, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, tham. v.v.. t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>, theo Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>: th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>. Trong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, do ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn, r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t sinh tham, v.v.. Trong tu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u00f4 minh<\/span> d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi tham, t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n<\/span> thi\u00ean, v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ecb \u0111ang h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u1ed5i l\u00ean s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>: \u201cTa hi\u1ec7n nay, ta \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d Khi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (saty\u0101bhisamaya<\/i>), do \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> b\u1ed7ng ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTa s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d[52]. Do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u00e1t-ca-da ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 k\u1edfi t\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, cho r\u1eb1ng ta s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, ta s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span>, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Ho\u1eb7c khi suy t\u1ea7m h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>: Ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u0103ng? \u2026 Do s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 tho\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n n\u1eefa[53]. V\u00e0 Bi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e2u sinh? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn<\/span>[54]. V\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> (sau khi xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> n\u00e0y: Ta nay \u0111\u00e2y, ta nay \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ea7m th\u00fa<\/span> khi g\u1eb7p ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ta s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7m th\u00fa<\/span> s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ee9c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn<\/span> thu\u1ed9c c\u00e2u sinh<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u1ea7m th\u00fa<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> th\u1ea5p, th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 khi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u1edfi<\/span> hay lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c tr\u1eeb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4, d\u00e2n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u00e2c tr\u00ean. V\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 m\u00ea s\u1ef1<\/span>, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ec1n. Sinh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> hay ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0 trung h\u1eefu<\/span> sinh trong \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, do b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>: \u201cT\u1ef3 kheo \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, kh\u1edfi t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n. Khi trung h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y do t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u00e0i b\u00e1ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n sinh<\/span> trung h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>.\u201d[55] T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong trung h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n n\u00ean sinh b\u00e0i b\u00e1ng, t\u1ee9c th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh trung h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean khi s\u1eafp sinh xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u1edfi c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> \u00e1i \u1ee7 m\u1ea7m t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>; Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: Nhu\u1eadn sinh<\/span> c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> \u00e1i \u6f64\u751f\u4ff1\u751f\u611b; \u00e1i thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4; do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y, sinh v\u00e0o tr\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean<\/span>, tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, s\u00e1u chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>. Th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u00e1m v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>.\u00a0 Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t, do \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean<\/span>, Sanskrit l\u00e0 asa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>j\u00f1ika<\/i>: \u201cV\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean, ch\u1ed7 cao th\u00e1ng t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> trong tr\u1eddi Quang qu\u1ea3 (B<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>hatphala<\/i>), \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n\u201d[56]. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, s\u00e1u chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u1eaft n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y. Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd n\u00f3i: thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t k\u1ef3<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c; Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c- \u00ab\u00a0sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>j\u00f1isattve<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>u deve<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>\u016bpannasy\u0101th\u0101var\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> cittacaitasika<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> dharm\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> nirodhe \u0101sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>j\u00f1ikam iti praj\u00f1apti<\/i>\u1e25\u00bb<\/i>[57]: \u201cs\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 sinh trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eddi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>; y tr\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c\u201d[58]. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi h\u1eefu s\u1eafc<\/span>, trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi danh s\u1eafc<\/span> (n\u0101ma-r\u016bpa<\/i>), m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc. V\u00ec v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean<\/span> thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span>: \u201cTrong v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 chi h\u1eefu s\u1eafc<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>. N\u1ebfu sinh v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span> gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi h\u1eefu s\u1eafc\u201d[59]. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span>, v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba (acittakabh\u016bmi<\/i>), s\u00e1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span>: ng\u1ee7 m\u00ea, ng\u1ea5t, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> sinh, di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi[60].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111inh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span>, h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u1ee9c A-na-h\u00e0m th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> (k\u0101yas\u0101ks\u012b<\/i>) v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e2u ph\u1ea7n<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (ubhayatobh\u0101gavimukta<\/i>), \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly tham<\/span> thu\u1ed9c V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span>, tham c\u00f5i tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, tham phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecdan hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>; do b\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> t\u00e2m t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>; \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0nirodhasam\u0101patti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> katam\u0101? \u0101ki<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>cany\u0101yatanav\u012btaragasya bhav\u0101gr\u0101d uccalitasya \u015b\u0101tnavih\u0101rasa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>j\u00f1\u0101p\u016brvakena manasik\u0101re<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101sth\u0101var\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> (tadekaty\u0101n\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> ca sth\u0101var\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>) cittacaitasik\u0101n\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> dharm\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> nirodhe nirodhasam\u0101pattir iti praj\u00f1apti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\u2026<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb[61] Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ly tham<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span>, v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u1edfng an tr\u00fa<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>, di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span> (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span>); y tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t n\u00e0y m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span> di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn th\u00eam \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span>\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0tadekaty\u0101n\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> ca sth\u0101var\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101m iti kli<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>amana<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>g<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>h\u012bt\u0101n\u0101m<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb[62],\u00a0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n (t\u00e2m t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c<\/span>, bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 \u00fd<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1u chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>; h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 \u00fd<\/span> (m\u1ea1t-na), v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m a-l\u1ea1i-da. Theo \u0111\u00f3, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, th\u00ec th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh[63]. Trong v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i n\u00eau t\u1eeb \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n\u201d. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a An Hu\u1ec7<\/span>, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y di\u1ec7t[64]. Theo H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 khi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> \u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, do \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00eau t\u1eeb \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m ra nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a An Hu\u1ec7<\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e2n an h\u00f2a n\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do ri\u00eang nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, hay t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>j\u00f1\u0101vedan\u012byanirodhasam\u0101patti<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span>: b\u1ed1n t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 ba v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>. B\u1eadc s\u01a1 tu, y H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1eadc h\u1eadu tu, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, sau khi nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y tr\u00ean t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> do qu\u00e1n t\u1eadp (paricayabala<\/i>) c\u00f3 ba: th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trung v\u00e0 h\u1ea1. Trong b\u1eadc h\u1ea1, nh\u1eadp, tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c<\/span>, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> qua c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. B\u1eadc trung, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 si\u00eau nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc (t\u1eeb s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> b\u1ecf qua nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eb3ng tam thi\u1ec1n<\/span>). \u1ede b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 si\u00eau bao nhi\u00eau b\u1eadc t\u00f9y \u00fd<\/span> mu\u1ed1n, ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ecbch[65]. N\u1ebfu tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec ngay sau t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a trong \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ec1n. V\u00ec Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tuy thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong phi h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 phi v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, V\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Do th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1edfi A-la-h\u00e1n n\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi h\u1ecdc, do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u1ecb B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span> n\u00ean l\u00e0 phi v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3, c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/i>; Ngay trong khi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u1eady v\u00ec sao ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong n\u0103m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i? C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, hai t\u1eeb \u201cc\u1eadp\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cd\u1eef\u201d trong tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y theo Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span>. Hai t\u1eeb n\u00e0y trong b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n, ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb trong b\u1ea3n B\u1ea3n Sanskrit l\u00e0\u00a0: api<\/i>, \u00ab\u00a0c\u0169ng\u00a0\u00bb. T\u1ea1i v\u00ec<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong s\u00e1u th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, n\u0103m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span>\u00a0: V\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean<\/span>, V\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u1ea5t, ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 s\u00e1u v\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed v\u00e0 sinh[66]. N\u00ean n\u00f3i, sinh t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m lu\u00f4n trong ng\u1ea5t, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> mu\u00f4n tuy\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u201cc\u1eadp\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cd\u1eef\u201d ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau r\u00f5 n\u0103m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn l\u00f4n nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, sau khi y th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ee9t, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> sau y trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y. Trong n\u0103m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, d\u1ecb sinh<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n, tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> sau; trong \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>, v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, duy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n tuy\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1m hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>, c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> cho c\u00e1i sau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span>. \u00ab\u00a0Katha<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> samanantarata<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/ nairantaryasamanantarato \u2019pi, sabh\u0101gavisabh\u0101gacittacaittotpattisamanantarato\u2019pi samanantarapratyayo dra<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>avya<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/\u00a0\u00bb[67]\u00a0 Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n? Tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u1edf gi\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u1edf gi\u1eefa; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span>. \u00ab\u00a0Arhata<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> pa\u015bcim\u0101nap\u0101syotpann\u0101\u015b cittacaitt\u0101<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> samanantarapratyaya<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb[68], C\u00e1c t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh, tr\u1eeb t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> n\u01a1i v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n s\u1eafp nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span>[69]. N\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch<\/span>, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c kia; th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c kia[70]. T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e1o s\u00e1t-na cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t: \u201cc\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n tr\u1ee5 t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, duy ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> ch\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1edbi<\/span>, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u1ea3 y ch\u1ec9<\/span>, v\u00ec d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea5y gi\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span>; c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> sau khi di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1eefa; duy ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00e2n ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u<\/span>.