{"id":7570,"date":"2020-12-04T23:11:26","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T16:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/04\/y-nghia-chu-phan-upavasatha-sa%e1%b9%83vara-can-tru-luat-nghi\/"},"modified":"2020-12-04T23:11:26","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T16:11:26","slug":"y-nghia-chu-phan-upavasatha-sa%e1%b9%83vara-can-tru-luat-nghi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/04\/y-nghia-chu-phan-upavasatha-sa%e1%b9%83vara-can-tru-luat-nghi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dd Ngh\u0129a Ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \u201cUpav\u0101satha sa\u1e43vara” \u2013 C\u1eadn Tr\u1ee5 Lu\u1eadt Nghi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00dd NGH\u0128A<\/span> CH\u1eee PH\u1ea0N \u00a0\u201cUPAV\u0100SATHA<\/i> SAMVARA \u2013C\u1eacN TR\u1ee4 LU\u1eacT NGHI\u201d<\/span>
<\/span>
Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>
******<\/span>
\"Y

1\/ \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \u201c<\/b>upav\u0101satha<\/i><\/b><\/span>– c\u1eadn tr\u1ee5\u201d<\/span>
<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1eadn tr\u1ee5<\/span> nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef Sanskrit l\u00e0 l\u00e0 upav\u0101satha, <\/i>H\u00e1n phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00f4-ba-b\u00e0-sa, \u01afu-ba-b\u00e0-t\u1ed1-\u0111\u00e0, \u01afu-b\u00e0-sa, U-ba-b\u00e0-sa, \u00d4-b\u00f4-sa-tha v.v\u2026 ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e2m upa<\/i>: ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, theo sau<\/span>, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, th\u00e2n c\u1eadn\u2026 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u1eadn \u8fd1, t\u00f9y \u96a8.<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n: 1. \u221avas (vasati): tr\u1ee5, l\u01b0u tr\u00fa, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00fa; 2. \u221av\u0101s (v\u0101sayati): x\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u1eadp, hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1eeb Atha<\/i>, T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0 \u0f51\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f53\u0f66 de nas.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady upav\u0101satha: <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh upa-\u221a<\/i>v\u0101s + atha<\/i> hay upa-\u221a<\/i>vas + atha, <\/i>t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u00fd chung l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo sau<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, H\u00e1n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u1eadn tr\u1ee5<\/span>\u00a0 \u8fd1\u4f4f, t\u00f9y tr\u1ee5 \u96a8\u4f4f v.v..<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean Sanskrit upav\u0101satha<\/i> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb Sanskrit Upasth\u0101pya, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh upa-\u221asth\u0101, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n \u00c3sth\u0101: \u0111\u1ee9ng, l\u01b0u tr\u00fa,\u2026 N\u00ean Upasth\u0101pya, H\u00e1n c\u0169ng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u1eadn tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1edbi upav\u0101satha<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb upav\u0101satha, <\/i>H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0: tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ecbnh, tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, thi\u1ec7n t\u00fac<\/span>, tr\u00ec t\u1ecbnh v.v\u2026 D\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Uposatha, upo\u1e63adha, po\u016badha, posatha ho\u1eb7c upo\u016badha. H\u00e1n phi\u00ean \u00e2m b\u1ed1-t\u00e1t, b\u1ed1-s\u00e1i-tha, bao-s\u00e1i-\u0111\u00e0, b\u00f4-sa-tha v.v\u2026 S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Po\u016badha, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb po\u016ba: tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c<\/span>, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i; K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi dha: thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft<\/span>, thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Upo\u1e63adha, \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n Pu\u1e63: nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>, nu\u00f4i l\u1edbn, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi dh\u0101, ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span>, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span>, cung c\u1ea5p\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady, Upo\u1e63adha v\u00e0 Po\u016badha: c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a chung l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft<\/span>. N\u00ean H\u00e1n m\u1edbi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ecbnh, tr\u00ec t\u1ecbnh, tr\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng,\u2026 C\u00f2n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1eeb upav\u0101satha <\/i>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 <\/i>nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cArhat\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> sam\u012bpe vasantyaneneti upav\u0101sa<\/i>\u1e25<\/i>; te<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>\u0101manu\u015bik<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101t| y\u0101vajj\u012bvikasa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>varasam\u012bpe vasantyanenetyapare| alpaku\u015balam\u016bl\u0101n\u0101<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> ku\u015balam\u016blapo<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101t po<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>adha iti v\u0101| \u201cpo<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> dadh\u0101ti manasa<\/i>\u1e25<\/i> ku\u015balasya yasm\u0101- duktastato bhagavat\u0101 kila po<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>adho\u2019yam\u201d<\/i> | ( ) iti||28|| :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u1eadn tr\u00fa (upav\u0101sa<\/i>) b\u1edfi v\u00ec, nh\u1edd bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n (tadanu\u015bik<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>\u0101t<\/i>), cho n\u00ean lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n (upa<\/i>) v\u1edbi A-la-h\u00e1n. