{"id":7615,"date":"2020-12-05T04:15:16","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:15:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/05\/luan-ve-duc-nguon-goc-kho-dau-cua-con-nguoi\/"},"modified":"2020-12-05T04:15:16","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:15:16","slug":"luan-ve-duc-nguon-goc-kho-dau-cua-con-nguoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/05\/luan-ve-duc-nguon-goc-kho-dau-cua-con-nguoi\/","title":{"rendered":"Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 D\u1ee5c – Ngu\u1ed3n G\u1ed1c Kh\u1ed5 \u0110au C\u1ee7a Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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D\u1ee4C L\u00c0 G\u00cc? <\/span>
D\u1ee4C MANG L\u1ea0I H\u1ea0NH PH\u00daC<\/span> HAY KH\u1ed4 \u0110AU CHO CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/span><\/span> <\/span>

Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u00fac Thu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Lu\u1eadn


D\u1ee5c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? D\u1ee5c mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> hay kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cL\u1eeda n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>,<\/span>
Ng\u1ee5c n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m s\u00e2n,<\/span>
L\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0o h\u01a1n m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm,<\/span>
S\u00f4ng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1eadn ch\u00ecm\u201d.\u00a0[5, tr.19]<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong c\u00e1i vui c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt r\u1ea5t \u00edt m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t cay \u0111\u1eafng<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t b\u00e9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1i tai h\u1ecda<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110eo \u0111u\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Do \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ly d\u1ee5c<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ly d\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y, \u00edt ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd<\/span> s\u1ed1ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1eebng ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>, th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span>, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ed quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5c<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/i>: \u201cD\u1ee5c l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n, l\u00f2ng tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/i>\u201d. Theo\u00a0T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Hu\u1ec7 Quang<\/span><\/i>\u00a0[6, tr.1125]: D\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ba t\u00ednh<\/span>: thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c). D\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span> thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m tinh ti\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea7n m\u00e3n; d\u1ee5c mang t\u00ednh \u00e1c th\u00ec th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n<\/span> t\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>. D\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i: n\u0103m d\u1ee5c<\/span>, s\u00e1u d\u1ee5c, ba d\u1ee5c v.v… N\u0103m d\u1ee5c<\/span>: say \u0111\u1eafm<\/span> n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh: s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac. S\u00e1u d\u1ee5c: say m\u00ea s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, dung m\u1ea1o<\/span>, uy nghi<\/span> t\u01b0 th\u00e1i, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i quy\u1ebfn r\u0169<\/span>, l\u00e0n da m\u1ecbn m\u00e0ng, t\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xinh \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span>. Ba d\u1ee5c: ham \u0111\u1eafm dung m\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u01b0 th\u00e1i, l\u00e0n da m\u1ecbn m\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>: \u201c\u0110i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> v\u00e0 tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>, c\u00e1i t\u00e2m t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u theo ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/i>\u201d. [10, tr.132]. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, v\u00ec ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> mong c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> n\u00ean c\u1ee9 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sanh t\u1eed<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

2- Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9, s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfp<\/span>. Trong kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5<\/span> u\u1ea9n<\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 chi\u1ebfn tranh xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 do l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>: \u201cL\u1ea1i n\u1eefa n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, do d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, do d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, do d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, do ch\u00ednh d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n vua tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi vua, S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ee3i tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ee3i, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, gia ch\u1ee7<\/span> tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi gia ch\u1ee7<\/span>, m\u1eb9 tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi con, cha tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi con, con tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi cha, anh em tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau\u2026 H\u1ecd b\u1eafn nhau b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2m nhau b\u1eb1ng dao, h\u1ecd ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u nhau b\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfm, h\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed vong<\/span>, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1eed vong<\/span><\/i>\u201d. [9, tr.41].<\/span><\/p>\n

Tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> danh v\u1ecdng<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i<\/span>. \u00c1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, lu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch ch\u1ea1y theo<\/span> ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, ti\u1ebfng hay, m\u00f9i th\u01a1m<\/span>, v\u1ecb ngon ng\u1ecdt, x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m \u00eam \u00e1i\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh<\/span>, ma t\u00fay<\/span>, xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span>, tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, chi\u1ebfn tranh\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng tham lam<\/span> hay \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>. \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i sinh, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u00e2y ra m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m b\u00ean trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c h\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1- Tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh<\/span> th\u00e1i<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm<\/span> trong c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span>. S\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. V\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf<\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> h\u00f3a, xu th\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e9t c\u1ea1n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean l\u00e0m h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eb1m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> l\u00f2ng tham kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1y<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> r\u1eebng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh kh\u1ee7ng<\/span>. R\u1eebng l\u00e0 l\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> hai bu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa, r\u1eebng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean<\/span> ng\u0103n b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0ng khi r\u1eebng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u00ec l\u0169 l\u1ee5t v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, r\u1eebng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 200.000ha, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50.000ha l\u00e0 do khai hoang \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. [14, tr.21]. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u1ea3i ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/span>, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 ch\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1<\/span> 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 11 l\u1ea7n. [4, tr.19). Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed CO2<\/sub>\u00a0l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u00e2y nh\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u; b\u1ee5i ch\u00ec l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu c\u01a1 b\u1eafp, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a gan, th\u1eadn, n\u00e3o\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u tai h\u1ecda<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o<\/span> nh\u01b0 ung th\u01b0, b\u1ec7nh tim, b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n\u2026 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kinh kh\u1ee7ng<\/span>: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb ung th\u01b0, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 800.000 ca ung th\u01b0. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> hay do vi khu\u1ea9n<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t mang \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc chung quy c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> l\u00f2ng tham c\u1ee7a<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Trong khi ch\u1ea1y theo<\/span> l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng qu\u00ean \u0111i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> hoang d\u00e3<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n qu\u00ean \u0111i \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111ua \u0111\u00f2i<\/span> ch\u1ea1y theo<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> m\u00f4i sinh, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> m\u00f4i sinh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nguy c\u01a1 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2- Tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> ch\u00fang, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eaft m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i, ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i hy sinh<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span> v\u1eabn hai b\u00e0n tay tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec n\u00ean th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span> bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n<\/span>. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn<\/span> h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i lo gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span>, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, hao m\u00f2n<\/span>. Do m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span> hay m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span>, l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> m\u00e0 cha con<\/span> tranh ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng chia tay, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> ly t\u00e1n, con c\u00e1i b\u01a1 v\u01a1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i, anh em ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1o<\/span> nhau, d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1<\/span> l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t, h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i\u2026 x\u1ea3y ra; do tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng, qu\u1ed1c gia\u2026 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u. C\u0169ng v\u00ec tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 sanh ra th\u1ee5t k\u00e9t, l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t nhau l\u00e2m v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng lao l\u00fd. Bi\u1ebft bao tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ti\u00eau vong, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> tan n\u00e1t c\u0169ng do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ea s\u1eafc d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cTrong c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>, \u00e1i luy\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p. S\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1eb1ng<\/i>\u201d [1, tr.389].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Vua Tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span> cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p nghi\u00eang th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed5 l\u0169y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eafc K\u1ef7, nh\u00e0 vua cam \u0111\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span> xao xuy\u1ebfn<\/span> \u201cbi\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng<\/i>\u201d. C\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p Th\u00e0nh Thang c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5; D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00fd Phi kh\u00f4ng<\/span> k\u1ec1m n\u1ed5i d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span>, t\u01b0 th\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1edbi con nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 An L\u1ed9c S\u01a1n<\/span>; L\u1eef B\u1ed1 th\u1eafng n\u1ed5i mu\u00f4n binh, ng\u00e0n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi Tam Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> t\u00f4n l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ee9t<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0110i\u00eau Thuy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i, n\u1ee1 gi\u1ebft cha nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u201cb\u00e3o l\u00f2ng\u201d ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a bao s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 t\u1eeb gia<\/span> \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u do l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> m\u00e0 ra. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi say m\u00ea \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecda ch\u00e1y tay<\/i>\u201d. [1, tr.351].<\/span><\/p>\n