\u201d[71] T\u00e2m khi nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c\u00a0l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trung gian<\/span> gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean n\u00e0y. \u201cN\u1ebfu t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c kia, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch<\/span>, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>; th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span> cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c kia\u201d[72], n\u00ean Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5, n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span> cho th\u1ee9c kia quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>, t\u1ee9c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1eeb sau D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb sau S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec d\u1eabn sinh v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng d\u1ecb sinh<\/span> c\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sau S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1edbi d\u1eabn sinh v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>; Ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng qua Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span>. Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: H\u1ea1ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1n ng\u1ed9<\/span> khi qua \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sinh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u00e2n th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span>. T\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu sinh t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span> ch\u1ecbu bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kinh Th\u1eafng-man<\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch sinh t\u1eed<\/span>[73], h\u1ea1ng Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, n\u00ean y tr\u00ean h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, l\u01b0u th\u00e2n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tu \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi th\u00e1nh Ph\u1eadt. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u th\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u0103n, h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u0103n th\u1eadt m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong ch\u00e2u Thi\u00eam b\u1ed9. V\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng d\u1ecb sinh<\/span> c\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sau S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1edbi d\u1eabn sinh v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111i l\u00ean<\/span> T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span>, trong cung \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span>, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u00e1p v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (dharmameghabh\u016bmika<\/i>) ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Ma-h\u00ea-th\u1ee7-la, Sanskrit l\u00e0 Mahe\u015bvara<\/i>: \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span>[74]. Trong c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, c\u00f3 n\u0103m t\u1ea7ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> (Suddh\u0101v\u0101sa<\/i>) d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span>. T\u1ea7ng cao nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, l\u00e0 S\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> (Akani<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>ha<\/i>). V\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean S\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u00f3 cung \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> (Mahe\u015bvara-vim\u0101na<\/i>) l\u00e0 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi[75]. Do tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, trong h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u1ee9, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> S\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> trong T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111i qua cung \u0110ai T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, cung \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>[76]. Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f5i Tha th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>. Trong A-h\u00e0m, Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n sau khi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, tr\u00ean bi\u00ean t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> S\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, l\u00e0 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecd<\/span> d\u1ee5ng th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>, hay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m tr\u1edf l\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sau D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec d\u1eabn sinh v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00e2n. H\u1ea1ng Thanh v\u0103n<\/span>, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, tr\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng do ch\u00ed c\u1ea7u b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> tu \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> h\u00e0nh[77]. Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, y ch\u1ec9<\/span> h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt\u2026 Th\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, trong ch\u00e2u Thi\u1ec7m-b\u1ed9[78]. H\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y tuy c\u0169ng s\u1ebd sinh l\u00ean cung \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, n\u00ean th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u duy ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong gia h\u00e0nh v\u1ecb<\/span>, t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> no\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ec9nh, nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn<\/span> ph\u00e1t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ecb. Trong t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb<\/span>, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00ean ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1eafng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p d\u1ee5c<\/span>,\u00a0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m<\/span> mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span>, ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> thu\u1eadn quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (nirvedha-bh\u0101giya<\/i>), giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1ed1n thi\u00ean c\u0103n<\/span> (no\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ec9nh, nh\u1eabn, th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t), qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> trong kh\u1ecfang \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb<\/span>, v\u00ec gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> n\u00f3 t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t<\/span> sinh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ecb.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span> (A-na-h\u00e0m) tuy kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, nh\u01b0ng n\u01a1i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7. V\u1ecb A-na-h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, khi t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt m\u1ea7m t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>; v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span> n\u00ean \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u1eefa. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> \u00e1i. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1ecb B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u<\/span> B\u00e1t-ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, khi t\u1eeb D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ebft t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n thi\u00ean<\/span>, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> S\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00e1i \u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nhu\u1eadn sinh<\/span>, t\u1ea5m \u01b0\u1edbt m\u1ea7m t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>. Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> B\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ea1p tu<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> (dhy\u0101na-vyavak\u012br<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>), v\u1ecb A-na-h\u00e0m \u00a0\u0111\u00f3 y ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u00a0tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/span> tu \u201cxen k\u1ebd\u201d c\u00e1c t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span>. Khi nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1t na<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>; r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn sinh h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span> ti\u1ec1n trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1t-na li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1t na<\/span> ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>. Trong h\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u<\/span> B\u00e1t-ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ea1p tu t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f5i S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, duy ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111i qua n\u0103m T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 sinh l\u00ean H\u1eefu \u0111inh m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. V\u1edbi v\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u1ea1p tu t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, sau khi sinh l\u00ean S\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean S\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y[79]. V\u1ecb B\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ea1p tu t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> n\u0103m tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m t\u1ea7ng T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau[80]. N\u0103m ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1p tu t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb B\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. H\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f3 ba t\u00e2m, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, ni\u1ec7m trung gian<\/span> h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, ni\u1ec7m cu\u1ed1i v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>; t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> l\u00ean V\u00f4 phi\u1ec1n thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Trung ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u00e1u t\u00e2m, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u1ee9 hai h\u1eefu h\u1eadu, th\u1ee9 ba v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u1ee9 n\u0103m h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>; t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> V\u00f4 nhi\u1ec7t thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, ch\u00edn t\u00e2m, s\u00e1u t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ee9 b\u00e0y v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>; t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> Thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eafng ph\u1ea9m, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai t\u00e2m, chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ean; t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> Thi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m t\u00e2m, t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> S\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>[81].<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> B\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u0169 m\u00e0 sinh T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> B\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> trong n\u0103m T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c ba t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0<\/span> (V\u00f4 v\u00e2n thi\u00ean<\/span>, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc sinh thi\u00ean<\/span>, Qu\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea3 thi\u00ean<\/span>), do t\u1ea1p tu<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sinh<\/span> l\u00ean n\u0103m T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0<\/span>. T\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u0169, chuy\u1ec3n t\u00fac t\u00e0n nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1edbi theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span>. V\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n mu\u1ed1n l\u01b0u th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh t\u1ee9c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> T\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> sung t\u00fac<\/span>. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u00fd<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadp bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Sau \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u00e2m ni\u00eam \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> mi\u1ec7ng n\u00f3i: \u201cNghi\u1ec7p chi\u00eau c\u00e0m ph\u00fa d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta h\u00e3y chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecd d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>.\u201d Ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00fac t\u00e0n nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng, r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span>, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>[82]; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec phi l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> v\u1ec1 hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> n\u00eau l\u00ean n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n: N\u1ebfu nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span> thu\u1ed9c Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n? N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb Kinh n\u00f3i \u2018v\u00f4 l\u1eadu l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n\u2019. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span> s\u1ebd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cThanh v\u0103n, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m sao ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n? T\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span> s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> qu\u1ea3 B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c<\/span>, h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span> (Ph\u1eadt), khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y h\u1ebft tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, s\u1ebd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u201d[83] Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng n\u00f3i: V\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng d\u1ecb sinh<\/span> b\u1ecb c\u00e2u th\u00fac<\/span> b\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>[84], \u0111\u00e2y v\u0103n h\u00e0m \u1ea9n, Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd <\/i>\u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ba gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. \u0110\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ee5<\/span>, theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1ecb c\u00e2u th\u00fac<\/span> b\u1edfi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 b\u1ecb c\u00e2u th\u00fac<\/span> b\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi Du-gi\u00e0[85].<\/span><\/p>\n

b. Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span>, t\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00eau tr\u00ean, di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n. N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

c. \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>, h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u00e0 Kinh n\u00f3i \u2018v\u00f4 l\u00e2u ngh\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n\u2019\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh vi t\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span>. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m<\/span>. Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 do s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> l\u00e0m duy\u00ean tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>; v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt m\u1ea7m t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1eefa, v\u1eady v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y (sa-upadhi\u015be<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>) m\u00e0 h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt? V\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac<\/span> m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eadt \u00fd<\/span> n\u00f3i, vi \u1ea5y t\u0103ng th\u1ecd h\u00e0nh (\u0101yu<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>sk\u0101r\u0101n sth\u0101payati<\/i>), l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i th\u00e2n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u0103n (sendriyak\u0101ya<\/i>), bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1p (sahadharmka<\/i>) kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n-gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y. Do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u2018T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 kia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y.\u2019 Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb kia \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u0103n ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>, \u1edf ngay trong ch\u00e2u Thi\u1ec7m-b\u1ed9 (Jambudv\u012bpa<\/i>) n\u00e0y, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> n\u01a1i n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> an tr\u00fa<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn du h\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span>, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0m t\u01b0 l\u01b0ong cho b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y. Th\u00e2n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span> t\u1eed\u201d[86]. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft trong Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u2018bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u1eed\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00eau n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 hai: \u201cV\u1eady c\u1ea7n g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m<\/span> kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed?\u201d[87], n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u00e1c Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 an tr\u00fa<\/span> b\u1eadc v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, khi h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> trong Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span>, t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt; v\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i?\u201d[88] T\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>; c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00e0, tr\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf d\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span>, b\u00e8n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. \u0110\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i> n\u00f3i: theo c\u1ef1u ph\u00e1i, bi\u00ean t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111inh n\u00e0o, n\u00ean b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3[89].<\/span><\/p>\n

