{"id":7578,"date":"2020-12-04T23:15:17","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T16:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/04\/loi-di-huan-cua-duc-phat-va-su-ton-vong-cua-giao-huan-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-04T23:15:17","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T16:15:17","slug":"loi-di-huan-cua-duc-phat-va-su-ton-vong-cua-giao-huan-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/04\/loi-di-huan-cua-duc-phat-va-su-ton-vong-cua-giao-huan-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eddi Di Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00a0L\u1eddi Di Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong<\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Hoang Phong<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0“H\u00e3y n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/span>, t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3” \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

(Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n <\/i>ti\u1ebfng Pa-li, Mahaparinibbana-sutta<\/i>, DN 16, theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9 Migot, 1957)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh – kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (Dhamma), xem \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay cho n\u01a1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

(Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i> ti\u1ebfng Pa-li, Mahaparinibbana-sutta,<\/i> DN16, theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Jeanne Schut)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi – d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span> – khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> bao l\u00e2u n\u1eefa tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft tha, n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, hu\u1ed1ng chi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t. Sau khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh sau b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>, th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh – v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay \u2013 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111au y\u1ebfu, m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn lu\u00f4n \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cSau khi Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00ec T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0o? Xin Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> ra sao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n?” <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “N\u00e0y A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u n\u1eefa. V\u1eeba l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i \u0111au y\u1ebfu, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> nay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0… N\u00e0y A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, h\u00e3y n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/span>, xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3 […] \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh […] N\u00e0y A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ai ngay t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sau khi Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, bi\u1ebft xem \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ta, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1edd\u00ec bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn”<\/i>. (\u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i>, Mahaparinibbana<\/i>, DN.16, theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9 Migot,1892-1967, trong quy\u1ec3n Le Bouddha<\/i>, \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n Club fran\u00e7ais du Livre, 1957, 302 tr., \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr.150).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u00e0y A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00ean trong tr\u00ed: ‘Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y, sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa’ (\u00fd n\u00f3i v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, ai mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec t\u00f9y \u00fd<\/span>).Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i l\u00ean cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng sau khi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (Dhamma) v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt<\/span> (Vinaya) s\u1ebd thay ta l\u00e0m Th\u1ea7y cho m\u00ecnh” <\/i>(\u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh\/Mahaparinibbana-sutta<\/i>, DN.16, theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Jeanne Schut).<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y trong \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i> qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> thi\u1ebft tha c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (Dhamma) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt? Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng “t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o” ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1eeb hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay kh\u00f4ng? Mong r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 gay go<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n<\/span> d\u00f2 n\u00e0o h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i – v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay – ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> s\u1ebd thay Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m Th\u1ea7y cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00e0o thay Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3, d\u00f9 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2y qu\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ng\u00e0i th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp, A-na-lu\u1eadt, v.v.., ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebfu X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch nhau<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0y. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span>, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ecdn \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> thay m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> – v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay – l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh, qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ngoan ngo\u00e3n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra cho m\u00ecnh. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sau h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay tuy l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> m\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span>, hai tay \u00f4m b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh hay sao? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai l\u00e0m trung gian<\/span> c\u1ea3, Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh hay sao?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u1eady ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> xem tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> th\u1eadt d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay? Ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> bao nhi\u00eau b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u00fang theo Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span> <\/i>b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li (Mahaparinibbana-sutta<\/i>) trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Digha Nikaya, DN) thu\u1ed9c Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> (Sutta Pitaka), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1eb7n b\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng sau c\u00f9ng khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111au y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Trong kinh c\u0169ng n\u00eau l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i th\u1eadt ch\u00e2n t\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 A-nan-\u0111\u00e0. Do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi g\u1ea5m cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Loi

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> (tranh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c mang t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span> <\/i>(Mahayana-Mahanirvana-sutra<\/i>), c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n<\/span> b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0 B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (Tathagathagarbha\/Nh\u01b0 Lai T\u1ea1ng) hay Ph\u1eadt T\u00ednh<\/span> (Buddhata\/Buddha-svabhava). Kinh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 sau khi h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt T\u00ednh<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 to l\u1edbn (\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3\/\u5927\u6211<\/b>\/ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Mahamya<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I sau T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II. Theo v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec kinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n (ti\u1ec3u bang Andhra Pradesh ng\u00e0y nay). B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, di t\u00edch<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1 (Afghanistan) v\u00e0 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>: m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li trong Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Loi

Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y (581-618)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 399 \u0111\u1ebfn 412, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span> (337-422) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> l\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n mang t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i> t\u1ea1i t\u01b0 gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kalasena \u1edf Hoa Th\u1ecb Th\u00e0nh<\/span> (Pataliputra, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Patna). Khi quay v\u1ec1<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> \u00f4ng mang theo<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a kinh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> (Buddhabhadra, 359-429, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n) d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n n\u0103m 417. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra ti\u1ebfng vang<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt T\u00ednh<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean trong kinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cao t\u0103ng<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh<\/span> (Dao Sheng, 355-434) n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch<\/span> th\u1eadm t\u1ec7. Ch\u1ec9 sau khi b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 421 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span><\/i> \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i> do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n l\u00e0 Dharmaksema d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c ch\u00e9p tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u1edf Khotan (Hotan\/H\u00f2a \u0110i\u1ec1n), m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng (Xinjiang). B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n do nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n<\/span> mang v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> h\u01a1n th\u00ec hai b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y: m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Koso Yamamoto d\u1ecbch (1973-1975, Ube, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, g\u1ed3m 3 quy\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Mark Blum d\u1ecbch (2013, Berkeley, Hoa K\u1ef3, quy\u1ec3n 1). Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o S\u01b0 Andr\u00e9 Bareau c\u0169ng t\u1eebng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn mang t\u1ef1a “Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt” (Les derniers mois du Bouddha)<\/i>. T\u1eadp chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m hai quy\u1ec3n do tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5\/BEFEO \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, quy\u1ec3n 1 n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 2 n\u0103m 1971. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 M\u00f4han Wijayaratna c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a kinh \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span> <\/i>b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li, mang t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 “Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt”<\/i> (Le<\/i> dernier voyage du Bouddha<\/i>, Lys, 1998). S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y – ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 – b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> qua th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>, n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> “bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng” v\u00e0 “m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng” c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i chung, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 “ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n” v\u00e0 “l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c” n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y – t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Pa-li \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qua h\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> “t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o” nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n<\/span> ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: d\u1ecd d\u1eabm, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u du nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt to l\u1edbn, h\u1ecd v\u1eeba c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng nhau ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> mai sau<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecd d\u1eabm tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch khi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> v\u00e0ng son nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> cao \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> d\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> hay t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eadt th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111ang m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecd d\u1eabm <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> hi\u1ec3u Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i t\u00f9y theo<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> h\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> hay sao? Tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 qua ba l\u1ea7n “k\u1ebft t\u1eadp” \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c ghi nh\u1edb, h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span>, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, gi\u00fap nhau<\/span> h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span>, ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> chung cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ba th\u00e1ng sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> – theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u th\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m -485 hay -484 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 400 \u0111\u1ebfn 500 v\u1ecb h\u1ecdp nhau trong m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadt l\u1edbn \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh<\/span> (Rajagraha), kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0, c\u1ea1nh th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Patna c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar ng\u00e0y nay. Duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 Gavampati, v\u00ec l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, \u0111au y\u1ebfu, l\u1ea1i \u1edf xa v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh s\u1eafp ra \u0111i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1eedi bi\u1ebfu T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 ba b\u1ed9 \u00e1o c\u00e0-sa m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng n\u1eefa. Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc l\u1eddi t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ee9t m\u1ebb n\u00e0o trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao ni\u00ean nh\u1ea5t Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span>. Th\u1eadt ra theo th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc th\u00ec Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 ba sau X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp m\u1eddi A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00ean b\u1ee5c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1eadt r\u00e0nh r\u1ecdt l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o. A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft r\u00e0n r\u1ee5a<\/span>, ch\u1eafp tay<\/span> thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam b\u1edbt<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>. Sau khi A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u01afu-b\u00e0-li (Upali) l\u00ean b\u1ee5c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> tham d\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1<\/span> b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ng\u00e0i trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> 25 n\u0103m sau c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean<\/span> nhau gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c mu\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng sau khi A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u01afu-b\u00e0-li thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp l\u00ean b\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (Abhidhamma). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span>, th\u00ec T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> trong b\u1ea3y th\u00e1ng li\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Loi