Do thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1eafm d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1ea1i lao v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c<\/span>, nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> xa hoa<\/span> tru\u1ef5 l\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m cho say ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, bia, heroin, phim \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed3i tru\u1ef5… Tham \u0111\u1eafm d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u1edf n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: t\u00e0i, s\u1eafc, danh, th\u1ef1c, th\u00f9y m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u1eabn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tham \u0111\u1eafm d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa<\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc b\u00f3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129, c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, lu\u00f4n chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafm say \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 T\u1ef1 lao m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 nh\u1ec7n sa l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ec7t<\/i>\u2026\u201d [8,tr.269]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y: \u201cD\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 h\u1ed1 than<\/i>\u201d [7, tr.174]. V\u00ec sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian<\/span> \u01b0a th\u00edch<\/span>, tham \u0111\u1eafm d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh phong, gh\u1ebb l\u1edf ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean h\u1ed1 than \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00e0ng h\u01a1 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu<\/span> h\u01a1n, c\u00e0ng nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i c\u00e0ng th\u00edch h\u01a1 l\u1eeda. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e0ng ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e0ng ngh\u0129 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean ch\u1ea1y \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111i u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft kh\u00e1t; hay nh\u01b0 con t\u1eb1m k\u00e9o k\u00e9n, c\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e0ng b\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u0103n ch\u01a1i<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed<\/span> m\u1edbi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed<\/span>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean l\u1eeda, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111ang \u1edf trong bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 vui.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham \u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, n\u00ean c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u. Cho n\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y:\u00a0\u201cNgo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c, ta l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ea3i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span><\/i>\u201d.
[10, tr.131]<\/span><\/p>\n

3- Tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> x\u00e9t ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1u trung ch\u00ednh<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Trong kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cCh\u00ednh tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh<\/span>, khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u00f9 l\u00f2a<\/span>, g\u00e2y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho m\u00ecnh, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c<\/span> h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh<\/i>\u201d. [7, tr.42]<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean bi\u1ebft bao n\u00fai x\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u00f4ng m\u00e1u. V\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5<\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u1eb9p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhanh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai cho t\u1edbi nay, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra h\u01a1n tr\u0103m tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, tuy c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef d\u1ed9i<\/span>, t\u00e0n \u00e1c. H\u01a1n 16 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u0169 trang x\u1ea3y ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp h\u01a1n…<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: \u201cD\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt<\/i>\u201d [7, tr.174]. M\u1ed9t con chim d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt li\u1ec1n bay b\u1ed5ng l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung, trong khi nh\u1eefng con chim kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm m\u1ed3i. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, ch\u00fang \u0111u\u1ed5i theo \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt, ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u x\u00e9 l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ebfng m\u1ed3i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng con n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu nh\u01b0\u1eddng con n\u00e0o v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u<\/span> quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t di\u1ec5n ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady, chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u1ea3y ra cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng tham, s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span>, gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span>, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span>, c\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> lu\u00f4n ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>. H\u1ecd m\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span>, danh v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span>. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho l\u00e0 l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span>, ph\u00f9 du. \u201cD\u00f9 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o; ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb n\u00edt \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm. Khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbm trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay, \u00edt ai t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> g\u00ec? V\u00e0 ta v\u1eabn m\u1ea3i mi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111u\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm kh\u00e1c<\/i>\u201d. [13, tr.5].<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng, h\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Asoka, khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span> cao c\u1ee7a danh v\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span>, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. V\u00f3 ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng chinh ph\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i sau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng g\u01b0\u01a1m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi \u201c\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng<\/i>?\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> kh\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, do l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c<\/span> chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/span>, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb th\u00f9<\/span>, b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: \u201cChi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00ecnh, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng oanh li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t<\/i>\u201d [8, tr.33]. Trong khi \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n<\/span> \u1edf sa tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00f2ng tham h\u1ea1 g\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sai s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea<\/span>, tham \u00e1i<\/span>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea<\/span>, tham \u00e1i<\/span> n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> tai h\u1ea1i<\/span> do ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y: \u201cC\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eafc d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u00f3 d\u00ednh ch\u00fat m\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh b\u1eefa \u0103n<\/span> ngon, tr\u1ebb con li\u1ebfm v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u00e1i h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9t l\u01b0\u1ee1i<\/i>\u201d [1, tr.388]. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> d\u1ee5c<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> b\u1edfi ba \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> tham, s\u00e2n, si. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn. \u0110\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh<\/span>, ma t\u00fay<\/span>, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i sinh c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u1eeb trong t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1y<\/span> g\u00e2y ra. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, cho n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u201cx\u1ea3 ly ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/i>\u201d [12, tr.100].
<\/span><\/p>\n