Madhy\u0101nta<\/i>: \u201cParam\u0101rthantu ekata<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/\/ arthapr\u0101ptiprapatty\u0101 hi param\u0101rthastridh\u0101 mata<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/\u201d[90] Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00f3 ba, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ngh\u0129a th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i>, t\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, v\u00ec ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span>; Ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sam\u0101sa<\/i> (h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb) theo tatpuru<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i> (y ch\u1ee7) nh\u01b0 sau: param\u0101rtha<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> <\/i>= paramasya j\u00f1\u0101nasy\u0101rtha ity k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tv\u0101<\/i>. Sthiramati<\/i> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u201cparamo hi lokottara<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> j\u00f1\u0101nam\/tasy\u0101rtho vi<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>aya iti k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tv\u0101 tathat\u0101 param\u0101rtha ity ucyate<\/i>\u201d, t\u1eeb th\u1eafng hay \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho tr\u00ed xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>; Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed \u1ea5y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0110\u1eafc th\u1eafng<\/span> ngh\u0129a<\/i>, t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00ec ngh\u0129a t\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span>; Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb theo karmadh\u0101ra<\/i> (h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span>, tr\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p th\u00edch): \u201cparamo\u2019rtha iti k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tv\u0101<\/i>\u201d. Sthiramati <\/i>gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u201ctatra sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>sak<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>t\u0101\u2019 sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>sk<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tadharm\u0101gratv\u0101t parama<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/m\u0101rgaprayojanatv\u0101d artha<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/\u201d parama<\/i>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi<\/span>; artha<\/i>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Artha<\/i> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> pr\u0101pti<\/i> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>; parama<\/i> t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. H\u00e0nh th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i>, ch\u1ec9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ea5y t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a. H\u1ee3p t\u1eeb theo bahuv<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>h\u012b<\/i> (h\u1eefu t\u00e0i th\u00edch<\/span>), Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>: \u201cparamo\u2019sy\u0101rtha (m\u0101rgasya) ity k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tv\u0101<\/i>\u201d, Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span>. Sthiramati<\/i> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: artha<\/i> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c (vi<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>aya<\/i>) hay m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> (prayojna<\/i>). C\u00e0nh v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ngang qua m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c (vi<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>yadv\u0101re<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span> (si<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>havanavat<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>, theo Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd: <\/i>kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb l\u00e0 hai ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u; kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 ba. <\/i>V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i> c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Thu\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea7n (pu<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>yabh\u0101g\u012bya), <\/i>c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> thi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Thu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u1ea7n (mok<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>abh\u0101g\u012bya)<\/i>, thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Thu\u1eadn quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (nirvedhabh\u0101g\u012bya)<\/i>, b\u1ed1n thi\u00ean c\u0103n<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 no\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ec9nh, nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t[91].<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n: thu\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7n, thu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7n, thu\u1eadn quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n<\/span> thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu thi\u1ec7n<\/span>[92].<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m hai t\u00e1m (128) phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ki\u1ebfn s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>: D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i; hai th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed7i gi\u1edbi ba<\/span> m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u;<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span>: c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u (40 + 36 + 36 + 16 = 128).<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang; \u0110\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u<\/span>, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>yanda<\/i>, d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e1t-ca-da, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3<\/span>. T\u00e1t-ca-da t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb Sanskrit: satk\u0101yad<\/i>\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>i \u2013 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i>: \u201cs\u012bdat\u012bti sat\/ caya<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> k\u0101ya<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>gh\u0101ta<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> skandha ityartha<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\u201d[93]: n\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 sat<\/i>, \u0111\u1ed1ng t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span>. Sat<\/i> \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n sad: s\u012bdati<\/i>: n\u00f3 ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng, ch\u00ecm l\u1eb7n, s\u1ee5p xu\u1ed1ng, s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5; K\u0101ya<\/i> t\u1ee9c caya<\/i>, do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n ci: cayati<\/i>, t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span>, t\u00edch t\u1eadp, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp<\/span>. Y tr\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p c\u00f3<\/span> ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf<\/span>, th\u00e0nh hai m\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u00e1t-ca-da ki\u1ebfn[94]. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y qu\u1ea9y r\u1ed1i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> g\u00e2y ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> ch\u1ee9\u1edbng. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u00e2y n\u00e3o lo\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>[95].<\/span><\/p>\n