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ean C\u1eadn tr\u00fa l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>[1].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> (dh\u0101<\/i>) s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (po<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a<\/i>) cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> (ku\u015balam\u016bla<\/i>) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> m\u1ecfng manh. V\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> cho n\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cLu\u1eadt nghi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> (po<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>adha<\/i>).\u201d[2]<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef Sanskrit.<\/span><\/p>\n

2\u00dd ng<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span>h\u0129a sa<\/i><\/b>\u1e43<\/i><\/b>vara<\/i><\/b> \u2013 Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> v\u00e0 asamvara – B\u1ea5t Lu\u1eadt Nghi<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara<\/i>: ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9, do \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n \u221avs: <\/i>bao tr\u00f9m, th\u1ec7 nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, canh ch\u1eebng, ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9, \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>,.. H\u00e1n\u00a0 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m c\u1ea3n, khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m, quy ph\u1ea1m<\/span> lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7<\/span> v.v..<\/span><\/p>\n

S<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara<\/i> <\/i>hay Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 c\u0103n m\u00f4n<\/span>, Sanskrit g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 indriya-sa\u1e43vara, P\u0101li l\u00e0 indriyesu guttadv\u0101ro, H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u0103n lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>,\u00a0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: canh ch\u1eebng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>. Kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cSo cakkhun\u0101 r\u016bpa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> disv\u0101 na nimittagg\u0101h\u012b hoti (\u2026) rakkhati cakkhundriya<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>, cakkhundriye sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara<\/i>\u1e43<\/i> \u0101pajjati. Sotena (\u2026)<\/i>\u201d[3]: \u201cV\u1ecb t\u1ef7-kheo \u1ea5y, khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (\u2026), gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> con m\u1eaft, canh ch\u1eebng n\u01a1i gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> con m\u1eaft\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>: c\u0103n lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>[4], ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>; bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>[5], ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ecd; v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>[6], ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 do ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara<\/i>) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 (cetana<\/i>) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c<\/span> (sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b\u1e47<\/i>otti<\/i>) th\u00e2n ng\u1eef sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft<\/span> (vidhi<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span>, qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span>; v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. V\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara<\/i>), c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu th\u00fac (sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>v<\/i>\u1e5b\u1e47<\/i>oti<\/i>) v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00e1c gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dau<\/i>\u1e25\u1e63<\/i>\u012blyaprabandha<\/i>)[7].<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (sam\u0101dhija), t\u1ee9c khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> thu\u1ed9c t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> v\u1ed1n sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> th\u00ec v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> hay lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (sa\u1e43vara) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> (aupacayika) do \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> v\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span>. B\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 – t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ecdng ng\u1eef<\/span> – \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng (v\u00f4 d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span> cho c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t. \u1ede n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (pravartante) th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (sa\u1e43vara) thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f8b\u5100\u5225\u89e3\u812b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u975c\u616e\u53ca\u9053\u751f[8].