Di t\u00edch<\/span> A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n Kinh<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 d\u1eb7n b\u1ea3o<\/span> A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u0103n d\u1eb7n n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chu \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eb1m d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00fac b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 xao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng sa s\u00fat<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ebf m\u1ea1c, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> t\u1ed1t, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> trong t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd trong thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>, vang l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa. X\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean hay t\u1ee5ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> h\u1ecdp nhau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean cho nhau nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o nh\u1edb sai hay qu\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eafc. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span>, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ea7u sao vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n “d\u1ecd d\u1eabm” khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0 th\u1eeba<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u01a1n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ecd th\u00ec th\u1eed h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia t\u00e0i<\/span> qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u1ea5y hay ch\u0103ng? Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay th\u00ec th\u1eed h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ai ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> kinh s\u00e1ch hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghe nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt? Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u01a1n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf V\u1ec7-x\u00e1-li<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng 130 n\u0103m hay 160 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u1ec7-x\u00e1-li (Vaisali), c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Patna ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng 40 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1. L\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 Da-x\u00e1 (Yasa) \u0111\u1ee9ng ra tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e3o th\u00e0nh (mahathera\/tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda<\/span>) trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 Sarvakama v\u00e0 Revata, quy t\u1ee5 h\u01a1n 700 t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua x\u1ee9 Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 Kalashoka b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span>. Trong l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t<\/span> trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1eadt ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sao tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay, T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> t\u1ea3n m\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> bi\u1ec7t nhau. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c c\u1edfi m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc<\/span> h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang ra b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xoay quanh<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean “m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh vi” m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> l\u00e0: ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> (nh\u01b0 s\u1eebng, ng\u00e0, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, da…, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd s\u1eebng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1ng mu\u1ed1i); kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n sau gi\u1edd ng\u1ecd<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p quay v\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u00eam (sau khi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c); kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span> do ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 may \u00e1o c\u00e0-sa); kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>; c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m hay c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> chung v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> (v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>) v.v. L\u1ec5 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> (upasotha)<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 1, m\u00f9ng 8, ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 23, trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thay nhau x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> (patimokkha)<\/i>, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0o trong khi ng\u1ed3i nghe nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa nh\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> s\u1ebd khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c khai tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ng\u1eafn hay d\u00e0i, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c khai tr\u1eeb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span> (parajika<\/i>\/ba-la-di) nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span> s\u00e1t sinh<\/span> (s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n), tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/span>, t\u00e0 d\u00e2m<\/span>, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a trong l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 manh nha hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> “b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7” v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> “c\u1edfi m\u1edf” h\u01a1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y khi c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> trong nh\u00f3m “b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7” \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00eau l\u00ean “m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m” tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nhau, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u00f3m “c\u1edfi m\u1edf” l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ea5m n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadn, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tranh c\u00e3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf trong \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> sau n\u00e0y. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf Hoa Th\u1ecb Th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m “b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7” v\u00e0 “c\u1edfi m\u1edf” ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n: nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sthavira, Sthavirya hay Sthaviravadin (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/span> hay gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef sthavira<\/i> trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi “l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i” hay “ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a”, stharviravadin <\/i>l\u00e0 “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a”, ch\u1eef thera <\/i>trong ti\u1ebfng Pa-li c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef sthavira<\/i> trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, do \u0111\u00f3 “Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Theravada” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a”) v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Mahasamghika (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9<\/span>, ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u1edbn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> “c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn” h\u01a1n). Nh\u00f3m Sthavira ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> nh\u00f3m Mahasamghika l\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y manh nha nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra sau n\u00e0y – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> – th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> tuy kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau nh\u01b0ng tr\u00f9ng t\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> mang t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. N\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 ra h\u1ebft th\u00ec con s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau l\u00ean con s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n 30 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1eadt ra n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ngay c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n hay n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1eadt cao v\u00e0 th\u1eadt “l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng” m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1eadt ra tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u manh nha v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 150 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c “h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i” ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c “nh\u00f3m” b\u00ean trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra sau khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c suy t\u00e0n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch. D\u1ea7u sao \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Hoa Th\u1ecb Th\u00e0nh<\/span> (Pataliputra) c\u1ef1u kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0, do vua A-x\u00e0-th\u1ebf (Ajatasattu) x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m -490 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III – khi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c – \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 th\u00ec Hoa-Th\u1ecb-Th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 150.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec Hoa Th\u1ecb Th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Patna v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1.7000.000 d\u00e2n n\u1eb1m trong ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c bang ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba qu\u1ea3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> “r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i” tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t: t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba th\u1eadt ra g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hay c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 “l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> Th\u00e0nh”. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00ec kinh s\u00e1ch do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00eau l\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nhau. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdp chung v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9, T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>: m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span>, m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t “h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i”. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> quy t\u1ee5 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sao th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> li\u00ean l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 hai l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 thu h\u1eb9p trong v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> “th\u1ee9 ba” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u manh nha t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m: “b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7” v\u00e0 “c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn”. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> Hoa Th\u1ecb<\/span> Th\u00e0nh”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 19 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ni\u00ean bi\u1ec3u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> th\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m -305 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 236 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li v\u00e0 Singhalese tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m “b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7” (Sthaviravadin) v\u00e0 “c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn” (Mahasanghika), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m do nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Mahadeva n\u00eau l\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi A-la-h\u00e1n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m “b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7” v\u00e0 “c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn”. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> thu\u1ed9c chung trong nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> Sthaviravadin m\u00e0 th\u00f4i – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Vibhajyavadin (Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed9<\/span>) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Sammitiya (Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span>) v\u00e0 Sarvastivada (Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>). Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f2n nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa l\u00e0 thanh l\u1ecdc T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> nh\u1eb1m g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A-d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 mang c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span> ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u chu c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span>, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu c\u1ea5p<\/span> c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, thu\u1ed1c men, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf… S\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng sao tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u1ee7 h\u00f3a, thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Kinh s\u00e1ch cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> (patimokkha<\/i>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1<\/span> l\u1ec5 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i<\/span> (uposatha<\/i>). H\u1ecd thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> b\u1eeba b\u00e3i<\/span>, s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra c\u00e1c t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thu n\u1ea1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i<\/span>. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 khai tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> \u00f4ng giao ph\u00f3<\/span> vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> cho v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 H\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-tu (Mahathera Moggaliputta Tissa, -327-247 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch), v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Ma-hi-\u0111\u00e0 (Mahinda).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong s\u1ed1 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n t\u1ef3-kheo trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-tu ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham d\u1ef1<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda<\/span> c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u0111oan<\/span>, M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-tu c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t gi\u00fap \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span>. T\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y mang t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 Kathavatthu<\/i> – ti\u1ebfng Pa-li c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i> – g\u1ed3m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00eau l\u00ean h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> “h\u1ecfi-\u0111\u00e1p”, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c xu hu\u1edbng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. T\u1eadp Kathavatthu<\/i> v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p chung trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 n\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3y t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1t sinh b\u00ean l\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi b\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> Sthaviravadin l\u00e0 Vibhajyavadin (Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t B\u1ed9<\/span>) do ch\u00ednh M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-tu ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1t<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3: m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> khi \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y – s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1ed1c h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau khi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> b\u1ebf m\u1ea1c, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c b\u00e8n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> ch\u00edn ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, g\u1eedi \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 ra c\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Suvannabhumi (Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay) v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam l\u00e0 Tambapanni t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i Tampapanni\/T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh con trai c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Ma-hi-\u0111\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Ittiya, Uttiya, Sambala v\u00e0 Bhaddasala. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 kinh v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i “thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng”, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n mang theo<\/span> t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn Kathavatthu<\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Vibhajyavadin (Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t B\u1ed9<\/span>) do M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-tu s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span>.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c<\/span>, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u sau n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau khi th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Ma-hi-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span> h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Devanampiya-tissa \u0111ang \u0111i s\u0103n b\u1eafn. Hai b\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> v\u00e0 Ma-hi-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Devanampiya-tissa theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> l\u00e0 Mahavihara (\u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Anuradhapura. Ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> T\u00edch Lan<\/span> – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada sau n\u00e0y – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Sthaviravadin, v\u00e0 xoay quanh<\/span> c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Vibhajyavada (Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t B\u1ed9<\/span>, nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i>). H\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (dharma<\/i>) “kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu” (m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sau khi chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u1eefa), nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> “duy th\u1ef1c” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Sarvastivada (Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span>) cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> “nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1eadt”. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li (Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span>) m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 sau khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n nam \u1ea4n tr\u00e0n l\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i t\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 gieo r\u1eafc<\/span> lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. N\u0103m -109 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch) vua T\u00edch Lan<\/span> l\u00e0 Dutthagamani \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3o, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m -46 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch) th\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil l\u1ea1i tr\u00e0n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m li\u1ec1n. Vua T\u00edch Lan<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Vattagamani nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mahatissa tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa kinh \u0111\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3o. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1n \u01a1n<\/span> nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0y, vua Vatthagamani x\u00e2y cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 ngay t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Anuradhapura. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ng\u00f4i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf b\u00e8n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> khai tr\u1eeb nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> T\u00edch Lan<\/span> c\u00f2n ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00eam l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Mahatissa sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ly khai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dhammaruciya. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n khai tr\u1eeb nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Mahatissa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> khi tham gia<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c binh \u0111ao, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ganh t\u1ef5<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i hai gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia n\u00eau l\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p n\u00eau l\u00ean th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o T\u00edch lan<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Vatthagamani gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Mahatissa \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> ly khai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho ghi ch\u00e9p kinh s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> h\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean. D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, th\u1eadt v\u1eady c\u00e1ch nay h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, s\u1eed li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm hoi, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p kinh s\u00e1ch l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1edd l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u01a1m n\u1edbp<\/span> lo s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n nam \u1ea4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e0n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n cho ghi ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1edd l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00ec th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span>, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> t\u1ed1t chuy\u00ean h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c kinh s\u00e1ch. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> c\u0169ng mang m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00f4 song<\/span>, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span> hi\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i chung.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n<\/span> sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecd d\u1eabm k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> b\u1edfi hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hay \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>: tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m thanh l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u00eam th\u1eaft<\/span>, l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Tich lan cho ghi ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I sau T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch khi T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>. Ri\u00eang T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” v\u00e0 “ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c” h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh b\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u00eam th\u1eaft<\/span>, l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c hay thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. N\u00f3i chung ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span> hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ng\u00e0y nay khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span> – hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c<\/span> \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 g\u1ed3m n\u0103m “b\u1ed9” (kaya):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Digha Nikaya): g\u1ed3m 34 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> d\u00e0i (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Majjhima Nikaya): g\u1ed3m 152 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Samyutta Nikaya): g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 2.889 b\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> (Anguttara Nikaya): l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb 2.300 \u0111\u1ebfn 8.777 b\u00e0i. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