Li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e1t-ca-da ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, nghi, v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, \u00e1i, nhu\u1ebf, m\u1ea1n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>[96]. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e1t-ca-da, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/span> ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3<\/span>. V\u00ec ch\u00fang che l\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf tri<\/span> v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, do \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. S\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (j\u00f1ey\u0101vara<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>), \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf tri<\/span>[97]; n\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 che l\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf tri<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>[98].<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong giai v\u1ecb gia h\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecf, h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t. Hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng ph\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u201cT\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t hay l\u00e0 d\u1ecb? … N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ee9t tho\u00e1t h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u1edbng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ee9t tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ee9t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng. Do ch\u01b0a b\u1ee9t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> hai h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> h\u1eb5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> an \u1ed5n<\/span>.\u201d[99] M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng ph\u01b0\u1ee3c: h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u0103n, b\u1edfi c\u1ea3nh, b\u1edfi kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span>, v.v.. cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span>, b\u1edfi t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn tri<\/span> ph\u00e1p[100]. Duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t<\/span> hai th\u1ee7, v\u00ec ch\u00fang tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng hai th\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f9y mi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00e2m t\u00e2m<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft n\u1eafm, v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong gia h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span>. T\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi t\u01b0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> h\u1ef7 th\u1ecd<\/span>. N\u00f3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> c\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, d\u1eabn sinh no\u00e3n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> d\u1ecb sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>[101]. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span> no\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ec9nh v.v. kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u00eam th\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 ly khai hai ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ec th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi t\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng. Tr\u00ed n\u00e0y do lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> hai th\u1ee9 th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>. Y t\u1ee9c s\u1edf y<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y tha<\/span> kh\u1edfi: \u201c\u0101\u015brayo\u2019tra sarvab\u012bjakam \u0101layavij\u00f1\u0101nam\/<\/i>\u201d[102] \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, y hay s\u1edf y<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c a-l\u1ea1i-da, h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. V\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span> cho ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span> h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span>. T\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho t\u00ednh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1eadt ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>. Chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai ph\u1ea7n. Chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>, t\u1eeb Sanskrit c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201c\u0101\u015brayasya parav<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\u201d: s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1edf y<\/span>, s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1edf y<\/span>. Trong Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng<\/i>, l\u00e0 hai t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> quan h\u1ec7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span>: \u201cacitto ‘nupalambho’sau j\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> lokottara<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> ca tat| \u0101\u015brayasya par\u0101v<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ttir dvidh\u0101 dau<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>hulyah\u0101nita<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\u201d: V\u00f4 \u0111\u1eafc, b\u1ea5t t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb<\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed xu\u1ea5t th\u00ea gi\u00e1n. Do lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> hai ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>[103]. Khuy C\u01a1<\/span> cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0101\u015bray\u0101parav<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> (h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb) n\u00ean suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb y s\u0129 th\u00edch. Sthiramati<\/i> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u201ctasya parav<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tt\u1ec9\/ y\u0101 dau<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>hulyavip\u0101kadvayav\u0101san\u0101bh\u0101vena niv<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ttau saty\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> karma<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>yat\u0101-dharmak\u0101y\u0101 dvayaj\u00f1\u0101nabh\u0101vena parav<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>tti<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>\/<\/i>\u201d: S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (s\u1edf y<\/span>, a-l\u1ea1i-da), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, trong khi tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau<\/span> th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span>, c\u1ee7a th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span>, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>, linh di\u1ec7u<\/span>. Do th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> tri v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n th\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n x\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span> tr\u00ean y tha<\/span> kh\u1edfi, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eafc t\u00ednh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1eadt trong y tha<\/span> kh\u1edfi. Do chuy\u1ec3n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, chuy\u1ec3n s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c<\/span>. Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> khi\u1ebfn h\u1eefu t\u00ednh<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> n\u00e0y. Ho\u1eb7c y ch\u1ec9<\/span> cho ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a sinh t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ph\u00e0m ngu<\/span> do \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span> m\u00ea m\u1edd ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0y cho n\u00ean th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span>. Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span>, t\u1ecf ng\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Do th\u01b0\u01a1ng xuy\u00ean tu t\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00ed v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, cho n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n di\u1ec7t sinh t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1edf y<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 s\u1edf y<\/span> ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y t\u00fawc l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi t\u00ednh t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 tuy t\u00ednh t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi ly nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> trong tu t\u1eadp v\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> ba h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Th\u00ed c\u00f3 ba: t\u00e0i th\u00ed<\/span>, v\u00f4 \u00fay th\u00ed<\/span>, ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ba: lu\u1eadt nghi gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nhi\u1ebfp thi\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nhi\u00eau \u00edch h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Nh\u1eabn c\u00f3 ba: nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gia h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t m\u00ecnh, an nh\u1eabn<\/span> th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebf nh\u1eabn qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 do ba h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cho Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> x\u1ee9:<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u00f3 ba: tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i gi\u00e1p, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> nhi\u1ebfp tr\u00ec thi\u1ec7n, tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span> l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. T\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> c\u00f3 ba: t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> an tr\u1ee5, t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t, t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> bi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 c\u00f3 ba: tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 sinh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng. Kinh c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cs\u0101 hi praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101\u015braye<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a-sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>s\u0101rayor aprati<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>h\u0101n\u0101t sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>s\u0101ranirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>ayor abhimukh\u012b<\/i>: \u00abB\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, do y tr\u00ean b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tr\u1ee5 sinh t\u1eed<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai (n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>)\u201d[104].<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u00e1u th\u1eafng h\u00e0nh hay s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n h\u1ea1 th\u1eeba<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: th\u00e2n t\u1ecbnh ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n<\/span> ch\u01b0\u1edbng[105]. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e2u sinh<\/span> trong s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span> m\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 mong c\u1ea7u t\u1ecbch<\/span> di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00f4 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o: ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa sinh t\u1eed<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 gh\u00e9t hay \u01b0a. Khi nh\u1eadp ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ecba n\u00f3 m\u1edbi v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n. Do \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n hai th\u1ee9 ngu v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ngu b\u1edfi thu\u1ea7n t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> quay l\u01b0ng sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, t\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ngu b\u1edfi thu\u1ea7n t\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 mong c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, T\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/i> n\u00f3i, khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, th\u00e0nh A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, trong giai v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i tha<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gh\u00e9t \u01b0a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1edbn, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> do lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> hai th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. Chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1edf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. S\u1edf hi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. S\u1edf sinh \u0111\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> m\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t do hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Tuy t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1ea3n lai<\/span> v\u1ed1n thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0ng do b\u1ecb che ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span>. Khi ch\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh, ch\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u01b0\u1edbng thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 ly ch\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9[106]:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. B\u1ea3n lai t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thanh t\u1ecbnh Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/span><\/b> (prak<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ti-svabh\u0101va-pari\u015buddha-nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>), Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> b\u1ea3n lai<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span> ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p. Tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n<\/span> nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u1ed1n t\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> vi di\u1ec7u<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, xa l\u00eca<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y t\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, con \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi t\u1ea7m t\u1eeb b\u1ecb b\u00edt l\u1ed1i, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> b\u1edfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t<\/span>, duy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i hay s\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi b\u1eadc Ch\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span>. V\u00ec t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ea3n lai<\/span> v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. H\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/b> (sopadhi\u015be<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a-nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>): Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y t\u1ee9c Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> (bh\u016btatathat\u0101<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ly phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> ch\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n s\u1edf y<\/span> (upadhi<\/i>) c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 vi t\u1ebf<\/span> m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. V\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/b> (nir-upadhi\u015be<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a-nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>): Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y, Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, d\u01b0 y c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t, m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. V\u00f4 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/span><\/b> (aprati<\/i>\u1e63\u1e6d<\/i>hita-nirv\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>): Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> x\u1ee9, t\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span> s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (j\u00f1ey\u0101vara\u1e47a), lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafp c\u00e1nh hay v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, do \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ecm trong sinh t\u1eed<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng an tr\u1ee5 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> su\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb lai<\/span>, d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> hay lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ea1ng Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> ba lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng duy ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf y<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3, s\u1edf y<\/span> kh\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a di\u1ec7t h\u1eb5n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y. Ho\u1eb7c s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn, hay b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y; Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y l\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span> n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> u\u1ea9n s\u1edf y<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> l\u1ea1i n\u00eau l\u00ean n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n: \u201cThanh v\u0103n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y, sao c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n?\u201d[107], Kinh Th\u1eafng-Man <\/i>c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201c…A-la-h\u00e0n v\u00e0 B\u00edch-ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n c\u00f3 sinh ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> ch\u01b0a di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn n\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span> h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u00ean t\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a thu\u1ea7n, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> n\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> b\u00ean kia n\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb n\u00ean c\u00e1ch Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n xa.\u201d[108]; v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n: c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00f3i v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> y? Kinh Th\u1eafng-man<\/i> y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qua v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec n\u01a1i Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span>, khi th\u00e2n tr\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ch\u01b0a di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1ecb \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span>. V\u00ec l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> n\u00ean c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau khi th\u00e2n tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> x\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ba lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i h\u00e0ng Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u00ednh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eeba m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> li\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u1ed3i t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7u T\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u00e1c, do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0u th\u00e2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y, ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u00e1i l\u1ea1c<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> sinh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> qu\u00e1n, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecd sinh, hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> Ni\u00eat-b\u00e0n h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span> v\u1ed1n y n\u01a1i l\u00fd ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>. N\u01a1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>, n\u00ean d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu h\u1eefu<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>, s\u1edf y<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1edf y<\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t<\/span> b\u1ecb x\u1ea3 ly \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1edf y<\/span> kh\u1ed5 kia, hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y v\u1ed1n y tr\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>. L\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span>, n\u01a1i v\u1ecb Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> tuy th\u00e2n tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> y. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ly t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, trong su\u1ed1t<\/span>, t\u1ecbch nhi\u00ean<\/span>, an l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Y theo<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng do b\u1edfi<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, hay tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u1ee3i tha<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt. C\u00e1c s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>, khi ly khai, di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> x\u1ee9. V\u00ec do ch\u00fang che l\u1ea5p<\/span> ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> t\u1ee9c b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 su\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb lai<\/span> l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 khi di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> ch\u00fang l\u00fd ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. L\u00fd \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> x\u1ee9, v\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u00ean t\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. V\u00ec Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>: \u201cratisa\u1e43khy\u0101nirodho yo visa\u1e43yoga\u1e25\u201d[109], tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u00e3 ly khai ch\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n? V\u00ec Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u1eb5n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm<\/span> trong sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, khi di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> ch\u00fang, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span>. C\u00e1c s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> khi t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00fang, l\u00fd ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. T\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd \u1ea5y t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, v\u1edbi b\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, trong c\u00e1c v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>; hai lo\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. N\u1ebfu duy ch\u1ec9 ly khai h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u1eady hai v\u00f4 vi<\/span> \u2013 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t \u2013 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u trong b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 vi? V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, theo Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n: h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u00f4 v\u1ecb<\/span>. Theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn B\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p<\/span>, Du-gi\u00e0<\/i>, th\u00eam b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u. Du-gi\u00e0 3<\/i>, k\u1ec3 l\u00e0: h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> ph\u00e1p, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u00e1m v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u. T\u00e1m h\u00e1y s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf hai v\u00f4 vi<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t – thu\u1ed9c phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> (apratisa\u1e43khy\u0101nirodha), khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u1edf tropng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>[110]. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i> l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u7562\u7adf\u7919\u7576\u751f \u5225\u5f97\u975e\u64c7\u6ec5[111] c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do khuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u2013 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch-\u201cutp\u0101d\u0101tyantavighno\u2019nyo nirodho\u2019prais\u00eda\u1e43khyay\u0101\u201d[112]. Phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng do tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, v\u00ec t\u00f9y mi\u00ean<\/span> v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng do b\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00f3[113].<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span> duy ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> di\u1ec7t. V\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn: \u201cc\u00e1c duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\u201d[114]. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ly h\u1ec7<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span><\/i>: do duy\u00ean sai tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ly h\u1ec7<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span><\/i>: do gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch<\/span> phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ly h\u1ec7<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 vi<\/span><\/i>: do kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ly h\u1ec7<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/span><\/i>: t\u00e2m t\u00e2m<\/span> ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ly h\u1ec7<\/span>[115].<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t v\u00ec t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ly h\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> x\u1ee9 c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> do l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> m\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng. Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f3 hai:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Di\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> do di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Di\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> do di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ee9c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, trong c\u00e1c v\u00f4 vi<\/span>, m\u1ed9t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, ba Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Hai v\u00f4 vi<\/span> \u2013 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t \u2013 do ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c di\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. V\u00ec \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d ch\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1. Cho n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o<\/span> y ch\u1ec9<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span> m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n n\u00f3i, l\u00fd th\u1eadt th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>, ba lo\u1ea1i sau th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> do b\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

