{"id":7676,"date":"2020-12-05T04:36:27","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:36:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/05\/khoa-hoc-than-kinh-neurosciences-va-dao-phat\/"},"modified":"2020-12-05T04:36:27","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:36:27","slug":"khoa-hoc-than-kinh-neurosciences-va-dao-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/05\/khoa-hoc-than-kinh-neurosciences-va-dao-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh (neurosciences) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neurosciences) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>
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Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u00ean Ph\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n

T<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/span>rong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neurosciences) s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Francis Crick (gi\u1ea3i Nobel Y h\u1ecdc1962) v\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois Jacob (gi\u1ea3i Nobel Y h\u1ecdc 1965).<\/span><\/span>Theo Fran\u00e7ois Jacob, “Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua quan t\u00e2m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn acid nucleic v\u00e0 protein. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span>. Li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u0103ng?”.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Francis Crick c\u00f2n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n: “Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u1ecdc, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh”. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi James Watson n\u0103m 1953 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> sinh h\u1ecdc khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra m\u1eadt m\u00e3 gen qua c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ADN, \u0111\u00e3 30 n\u0103m sau chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> sang khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd do<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0, trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>, tinh vi<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? C\u00f2n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00f4ng phu<\/span>, r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> h\u01a1n trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt? V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng<\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u00e2m n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi bao nhi\u00eau h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span> n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Schopenhauer g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “chi\u1ebfc n\u00fat c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ea3i m\u00ea t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u00f9 d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, khi t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc (psychologie) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, tuy r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u01a1 s\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc (neurologie) m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi Andr\u00e9 V\u00e9sale, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, y h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> (psychi\u00e2trie) m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi, khi Philippe Pinel cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> th\u00e1o b\u1ecf g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb “\u0111i\u00ean” v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neurosciences) m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nay, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u0103m d\u00f2<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span>. N\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc “h\u1ed9p \u0111en” \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y g\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, trong l\u00fac ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> hay r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u1edf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t gia t\u0103ng<\/span> t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y (robot) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c hay xe l\u0103n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v.v.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u00fa \u00fd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>. N\u01a1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m n\u00e3o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7n “T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng” (Mind and Life Institute) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> n\u0103m 1987, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc chung quanh \u0111\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> th\u1ee9 14, Tenzin Gyatso, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00e2m n\u00e3o, t\u00e2m linh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u0103m 1987, \u0111\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7: “Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, xin qu\u00ed v\u1ecb h\u00e3y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t, xin h\u00e3y d\u1eady l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c”. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n b\u1ed5 t\u00fac th\u00eam: “\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u t\u01b0<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129, thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 ghi v\u00e0 \u0111o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o trong khi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3 (EEG) \u0111a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c, c\u1eaft l\u1edbp ph\u00e1t positons (PET-scan) v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> (fMRI).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, tuy c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p v\u00ec m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nay, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> hai b\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> xem x\u00e9t<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a neurosciences v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>
2- T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span><\/span><\/span>
3- T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>
4- Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span><\/span><\/span>
5- Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span>
6- Chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I. Neurosciences l\u00e0 g\u00ec ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng l\u1ebd<\/span> ra, neurosciences ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho neurologie, cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neuroanatomie), sinh h\u00f3a<\/span> h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neurobiochimie), sinh l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neurophysiologie), n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neuroendocrinologie), th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (neurosciences cellulaires), th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (neurosciences mol\u00e9culaires), v.v.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb neurosciences \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (neurosciences cognitives), m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f4n sinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neurobiologie) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc (psychologie), v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m n\u00e3o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc (nh\u01b0 l\u00fd, h\u00f3a, v.v.).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (sciences cognitives) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed (psychologie b\u00e9havioriste), thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m (psychologie exp\u00e9rimentale) th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u1ee9ng x\u1eed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, m\u00f4n t\u00e2m n\u00e3o h\u1ecdc (neuropsychologie) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> cao c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 sau c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi neurosciences.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m (neurosciences affectives), \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc m\u1eb7c ni\u1ec7m (neurosciences contemplatives) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span> (psychanalyse) \u0111ang b\u1ecb lung lay \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Sigmund Freud, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span>, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> n\u0103m 1914: “Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (organique) l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec Freud \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> sang y h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> ra ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span>…