– Khuddaka Nikaya (Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span>): l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> ng\u1eafn, g\u1ed3m 18 quy\u1ec3n, m\u1ed7i quy\u1ec3n g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c hay h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00e3y n\u00eau l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span><\/i> (Dhammapada<\/i>, ch\u1eef pada<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “thi ph\u00fa”, “ti\u1ebft th\u01a1” hay “c\u00e2u th\u01a1”, ch\u1eef “c\u00fa” l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, do \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span> n\u1ebfu th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec n\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “C\u00e1c c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p”<\/i> v\u1eeba t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u0103ng? Ch\u1eef Dhamma<\/i> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>, n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p<\/i> th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef Dhammapada<\/i> l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span><\/i> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec c\u1ea3), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 18 quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ec3 “th\u01a1” v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 26 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 423 ti\u1ebft. Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span><\/i> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00fac tri\u1ebft, \u0111o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef “ti\u1ec3u” trong Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ng\u1eafn” v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> nh\u1ecf hay th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Loi

Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Th\u00e1i Lan<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p h\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y: ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra kho t\u00e0ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u00e0 Rhys Davids \u0111\u00e3 mang Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u1ec1 Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 La Tinh. Rhys Davids th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> “Hi\u1ec7p H\u1ed9i V\u0103n B\u1ea3n Pa-li” (Pali Text Society) n\u0103m 1881 nh\u1eb1m k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tham gia<\/span> \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1c, h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy m\u00f4 h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> trong Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> hay M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, tri\u1ebft gia<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nga… ph\u1ea3i kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span>. H\u1ecd b\u00e8n \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> ti\u00ean m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N<\/b>\u00f3i chung kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafp l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt, r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c b\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trang s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng “gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng m\u1ef1c \u0111en” ng\u00e0y nay. Tuy mang l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00f4 song<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c, kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c th\u1eafp l\u00ean b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 con tim m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, theo m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u. D\u1ea7u sao \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> – th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch – v\u00e0 qua hai l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft T\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, khi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 ghi kh\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u00fac t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> do c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> theo hai gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>: d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> trong d\u00e2n gian, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o<\/span> ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p kinh s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span>. Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ghi kh\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc (?). D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con trai c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n mang l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau: ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 Brahmi (ch\u1eef brahmi do ch\u1eef Brahma\/Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean m\u00e0 ra, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi kh\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5); ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Kharosthi ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch trong v\u00f9ng Gandhara (thu\u1ed9c Pakistan v\u00e0 Afghanistan ng\u00e0y nay) l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 d\u1ecdc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c; th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Aramean (aramaic) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u00c1-Phi, kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> mang nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 Brahmi l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> h\u01a1n h\u1ebft v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 Brahmi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span> sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 Brahmi bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Lan, Ch\u00e0m, L\u00e0o, Campuchia, Indon\u00eaxia…, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc th\u00ec ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 Brahmi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Nepal, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span>, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> l\u1eb1n ranh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 m\u00f9 m\u1edd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng “s\u1eed li\u1ec7u” th\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t: t\u1eeb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>, v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c sinh s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c trong thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Loi

Ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 Brahmi kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf Sanchi (Ki\u1ebfn-ch\u00ed) thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u bang Madhya Pradesh ng\u00e0y nay (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c).<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00f4 song<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>. th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft. Gi\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1, v\u1ecf c\u00e2y, c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng… v\u00e0 l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb m\u1ed1i m\u1ecdt v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> trong khi di\u1ec5n ra \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, ngay t\u1eeb khi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i v\u1ebft t\u00edch n\u00e0o. Ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. D\u1ea7u sao t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn Kathavatthu<\/i> ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>. N\u1ebfu ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> v\u0103n minh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u00e1c m\u1ea9u “gi\u1ea5y” th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9t tre, b\u1ed9t c\u00e2y lanh hay c\u00e2y gai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> gi\u1eef b\u00ed quy\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 372 ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> sang Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p kinh s\u00e1ch. N\u0103m 610, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span> t\u00ean l\u00e0 Doncho trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh<\/span> sang Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p kinh s\u00e1ch. V\u1ec1 m\u1ea1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> th\u00ec g\u1ea7n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 Hindu-Kush v\u00e0 Pamir – ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Afghanistan. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Abbas c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> Abu al-Abbas As-Saffah, chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Afghanistan, g\u1ed3m Tadschikistan v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Uzbekistan. N\u0103m 740 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> trong v\u00f9ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 b\u00e8n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u<\/span> m\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 747 khi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb h\u0103m d\u1ecda<\/span> g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, th\u00ec ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span>, m\u1edbi g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. V\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh l\u00e0 Cao Thi\u00ean Ch\u00ed (Kao Sien-chih) g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 huy<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n g\u1ed3m 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u00e0 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 du m\u1ee5c<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Karluk (c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Qarlug) sinh s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u do Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span>. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u1edbng Kao Thi\u00ean Ch\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua x\u1ee9 Tachkent (thu\u1ed9c Uzbekistan ng\u00e0y nay) \u0111em ra ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00ec t\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng<\/span>. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp \u0111ang l\u00ean n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>. Con trai c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u00e8n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Abbas c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp. T\u01b0\u1edbng Ziyad ben Salih \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u00c1-r\u1eadp g\u1ed3m 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ed5, k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n s\u0129 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00c1-r\u1eadp l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 ghi ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c s\u1eed li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 751 hai \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n gi\u00e1p m\u1eb7t hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Talas – thu\u1ed9c x\u1ee9 Kirghizistan g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Taraz c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Kazakhstan ng\u00e0y nay. Hai b\u00ean gi\u00e1p tr\u1eadn, qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> thua to. Theo t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> th\u00ec sau n\u0103m ng\u00e0y h\u1ed7n chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u00c1-r\u1eadp th\u1eafng th\u1ebf v\u00ec \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n s\u0129 g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 du m\u1ee5c<\/span> trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, ch\u1ea1y sang nh\u1eadp b\u1ecdn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u00c1-r\u1eadp. Qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u1eeba th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y v\u1eeba gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n s\u0129 g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u00c1-r\u1eadp th\u00ec qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> g\u1ed3m 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec qu\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00c1-r\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 40.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00eam 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ch\u00e1nh g\u1ed1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i theo s\u1eed li\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u00c1-r\u1eadp g\u1ed3m 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t h\u0103ng v\u00ec cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn<\/span>, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u1eeba \u00edt h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba t\u1eeb xa \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i<\/span> s\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf<\/span> k\u1ebb b\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng th\u00ec huy\u00eanh hoang th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u1eebng<\/span> chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c che d\u1ea5u<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Talas r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> sau n\u00e0y. Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Talas tuy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec sau tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u00eam l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n<\/span> bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> n\u00e0y. M\u00e3i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 sau – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX – qua phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> bi\u1ec3n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mang Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Talas c\u00f2n mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f9 binh Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111em b\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb<\/span> l\u1edbn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nh\u01b0 Samarkand (th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Uzbekistan), Bagdad (th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Iraq) v\u00e0 Damask (th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Syria). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y, nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp. Gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> kinh Koran, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII \u1edf Saudi Arabia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. N\u00f3i chung gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> v\u00e0ng son nh\u1ea5t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 XIII. Trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ng\u1ee5p l\u1eb7n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> trung c\u1ed5, su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kinh Koran ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf Bagdad (Iraq) n\u0103m 793, \u1edf Cairo (Ai C\u1eadp) n\u0103m 900, \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u0103m 1056, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-r\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1050. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec1n nam \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y s\u1edbm h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Sicile b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII. C\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Troyes n\u0103m 1348 v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1390. Ng\u00e0y nay gi\u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea5y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Internet. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Ti\u1ebfc thay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i khi m\u1edf m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n v\u00f4 b\u1ed5<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c xem nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh g\u1eedi \u0111i hay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi internet, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t xung n\u0103ng, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0i n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed quy\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch. Tuy c\u00e1c t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00f4 song<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Kinh s\u00e1ch thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng 1.000 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i<\/span> – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc trong T\u0103ng \u0110o\u00e0n<\/span> – ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam ra s\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m th\u00ec ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span>. Con s\u1ed1 1.000 t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> t\u1ed1t \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> Vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u01a1i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u0103ng? H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tin l\u1eafm v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. V\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eebng ch\u1eef c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m hay h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft l\u00e1, r\u1ecdc l\u00e1, lu\u1ed9c, \u00e9p v\u00e0 s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> (xem ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> 1), \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u00f4n t\u1eadp, b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o, tham v\u1ea5n<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft l\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span>. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> sau n\u00e0y do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i khi sao ch\u00e9p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1ed7i t\u1edd l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u00e1u d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t hay hai t\u1edd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3<\/span>. V\u1eady Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0i n\u00e9t s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p n\u00eau l\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp n\u00e0o t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng xin t\u1ea1 l\u1ed7i<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc am t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> – d\u00f9 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> hay t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o – th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong Tam T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya), n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> (pratimoksa) m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ea1i gia<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt, tuy \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>. Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t th\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, \u0111\u01a1m hoa v\u00e0 k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> th\u1eadt nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> tham lam<\/span>, b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, h\u1ea7u mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> thanh cao v\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span>. N\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2u n\u1ec7<\/span>, g\u00f2 b\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a th\u1eadt s\u00e2u xa<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> soi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> (Suttapithaka) ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i “kinh”. Ch\u1eef sutta<\/i> trong ch\u1eef Suttapithaka l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pa-li, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 sutra<\/i>, ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 “\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e2u”, H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “kinh” (\u7d93)v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9, n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 A-nan-\u0111\u00e0, nh\u1edd tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u: “Evam me sutam…”<\/i>, c\u00f3\u00a0 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “T\u00f4i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span>…”<\/i>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft mang t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 “Ba <\/i>v\u00f2ng quay c\u1ee7a B\u00e1nh Xe \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o”<\/i> tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/span>).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean<\/span> nhau l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1<\/span> cho Ng\u00e0i trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ecdn A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh. D\u00f9 cho tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 c\u00f3 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sao thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> m\u00e0 A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ng\u00e0i. D\u1ea7u sao vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn A-nan-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong 25 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t xa trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay? <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 ba trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m, Th\u1eafng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0110\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p<\/span>, V\u00f4 t\u1ec9 ph\u00e1p<\/span>, <\/i>v.v., ti\u1ebfng Pa-li l\u00e0 Abhidhamma<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Abhidharma<\/i>, ch\u1eef Abhi<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “cao h\u01a1n”<\/i>, “v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean”<\/i>, “v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi”<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “cao si\u00eau”<\/i> hay “tinh t\u1ebf”<\/i>; ch\u1eef dhamma\/dharma<\/i> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c “hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”<\/i>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> cao si\u00eau hay s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”,<\/i> n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0110\u1ed1i Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, V\u00f4-t\u1ec9 Ph\u00e1p, Vi di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>\u2026 th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i> tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc, v.v… nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/dhamma\/dharma <\/i>trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c (ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m, nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, ng\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c… trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, h\u00ecnh dung<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hay \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 “hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n<\/span>, chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u00ec T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> v\u0103n phong, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>: c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> hai h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Sarvastivadin (Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 mai m\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Theravada (Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y\/Nam T\u00f4ng) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y nay. H\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Sarvastivadin c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sarvastivada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 theo h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Ch\u1eef Sarvastivadin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef gh\u00e9p g\u1ed3m ch\u1eef sarva<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3<\/i>, ch\u1eef asti <\/i>l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i>, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vadin<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng. <\/i>H\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Sarvastivadin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng 300 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> (d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n, nh\u01b0 Kashmir v\u00e0 Gandhara (Gandhara, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c Afghanistan v\u00e0 t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Pakistan ng\u00e0y nay). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch x\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00f3i chung tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a “hai” T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma <\/i>b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n <\/i>c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Sarvastivadin g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y t\u1eadp b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i do b\u1ea3y v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c: t\u1eadp 1 l\u00e0 Jnanaprasthana<\/i> do v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y Katyayanaputra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c, t\u1eadp 2 l\u00e0 Prakarananapada<\/i> do v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y Vasumitra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c, t\u1eadp 3 l\u00e0 Vijnanakaya<\/i> do v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y Devasarman tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c, t\u1eadp 4 l\u00e0 Dharmaskanda<\/i> do v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y Sariputra (X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng t\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng mang t\u00ean n\u00e0y) tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c, v.v… V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh trong to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua Kanisha (Ca-n\u1ecb S\u1eafc-ca) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, gi\u1eefa hai hai nh\u00f3m trong h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Kashmir v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Gandhara. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Vasumitra b\u00e8n \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1eadp Vaibhasa<\/i> (T\u00ed-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>) l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, g\u1ed3m 100.000 ti\u1ebft (sloka), gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ea3y t\u1eadp b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Vaibhasika (nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft Vaibhasa”). B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp Vaibhasa<\/i> hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, g\u1ed3m 200 quy\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y qu\u1ea5n tr\u00f2n (Taish\u00f4, 154. Xin nh\u1eafc th\u00eam l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Taish\u00f4 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt (\u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span>), m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> s\u01b0u t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eadt quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gom g\u00f3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ed3n tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924 \u0111\u1ebfn 1934 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u00f4 gi\u00e1<\/span> v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>). Sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0 Abhidharmakosa<\/i> (A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ee5ng<\/i>, ch\u1eef c\u00e2u-x\u00e1\/kosa c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/i>) duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> (kosa<\/i>) v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Vaibasika tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> “quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Vaibhasika” thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Kashmir. T\u1eadp s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> “t\u00f4n k\u00ednh” l\u00e0 Mahavaibhasa<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1i-t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>) (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng Internet). Sau \u0111\u00f3 anh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 Asanga (V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, mang t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 Abhidharmasamuccaya<\/i> (A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/i>) n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i chung (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng Internet b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y do nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> Walpola Rahula d\u1ecbch: http:\/\/lirs.ru\/lib\/Abhidharmasamuccaya,Asanga,Rahula,1971,Boin-Webb,2001.pdf). \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidhamma<\/i> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada. T\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ea3y t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Sarvastivadin, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 n\u0103m trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eadp Kathavatthu<\/i> (C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>) do M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-tu c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> do \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span>, \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> trong d\u1ecbp \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba. T\u1eadp \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p<\/span> do con trai c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn mang l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidhamma<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 II sau T\u1eady L\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 atthakatha<\/i> (ti\u1ebfng Pa-li c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/i>\/explanation, commentary). Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pa-li v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Buddhaghosa (Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0 Visuddhimagga<\/i> (ch\u1eef visuddhi<\/i> trong ti\u1ebfng Pa-li c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng<\/span>, tinh khi\u1ebft\/clarity, purity <\/i>v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/i>\/sanctity;<\/i> ch\u1eef\u00a0 magga<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/i>; ch\u1eef Visuddhimagga<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u00e1ng\/minh b\u1ea1ch”, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 The Path of Purification\/Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> h\u00f3a, <\/i>H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o”<\/i> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u1eafm. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y do Bhikkhu Nanamoli d\u1ecbch: <\/i>http:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/lib\/authors\/nanamoli\/PathofPurification2011.pdf). V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Anuruddha (A-na-lu\u1eadt) tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c t\u1eadp Abhidhammatthasangaha<\/i> (A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu<\/span>)<\/i>, n\u00eau l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1eadt s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh do Narada Maha Thera d\u1ecbch: http:\/\/www.buddhanet.net\/pdf_file\/abhidhamma.pdf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Bhikkhu Boddhi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y: http:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/lib\/authors\/bodhi\/abhiman.html). D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidhamma<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, so v\u1edbi T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: “H\u00e3y n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/span>, t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3”<\/i><\/b>, \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt Vinaya<\/i> v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> Sutta<\/i> bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1eafp l\u00ean gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidhamma<\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c th\u1eadt s\u00e1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-tu, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>… \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Con \u0110\u01b0\u00f2ng \u1ea5y h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ra. B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed3i l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> hay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a cao v\u00e0 r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t-lai L\u1ea1t-ma – \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1eafp l\u00ean. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e2u (sutta<\/i>) ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qua kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span>, th\u1eadt sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u00f4n thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span>, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch nay h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong lu\u00f4n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1eadt uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed3i l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t-lai L\u1ea1t-ma ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nhi\u1ec5u nh\u01b0\u01a1ng hay sao? Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt… so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u00e1ch nay h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1eadt s\u00e2u k\u00edn trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidharma<\/i> tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> Abhidhamma<\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra cho \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u1eadt cao \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u0129 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh<\/span>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (Acharya Nagarjuna).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> chung cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> Ph\u00e2t gi\u00e1o. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> hay t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, lu\u00f4n th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i tr\u1ec7ch ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> “\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang” kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span>. N\u1ebfu Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, th\u00ec tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n c\u0169ng manh nha c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> to r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eef Th\u1ee5 th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n v\u00ec theo ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n th\u00ec ch\u1eef lagarjuna<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e2y r\u1ed3ng (?) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n th\u00ec d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Long Shu\/\u9f8d\u6a39) m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> v\u00e0ng son trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> mang \u0111\u1ea7y huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Theo s\u1eed li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III (trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 150 \u0111\u1ebfn 250). \u00d4ng sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nagarjunakonda (nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i Nagarjuna, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i sinh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng), m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u bang Andhra Pradesch thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh T\u00edch<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Loi

H.1: Th\u00e1nh t\u00edch<\/span> Nagarjunakonda.
\"Loi

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 t\u1eadn tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n. Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c cho x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Gupta, ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Loi

H.1 Di t\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0, g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Patna v\u00e0 Bodhgaya (B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o-tr\u00e0ng), thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar ng\u00e0y nay.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Loi