<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>: (1) lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (pr\u0101timok\u1e63asa\u1e43vara) l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> (\u015b\u012bla) h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y; (2) lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span>, sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> (dhy\u0101na), l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>; (3) Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> chung – nh\u01b0 C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span>, C\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00ed-s\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> (virati) s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/span>, t\u00e0 d\u00e2m<\/span>, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m say – th\u00ec c\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> (nid\u0101na). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> (h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9<\/span>; \u015bik\u1e63\u0101pada) th\u00ec c\u00e0ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span>) nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> sinh t\u00e2m ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n<\/span> (mada) v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt<\/span> (pram\u0101dasth\u0101na); t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> s\u00e1t, v.v.. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf ba lo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 C\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> (antarbh\u0101va) v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00ed-s\u00f4 th\u00ec khi m\u1ed9t B\u00ed-s\u00f4 x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> B\u00ed-s\u00f4 (sa\u1e43vara\u1e43 prat y\u0101cak\u1e63\u0101\u1e47a\u1e25) c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>; nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t B\u00ed-s\u00f4 khi x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf gi\u1edbi B\u00ed-s\u00f4 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 C\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch<\/span>[9].<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ff1\u5f97\u540d\u5c38\u7f85 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u5999\u884c\u696d\u5f8b\u5100<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u552f\u521d\u8868\u7121\u8868\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u540d\u5225\u89e3\u696d\u9053[10].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi-la,<\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u1ec7u h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thi-la (gi\u1edbi, \u015b\u012bla) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> (pratis\u1e43sth\u0101pana) nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (vi\u1e63ama) b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o t\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01b0 x\u1eed<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 Nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a sila l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cMay thay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00ec gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 di\u1ec7u h\u1ea1nh<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1eadc tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf<\/span> ho\u1eb7c thu th\u00fac th\u00e2n ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111ang \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, sa\u1e43varastha) nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh (th\u1eafng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, kle\u015bavega) m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c \u00e1c<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e1nh, tr\u00f3i, v.v., th\u00ec v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>. N\u1ebfu \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> (pra\u015b\u0101davega) m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00ec v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> thi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eef (vij\u00f1apti), thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> hay \u201c\u1edf gi\u1eefa\u201d th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb s\u00e1t-na th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1edf \u0111i ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>. V\u1eady b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (asa\u1e43vara) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u60e1\u884c\u60e1\u6212\u696d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u696d\u9053\u4e0d\u5f8b\u5100[11].<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 \u00e1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>, \u00e1c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p,<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng thu th\u00fac th\u00e2n ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1c h\u1ea1nh<\/span> (du\u015bcarita), v\u00ec b\u1eadc tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00ec chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m<\/span> qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1c gi\u1edbi<\/span> (dau\u1e25\u015b\u012blya), v\u00ec tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> (vipak\u1e63a) gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi th\u00e2n ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed1c (c\u0103n b\u1ed5n nghi\u1ec7p nhi\u1ebfp, maulasa\u1e43g\u1e5bh\u012btatv\u0101t).