<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

II. T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1) H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qui ho\u1ea1ch gen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i ph\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gen (g\u00e9nome), g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ec3 (chromosomes), tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c gen. Trong su\u1ed1t<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i thai, b\u1ed9 gen ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, qui \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span>, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, v\u00e0 ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00e3o, nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> (connexions) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chung c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t<\/span> c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gen ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Hox, chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, trong khi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gen ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn lao v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u trong n\u00e3o (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00f3 s\u1ee3i) \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2) \u1ede lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, khi m\u1edbi sinh ra n\u00e3o ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 30 % tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn (trong khi \u1edf lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 l\u00e0 75 %), nh\u01b0ng gia t\u0103ng<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhanh, g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn sau 4 n\u0103m. L\u00fd do<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 n\u01a1 ron (c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m \u0111i), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> n\u01a1 ron m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u00eam \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3) Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00e1c :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, n\u00e3o lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i (so v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3). Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, n\u00e3o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> (m\u00e9tabolisme) cao nh\u1ea5t, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5<\/span> 20 % oxy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, trong khi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 2 % c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n th\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ecf n\u00e3o (cortex) l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n (lobe frontal), chi\u1ebfm 1\/3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng gia t\u0103ng<\/span>, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, lo\u00e0i c\u00e1, lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, lo\u00e0i chim, r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa, b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p (nh\u01b0 chu\u1ed9t, m\u00e8o), r\u1ed3i b\u1eadc cao (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9), cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> t\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc thang ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay khi so s\u00e1nh<\/span> s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi (pr\u00e9hominiens) v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ecd t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t nhanh, t\u1eeb Australopithecus (3 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, kho\u1ea3ng 500 cm3), t\u1edbi Homo erectus (800 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, kho\u1ea3ng 1000 cm3), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> t\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> Homo sapiens (200 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, kho\u1ea3ng 1400 cm3).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n (cortex pr\u00e9frontal), chi\u1ebfm 3,5 % di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u1ecf n\u00e3o \u1edf lo\u00e0i m\u00e8o, 7 % \u1edf lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3, 11,5 % \u1edf lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 Rhesus, 17 % \u1edf lo\u00e0i tinh tinh (chimpanz\u00e9), v\u00e0 29 % \u1edf lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh v\u1ecf n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u00e0m cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/span> l\u00ean so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4) \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o l\u00e0 n\u01a1 ron (neurone), t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e3o lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ec9 n\u01a1 ron, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi (r\u00e9seaux) n\u01a1 ron, th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n-h\u00f3a (signaux \u00e9lectro-chimiques) t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c xinap (synapses).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>, s\u1ed1 n\u01a1 ron kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng gia t\u0103ng<\/span>: trong khi giun C. elegans ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 300 n\u01a1 ron, s\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 20 ng\u00e0n, ru\u1ed3i 250 ng\u00e0n, ong 850 ng\u00e0n, chu\u1ed9t 40 tri\u1ec7u. Voi v\u00e0 c\u00e1 voi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 200 t\u1ec9 n\u01a1 ron, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thua lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> r\u1ea5t xa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5) Vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a xinap trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Xinap ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi<\/span> nhau: d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span>, th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0ng (potentiel de membrane) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01a1 ron tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> (potentiel d’action) truy\u1ec1n qua s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c (axone) t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t xinap. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c t\u00fai (v\u00e9sicules) ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neuro-transmetteurs) th\u1ea3 ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> xinap (espace synaptique). C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y g\u00e2y n\u00ean, n\u01a1i n\u01a1 ron sau, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i n\u01a1 ron c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 1000 \u0111\u1ebfn 10000 xinap, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ec9 xinap.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xinap l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00ean hay t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng, g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01a1 ron, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o (neuroplasticit\u00e9). C\u00e1c xinap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, trong khi c\u00e1c xinap \u00edt d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y, theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc “d\u00f9ng th\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ecf” (use it, or loose it), m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft Darwin \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u1edd ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span> t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n, sau khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n tai bi\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> sanh ra v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> do b\u1ed9 gen qui \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi sanh ra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span>, nh\u1eefng xinap kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, do nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o kh\u00e1c nhau, do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> chung quanh, do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span>, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. Theo Joseph Ledoux, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, “Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xinap c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta” (We are our synapses).