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> phong ph\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> giao ph\u00f3<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, nh\u1eb1m th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec<\/span> ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1y s\u00e1ng h\u1ea7u soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3<\/span> s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u1ea5y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u00ec Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gia, \u0111\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00f4-gic h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> ngay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf th\u00eam b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span>, tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00fac tri\u1ebft trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady d\u00f9 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u00f4n thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span>, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong lu\u00f4n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gia T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Madhymaka, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Gi\u1eefa”, H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> (Zh\u014dng-gu\u0101n\/\u4e2d\u89c0), ch\u1eef qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> hay kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong Kinh Samadhiraja-sutra<\/i> (Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span><\/i>) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu l\u00e0 hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c<\/span>. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c<\/span> \u1ea5y,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i<\/span> (kh\u00f4n ngoan\/tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u1edf gi\u1eefa. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> dung h\u00f2a<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf\u00a0“\u1edf gi\u1eefa” h\u1ea7u tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i v\u1ecb th\u1ebf “t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa” \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u1ea7m v\u1ecb th\u1ebf hay c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn “\u1edf gi\u1eefa” tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> “g\u1ea7n” hay “ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh” ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft “Trung \u0110\u1ea1o” t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “\u0110\u1ea1o Trung Dung” (Zh\u014dng y\u014dng\/<\/i>\u4e2d\u5eb8\/Middle Way\/Golden Mean\/Doctrine of the Mean) c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed<\/span>. Theo c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec ch\u1eef dung<\/i> c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 dong<\/i> v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng<\/i> hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, <\/i>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 dung h\u00f2a<\/span><\/i>). Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> gia, \u0110\u1ea1o Trung<\/span> Dung c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> “ba ph\u1ea3i” (“kh\u00f4ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n\u201d).<\/i> Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> do Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00f4-gic h\u1ecdc (ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> (?), Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, b\u1eddi v\u00ec trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb l\u00f4-gic trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>) nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> (eternalism) v\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (nihilism). Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 l\u00fd<\/span> lu\u1eadn nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> phi l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa – nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> sai – m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy t\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean – hay tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi – t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch (dilemma).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1eadp Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i> (Madhyamaka-karikas<\/i>) l\u00e0 t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Trong t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u (ti\u1ebft 15.8) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 [c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>] \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang [v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u00e0] ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, [nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec [\u0111\u00fang] nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang v\u1eeba [\u0111\u00fang] nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng [\u0111\u00fang] nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf kia. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt”<\/i> (d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Guy Bugault, Stances du Milieu par excellence<\/i>, Gallimard, Paris, 2002).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau l\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ph\u00e9p t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn. C\u00e2u “kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf kia”<\/i> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> trung gian<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> hay h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 (Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>) – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. C\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y trong t\u1eadp Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e1 kh\u00fac tri\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p gh\u00e9p th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1eef trong c\u00e2u d\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i<\/span> h\u01a1n ch\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, c\u0169ng xin n\u00eau ra \u0111\u00e2y nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00e2u ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Guy Bugault:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “Tout est bien comme il semble, rien comme il semble. \u00c0 la fois comme il semble et non comme il semble. Ni l’un ni l’autre. Tel est l’enseignement progressif (anu\u015b\u0101sana) des Bouddha”<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> h\u01a1n n\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u0169ng xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00e2u n\u00e0y do Stephen Batchelor, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> sang ti\u1ebfng Anh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “Everything is real, not real; both real and not real; neither not real nor real: this is the teaching of the Buddha”<\/i> (Verses from the Center<\/i>, Stephen Batchelor, Sarpham College, 2000)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 sau: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eadt, [nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng] kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>; v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span>; [th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng] c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span><\/i> [nh\u01b0ng] c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eadt: \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt”.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e2u d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Guy Bugault kh\u00e1 t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00fac tri\u1ebft h\u01a1n c\u00e2u d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Stephen Batchelor , th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Stephen Batchelor\u00a0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Cao Dao (?) theo b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Kumarajiva (C\u01b0u-ma La-th\u1eadp, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0) th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ec c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i “C\u00f3 th\u1ef1c” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c”,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 c\u00e1i “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c” v\u00e0 c\u00e1i “Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c”,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Samadhiraja-sutra<\/i> (Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span><\/i>) c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Candraprad\u012bpa-sutra<\/i> (Nguy\u1ec7t \u0111\u0103ng tam mu\u1ed9i kinh<\/span><\/i>) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> – r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng m\u00e2y tr\u1eddi,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

[Ch\u00fang] kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0o c\u1ea3; <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c<\/span>).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7ng tr\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 trong v\u1eaft<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea7ng tr\u0103ng ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng c\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3 \u1ea5y c\u1ea3.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng vang<\/span> v\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong ti\u1ebfng vang<\/span> \u1ea5y [t\u1ef1 n\u00f3] ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt<\/span> gia bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt<\/span>:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0o l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a, b\u00f2, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc xe, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c; <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ra [v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh]”<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> – ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada – th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> do Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> phi “t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh” (svabhava) c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc (ontology) v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc (cognitive science). C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xem t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> – qua gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng – kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00f3i chung. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> phong ph\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00e0o ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ea7u sao, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 kinh Kaccayanagotta-sutta<\/i> (B\u00e0i kinh<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng cho Kaccayanagotta,<\/i> c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e0i Kinh<\/span> v\u1ec1 Quan \u0110i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0110\u00fang \u0110\u1eafn<\/span> <\/i>– T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span> Kinh\/Samyutta Nikaya, SN XII.15). Trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

