{"id":7651,"date":"2020-12-05T04:24:45","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:24:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/05\/y-nghia-phuoc-va-chuyen-phuoc-trong-dao-duc-hoc-cua-tich-thien\/"},"modified":"2020-12-05T04:24:45","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:24:45","slug":"y-nghia-phuoc-va-chuyen-phuoc-trong-dao-duc-hoc-cua-tich-thien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/05\/y-nghia-phuoc-va-chuyen-phuoc-trong-dao-duc-hoc-cua-tich-thien\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dd Ngh\u0129a Ph\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Trong \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc C\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00dd NGH\u0128A<\/span> PH\u01af\u1edaC V\u00c0 CHUY\u1ec2N PH\u01af\u1edaC <\/span>
TRONG \u0110\u1ea0O \u0110\u1ee8C<\/span> H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A T\u1ecaCH THI\u00caN<\/span><\/span>

Barbra Clayton\u00a0–\u00a0Nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ee9c\u00a0d\u1ecbch
<\/i>(<\/i>Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0dickinson.edu)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u00dd


N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00ean m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> P\u0101li nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> (\u015a\u0101ntideva).\u00a0
<\/span>
C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u01a1n, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101) \u1edf trong\u00a0T\u1eadp B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn (\u015aik<\/i>\u1e63\u0101samuccaya)<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>. T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 tu b\u1ed3i v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> (\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na), v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> phi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o trong\u00a0T\u1eadp B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn<\/i>. Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 27 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u1edf trong 19 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y, T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1edb g\u00ec ta \u0111em kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, ta n\u00ean ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ng\u1ed9. V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9, thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> (rak\u1e63\u0101, \u015buddhi, vardhana).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ba nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span>: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 rak\u1e63\u0101, ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen<\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>; th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u015buddhi, thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen<\/span> \u1ea5y; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 vardhana, gieo tr\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 (pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101) v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t,\u00a0T\u1eadp B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn<\/i>\u00a0bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ba-la-m\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>,\u00a0Nh\u1eadp b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra)<\/i>. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u1edf trong c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu b\u1ed3i v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (chuy\u1ec3n) ph\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, trongT\u1eadp B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn<\/i>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tu b\u1ed3i v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1edbi Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> (\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na). \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Lance Cousins v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0101li, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u201cmay m\u1eafn\u201d hay \u201ch\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1t\u201d hay \u201ck\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t\u201d. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Peter Harvey d\u1ecbch pu\u1e47ya nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t\u201d, \u201cnghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3\u201d hay \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ed1t\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3,\u00a0apu<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>ya<\/i>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a\u00a0p\u0101pa<\/i>, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> ph\u00fac, hay \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn<\/span>. Trong vi\u1ec7c xem l\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a pu\u1e47ya trong\u00a0T\u1eadp B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn<\/i>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 pu\u1e47ya r\u1ea5t kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> \u015bubha, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1eadn t\u1ed1t\u201d, \u201cth\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d hay \u201ch\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pu\u1e47ya c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> hay \u201cch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a\u201d: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span>, hay thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> Ph\u00e1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u2018kh\u1ed1i pu\u1e47ya l\u1edbn\u2019 (bahu pu\u1e47ya-skandha). T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ngh\u0129 pu\u1e47ya nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1eadn may\u2019 hay \u2018k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. C\u0169ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> (rak\u1e63\u0101) ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) l\u00e0 bodhipari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101, s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> – nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 may m\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta – \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00eda sau m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 sanh ra, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cb\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u201d. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (\u015buddhi) th\u00f4ng qua \u201cnh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi\u201d. N\u01a1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o, khi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c (par\u0101tmasamat\u0101), v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u201csinh kh\u1edfi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n\u201d hay \u201cb\u1ea5t t\u1eadn\u201d. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n hay h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u201cx\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, pu\u1e47ya hay ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> may m\u1eafn<\/span> hay k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chia s\u1ebb hay h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u00ednh khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u201cchuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, hay \u201cchia s\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u1ec7p\u201d (pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101) th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa vai tr\u00f2<\/span> v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 pu\u1e47ya trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> tr\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> P\u0101li v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eadt khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng A-la-h\u00e1n \u2018\u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018\u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb\u2019 pu\u1e47ya (P\u0101li: pu\u00f1\u00f1a) v\u00e0 p\u0101pa. Nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1edf trong\u00a0Suttanip\u0101tta<\/i>, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> P\u0101li, v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n \u1edf trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> h\u01a1n khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> c\u00e1ch s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, Peter Harvey \u0111\u01b0a ra hai s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>. \u1ede m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi A-la-h\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m xem x\u00e9t<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p, hay kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, A-la-h\u00e1n theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3t qua pu\u00f1\u00f1a v\u00e0 p\u0101pa\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 hai, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> pu\u00f1\u00f1a v\u00e0 p\u0101pa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1edfi tham \u00e1i<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec A-la-h\u00e1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> tham \u00e1i<\/span>, ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra\u201d b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> pu\u00f1\u00f1a v\u00e0 p\u0101pa. C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ta theo Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, khi \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> thi\u1ec7n (ku\u015bala) c\u1ee7a ta – nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng tham, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng si – cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>, k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf trong\u00a0T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span><\/i>\u00a0(A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya, III. 