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neuro-transmetteurs) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hormon<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> trung gian<\/span> (neuro-m\u00e9diateurs) nh\u01b0: ac\u00e9tylcholine, adr\u00e9naline, noradr\u00e9naline, dopamine, s\u00e9rotonine, glutamate, GABA, endorphines, v.v., b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan<\/span> nh\u1eadn (r\u00e9cepteur) ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Noradr\u00e9naline, endorphines, endocannabin\u1ecddes v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 dopamine, \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ban th\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span>. S\u00e9rotonine c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span>, trong b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m \u0103n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (d\u00e9plaisir), hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nhau, gi\u1eef th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c hormon, qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3i (hypothalamus) v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean (hypophyse). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng hormon n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> (fonctions vitales) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7) Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> m\u1edbi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean t\u1eed thi<\/span>, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o trong khi m\u1ed5.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee5p c\u1eaft l\u1edbp vi t\u00ednh (CT scanner), r\u1ed3i c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1eeb (MRI), c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 80 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90, th\u0103m d\u00f2<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> cao.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle) n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra l\u00e0m 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– a\/ \u0110o l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (d\u00e9bit sanguin local) b\u1eb1ng PET-scan (c\u1eaft l\u1edbp ph\u00e1t positons, positons emission tomography), v\u00e0 fMRI (c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span>, functional magnetic resonance imaging). V\u00f9ng n\u00e0o l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u c\u00e0ng cao, th\u00ec v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– b\/ \u0110o \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng (champ \u00e9lectrique) b\u1eb1ng EEG (\u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3, electroencephalo-graphy), ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng (champ magn\u00e9tique) b\u1eb1ng MEG (t\u1eeb n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3, magnetoencephalo-graphy), ph\u00e1t ra do s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01a1 ron. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111o th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u00e2y n\u00ean (ERP, event related potential) b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u01b0u, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– PET-scan: \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ea5p (4-8 mm); th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111o kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u (1 ph\u00fat – 1 ph\u00fat r\u01b0\u1ee1i); kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n (v\u00ec ti\u00eam ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– fMRI: \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> cao (1 mm), c\u00e0ng cao khi nam ch\u00e2m c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh; th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111o tuy ng\u1eafn (1 gi\u00e2y) nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 d\u00e0i so v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u01a1 ron.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– EEG: \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p; t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t nhanh so v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u01a1 ron (v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ms). Mu\u1ed1n t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i<\/span>, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c (124 – 256), v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m “\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ngu\u1ed3n” (localisateur de source), nh\u1eb1m \u0111o s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. M\u1ed7i m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau.
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III. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>, trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi v\u1ecb, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>…<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 s\u1edf d\u0129<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00e1c m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh, kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, bi\u1ebft kh\u00f3c, c\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn, y\u00eau gh\u00e9t, v.v., nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 : t\u1eeb r\u0103ng, v\u00fa, th\u1ee7y tinh<\/span> th\u1ec3, h\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, cho t\u1edbi th\u1eadn, tim nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/span>… nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia thay n\u00e3o b\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o gi\u1ea3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1ea3? \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p th\u1eadn, gh\u00e9p tim, gh\u00e9p ph\u1ecfi, gh\u00e9p gan…, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gh\u00e9p n\u00e3o, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, khi ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span>, hay l\u1ea5n \u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> n\u1ed5i.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac? V\u00e0 trong “tam \u0111\u1ed9c”, th\u00ec \u00edt ra “tham” v\u00e0 “s\u00e2n” c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>…<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 do r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, t\u1eeb lo l\u1eafng<\/span> (anxi\u00e9t\u00e9), tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m (d\u00e9pression), cho t\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t (schizophr\u00e9nie).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1) C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> cao ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t trong c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 (H\u00ecnh 1):<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n (cortex pr\u00e9frontal), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00f9ng b\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa (ventro-m\u00e9dian),<\/span><\/span>
– h\u1ed3i \u0111ai (gyrus cingulaire) tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau,<\/span><\/span>
– th\u00f9y \u0111\u1ea3o (insula),<\/span><\/span>
– h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3i (hypothalamus),<\/span><\/span>
– trung n\u00e3o (m\u00e9senc\u00e9phale) v\u00e0<\/span><\/span>
– c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o (pont).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– ami\u0111an hay h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n (amygdale), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, n\u1eb1m hai b\u00ean s\u00e2u trong n\u00e3o, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u1ec1n. Ami\u0111an \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 (hippocampe) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan<\/span> h\u00ecnh d\u00e0i n\u1eb1m ngay ph\u00eda sau ami\u0111an, li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span>. H\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 stress sau ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng (stress post-traumatique). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 teo h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i m\u00e3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng vi\u1ec1n (circuit limbique), \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (H\u00ecnh 2).