“M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu<\/b>” s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> minh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/b>” s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u1eefa”<\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00ec “hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu”<\/i><\/b> v\u00e0 “phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu”<\/i><\/b> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o n\u1eefa, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u201ckh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d<\/i> (phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu\/h\u01b0 v\u00f4\/kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt) l\u00e0 sai, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 “hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu”<\/i> (tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n\/b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\/r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai n\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> <\/em>ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 “c\u00f3” t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong hay ph\u00eda sau n\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi n\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng”, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 “hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu” c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, “phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu” t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu”.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0110o\u1ea1n<\/span> Lu\u1eadn (Tetralemma) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft L\u00f4-gic h\u1ecdc trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> <\/i>tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/span>). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00f3i chung th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> hay hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00f4-gic m\u00e0 th\u00f4i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tam \u0110o\u1ea1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Trilemma) v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0110o\u1ea1n<\/span> Lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Tam \u0110o\u1ea1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span> do Aristotle (tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch) n\u00eau l\u00ean. Ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> ba m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh, m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft<\/i> (ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1), t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i> (m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu), t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft<\/i> (k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>). T\u1ee9 \u0110o\u1ea1n<\/span> Lu\u1eadn do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1: m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n (\u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch), m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ba n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y (m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> hay quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\/dilemna), m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf (b\u00e1c b\u1ecf\/v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a\/ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn) c\u1ea3 ba m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y trong kinh Aggi-Vacchagotta <\/i>(Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> Kinh\/Majjhima Nikaya\/MN 72), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> l\u00e0 Vacchagotta c\u00f3 h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 sau khi t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: “Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ph\u00eda sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 L\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i [c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span>] v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ‘kh\u00f4ng’ kh\u00f4ng-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu<\/i>“. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> cho Vacchagotta, gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i “c\u00f3” v\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng”, “hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu” v\u00e0 “phi-hi\u1ec7n-nh\u1eefu”, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Cula-Malunkyaputta-sutta<\/i> (B\u00e0i kinh<\/span> ng\u1eafn gi\u1ea3ng cho Malunkyaputta<\/i>, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> Kinh\/Majjhima Nikaya\/MN 63) l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Malunkyaputta n\u00eau l\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, sau khi t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span> th\u00ec Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v.v. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Malunkyaputta b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> – v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> – v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eeba b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> – v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00f4-gic mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u00fang t\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng lo ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eafn m\u0169i t\u00ean, d\u00e2y cung l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u00ec, m\u0169i t\u00ean l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> hay do ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng, v.v. nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u1eefa, v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1eadt tai h\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> gi\u00fap c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span>, ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00f4-gic c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span> lu\u1eadn, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec th\u00ec th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sau n\u00e0y. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Aryadeva (Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>), v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ai xa l\u1ea1<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp Catuhsataka<\/i> (T\u1ee9 B\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>) ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> th\u00eam h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> sau n\u00e0y theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 Buddhapalita (Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V), Bhavaviveka (Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V), Candrakirti (Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII), Shantideva (T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, kho\u1ea3ng 685-763) v\u00e0 \u00a0Shantarakshita (T\u1ecbch H\u1ed9<\/span>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> v\u00e0ng son nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, h\u1ecd k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span> nhau g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u1eady Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span>, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c mang t\u1ef1a “Ba v\u00f2ng quay c\u1ee7a B\u00e1nh Xe \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Kinh \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o”<\/i> tr\u00ean Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/span>). Trong ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ba v\u00f2ng quay c\u1ee7a B\u00e1nh Xe \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, v\u00e0 ri\u00eang h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng quay th\u1ee9 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Linh Th\u1ee9u (g\u1ea7n Rajagrha\/V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Rajgir). Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00ec trong l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom chung trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Prajnaparamita<\/i> (B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span><\/i>). B\u1edfi v\u00ec kinh n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Long X\u00e0 (Naga) c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trao l\u1ea1i cho Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II. T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>: T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span><\/i> (Prajnaparamita-Hridaya-sutra), Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> <\/i>(Vajracchedika-Prajnaparamita-sutra<\/i>), kinh Hoa Sen<\/span> (Saddharmapundarika-sutra<\/i>) v\u00e0 kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span><\/i> (Vimalakirtinirdesa-sutra<\/i>)…<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n th\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> mu\u1ed9n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> th\u00eam nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc mang c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111i tr\u1ec7ch ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kho\u00e1c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o to r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> t\u00e1m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> theo c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch “thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c” nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt? Th\u1eadt v\u1eady trau chu\u1ed1t<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 mang Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. V\u1eady h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u00eam c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o hay c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> trong hai b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 Culasunnata-sutta <\/i>v\u00e0 Mahasunnata-sutta <\/i>(B\u00e0i Kinh<\/span> Ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 B\u00e0i Kinh<\/span> d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>, Trung B\u1ed9<\/span> Kinh\/Majjma Nikaya, MN121 v\u00e0 MN 122). C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> mang t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 Kinh Ti\u1ec3u Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch nghi<\/span> l\u1eafm, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng” th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ea1i” hay l\u00e0 “ti\u1ec3u” n\u1eefa (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/span>). Trong hai b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y – nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong B\u00e0i Kinh<\/span> Ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> <\/i>– \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u1eeb d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3, t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadt tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> bao qu\u00e1t. D\u1ea7u sao \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean trong hai b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp th\u1eadt s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng gi\u00fap h\u1ecd qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00f4-gic nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00f3i chung. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00eau l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng thay cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 “S\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt”<\/i> tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/span>). T\u00e1m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span>. \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span> \u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn u m\u00ea<\/span>, sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng<\/span> m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh hay ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n \u0111i k\u00e8m theo v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> do Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u1ed9t ai v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 T\u1ea1o<\/span> T\u00e1c T\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 “T\u1ea1o t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean” hay “T\u1ea1o t\u00e1c do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3” (Interdependence\/ Conditioned Co-production\/L\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> quay th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u00e1nh Xe \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n<\/span> l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) trong kinh Brahmajala-sutta<\/i> qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 “M\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c” (Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> trong t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Visuddhimagga<\/i> (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span> (Buddhaghosa) trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do d\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p, g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> hay tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00ean T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> – s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng – c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 Tr\u1ed1ng Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> hay “\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh” t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span> s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m<\/span> nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Hai S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Hai S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> (dvasatya), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 hai hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> (realities), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean trong t\u1eadp Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span>, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i> (c\u00e2u 24.8).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch<\/span> hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u1ea5y, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng sao qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt”<\/i> (c\u00e2u 24.9) (theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Guy Bugault, id<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span>) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i” (samvrtisatya) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i” (paramarthasatya). S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 “th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 bao b\u1ecdc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i” m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i”, n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\/b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft (interdependence\/l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>) gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. “S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i” hay t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00ean phong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb<\/span> kh\u00f4ng sao ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> chung quanh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3i l\u00ean hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ea7u sao \u0111i n\u1eefa Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng vang<\/span> hay nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1…, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> theo cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3i chung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> tuy hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Th\u1eadt ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u0103n b\u1ea3n, <\/b>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y: T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, Quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, Hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, <\/b>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hay nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i><\/b>: li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 S\u00e1u \u0111i\u1ec1u Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o<\/span> hay Si\u00eau Nhi\u00ean<\/span> (Paramita\/L\u1ee5c Ba-la-m\u1eadt): 1-\u00a0s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p\/h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, (danaparamita), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/i>; 2-\u00a0gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, (silaparamita), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>; 3-\u00a0s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>, (kshantiparamita), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c<\/span> Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/i>: 4-\u00a0ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> (viryaparamita), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tinh ti\u1ebfn<\/span> Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/i>; 5-\u00a0s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> (t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c) si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> (dhynaparamita), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>; 6-\u00a0s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> (prajnaparamita), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span>. <\/i>Ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1ec1 S\u00e1u \u0111i\u1ec1u Si\u00eau Nhi\u00ean<\/span> (Ba-la-m\u1eadt) tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u00fang \u0110\u1eafn<\/span> (B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i><\/b>: g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y) nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i\/analytical meditation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qu\u1ea3:<\/b> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/b> g\u1ed3m: \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t (Bodhisattva), th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f9ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd. Th\u1eadt ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 do h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean, Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong B\u1ea3n Sinh Kinh<\/span><\/i> (Jataka<\/i> – Khuddaka Nikaya) thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> x\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> “con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t” ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> do h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n – c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y. D\u1ea7u sao c\u0169ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> – qua c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y – \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span> th\u00ec Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1eabn \u00e2m th\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> th\u1eadt tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u1eadt xa v\u1edbi thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Gandhara, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Peschawar thu\u1ed9c x\u1ee9 Pakistan v\u00e0 Afghanistan, l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Asanga (V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, sinh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 290) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> (Vasubandhu) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Cittamatra\/T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vijnanavada (con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> T\u00e2m Th\u1ee9c<\/span>), ho\u1eb7c Yogacara (Ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp du-gi\u00e0)… C\u0169ng xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef Vijnana (Tri th\u1ee9c\/Consciousness), Mana (T\u00e2m Th\u1ea7n<\/span> \/mind), Citta (T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c\/Spirit) trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pa-li mang c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd<\/span> ngh\u0129a chung v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ba thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a<\/i> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i><\/b>. S\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> hay x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t – th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” hay “linh h\u1ed3n” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> – th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i xem b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0o d\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> hay thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p, do \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i thay. \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c\/tri th\u1ee9c n\u00eau l\u00ean trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u1eady h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> do V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Maitreyanatha, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt “k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o” g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 danh<\/span>. D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, m\u00e0 t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Yogacarabhumisastra<\/i> (H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00edch<\/i>), tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc<\/span>. V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng quay th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a B\u00e1nh Xe \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> nh\u01b0: Lankavatara-sutra<\/i> (Nh\u1eadp L\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 kinh<\/span><\/i>), Samadhinirmocana-sutra<\/i> (Gi\u1ea3i th\u00e2m m\u1eadt kinh<\/span><\/i>), Samadhiraja-sutra<\/i> (Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span><\/i>) v\u00e0 Avatamsaka-sutra<\/i> (Hoa nghi\u00eam kinh<\/span><\/i>). H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u00e0: c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/b>, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/b> v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u0103n B\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong kinh Samadhiraja-sutra<\/i> (Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh<\/span><\/i>) nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ed1i Th\u1eafng<\/span><\/i> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt), tam gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i> (d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>) ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i”<\/i>. \u00a0C\u00e2u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh\/h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c. Xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e0: “T\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p”<\/i>, c\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c hay l\u00e0 do t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 ra. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean” hay “S\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3” (pratityasamudpada\/interdependence\/dependent arising\/conditioned co-production\/l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>…) theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0 M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u00e1c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – \u00a0M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> g\u1ed3m th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, tay ch\u00e2n, n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129<\/span>, x\u00fac c\u1ea3m… n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch<\/span> hay chia c\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u1ea5y ra th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – \u00a0M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\/ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh\/h\u00ecnh dung ra ch\u00fang (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u1ea5y).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> “t\u1ea1o ra” m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> xem m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> (apearance) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u00f4 minh<\/span> n\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> (n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con c\u1ecdp \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 con c\u1ecdp \u0111u\u1ed5i theo m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tathagata\/Ainsit\u00e9\/Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf) c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n l\u01b0u tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, mang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> hay hung d\u1eef, t\u1eeb bi<\/span> hay tham lam\u2026) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed \u1ea5y. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 V\u1eady c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c? Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u xem tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> (consciousness) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> s\u00e1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>: tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>, x\u00fac gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, ri\u00eang Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> g\u1ed3m t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, ngo\u00e0i s\u00e1u tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> (klistamana) v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 “tri th\u1ee9c c\u0103n-b\u1ea3n-c\u1ee7a-t\u1ea5t-c\u1ea3” c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c\u201d (alayavijnana, alaya<\/i> trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, gian nh\u00e0 hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tan bi\u1ebfn). B\u1ea3y th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng linh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (th\u00ec d\u1ee5 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, v.v., tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c<\/span>). Tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n (ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>) do tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u1ef1c thi. Nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> – d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> – t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span> trong a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0: h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span>. N\u0103m tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> g\u00ec c\u1ea3, ch\u00ednh tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> hay gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y (c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n m\u1edbi trong a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span> trong a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. T\u1ef1 n\u00f3 a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng mang c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c hay phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00fac t\u1ec9nh, trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 th\u1eadt s\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng l\u00fac h\u00f4n m\u00ea<\/span> hay nh\u1eefng l\u00fac l\u1eafng s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. L\u00fac c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3y th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> (tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f2a tan trong a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y sang ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c (nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>). Trong Kinh L\u0103ng-gi\u00e0<\/i> (Lankavatara-sutra<\/i>) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau: “Tri th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0169 c\u00f4ng”<\/i>. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u00fac t\u1ec9nh v.v…, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, do \u0111\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> – h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> “tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y” c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft, m\u00e1u me, ho\u1eb7c la h\u00e9t, kh\u00f3c la hay c\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb1ng s\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh: “kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean”<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, v\u1eady s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ed7i khi tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau: tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c – hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c – b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u00ean trong \u1ea5y gi\u00fap cho tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 “soi s\u00e1ng” cho n\u00f3, h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap n\u00f3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u00ec d\u1ee5 khi tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh hoa ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>; s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1nh hoa v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh hoa n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong. Th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u00ean trong n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng phi-c\u1ea3m-nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3), s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 “soi s\u00e1ng” cho n\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1eady n\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> “b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i” s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>\u00a0Theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> ba b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd mang ba th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trisvabhava\/”ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh” hay trilaksana\/”tam t\u01b0\u1edbng” l\u00e0: v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/i>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au<\/i> (hay b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/i>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u0169ng s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> ba th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (<\/b>ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n: parikalpita)<\/b>: D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> (tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u) v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> (tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y) m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> (sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u01a1i) th\u00ec h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> n\u0103m th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p (skandha\/ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v.v. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 “t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng” hay “gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng” l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> (<\/b>ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n: paratantra)<\/b>: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> chung v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> (pratyaya\/”duy\u00ean”), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o (Conditioned co-production\/L\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> (<\/b>ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n: parinispanna)<\/b>: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Th\u1eadt ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1edfi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u1eefa. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh – nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng “tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y” c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u1ea5y hay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng “tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y” b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc”<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt “ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf” (Ainsit\u00e9\/Suchness) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tathagata (Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 phi-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 – \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> – h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>, thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o (pratityasamudpada\/interdependence) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eeba ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t hay di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hai b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 “hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt” hay “hai hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span>: s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (samvrtsatya) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (paramartha). S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span> t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh T\u00e2m L\u00fd<\/span> H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc<\/span>, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. C\u1ea3 hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t cao si\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng”. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1eady con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tathagata). Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> s\u00e1u ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp chung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span>. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span>, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp Ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0 gom g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp hai ph\u00e9p Ba-la-m\u1eadt sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> (dhyanaparamita) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> (prajnaparamita). C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00e0nh 10 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba” (dasabhumi) n\u00eau l\u00ean trong kinh Avatamsaka-sutra<\/i> (Hoa Nghi\u00eam Kinh<\/span>)<\/i>. Xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> m\u01b0\u1edd\u00ec ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t s\u1ebd tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111u\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 minh<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra ch\u00fang, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt T\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y mang nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi<\/span> sau c\u00f9ng t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng u m\u00ea<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> t\u1eed l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 u m\u00ea<\/span> \u1ea5y, th\u00ec a-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 amalavijnana (amala<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>). Khi \u0111\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> (manovijnana\/t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/span>, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> nhau kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eefa n\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd quay v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, t\u1ef1 “soi s\u00e1ng” cho n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> phi-\u0111\u1ed1i-ngh\u1ecbch – kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> (Dharmadhatu\/Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u “kh\u00f4ng gian” c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Th\u1ec3 D\u1ea1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> (Tathagatagharba\/Nh\u01b0 Lai T\u1ea1ng, Ph\u1eadt T\u00ednh<\/span>, Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0\/th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf – c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 – n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span>) lu\u00f4n t\u00e0ng \u1ea9n th\u1eadt s\u00e2u k\u00edn trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. Th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> qua Ph\u00e1p Th\u00e2n<\/span> (Dharmakaya\/Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> hai th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 B\u00e1o Th\u00e2n<\/span> (Sambhogakaya\/Th\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>) v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng Th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirmanakaya\/Th\u00e2n hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb “Ph\u1eadt”), h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> sau s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> mang n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V hay VI v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI. V\u1eady Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n TOTo\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n<\/b> T\u00f4ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch<\/span> di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span>, th\u00ec Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i h\u1ecdc theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, mang n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/b> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u1edbn sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b>, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> (Vajrayana) c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tan-tra Th\u1eeba (Tantrayana). Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng xem Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eeba (yana) thu\u1ed9c chung trong \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Mahayana) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eeba th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (th\u1eeba th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada, th\u1eeba th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>, th\u1eeba th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span>). Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1eadt chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o” (upaya), k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 “tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a” ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 “ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i” kh\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>.<\/i> Hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00f3i chung. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00f4 song<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span>, t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> cao \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> to\u00e0n n\u0103ng<\/span> gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb “ma-ha t\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t” (mahasiddha\/nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb “\u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t”), l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb du-gi\u00e0 (yogi) kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> c\u1ee7a Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc (l\u00f4-gic h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> (scholastic) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00ec\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch tan-tra. Tantra<\/i> l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean khung c\u1eedi, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng mang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u1eef sutta <\/i>hay sutra<\/i> (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e2u), d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c kinh trong Kinh T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>. C\u00e1c kinh tan-tra<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng quay th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a B\u00e1nh Xe \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> mu\u1ed9n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kinh Kalacakra<\/i> (Kinh Th\u1eddi Lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>), m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 X, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c kinh tan-tra theo b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc tan-tra”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Chan” hay “Tch’an”, ch\u1eef Chan hay Tch\u2019an l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Channa, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n Dhyana (Thi\u1ec1n-na), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span>, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eadt cao \u0111\u1ed9. \u1ede Nh\u1eadt Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Zen, ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Zenna l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb d\u1ecbch \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Channa trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Dhyana trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1eef chan, channa, zen, zenna, hay thi\u1ec1n-na c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1eef dhyana, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef dhyana th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> chung hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 dhyana (\u0111\u1ecbnh\/s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung) v\u00e0 prajna (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\/s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y si\u00eau nhi\u00ean\/si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> th\u1eadt l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span> l\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng<\/span> (Huineng, 638-713) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam Ph\u00e1i, m\u1edf ra cho Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> Nam Ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng tu t\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> B\u1eafc Ph\u00e1i do Th\u1ea7n T\u00fa<\/span> (Xhenxiu, 605-706) ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> Nam Ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp do Th\u1ea7n T\u00fa<\/span> ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> gi\u00fap mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (quietism\/v\u00f4 vi, t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> to\u00e0n n\u0103ng<\/span> (prajna). Ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00ean l\u00e0m v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 Samatha hay s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng l\u1eafng s\u00e2u mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 Vipassana hay s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>: ph\u00e9p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> gi\u00fap gia t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> (analytical meditation) mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ph\u00e9p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> gom chung hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 zouchan (Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>) zazen (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>) hay t\u1ecda thi\u1ec1n<\/span> (Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1ed3i th\u1eadt y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. T\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i th\u1eadt y\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a<\/span> nh\u1eadp th\u1eadt s\u00e2u k\u00edn v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng phi-t\u01b0-duy \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt T\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u phi-t\u01b0-duy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span>, c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t hay x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, hay t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00ea li\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 v\u00ec tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u<\/span> th\u1eadt sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> phi-t\u01b0-duy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1eadt t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy<\/span> n\u00e0o d\u1ea5y l\u00ean l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> m\u00ecnh theo d\u00f2ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy<\/span> n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u01b0 duy<\/span> kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy<\/span> d\u1ea5y l\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> m\u00ecnh theo v\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span> h\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y sang chuy\u1ec7n kia, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m d\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 lo s\u1ee3, hy v\u1ecdng<\/span>, vui m\u1eebng<\/span>, h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng… m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean<\/span> cho n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 tan bi\u1ebfn \u0111i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “phi-t\u00e2m-th\u1ee9c” (wuxin\/v\u00f4-t\u00e2m, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 acitta<\/i>) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> trong d\u00f2ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 duy<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp<\/span> l\u00f4i k\u00e9o nhau hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng “phi-t\u00e2m-th\u1ee9c” trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i Zen c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Satori (Ng\u1ed9) hay Daigo (\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u1ed9<\/span>). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i T\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/span> (Caodong\/Soto) l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> chung c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 H\u00f2a Nh\u1eadp (Samadhi\/\u0110\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>) v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7<\/span> (Prajna). Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau trong Kinh Ph\u00e1p<\/span> B\u1ea3o \u0110\u00e0n<\/i>: “D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>) gi\u1eefa th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp (\u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\/gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9), [c\u0169ng nh\u01b0] gi\u1eefa ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? L\u1eeda \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng l\u1eeda s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. D\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3” <\/i>(theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a kinh B\u1ea3o \u0110\u00e0n, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Patrik Carr\u00e9, Seuil, 1995). Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> trong Thi\u1ec1n Zen c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn “tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1” c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i L\u00e2m T\u1ebf<\/span> (Rinzai). Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u00e1n<\/span> h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t huy tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3. D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i L\u00e2m T\u1ebf<\/span> c\u0169ng k\u00e9m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i T\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/span>.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> phong c\u00e1ch thanh tho\u00e1t<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ecda thi\u1ec1n<\/span> (zazen) \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> “\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a” con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u n\u1ec7<\/span> nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n Zen Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1eadt t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> “l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c” th\u1eadt kh\u1eaft khe, c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3<\/span> v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n<\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m<\/span> T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span><\/i>, Kinh Hoa Sen<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu thi\u1ec1n<\/span> ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n “c\u0103n b\u1ea3n” – th\u00ec Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> chung n\u00eau l\u00ean trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kinh nh\u01b0 Lankavatara-sutra <\/i>(Nh\u1eadp L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 Kinh<\/span><\/i>), Vimalakirtinirdesa-sutra<\/i> (Duy-ma-c\u1eadt s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft kinh<\/span><\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 thi ph\u00fa, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, v.v. v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 phong c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> (trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>) v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> thi s\u0129 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p th\u1eadt l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c<\/span>. \u1ede Nh\u1eadt ngo\u00e0i thi ph\u00fa, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 (k\u1ecbch N\u00f4), g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9, hoa ki\u1ec3ng, v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ea3nh, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1eafm hoa, tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt (b\u1eafn cung, ki\u1ebfm thu\u1eadt) v.v\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tranh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ef1c \u0111en tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1<\/span>, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 thanh tho\u00e1t<\/span>, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat th\u1eadt tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 haiku ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> ba c\u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y v\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u01a1 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00f4-t\u00e2m (wushin\/phi-t\u01b0-duy) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. Xin \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 haiku n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 Ryokan (L\u01b0\u01a1ng Khoan, 1758-1831).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ryokan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n<\/span>, ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5<\/span>, s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n d\u1eadt<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng heo h\u00fat. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m sau khi \u0111i t\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t trong t\u00fap l\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ed9m l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t<\/span>, \u00f4ng b\u00e8n l\u1ea5y gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 haiku nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00ean tr\u1ed9m<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u00e3 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean<\/span> khu\u00f4n tr\u0103ng<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00ean th\u1ec1m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5\u00a0\u00a0 <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ryokan th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 thanh cao.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Robert Faure.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Loi