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> B\u00ed-s\u00f4 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi, t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n chi, t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/span>, t\u00e0 d\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>; b\u1edfi v\u00ec qua c\u00e1c chi n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu xem ba thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n<\/span> (v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n<\/span>, v\u00f4 si<\/span>) l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3i l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n (t\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu xem lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi (samutth\u0101paka) – th\u00ec nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span> (m\u1ea1nh), trung ph\u1ea9m<\/span> (trung b\u00ecnh), h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m<\/span> (y\u1ebfu); l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t trong ba t\u00e2m n\u00e0y (duy t\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t). T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee5 trong lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (sa\u1e43varasth\u0101yin), h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi ho\u1eb7c do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u00f9y theo<\/span> t\u00e2m d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, trung ph\u1ea9m<\/span> hay h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span>, C\u1eadn tr\u00fa, hay C\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee5 trong lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n; th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> B\u00ed-s\u00f4 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, trung ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee5 trong lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi v\u00e0 do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong ba lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span>, C\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00ed-s\u00f4 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, trung ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

(4) C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee5 trong lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong ba lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span>, C\u1eadn tr\u00fa v\u00e0 C\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u00f9y theo<\/span> t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, trung ph\u1ea9m<\/span> hay thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u1ee5 trong lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (thi\u1ec7n \u00fd<\/span> l\u1ea1c) mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u00fat b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> (\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> l\u1ea1c).<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> (niyama, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1n):<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) V\u1ec1 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> \u00e1c gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sinh\u201d; <\/span>
(2) v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d; <\/span>
(3) v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n (x\u1ee9), nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span> \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d; <\/span>
(4) v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng\u201d; <\/span>
(5) v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (duy\u00ean), nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00f4i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng khi tranh c\u00e3i\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t (di\u1ec7u h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, sucarita) t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. T\u00e1m chi c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1eadn tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u521d\u5f8b\u5100\u516b\u7a2e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u5be6\u9ad4\u552f\u6709\u56db[12]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f62\u8f49\u540d\u7570\u6545[13]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u5404\u5225\u4e0d\u76f8\u9055[14].<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i,<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n;<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau;<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng vi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> thu\u1ed9c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span> (bhik\u1e63u) T\u1ef7 kheo ni<\/span> (bhik\u1e63u\u1e47i), Th\u1ee9c-xoa ma-na (\u015bik\u1e63am\u0101\u1e47\u0101), Sa-di (\u015br\u0101ma\u1e47era), Sa-di ni (\u015br\u0101ma\u1e47erik\u0101),\u00a0 C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span> (up\u0101saka), C\u1eadn s\u1ef1 n\u1eef<\/span> (up\u0101sik\u0101), C\u1eadn tr\u00fa (upav\u0101sastha).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i; nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7aT\u1ef7-kheo, Sa-di, C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 C\u1eadn tr\u00fa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ef7-kheo-ni kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ef7-kheo; lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Sa-di ni kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sa-di; lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u1eadn s\u1ef1 n\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e63\u1e6dada\u015basarvebhyo varjyebhyo viratigrah\u0101t|<\/span><\/p>\n