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, tuy r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n \u1edf lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (basiques), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Derek Denton g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u (primordiales): nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3i, thi\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1i, thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec3u-\u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n, d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span> sinh s\u1ea3n… c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft “tam-nh\u1ea5t n\u00e3o” (cerveau tri-unitaire) c\u1ee7a Paul Mc Lean, tuy r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi<\/span>. Theo \u00f4ng, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> : b\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 “n\u00e3o lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t” (cerveau reptilien), \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 “n\u00e3o lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa c\u0169” (pal\u00e9o-mammalien), v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 “n\u00e3o lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa m\u1edbi” (n\u00e9o-mammalien). Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn, c\u00e1i nghe, c\u00e1i ng\u1eedi, v.v. ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u0103m d\u1ecda<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong hai c\u00e1ch: “ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y” (fight or flight).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn), m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u1ea7m), m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i h\u00f4i<\/span>), hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m (nh\u01b0 gi\u1eabm l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt m\u1ec1m), \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> x\u1ea9y ra r\u1ea5t nhanh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00f4ng tin \u0111i t\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u0103m d\u1ecda<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn, h\u00ecnh con r\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00ecnh r\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> ra b\u1edfi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u00f3 hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>: m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u00e0i : con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ng\u1eafn nhanh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4 h\u01a1n, \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ecb v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span>; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u00e0i ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01a1n, \u0111i qua v\u1ecf n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tim \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh, h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp, to\u00e1t m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i<\/span>, \u0111au qu\u1eb7n b\u1ee5ng…) do s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh-th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (neuro-v\u00e9g\u00e9tatif), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c” nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, khi n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, th\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> “ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ec7nh \u00e1m \u1ea3nh<\/span> s\u1ee3 (phobie), s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n, ami\u0111an v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ch\u00fang v\u00e0 b\u1edfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span>. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u00e2n l\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u01a1 ron, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i m\u00e3, ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb \u0111i (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3)!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2) Vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n trong<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n chia ra l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n (H\u00ecnh 3): ph\u1ea7n sau l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (moteur) v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (pr\u00e9moteur), ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n (pr\u00e9frontal). Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t trong, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i \u0111ai (gyrus cingulaire).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n (cortex pr\u00e9frontal) kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> (H\u00ecnh 4).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra l\u00e0m 3 ph\u1ea7n: tr\u00ean, gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span>, th\u00ec chia ra l\u00e0m 5 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> h\u01a1n: ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng b\u00ean (dorso-lat\u00e9ral), ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee5ng b\u00ean (ventro-lat\u00e9ral), ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa (ventro-m\u00e9dian), ph\u1ea7n h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft-tr\u00e1n (orbito-frontal), v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc (polaire).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o b\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa (ventro-m\u00e9dian) \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> t\u1ed5n v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc (polaire) c\u1ee7a th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> h\u00f3a (planification), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3i chung, s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> (motivation) v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, trong khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ami\u0111an. Hai vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 tuy kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1edfi h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefa: h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn trong b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y hay trong m\u1ed9t h\u00f2m k\u00ednh s\u1ebd g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau), trong khi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ami\u0111an, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ami\u0111an. Ami\u0111an k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay lo l\u1eafng<\/span> (anxi\u00e9t\u00e9), b\u1ecb stress sau ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m (d\u00e9pression), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed7i khi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefagia t\u0103ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n b\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ami\u0111an m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3) S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eadc cao (primates sup\u00e9rieurs), hai v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– v\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n (cortex pr\u00e9frontal) tr\u00e1i trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> (\u00e9motions positives),<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– v\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> (\u00e9motions n\u00e9gatives).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c, khi v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n tr\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> vui v\u1ebb<\/span>, y\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi, khi v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, ch\u00e1n \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Ho\u1eb7c khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n vui t\u00ednh<\/span>, d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh; khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n<\/span>, \u1ee7 d\u1ed9t<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span> n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n xem b\u00f3i<\/span> tay, l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vi<\/span> hay l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 chi. C\u1ee9 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t EEG \u0111a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ngay!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>: vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> (temp\u00e9rament, humeur)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> m\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m n\u00e3o. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do gen, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> ri\u00eang: ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n vui v\u1ebb<\/span>, l\u1ea1c quan<\/span>, y\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1ee7 d\u1ed9t<\/span>, bi quan<\/span>, ch\u00e1n \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>; ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00fac vui, l\u00fac bu\u1ed3n. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sau m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u1eb7ng, b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t n\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay m\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhanh: ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng sau l\u00e0 vui v\u1ebb<\/span> ngay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span>, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi quan<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> than v\u00e3n<\/span> trong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 sinh<\/span> l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> vui\/bu\u1ed3n, qui \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi gen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf “ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i” (fonction de r\u00e9tablissement), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u00e3o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, sau khi b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 g\u00e2y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nhanh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ami\u0111an k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> (v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>) v\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n tr\u00e1i k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecf ra<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i<\/span>, l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Khi c\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cortisol trong m\u00e1u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Cortisol l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hormon b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn (surr\u00e9nales), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi n\u00e3o. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> g\u00e2y stress x\u1ea9y ra, cortisol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 trong m\u00e1u t\u0103ng cao nh\u01b0ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhanh \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u1ede nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cortisol cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 (hippocampe). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh stress sau ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng sau c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, sau stress, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o chuy\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean, t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ung th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5) Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (intelligence \u00e9motionnelle)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nay, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span>, theo c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim” (sagesse du coeur), m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (intelligence \u00e9motionnelle). Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> (quotient intellectuel, QI), m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (quotient \u00e9motionnel, QE).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> ra l\u00e0 th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc Antonio Damasio \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Phineas Gage, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean xe l\u1eeda M\u1ef9, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t thanh s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> s\u1ecd \u00f4ng, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n hai b\u00ean. Sau khi tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m<\/span>, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n: t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00ednh kh\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u01b0a b\u1ee1n c\u1ee3t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span> ai. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span> \u00f4ng v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft thu x\u1ebfp<\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span>. H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng tr\u00e1n (syndrome frontal) \u00f4ng m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6) N\u01a1 ron g\u01b0\u01a1ng (neurones miroirs)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90, Giacomo Rizzolati v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0110H Parma, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng ghi l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01a1 ron v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1ecf. Khi con kh\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u00f4ng l\u00e0m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i ph\u1ec9 (noisette), th\u00ec nh\u00f3m n\u01a1 ron v\u00f9ng tr\u00e1n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 khi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u1ea5m tr\u00e0), ho\u1eb7c nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb (nh\u01b0 tay \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00e9n tr\u00e0), hay m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> (nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y ch\u00e9n tr\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng u\u1ed1ng), th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t (v\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>), tuy c\u00f3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> “n\u01a1 ron g\u01b0\u01a1ng”, x\u1ea9y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> \u1edf lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt, cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng: quan s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> (percevoir) m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span> c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc nhau (kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec con kh\u1ec9, hay con v\u1eb9t!). N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a phim \u1ea3nh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u00ean thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u00e3o n\u00e0y qua t\u00e2m n\u00e3o n\u1ecd qua nh\u1eefng n\u01a1 ron g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau…<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


IV. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t ra th\u00ec c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1) S\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: “Nh\u00e2n th\u00e2n nan \u0111\u1eafc, Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> nan v\u0103n” (Th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> kh\u00f3 nghe). Trong Kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa<\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span> con r\u00f9a m\u00f9<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ecdng c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, hi h\u1eefu<\/span> khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi: “Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdng c\u00e2y \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng nh\u1ecf, n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n, tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con r\u00f9a m\u00f9<\/span> n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n<\/span>, m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1edbi tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o<\/span> con r\u00f9a m\u1edbi chui \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdng c\u00e2y?” Sanh ra l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, hi h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7<\/span> (pa\u0111\u0111a), \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (bodhi).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> hi h\u1eefu<\/span>: t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tinh tr\u00f9ng (tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u tinh tr\u00f9ng) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t no\u00e3n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> tr\u1ee9ng r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i-thai, \u0111\u1ebfn khi sinh ra th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>, qua bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> may m\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan<\/span> tinh vi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 g\u1ed3m 100 t\u1ec9 n\u01a1 ron, h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ec9 xinap, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n…<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00ean trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fd “duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi”, hay “v\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean” (paticca-samuppada). “C\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia sinh, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t, v.v.”. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu (“inter-\u00eatre”) c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>, hay bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> hay th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/span>, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi<\/span> nhau (“interconnect\u00e9”). H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, nh\u00e2n, b\u00f3 s\u1ee3i, ch\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, c\u01a1 quan<\/span> nh\u1eadn, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ngang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ecdc \u0111an d\u00edu v\u00e0o nhau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (holistique) v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi (metta, karuna) r\u1ea3i t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1eady trong Kinh T\u1eeb Bi<\/span>: “Nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 hi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span> con m\u1ed9t, D\u00e1m hy sinh<\/span> b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> cho con, V\u1edbi mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i \u00e2n c\u1ea7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, L\u00f2ng \u00e1i t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 b\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 non”, v\u00e0 Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>: “C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> ra t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1eeb thai, t\u1eeb n\u01a1i \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p<\/span>, hay h\u00f3a sinh<\/span>, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu s\u1eafc<\/span> hay v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ta d\u1eabn v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n”. L\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (kho\u1ea3ng 3 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m), c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 gen bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> d\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u: v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 30000 gen. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gen, th\u00ec lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> c\u00e1c gen (h\u01a1n 98 %). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chu\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau 300 gen; ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 l\u1edbn (nh\u01b0 tinh<\/span> tinh, kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9t) gi\u1ed1ng nhau 99 % gen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u00e0 con<\/span>, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1 ron h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh<\/span> h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> h\u01a1n, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4) T\u00e2m-n\u00e3o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u1edf t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“T\u00e2m (mano) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7, t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3” (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span>, 1).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“D\u0129 t\u00e2m vi t\u00f4ng, d\u0129 v\u00f4 m\u00f4n vi ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00f4n” (L\u1ea5y t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, l\u1ea5y c\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u1eeda Ph\u00e1p)(Kinh L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0<\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p” (Kinh L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam<\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>) v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, do s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> n\u01a1 ron.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (anicca), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na<\/span> (ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a gi\u00e2y) m\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 (ngay c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7), do nh\u1eefng xinap lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5i thay. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m-n\u00e3o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo<\/span> (plasticit\u00e9), linh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gen c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i thay, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0y qua th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ta, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ta<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (anatta), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span> bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. C\u00e1i “ta” ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp<\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a 5 u\u1ea9n (khanda, agr\u00e9gats), l\u00e0 s\u1eafc (rupa, forme), th\u1ecd (vedana, sensations), t\u01b0\u1edfng (sa\u0111\u0111a, perception), h\u00e0nh (sankhara, volitions), v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (vi\u0111\u0111ana, conscience).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> (sensations), tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> (perception), \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> (volitions), c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (\u00e9motions), ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> (langage), k\u00fd \u1ee9c (m\u00e9moire),v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ea9y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o kh\u00e1c nhau, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng do s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1edbi (formation r\u00e9ticulaire) trong th\u00e2n n\u00e3o. Nh\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “ta” (ego, self), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m<\/span> n\u00e0o trong n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i “ta”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7) C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ec5 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hay b\u1ecb \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, do v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (avijja) l\u00e0m v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> trong s\u00e1ng<\/span> s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9ng huy\u1ec5n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> hay c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“S\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng […] th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> di\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb” (B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u00e0m s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng, giai th\u1ecb h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng” […] “Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p<\/span>, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng huy\u1ec5n b\u00e0o \u1ea3nh<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u01b0ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span> qu\u00e1n” (Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, s\u1ef1 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i thay, b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span>, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span> (illusions optiques) v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> x\u1ea9y ra, th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (interpr\u00e9t\u00e9) b\u1edfi n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> tr\u00ean v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c \u0111i t\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o nh\u00ecn, r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m ms tr\u00f4i qua<\/span>. \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. H\u00e9raclite \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: ” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eafm hai l\u1ea7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng “. Th\u1eadt ra, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eafm, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1eeba m\u1edbi m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eafm xong, th\u00ec d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c r\u1ed3i; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eafm c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i l\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i tr\u00ean da \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i thay…<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o “nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt”. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi t\u00e2m-n\u00e3o, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8) T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> (\u00e9motions) trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (dukkha). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span> (kilesa), mang l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t (akusala), ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba c\u00e1i r\u1ec5 (mula) l\u00e0 tham (lobha), s\u00e2n (dosa), v\u00e0 si (moha).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf l\u00ean tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> (intelligence \u00e9motionnelle).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9) \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> (volitions)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p (kamma-cetana) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00ec theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd<\/span>, v\u1eabn t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o: c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i… Do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> “n\u01a1 ron g\u01b0\u01a1ng”, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m-n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo l\u1eddi d\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby tham, s\u00e2n, si. “Tu l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p” l\u00e0 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi HT Thanh T\u1eeb. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. “Chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a” c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo<\/span> do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c xinap nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n t\u0103ng n\u01a1 ron, v\u00e0 trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11) N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Khu\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: “M\u1ed9c trung nguy\u00ean<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ecfa, H\u1eefu h\u1ecfa, h\u1ecfa ho\u00e0n sanh. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb m\u1ed9c v\u00f4 h\u1ecfa, To\u1ea3n to\u1ea1i h\u00e0 do manh?”(Trong c\u00e2y v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, C\u00f3 l\u1eeda, l\u1eeda m\u1edbi b\u1eebng, N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u1eeda, C\u1ecd x\u00e1t do \u0111\u00e2u b\u1eebng?). \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span> “S\u1eafc b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb s\u1eafc. S\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb s\u1eafc”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng v\u1eady. V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 trong than, d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda, h\u01a1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng (E = mc\u00b2) hay d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh vi m\u00f4, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu. Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u01a1 ron, qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u00fd h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12) T\u00e2m (mental) v\u1edbi n\u00e3o (cerveau) l\u00e0 hai hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i “ta” t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, do s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn quen ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ra l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n : tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u (s\u1eafc) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n sau (th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, hai c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, n\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u1ed1t tu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u1ed9t khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>), th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> th\u00e0nh n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>, tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp<\/span>, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i<\/span>. L\u00fd “v\u00f4 ng\u00e3”, “duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi” c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1ecb bi\u00ean<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m hay n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi, hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea9y l\u00ean<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Ngay t\u1eeb 1802, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p Cabanis \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>: “N\u00e3o ti\u1ebft ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gan ti\u1ebft ra m\u1eadt”. Ng\u00e0y nay, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Sir John Eccles (Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Y h\u1ecdc 1963), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0o. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 Derek Denton (\u0110H Melbourne), “T\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u00e3o l\u00e0m” (The mind is what the brain does).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, khi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 n\u00e3o kh\u00e1c nhau, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m trong n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 “\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a” l\u00e0 n\u00e3o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai li\u00ean quan<\/span> ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> (Nagarjuna): “b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau; hay c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Na Ti\u00ean<\/span> (Nagasena): “na ca so, na ca a\u0111\u0111o” (kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1eady).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> theo “trung \u0111\u1ea1o” n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. D\u00f9 sao, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A) V\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> quan :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea9y ra b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, do nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span> t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y qua ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m cho t\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> homo sapiens (200000 n\u0103m), theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00fd – h\u00f3a v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do b\u1ed9 gen, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng do kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B) V\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Trong Kinh, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ta d\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> : \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”. T\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c<\/span>, gi\u00e1c tha<\/span>, c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00e1nh 8 n\u1ebbo, 3 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span> h\u1ecdc “gi\u1edbi (sila), \u0111\u1ecbnh (samadhi), hu\u1ec7 (pa\u0111\u0111a)”, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m<\/span> (nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Tu B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1<\/span> trong Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>: “\u01afng v\u00e2n h\u00e0<\/span> tr\u1ee5, v\u00e2n h\u00e0<\/span> h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c<\/span> k\u1ef3 t\u00e2m?”). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> “ph\u1ea3n quan t\u1ef1<\/span> k\u1ef7”, theo tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba<\/span> c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o<\/span> (upaya-kusala), \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, sinh v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, th\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n<\/span> lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, trong khi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tia laser t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