III\/TI\u1ec2U KI\u1ebeT<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00ed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00ednh<\/span>, t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p, t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tha, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb bi<\/span> v.v.. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed di\u1ec7u<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span>, v\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00f3 m\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb su\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb lai<\/span>. Chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ea1t-na \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00ednh<\/span> (samat\u0101j\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>). N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n<\/span>. Trong tu \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ecb<\/span>, n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 an tr\u00fa<\/span> n\u01a1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (aprati\u1e63\u1e6dhitanirv\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>). H\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span>. T\u00f9y theo<\/span> s\u1edf th\u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt[116]. T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span>, t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, cho n\u00ean kh\u1eafp trong c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ba nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m theo l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>. Chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span> (k\u1e5bty\u0101nu\u1e63\u1e6dh\u0101naj\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>). Kh\u1eafp trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y th\u1ebf gi\u01a1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u1eeb khi r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi thi\u00ean cung<\/span> \u0110\u1ed5-s\u1eed-\u0111a, Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1e63itabhavana<\/i>: \u0110\u00e2u-su\u1ea5t thi\u00ean<\/span> chung, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>[117].<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n t\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m:<\/span><\/p>\n

-T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i vi\u00ean k\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

-T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00ed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00ednh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

-T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> tr\u00ed di\u1ec7u<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

-T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh<\/span> s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1edf sinh \u0111\u1eafc \u2013 qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1edfi xu\u1ea5t sinh<\/span>. S\u1edf sinh \u0111\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1edf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eafc. Tuy \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y hai s\u1edf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eafc. Hai s\u1edf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd n\u00f3i r\u00f5: v\u00ec ba ngh\u0129a chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> kia th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>, v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>. Do v\u00ec Tam Th\u1eadp T\u1ee5ng <\/i>n\u00f3i \u201cch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n y\u201d. Trong tu t\u1eadp v\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103m th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> th\u00ec th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n sinh<\/span> t\u1eed, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi sinh t\u1eed<\/span>. T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m b\u1ed1n tr\u00ed, do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> \u2013 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c<\/span>. Sthiramati: \u201ckle\u015b\u0101vara\u1e47aprah\u0101\u1e47\u0101t \u015br\u0101vak\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 vimuktik\u0101ya\/<\/i>\u201d Do \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> ch\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n<\/span>; Hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1edfi Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba<\/span> duy ch\u1ec9 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/span>, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i theo Tam Th\u1eadp T\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sthiramati: <\/i>\u201csa ev\u0101\u015brayapar\u0101v\u1e5bttilak\u1e63a\u1e47o dharm\u0101khyo \u2019py ucyate mah\u0101mune\u1e25\/ bh\u016bmip\u0101ramit\u0101dibh\u0101vanay\u0101 kle\u015baj\u00f1ey\u0101vara\u1e47aprah\u0101\u1e47\u0101t \u0101\u015brayapar\u0101v\u1e5bttisamud\u0101gam\u0101t mah\u0101muner dharmak\u0101ya ity ucyate<\/i>\/\u201d: \u201cCh\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i M\u00e2u-ni c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. \u00a0Do s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c ba-la-m\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111o \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, do ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i M\u00e2u-ni\u201d. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> n\u01a1i Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1ecbch<\/span> m\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i M\u00e2u-ni. Hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i M\u00e2u-ni v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> hai ch\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang nghi\u00eam<\/span> b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c, v\u00f4 \u00fay<\/span>, v.v.. L\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 y ch\u1ec9<\/span>, l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 th\u00e2n. Ba t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u00e2n, k\u0101ya: \u0101tmabh\u0101va<\/i> (t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3), \u0101\u015braya<\/i> (s\u1edf y<\/span>), r\u0101\u015bi<\/i> (t\u1ee5)[118].<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u0103m ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i duy ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecbnh<\/span> ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span>. V\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cNguy\u1ec7n \u1edf trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gian<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi kho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn l\u00f4ng x\u00edu m\u00e0 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span>, d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng x\u00edu, s\u01a1 sanh, xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng<\/span>, th\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span>, nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> Ph\u1eadt, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> tu\u1ec7, \u1edf trong m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m, t\u00f9y t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n t\u01b0\u1edbng; b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh<\/span> m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> khi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u sanh t\u00e2m hoan h\u1ec9<\/span>, th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t<\/span> B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span>; ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> tu\u1ec7; \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1eefng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p; b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u00f4ng, th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng<\/span>, huy\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> sung m\u00e3n<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi\u201d[119].<\/span><\/p>\n

[Trong b\u00e0i T\u1ed4NG LU\u1eacN QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M<\/span> NI\u1ebeT-B\u00c0N THEO LU\u1eacN TH\u00c0NH DUY TH\u1ee8C<\/span><\/b>, ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay qu\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n trong hai qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n y<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n theo Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span>,<\/i> nh\u01b0 T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, Ly-h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00f4 vi<\/span> v.v.. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebft sau c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i> \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean<\/b>]<\/span><\/p>\n