up\u0101sakopav\u0101sastha\u015brama\u1e47odde\u015babhik\u1e63ut\u0101||15|<\/span>| [15]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u53d7\u96e2\u4e94\u516b\u5341 \u00a0\u00a0 \u4e00\u5207\u6240\u61c9\u96e2<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7acb\u8fd1\u4e8b\u8fd1\u4f4f \u00a0\u00a0 \u52e4\u7b56\u53ca\u82fe\u82bb [16].<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly n\u0103m, t\u00e1m, m\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span>, C\u1eadn tr\u00fa, C\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ef7-kheo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly (viratisam\u0101d\u0101na) n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u:<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i (pr\u0101\u1e47\u0101tip\u0101ta), \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>
(2) tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/span> (adatt\u0101d\u0101na),<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) t\u00e0 d\u00e2m<\/span> (d\u1ee5c t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, k\u0101mamihy\u0101c\u0101ra), \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>
(4) n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span> (m\u1e5b\u1e63\u0101v\u0101da),<\/span><\/p>\n

(5) c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m say (sur\u0101maireyapram\u0101dasth\u0101navirata) t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span> x\u1ea3 ly t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u: <\/span>
(1) gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, <\/span>
(2) tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/span>, <\/span>
(3) d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c<\/span> (phi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, abhrahmacarya), <\/span>
(4) n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>, <\/span>
(5) c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m say, <\/span>
(6) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m, v\u00f2ng hoa<\/span>, son ph\u1ea5n (gandham\u0101lyavilepana), xem nghe m\u00faa h\u00e1t, nh\u1ea1c (n\u1e5btyag\u012btav\u0101dit\u0101), <\/span>
(7) gi\u01b0\u1eddng cao, gi\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn (ucca\u015bayana, mah\u0101\u015bayana), <\/span>
(8) \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac<\/span> (th\u1ef1c phi th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c<\/span>, vik\u0101labhojana), t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u1eadn tr\u00fa…<\/span><\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)[17]\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean<\/span>
<\/p>\n\n
\n

[1] Cf. Vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, 124, 11.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2] C<\/i>f. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, <\/i>C\u0111.: \u512a\u6ce2\u5a46\u5a11\u8005 \u4f55\u7fa9\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u8b77\u6b64\u4eba \u8fd1\u963f\u7f85\u6f22\u908a\u4f4f\u3002\u7531 \u96a8\u5b78\u963f\u7f85\u6f22\u6cd5\u6545\u3002\u53c8\u8fd1\u96a8\u6709\u547d \u8b77\u908a\u4f4f\u6545\u3002\u6216\u8aaa\u540d \u5e03\u6c99\u4ed6\u3002\u751f\u9577\u55ae\u8584\u5584\u6839\u773e\u751f\u3002\u5fa9\u6de8\u5584\u6839\u6545\u3002\u540d\u5e03\u6c99\u4ed6\u3002\u5982\u5048\u8a00 \u7531\u6b64\u80fd\u9577\u990a \u81ea\u4ed6\u6de8\u5584\u5fc3. \u6545\u4f5b\u5982\u4f86\u8aaa \u6b64\u540d\u5e03\u6c99\u4ed6; Htr.: \u8a00\u8fd1\u4f4f\u8005\u3002 \u8b02\u6b64\u5f8b\u5100\u8fd1\u963f\u7f85\u6f22 \u4f4f\u3002\u4ee5\u96a8\u5b78\u5f7c\u6545. \u6709\u8aaa\u3002\u6b64\u8fd1\u76e1\u58fd\u6212 \u4f4f\u3002\u5982\u662f\u5f8b\u5100\u6216\u540d \u9577\u990a\u3002\u662f\u6545\u8584\u4f3d\u68b5 \u8aaa\u6b64\u540d\u9577\u990a\u5982\u6709\u980c\u8a00 \u7531\u6b64\u80fd\u9577\u990a \u81ea\u4ed6\u5584\u6de8\u5fc3. \u9577\u990a\u8584\u5c11\u5584\u6839\u6709\u60c5\u3002\u4ee4\u5176\u5584\u6839\u6f38\u589e\u591a\u6545\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4] Skt. indrya-sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5] Skt. pr\u0101timok<\/i>\u1e63<\/i>a-sa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6] Skt. an\u0101sravasa<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>vara.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7] Cf. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 14<\/i>, \u0110\u1ea1i 29, tr. 72a.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8] T29n1563, tr. 0865b19.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10] T29n1562, tr. 0549a28.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[11] T29n1563, tr. 0867b16.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12] Ko\u015ba: tatra puna\u1e25– a\u1e63\u1e6dadh\u0101 pr\u0101timok\u1e63\u0101khya\u1e25\/dravyatastu caturvidha\u1e25<\/span>| Cf. C\u0111: \u5048\u66f0\u3002\u6728\u53c9\u6212\u516b\u7a2e\u3002\u7531\u5be6\u7269\u6709\u56db\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13] Ko\u015ba: li\u1e45gato n\u0101masa\u00f1c\u0101r\u0101t<\/span>, C\u0111.: \u7531\u6839\u540d\u7570\u6545\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14] C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 19, <\/i>T29n1563, tr. 0865b23, c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea3n Skt. Ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15] \u5048\u66f0\u3002\u4e94\u516b\u5341\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u60e1\u8655\u53d7\u96e2\u6545\u3002\u512a\u5a46\u585e\u5e03\u85a9\u3002\u6c99\u5f4c\u53ca\u6bd4\u4e18\u3002<\/span>
[16]\u00a0T29n1563, tr. 0866a12<\/span>
[17]\u00a0C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n sau: Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>, k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1n th\u1ecd-x\u1ea3, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ecd tr\u00ec<\/span>, Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e1m chi, \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> trai gi\u1edbi<\/span>,…c\u1ee7a c\u1eadn tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadt nghi<\/span> (hay t\u00e1m chi trai gi\u1edbi<\/span>) v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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