VI. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady, do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi, v\u00ec:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1) nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> cao c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2) thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span>; v\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3) thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> “thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh” trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Do Th\u00e1i<\/span>, Ky T\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/span>…), tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng. V\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>, nh\u01b0 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction), m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn sau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c<\/span> li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau \u0111\u00e2y :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1) Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn nay<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd (attention), l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 2000 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed7i n\u0103m tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, hay ni\u1ec7m (sati), l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> “ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m” (samma-sati) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m n\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 Kinh T\u1ee9<\/span> Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9<\/span> (Satipatthana sutta) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> pali. Theo ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t” (ekkayano maggo), l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t H\u01b0u (Ikkyu), thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i L\u00e2m T\u1ebf<\/span> (Rinzai), th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 15, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef: Ni\u1ec7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> n\u00e0i n\u1ec9<\/span> xin ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft th\u00eam cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u00ean vi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Ni\u1ec7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> t\u1ecf n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span>: “Th\u01b0a Th\u1ea7y, v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t”. Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u00ean vi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 ba. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> bu\u1ed9t mi\u1ec7ng: “Ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec, h\u1edf Th\u1ea7y?”. V\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>: “Ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m”…<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span> trung ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n quan<\/span> s\u00e1t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– Trong thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span> trung ch\u00fa \u00fd (m\u00e9ditation concentrative, focus attention), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi samatha (ch\u1ec9), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt (hay m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span> (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span>) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– Trong thi\u1ec1n quan<\/span> s\u00e1t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> hay t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span> (m\u00e9ditation ouverte, open monitoring) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vipassana (qu\u00e1n), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng theo d\u00f5i<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1eebng l\u00fac m\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng fMRI, Brefczynski-Lewis v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1<\/span> (2007) nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span> trung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o nh\u00ecn (cortex visuel, li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa \u00fd); v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n l\u01b0ng b\u00ean (cortex pr\u00e9frontal dorso-lat\u00e9ral, li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 theo d\u00f5i<\/span> ch\u00fa \u00fd); r\u00e3nh tr\u00e1n tr\u00ean (sulcus frontal sup\u00e9rieur) v\u00e0 r\u00e3nh trong \u0111\u1ec9nh (sulcus intra-pari\u00e9tal, c\u1ea3 hai li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> thi\u1ec1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u00edt h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea7u kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> thi\u1ec1n (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 40000 gi\u1edd), so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> thi\u1ec1n h\u01a1n (kho\u1ea3ng 19000 gi\u1edd), d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ch\u00fa \u00fd, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span> trung. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u00ean n\u00ean bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> trong khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* Davina Chan v\u00e0 M. Woollacott (2007) d\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c Stroop (t\u00e2che de Stroop)(xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1) \u0111o ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> (attention ex\u00e9cutive) sau khi thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m giao thoa (interf\u00e9rence) tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c Stroop. Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> EEG tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span> trung d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 “ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng” (d\u00e9automatisation) nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> (v\u1ecf n\u00e3o vi\u1ec1n \/ tr\u00e1n), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd (orientation).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> kh\u00e1c, Heleen Slagter, Richard Davidson v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1<\/span> (2007) l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean hai nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, 17 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean v\u00e0 23 t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean, nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n trong 10-12 g m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> 3 th\u00e1ng nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5t<\/span>, nh\u00f3m sau ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n 20 ph\u00fat m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong 1 tu\u1ea7n. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f3a thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i kh\u00f3a. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 th\u00f4ng tin (k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u00ecn) c\u00e1ch nhau<\/span> m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9<\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea9y ra n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft ch\u00fa \u00fd” (attentional blink), do n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ee9 2 v\u00ec c\u00f2n \u0111ang x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean d\u1ea7y c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai th\u00f4ng tin, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef<\/span> l\u1ea1i cho th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ee9 2. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea9y xa nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin b\u1edfi n\u00e3o b\u1ed9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* Antoine Lutz, Richard Davidson v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1<\/span> (2004) d\u00f9ng EEG nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u0103ng s\u0129 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb 10000 t\u1edbi 50000 gi\u1edd, trong 15 t\u1edbi 40 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u0103ng s\u0129 ngay sau khi<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ec1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb bi<\/span>, nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (oscillations) gamma cao t\u1ea7n (>20 Hz). Nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gamma n\u00e0y bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 (amplitude) r\u1ea5t cao (v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c \u00b5v) v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng tr\u00e1n – \u0111\u1ec9nh b\u00ean (fronto-pari\u00e9tal lat\u00e9ral). \u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gamma \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> gamma n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e0y (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> 40 Hz) trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a (synchronisation) c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u00f3m n\u01a1 ron (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi n\u01a1 ron) \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> (xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 2 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh 5).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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