P.N.<\/span><\/p>\n

TH\u01af M\u1ee4C THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

*C\u00e1c T\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n ng\u1eef tr\u00edch d\u1eabn theo Taish\u014d Edition of Chinese Tripi\u1e6daka \u5927\u6b63\u65b0\u8129\u5927\u85cf\u7d93 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh t\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span><\/i>, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 trang, s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa. D\u1eabn: \u0110\u1ea1i<\/i>\/\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh\/ T (Taish\u014d). S\u1ed1 trang \u1edf ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa theo \u0111\u00fang s\u1ed1 trang \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
  1. Th\u00e0nh duy th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, 10 quy\u1ec3n, H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch; No.1585, \u0110\u1ea1i 31, tr. 1ff.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  2. A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, 30 quy\u1ec3n, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch; No.1558, \u0110\u1ea1i 29, tr. 1ff. D\u1eabn: C\u00e2u-x\u00e1.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  3. Du-gi\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, 100 quy\u1ec3n, Di-l\u1eb7c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> thuy\u1ebft, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch; No. 1579, \u0110\u1ea1i 30, tr. 279ff. D\u1eabn: Du-gi\u00e0.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  4. Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e2m M\u1eadt Kinh<\/span>, <\/i>5 quy\u1ec3n, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch, No.676, \u0110\u1ea1i 16.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  5. Th\u1eadp \u0110\u1ecba Kinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, <\/i>12 quy\u1ec3n, Thi\u00ean Th\u00e2n<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t t\u1ea1o, B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1-l\u01b0u-chi d\u1ecbch, No.1522, \u0110\u1ea1i 26.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  6. Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ecba Kinh Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, <\/i>7 quy\u1ec3n, Th\u00e2n Quang<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch, No.1530, \u0110\u1ea1i 26.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  7. Abhidharmako\u015babh\u0101<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>yam of Vasubandhu<\/i>, Ed., A. Thakur, Jayas\u1e63al Research Institut, Patna, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  8. \u015aik<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>\u0101samuccaya of \u015aantideva<\/i>, edited by Dr.P.L. Vaidya, The Mithila Institut, Darbhanga, 1961.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  9. Abhidharma-Samuccaya<\/i>, \u5927\u4e58\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u96c6\u8bba(S), Compendium of Abhidharma<\/i> by Asanga; \u0f58\u0f44\u0f7c\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f40\u0f74\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f4f\u0f74\u0f66\u0f0b mngon pa kun btus<\/i>, \u5927\u4e58\u963f\u6bd8\u9054\u78e8\u96c6\u8ad6(T).<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  10. Williams ,Monier M.A. Williams , Sanskrit<\/i>–<\/i>English<\/i> <\/i>Dictionary<\/i>, The Clarendon Press, Oxford.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  11. Bonwadaijiten<\/i> (Ph\u1ea1n-H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n)., Unrai Wogihara, K\u00f4tansha, \u00a01997.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  12. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa, Th\u01b0 qu\u00e1n H\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00edch<\/span> \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  13. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary<\/i>, F.Edgerton, Motilal Barnasidass, 1972.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/p>\n

  14. \u00a0The Pratical Sanskrit-English Dictionary<\/i>, V.Sh. Apte, Motilal Barnarsidass, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n

    <\/ol>\n

    V.v.. C\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c t\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n ng\u1eef tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Sanskrit m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u1edf ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0
    <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n