108):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00f3 ba nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ba? V\u00f4 tham<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span>, v\u00f4 si<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Ph\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o do v\u00f4 tham<\/span> t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span>, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, sanh ra t\u1eeb v\u00f4 tham<\/span>, do v\u00f4 tham<\/span> l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, do v\u00f4 tham<\/span> t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> (sukha- vip\u0101ka), nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t A-la-h\u00e1n (bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Nh\u1eadp l\u01b0u<\/span> hay nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> [Ariya puggala] kh\u00e1c), ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u201cba ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda\u201d (trividh\u0101gni) tham, s\u00e2n hay si, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng tham, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng si l\u00e0 pu\u00f1\u00f1a, ph\u01b0\u1edbc hay qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> h\u1eb3n nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n: \u201cm\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi A-la-h\u00e1n, nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>, pu\u1e47ya v\u00e0 p\u0101pa v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1ec1 pu\u1e47ya trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span>\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma<\/i>\u00a0(Abhidharma).<\/i>\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> pu\u00f1\u00f1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn (Abhidharmako\u015ba-bh\u0101<\/i>\u1e63ya),<\/i>\u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> (Vasubandhu) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n (ku\u015bala-karma) m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\/d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 (vip\u0101ka) n\u00e0o. Lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> khi ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ef1 \u201ctham \u0111\u1eafm\u201d hay \u201c\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m\u201d (\u0101srava) tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> (k\u0101ma), tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> (bhava), v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (avidy\u0101), v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>). Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (vip\u0101ka-hetu). B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eefa, m\u1ed7i khi nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hay b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ea1ch v\u1ecb \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00fang v\u00f4 tr\u00ed\u201d (p\u1e5bthagjana), th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> b\u1edfi tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> cho kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> (pu\u00f5ya-karma).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n (ku\u015bala) theo m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u1ea3 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0101li v\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u1ee7a\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/i>, pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Pu\u1e47ya l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ngang qua \u201cthi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d m\u00e0 ta t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 cho ta c\u01a1 may nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u00e1p (Dharma).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t A-la-h\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (kle\u015ba hay \u0101srava) – s\u1ebd c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed (nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> P\u0101li) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, pu\u1e47ya cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, n\u01a1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u pu\u1e47ya n\u01a1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Theo T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span> giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai, ly c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>), ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> (p\u0101pa), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (kle\u015ba): th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u00e3 \u201cc\u1eaft r\u1eddi ch\u00fang s\u00e1t g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u00e0o n\u1eefa v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0101li v\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> pu\u1e47ya. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> g\u00ec ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u2018ph\u01b0\u1edbc\u2019 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u2018h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh\u201d? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o cho qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 san s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c?<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, trong khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> hay \u201cchia s\u1ebb qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong vai tr\u00f2<\/span> qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u201ch\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d (pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101), b\u1edfi v\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi pu\u00f5ya, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> – c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u – m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> Therav\u0101da.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, A. L. Basham, trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0 Minoru Hara \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a chia s\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Hindu, v\u00e0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a Gregory Schopen \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> P\u0101li. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/span> P\u0101li g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pattid\u0101na, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span> qu\u00e1 v\u00e3ng<\/span> (peta) v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> (deva), v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, mong mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c – m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> – l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p \u1edf trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0101li, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 Gombrich n\u00f3i, \u201cTrong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u1ebf th\u00ec hi\u1ec3u chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101) s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> qua ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, hay c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u01a1n \u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m<\/span> (citta-sa\u1e43t\u0101na).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201cn\u1edbi l\u1ecfng\u201d chung v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p, hay l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) v\u00e0 duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> (cittam\u0101tra). Nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 Harvey v\u00e0 Williams ch\u1ec9 ra, trong m\u1ed9t ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0\/hay t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u201cth\u1ef1c\u201d hay \u201ccu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201d thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201ccho\u201d hay hi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (kle\u015ba \u0101srava), ph\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p. <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nhau, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Therav\u0101da: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Therav\u0101da c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (pudgala) v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 (\u0101tman), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> kh\u00e1c, b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cchia s\u1ebb\u201d b\u1edfi v\u00ec, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u201cthu\u1ed9c\u201d v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u1ede tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 \u201cchuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t (pu\u1e47ya), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d – khi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cchia s\u1ebb\u201d, v\u00e0 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u201cph\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c A-la-h\u00e1n \u1edf trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong khi nh\u1eefng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ea1n?<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nagao Gadjin \u0111\u01b0a ra. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft,\u00a0Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc (Usages and Meanings of Pari<\/i>\u1e47\u0101man\u0101),<\/i>\u00a0Nagao ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101) trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cchuy\u1ec3n\u201d hay \u201cg\u1eedi\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, hay trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u201cquay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i\u201d th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. \u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ebf sau, \u00f4ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba trang nghi\u00eam kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Mah\u0101y\u0101nas\u016btr\u0101la<\/i>\u1e43k\u0101ra)\u00a0<\/i>m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (\u0111\u1ecba) th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u201cchuy\u1ec3n [ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y] tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sthiramati v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng 37 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> v\u00e0o lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u201c\u00f4m ch\u1eb7t\u201d (parig\u1e5bh\u012bta) b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> (up\u0101ya) t\u1eeb bi<\/span>. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Sthiramati, Nagao \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u201ccho\u201d ph\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. Tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y, pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101 c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ph\u00eda sau nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, hay \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n sau: n\u1ebfu pu\u1e47ya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> n\u00f3? L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nagao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span>. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Thanh V\u0103n<\/span> \u2018c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i sang\u2019 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> (kle\u015ba) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd, v\u1ecb Thanh V\u0103n<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n tu t\u1eadp<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> (\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> (kle\u015ba), nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n\u2026, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>\u00a0 (kle\u015ba) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi ng\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> lu\u00f4n mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> \u1edf trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u00e0y, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101)\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nagao l\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Thanh v\u0103n<\/span> \u201cc\u1ea7n\u201d pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n hay g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb bi<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> (kle\u015ba)\u201d. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Nagao ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng theo c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba trang nghi\u00eam kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n nghi\u1ec7p hay nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> (kle\u015ba), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ec7 nguy\u00ean (pra\u1e47idh\u0101na), b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u0101dhi), hay b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> (vibhutva) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (sa\u1e43cintya- bhavopapatti) v\u00ec l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201clo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> (kle\u015ba)\u201d. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 gi\u1eef B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nagao sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m pu\u1e47ya v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i<\/span> theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0101li v\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong khi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> pu\u1e47ya v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb P\u0101li t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> hay \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111em h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf \u0111i ph\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 thay v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> \u201cchuy\u1ec3n\u201d h\u1ebft hay cho n\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ea8n \u1edf trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span> (vip\u0101ka), nh\u01b0ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c\u201d (karma vip\u0101ka). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> theo m\u01b0\u1eddi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (bh\u016bmi\/\u0111\u1ecba): \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> s\u1ef1 sinh b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 trong khi n\u00f3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, lu\u1eadt nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d, cho th\u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u1edf trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> sau. N\u1ebfu nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> (cetan\u0101), nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> b\u1edfi \u201c\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb bi\u201d v\u00ec k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i pu\u1e47ya. N\u01a1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadn may<\/span> – l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed5 \u0111au – pu\u1e47ya l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho pu\u1e47ya \u1edf trong B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> hay khi ta xem x\u00e9t<\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ecb tha<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. N\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta xem x\u00e9t<\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (nirv\u0101\u1e47a). S\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c\u201d t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> (N\u0101g\u0101rjuna), v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> thu\u1ed9c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0101li v\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> xem lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ecd gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> hay tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> xem c\u1ea3 hai nh\u01b0 nhau, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> hay nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> b\u00ean trong n\u00f3, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed5 \u0111au b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span>. Pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1eb9t trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi tho\u00e1t t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1edbi pu\u1e47ya l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> – nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> –\u00a0 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) ch\u1ec9 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> m\u1ed7i khi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> (kle\u015ba) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> pu\u00f5ya c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1eb1ng T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec James Egge g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u201chy sinh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cthanh t\u1ecbnh\u201d. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hy sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3<\/span> (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> t\u1ed1t) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n (ku\u015bala) m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> \u201cthanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 tham d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> P\u0101li (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Therav\u0101da v\u1ec1 sau) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cthi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ta ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1edf trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> P\u0101li. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch t\u1eadp, tu b\u1ed3i v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n (ku\u015bala) v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya). V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-c\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t (pu\u1e47ya) l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (ku\u015bala) c\u0169ng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc (pu\u1e47ya).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, th\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1eefa B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a pu\u1e47ya ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> (qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. Trong khi trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n P\u0101li v\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, pu\u1e47ya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc hay s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbch Thi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu b\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadn may<\/span> m\u00e0 pu\u1e47ya th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam:<\/span>
Ti\u1ec3u truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0i\u00a0T\u1ecbch\u00a0Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span><\/span>
T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span>\u00a0T\u1ecbch\u00a0Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> trong Nh\u1eadp B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0T\u1ecbch\u00a0Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Ti\u1ec3u S\u1eed<\/span> T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3<\/span>\u00a0T\u1ecbch\u00a0Thi\u00ean<\/span>\u00a0(Sh\u00e0ntideva)<\/span><\/span>
Nh\u1eadp H\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> S\u00e0ntideva (T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3<\/span>\u00a0T\u1ecbch\u00a0Thi\u00ean<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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