\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201c\u0110a d\u1ee5c<\/span> vi kh\u1ed5,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Sanh t\u1eed<\/span> b\u00ec lao,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 T\u00f9ng tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> kh\u1edfi,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00f4 vi<\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Th\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i>\u201d. [11, tr.38].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i v\u00e0o<\/span> th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ea1nh thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c<\/span>(1)<\/sup>\u00a0v\u00e0 tri t\u00fac<\/span>(2)<\/sup>. Trong kinh\u00a0Di gi\u00e1o<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cTri t\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1ea3 tuy ng\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> do vi l\u1ea1c, b\u1ea5t tri t\u00fac gi\u1ea3<\/span> tuy x\u1eed thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u00fd<\/i>\u201d [2, tr.415]. (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u00fd<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu t\u1eadp<\/span> qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span>, trang b\u1ecb cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd, v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p. Tu t\u1eadp<\/span> h\u1ea1nh thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c tri t\u00fac<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi thanh b\u1ea1ch<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1edd v\u1eady tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m d\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9i \u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 tai \u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n<\/span>, m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> sanh t\u1eed<\/span>. Ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m t\u1ecfa<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m d\u1ee5c<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau<\/span> \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span>: \u201cNh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ly tham<\/span>, ly tham<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u201d<\/i>\u00a0[7, tr. 619]. V\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, tu t\u1eadp<\/span> trong Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 trong kinh v\u0103n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tri t\u00fac<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o. Ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. L\u00f2ng tham l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span>, cho n\u00ean r\u0169 b\u1ecf \u0111i l\u00f2ng tham v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y khi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00e1i qu\u00e1<\/span> thu\u1ed9c ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>. Ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3<\/span>, kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c hay \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> cao l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span>, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> th\u00ec vui \u00edt, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> \u00edt m\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n s\u1ea7u \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> n\u00e0y khi h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 khi ch\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed3i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang s\u00f4i, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng s\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t; ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1edbt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u00f4i. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1edbt \u0111i th\u00ec \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m, gi\u1ea3m m\u00e3i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3m n\u1eefa th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au do tham d\u1ee5c<\/span> g\u00e2y ra v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00edch n\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u00fac Thu\u1eadn<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

__________________
<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0(1)\u00a0<\/sup>Thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c<\/span>: \u00edt mu\u1ed1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

(2)<\/sup>\u00a0Tri t\u00fac<\/span>: bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U<\/span> TR\u00cdCH D\u1eaaN<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0110o\u00e0n Trung C\u00f2n d\u1ecbch, 2004, kinh\u00a0T\u1ee9 th\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng,\u00a0<\/i>H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0110o\u00e0n Trung C\u00f2n, 2004, kinh\u00a0Di gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Minh Chi\u1ebfu s\u01b0u t\u1eadp, 1999,\u00a0Truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp I. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Nguy\u1ec5n Thi\u1ec7n T\u1ed5ng, 1991,\u00a0B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 mai sau<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0HCM: NXB.TP.HCM.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. T\u00e2m Tu\u1ec7<\/span> H\u1ef7, 2005,\u00a0Danh t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. Th\u00edch Minh C\u1ea3nh, 2007,\u00a0T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Hu\u1ec7 Quang<\/span><\/i>, NXB.T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP.HCM.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, 2012, kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

8. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, 2000, kinh\u00a0Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span><\/i>, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

9. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span>, 2006,\u00a0T\u00e2m t\u1eeb<\/span> m\u1edf ra kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i<\/i>, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

10. Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch, 2007,\u00a0Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> P h\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

11. Th\u00edch Thanh T\u1eeb, 1993,\u00a0Kinh B\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1c<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/i>, TP.HCM: Th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> TP.HCM.<\/span><\/p>\n

12. Th\u00edch Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/span>, 1998,\u00a0T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y – Kinh B\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecdc Long An.<\/span><\/p>\n

13. Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9, 2001,\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb<\/span><\/i>, Tu th\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>, Vi\u1ec7n cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> H\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span> Nha Trang.<\/span><\/p>\n

14. Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>\u00a0(1998), HCM: NXB.H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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