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    [1] Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, tr.235c5.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [2] Cf. Tinh Hoa<\/span> Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc<\/span> Tu T\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi<\/i>, c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>. Web: http:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/a23091\/tinh-hoa-triet-hoc-tu-tap-va-hanh-dao-duc-phat-ty-ba-thi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [6] Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn,<\/i> T32n1640, tr. 158a24.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [7] Cf. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma<\/i> (ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch), d\u1eabn b\u1edbi Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn th\u00edch<\/i> (TTh) 1, T31n1597, tr. 324a18.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [8] Du-gi\u00e0 3, T30n1579, tr. 284b19.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [9] Thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea3n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Candrap\u0101la (H\u1ed9 Nguy\u1ec7t<\/span>). Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. A-l\u1ea1i-da th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [10] Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, Thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n hu\u00e2n<\/i>: Th\u1eafng Qu\u00e2n<\/span> (\u015ar\u012bsena) v\u00e0 Nan-\u0111\u00e0 (Nanda).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [11] Cf. Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3n<\/i> 1, tr. 136c01.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [12] Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nan \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. A-l\u1ea1i-da th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [13] Cf. Chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, tr.61c13.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [14] \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa 32<\/i>, tr. 167c13.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [15] Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>, tr. 315c11.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [16] Cf. Du-gi\u00e0 51<\/i>, Nhi\u1ebfp quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>, tr. 582a8.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [17] A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn 7<\/i>, T31n1605, tr. 692c5, T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn 14<\/i>, T31n1606, tr. 763c26.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [18] Cf. Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3n 1<\/i>, tr.133b15; Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn th\u00edch 1<\/i>,Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, T31n1597, tr. 324a19; Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn th\u00edch 1<\/i>, V\u00f4 T\u00ednh<\/span>, T31n1598, tr. 383a3.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [19] Cf. B\u1ea3o t\u00ednh<\/span> lu\u1eadn 4<\/i>, T31n1611, tr. 839a18.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [20] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 100<\/i>, tr. 515b12.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [21] Du-gi\u00e0 51<\/i>, tr. 579c26.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [22] Di\u1ec5n b\u00ed<\/span><\/i>, tr. 874c15.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [23] V\u00f4 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/i>, ibid., tr. 389c7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [24] V\u00f4 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/i>, ibid. tr. 396c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [25] V\u00f4 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/i>, ibid, tr. 396c6.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [26] Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> 80, T30n1579, tr. 748a14.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [27] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i> 8<\/i>, kinh 9, tr. 49c; T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m 15<\/i>, kinh 571, tr. 101c25.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [28] Pali, Sa<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>g\u012bti,<\/i> D.iii. 211: sabbe satt\u0101 \u0101h\u0101ra<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>hitik\u0101<\/i>; ibid. tr. 228.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [29] Samyutta Nik\u0101ya<\/i>, t\u1eadp II, trang 11; b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> kinh<\/i>, t\u1eadp II.A, tr.12. Cf. D\u1ecb M\u00f4n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn, <\/i>\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, tr.1536, XXVI, trang 3670, 400ab. \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh, tr. 1545, XXVII, tr. 674 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [30] P\u0101li t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101na-ah\u0101ra<\/i>, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> b\u1edfi th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [31] T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 5<\/i>, tr. 716c11.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [32] Du-gi\u00e0 50<\/i>, tr. 576c.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [33]T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa 26<\/i>, 136a21.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [34] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 5<\/i>, tr. 26a25.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [35] Th\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadn<\/i>, tr.784a19.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [36] Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II<\/i>, m\u1ee5c Di\u1ec7t T\u1eadn \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 31, No.1585. B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [37] Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 13<\/i>, tr.71a16.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [38] Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, m\u1ee5c Di\u1ec7t T\u1eadn \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 31, No.1585. B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [39] Cf. Nhi\u1ebfp B\u1ea3n Lu\u1eadn I<\/i>, tr. 136b06, tr.136b16.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [40] T\u1eadp lu\u1eadn 2<\/i>, T16n005, tr. 668b29.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [42] Du-gi\u00e0 56<\/i>, tr. 609b20.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [43] Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3n 1<\/i>, tr. 137a14.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [44] Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III, Th\u1ee9c M\u1ea1t-na<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 31, No.1585. B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [45] Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> th\u00edch 3<\/i>, <\/i>tr. 336a19, <\/i>Cf. <\/i>Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn V\u00f4 T\u00ednh<\/span> th\u00edch 3<\/i>, <\/i>tr. 396c5.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [46] C\u1ee5 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c \u5177\u7e1b<\/span>, Skt.sakalabandha<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [47] Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 49<\/i>, tr. 259a24.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [48] Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 4<\/i>, tr. 19a18.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [49] Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> 10<\/i>, tr. 388b27.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [51] Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 143<\/i>, tr. 737a12.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    [52] Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> 88, tr. 797a19.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [53] Du-gi\u00e0 86<\/i>, tr. 780b04.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [54] T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 4<\/i>, tr. 711a14.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [55] T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 6<\/i>, tr. 722a27.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [56] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 154<\/i>, T27n1545, tr. 0784b05.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [57] T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 2<\/i>, tr.700b12; Samuccaya<\/i>, Gokhale 18, 27.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [58] Cf. Hi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> 1<\/i>, T31n1602, tr. 0484b09.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [59] Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> 10, T30n1579, tr. 0327b10.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [60] Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> 13 T30n1579, tr. 0345a10.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [61] Samucc.<\/i>, Pradhan 10, 21.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [62] S\u1edb gi\u1ea3i<\/i> (Sthiramati<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [63] Cf. T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 2<\/i>, T31n1606, tr. 0700b07; Qu\u1ea3ng ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/i>, tr. 854b04.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [64] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i>, Cf. T\u1eadp th\u00e0nh bi\u00ean<\/i> 31, tr. 645c, 645a.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [65] T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 5<\/i>, tr.714b03.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [66] Du-gi\u00e0 13<\/i>, tr. 345a10.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [67] Samuccaya<\/i>, Tatia, p. 37, 23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [69] Cf. T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 5<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 31 tr. 714a10. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 7<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 29 tr. 36b16.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [70] Du-gi\u00e0 3<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 30 tr. 292a3.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [71] Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> 80, tr. 748a14.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [72] Du-gi\u00e0 3<\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, cht. 69; Hi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i> 18, \u0110\u1ea1i 31, tr. 570c28:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [73] Thu\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/i> d\u1eabn Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> 80, \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>, tr. 749a5-a25.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [74] Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span> 27<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 9, tr. 574c7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [75] Du-gi\u00e0 4<\/i>, tr. 295a10.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [76] Hi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> 2<\/i>, tr. 488a23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [77] Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> 5<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 26, tr. 312b15.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [78] Du-gi\u00e0 80<\/i>, tr. 749a5-a25.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [79] Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i> 24 tr. 125c14, Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i> 65, tr. 6980b20.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [80] Du-gi\u00e0<\/i> 14, tr. 353a14, T\u1ea1p t\u00e2p<\/i> 13 tr. 755c7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [82] Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i> 3, tr. 15b9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [83] Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> 5<\/i> tr. 312c1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [84] Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. <\/i>Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 31, No.1585. B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [85] Ngh\u0129a u\u1ea9n 5<\/i> tr. 474a2.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [86] Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> Du-gi\u00e0 80<\/i>, tr. 749a13.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [87] Cf. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 31, No.1585. B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [88] Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> 2<\/i>, tr. 299b10.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [89] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 3<\/i>, tr. 15b13.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [90] Madhy\u0101nta<\/i>, v. 10d-11ab.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [91] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 7,<\/i> tr.34c27.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [92] Du-gi\u00e0 3,<\/i> tr. 292a17.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [93] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 19<\/i> tr. 100a1; Bh\u0101<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>ya<\/i> v.7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [94] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 8<\/i>, tr. 36a10.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [95] Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> 7<\/i>, tr. 323b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [97] Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> 4<\/i>, tr. 310c20.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [99] Gi\u1ea3i th\u00e2m m\u1eadt<\/span> 1<\/i>, tr. 690b25.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [100] Cf. Du-gi\u00e0 75,<\/i> tr. 712c24, Hi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> 15<\/i> tr. 555c11.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [101] Du-gi\u00e0 54,<\/i> tr. 605c8, Du-gi\u00e0 71,<\/i> tr. 690c23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [103] Tri<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u015b. 29.<\/i> Tam Th\u1eadp T\u1ee5ng 29<\/i>, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [104] S\u016btr\u0101la<\/i>\u1e45<\/i>, tr. 174 20, Cf. Trang nghi\u00eam kinh<\/span><\/i>, tr. 659b3.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [105] Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> 1<\/i> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [106] Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> 10, tr. 54b7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [108] Th\u1eafng man<\/i>, tr. 219c1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [109] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 i. 3<\/i>. Cf. Ko\u015ba. i. 3<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [110] Du-gi\u00e0 53<\/i> tr. 593a19.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [111] Tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, k. i. 3.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [113] T\u1ea1p t\u1eadp 2<\/i>, tr. 702c3.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [114] Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> 2,<\/i> tr. 299b28.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [115] Hi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> 18,<\/i> tr. 572a29.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [116] Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn 9<\/i>, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, tr. 372a12; V\u00f4 T\u00ednh<\/span> 9<\/i>, \u00a0tr. 438a13.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [117] V\u00f4 T\u00ednh<\/span> 9<\/i>, tr. 438a13.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [118] Cf. Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> 7<\/i>, tr. 325a10.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [119] Cf. Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i> (Ph\u1eadt), \u0110\u1ea1i 9, tr. 545b.ff. Hoa nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/i> (Th\u1eadt), \u0110\u1ea1i 10, tr. 181c.ff. Cf. Da\u015ba<\/i>, tr. 9ff. abhi-sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>bodhimah\u0101j\u00f1\u0101n\u0101bhij\u00f1\u0101bhinirh\u0101r\u0101ya\u2026<\/i> V\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>\u00a0 nguy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, xem Th\u1eadp tr\u1ee5<\/span>, tr. 30b10ff.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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