“M\u00eame la lune ne sait pas qu’elle brille”
<\/i><\/b>“Ngay c\u1ea3 khu\u00f4n tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1”<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

(N\u00e9t b\u00fat th\u1eadt ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng<\/span>, thanh tho\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u00f2 b\u00f3, v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> hay do d\u1ef1<\/span>. Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span> to l\u00e0 ch\u1eef “Nguy\u1ec7t”)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Loi

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u1edd th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. Tuy ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn b\u00fat l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00f4n ra nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng m\u1ef1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u1ec1n v\u1ecb<\/span>. <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy y\u1ebfu<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> hay t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1eefa. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> hay ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u00e2t gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecd d\u1eabm v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n thu h\u1eb9p trong thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> chung cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u00e9t th\u1eadt s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea4n l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> A-d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Maurya (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Gupta (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 VI), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Gupta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> hi\u1ebfn sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n c\u0169ng nh\u1edd vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> “m\u1edbi” l\u00e0 \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o, th\u00edch nghi<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Tuy r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh<\/span> c\u00f9a \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Gupta hai h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Gupta v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0ng son n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y xa h\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, 480-540) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ng\u00e0nh l\u00f4-gic h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> do Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng khai tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> th\u00eam h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span>, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb san b\u1eb1ng<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Attila t\u1eeb c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n Trung \u00c1 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 san b\u1eb1ng<\/span>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u00edt b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u01a1n, l\u00fd do<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span>, tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng trong d\u00e2n gian, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 (vihara), c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> quy m\u00f4, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0, Vikramasila, Otanpuri…, m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n hay ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span>. C\u00e1c ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat d\u00e2n ch\u00fang k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> chung quanh, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m<\/span> ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Qua h\u00e0ng bao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1<\/span> do c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, h\u1ecd \u0111em c\u1ee7a c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u1edf mang ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c chung quanh, \u0111o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ajanta v\u00e0 Ellora l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII sau T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch, l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/span> t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c cho nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a vay, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 “gi\u00e0u c\u00f3” c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1a l\u00e0: “Ajanta m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng” <\/i>\u00a0tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Hoa Sen<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> (602-664) h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 du h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u1ea4n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 629 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 645 c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam \u1ea4n, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n di t\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n hoang ph\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a vua Harshavardhana, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9, l\u00fd do<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Pala (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII-XII) tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n, g\u1ed3m v\u1ecbnh Bengal, ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec3u bang Uttar Pradesh ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c<\/span> S\u01a1n (Bodh Gaya), Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0, Otanpuri v\u00e0 Vikramasila l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u1ea4n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea4n, l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa x\u1ea3y ra t\u00e1m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 do t\u01b0\u1edbng Ikhtiyar Khalji ch\u1ec9 huy<\/span> san b\u1eb1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1n ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i t\u0103ng ni<\/span>. C\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t<\/span> r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u1ea5m \u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau trong thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u1ea4n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm n\u01a1i l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n<\/span> trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 bu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Nepal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/span> g\u1ea7n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i<\/span> cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Nam \u00c1. Ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u. C\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea4n b\u1ecb thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch g\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e8o xu\u1ed1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> may m\u1eafn<\/span> ngo\u00e0i kho t\u00e0ng d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfc thay, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u00e1m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1950 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o<\/span> x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i t\u0103ng ni<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 san b\u1eb1ng<\/span> ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n<\/span> l\u1ea1i mang theo<\/span> v\u1edbi h\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 tinh t\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, Nepal v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> “v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n” – \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> “ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a”. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span> qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 842. S\u1eed li\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 46.000 ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a b\u1ecb san b\u1eb1ng<\/span>, 265.000 t\u0103ng n\u1ecb b\u1ecb b\u1eaft<\/span> bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n t\u1ee5c<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch “C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a” th\u1eadt kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, khi\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> T\u00edch Lan<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy t\u00e0n<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII sau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil v\u00e0 Hindu t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n tr\u00e0n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha<\/span>, H\u00f2a Lan v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c thay nhau tranh d\u00e0nh h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan<\/span>, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada ng\u00e0y nay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> (Yi Jing, 635-713) sau khi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng khi gh\u00e9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o Java c\u1ee7a Ind\u00f4n\u00eaxia n\u0103m 673, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y tu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, kinh s\u00e1ch th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Sailandra (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII-IX) ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Borobudur l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XV th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. H\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u00e3 lai c\u0169ng t\u1eebng theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1400, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java, m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 Parameswara \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 lai v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Malacca. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c<\/span> l\u1ea1i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf M\u00e3 lai g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa di d\u00e2n l\u00e0 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00f3i chung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ki-t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span> ngh\u0129a ngo\u1ea1i lai<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i suy t\u00e0n<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Nh\u1eb1m thay cho ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> th\u1eadt ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u01b0ng s\u00fac t\u00edch<\/span> trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> <\/i>(Samyutta Nikaya) l\u00e0 “B\u00e0i kinh v\u1ec1 n\u1eafm l\u00e1 simsapa”<\/i> (Simsapa-sutta,<\/i> SN 56.31, PTS: SV 437.8). D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Pa-li c\u1ee7a Thinassaro Bhikkhu (Access to Insight, 1997):<\/span><\/p>\n


B\u00e0i kinh<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u1eafm l\u00e1 simsapa<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111ang \u1edf Kosambi (xem phu l\u1ee5c 2) trong m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng to\u00e0n c\u00e2y simsapa (xem ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> 3). Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm<\/span> l\u00e1 simsapa v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t l\u1eddi h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, l\u00e1 trong tay ta nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hay \u00edt h\u01a1n l\u00e1 trong khu r\u1eebng n\u00e0y? <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> \u0111\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – \u201cL\u00e1 trong tay Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u00edt, l\u00e1 trong khu r\u1eebng n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5t l\u1eddi:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ta tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao ta l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y? Ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> [mong c\u1ea7u], c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> g\u00ec cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9<\/span> (turning away\/disenchantment\/s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng) s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> (dispassion\/h\u1ebft m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm), s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf (cessation\/ s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span>), s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh<\/span>, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> (direct knowledge\/s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span>), s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (self-awakening) v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t<\/span> (Unbiding). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y<\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cV\u1eady th\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? \u2018\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au\u201d.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>. V\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ta l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y? B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> [mong c\u1ea7u], c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9<\/span>, s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>, s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh<\/span>, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn<\/span>, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “V\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n suy t\u01b0: ‘\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00e0i kinh<\/span> th\u1eadt ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau l\u00ean hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i – v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay – l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i tr\u1ec7ch ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. B\u00e0i kinh<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n<\/span> b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng qua kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 trong tay Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n \u00f4m h\u1ebft l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y r\u1eebng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecd d\u1eabm, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean suy y\u1ebfu<\/span> d\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span>, chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 quan<\/span> tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tranh d\u00e0nh mi\u1ebfng \u0103n, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span>; \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt; \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>… H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> tranh d\u00e0nh, xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span>, c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> “ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt” d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>. D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh: chi\u1ebfn tranh kinh t\u1ebf, chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span> \u00f4m b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c<\/span>, \u0103n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa, n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng sang tr\u1ecdng<\/span>, ch\u00e9n b\u00e1t s\u1ee9, th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span>. Trong khi Ng\u00e0i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi h\u1ea7u gi\u00fap minh h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u1ea5y qua ph\u1ea5n son, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u00f4 minh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean<\/span> l\u1eb7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, h\u1ea7u t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u1ea5y, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t t\u00ecm cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au…, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”<\/i><\/b>.\u00a0 Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c trong m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c t\u1ed1i t\u0103m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc theo. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i hay r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh. Ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1eafp n\u00e9m b\u1ecf ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ea7u sao th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, xem \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y, l\u00e0 Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u00fap m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> qua trung gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o nh\u00e2n danh<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span>, h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i<\/span> h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi<\/span> theo v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 “ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9” \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span>, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> nh\u01b0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, Tr\u1ea7n na<\/span>, B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t-ma<\/span>, Hu\u1ec7 n\u0103ng<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean<\/span>… v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t-lai L\u1ea1t-ma gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ea7u sao c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> n\u00e0o d\u00e1m t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1<\/span> kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng trong thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> c\u00e1ch nay h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ngay trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kinh s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u00e1c, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ngay sau \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm<\/span> l\u00e1 trong b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0ng son \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean “ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n”, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span> hay t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u1edbn n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo v\u00e0o m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u01b0u t\u00fa<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u. Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1862, \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. T\u1edd th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m tranh th\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m thi\u1ec1n v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a Robert Faure tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span>, tri\u1ebft gia<\/span>, khoa h\u1ecdc gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Th\u1eafc m\u1eafc duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, c\u00f3 trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> qua hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> “\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang” mang n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> “tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7” h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y. Qua d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed3i sinh<\/span> nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> h\u1ed3i sinh<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang” m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u00e3y \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, sau l\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> h\u1ed3i sinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> – n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> – g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, L\u00e3o gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eafng th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2<\/span> n\u00e0y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, th\u00ec Ph\u00e2t gi\u00e1o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i sinh<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> m\u1ed9t Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea1n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gia t\u00e0i<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> r\u1ea5t tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp<\/span> l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1eadt ra hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span>, Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Theravada, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> cho h\u1ecd. Th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafp l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c cho ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ecd, h\u1ea7u th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd n\u00eau cao ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span> m\u1edbi cho Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u00fap cho \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span>. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 qua bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eed th\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang theo Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng? Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hoang mang n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> nh\u1eb1m di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt cao si\u00eau trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c d\u00f9 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o” v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u00fap h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/i> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/i> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung<\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> – v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> – c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00ean tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> v\u1edbi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pa-li, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u xa<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u00eam kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh \u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1 simsapa h\u01a1n trong khu r\u1eebng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai s\u1eafc th\u00e1i th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> th\u1eadt tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 \u00a0m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span>, t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft hoc, khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 mang hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh hay s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb chia n\u0103m x\u1ebb b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> hay sao? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o – ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ra – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng trao \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0o tay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khuy\u00ean m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi s\u00e1ng<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn th\u1eadt xa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00f4m nay, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u xin<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o ai c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, m\u00e0 h\u00e3y can \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap cho \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> 1<\/b> <\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>L\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb d\u1ecbch \u00e2m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3-lai talipat (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> alam), t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n talpat (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> hindi), t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n talapattra (tala<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e2y d\u1eeba<\/i>, pattra<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e1<\/i>). C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tallipot, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e1 bu\u00f4ng hay l\u00e1 c\u00e2y c\u1ecd. T\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Coripha umbraculifera<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0u l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean<\/span> (Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>), Th\u00e1i Lan, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Loi

\"Loi

3- Lu\u1ed9c l\u00e1
\"Loi