{"id":7692,"date":"2020-12-05T04:49:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:49:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/05\/khao-sat-can-ban-trung-quan-luan-tung\/"},"modified":"2020-12-05T04:49:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T21:49:05","slug":"khao-sat-can-ban-trung-quan-luan-tung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/05\/khao-sat-can-ban-trung-quan-luan-tung\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u1ea3o S\u00e1t C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

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KH\u1ea2O S\u00c1T C\u0102N B\u1ea2N TRUNG QU\u00c1N LU\u1eacN T\u1ee4NG<\/span><\/span> <\/span>

B\u1ea3n Anh: Kenneth \u00a0K. Inada. N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, <\/span>
A Translation of his M\u016blamadhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101 with an Introductory Essay <\/span>
B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch Nhu\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"trung-quan-luan\"

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L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/strong>: C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (M\u016blamadhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7<\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span>. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> hay h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00e0o khi mu\u1ed1n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span> tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 sau, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec9nh cao n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> vun b\u1ed3i, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng sinh kh\u00ed<\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> khi h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eb1m cung \u1ee9ng<\/span>, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam cho vi\u1ec7c tham c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00f3i chung c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Kenneth K. Inada, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/span> Universal of New York at Bufallo, qua t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, A Translation of his M\u016blamadhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101 with an Introductory Essay. S\u00e1ch do Hokuseido Press \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u0103m 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1eaaN LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> (s: N\u0101g\u0101rjuna; 150-250) \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u00c1 ch\u00e2u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang h\u00e0nh h\u00f3a<\/span>. Ngay c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, Ng\u00e0i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Cho d\u00f9 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0o mang t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> qua kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ngay l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Sau Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> cho v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>,[1] R\u0101hulabhadra,[2] nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1edbp h\u1eadu du\u1ec7<\/span> k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e2m th\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, Trung Hoa, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> tr\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc si\u00eau xu\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1eadn c\u0103n g\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1eabn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> si\u00eau xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng qua h\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. V\u00e0 trong c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t vinh danh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, ngang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai<\/span>. N\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai,[3] lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> v\u1ecb T\u1ed5 khai s\u00e1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Trung Hoa, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/span> cao t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span> h\u00f3a v\u00e0 in d\u1ea5u kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o<\/span> quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. D\u00f9 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng t\u00edn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh<\/span> mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>. Nay \u0111\u00e3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ea7n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ec7ch, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m giao thoa quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> b\u1ecb che ph\u1ee7 trong s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span> (Mah\u0101sa\u00f1ghika) ho\u1eb7c Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span> (Sautr\u0101ntika), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi sinh th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0\u00a0 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n<\/span> t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ngay th\u1eddi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong d\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span> gi\u1ea3, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1ecb l\u00fang t\u00fang<\/span> trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00f3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (M\u016blamadhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ta th\u1ea5y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Do b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 thi k\u1ec7, r\u1ea5t s\u00fac t\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng, n\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nh\u00ecn qua c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> trong ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng k\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u00fac t\u00edch<\/span> b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang cho gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span> gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 hay hay<\/span> d\u1edf, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c<\/span>, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c<\/span>, ch\u1eafc th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7[4]\u2019 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi do v\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, Kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>,[5] b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>. Kinh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XII sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 cao si\u00eau nh\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00fac t\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft tinh qua 5 ho\u1eb7c 6 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n sinh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n<\/span>, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1edd \u01a1<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecf qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, ng\u00e2n vang cao t\u1ed9t v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (Abhidharma). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> nay c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, d\u00f9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> hay \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Trung Hoa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 18 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>[6] tranh c\u00e3i nhau<\/span> ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ra nh\u1eefng tinh tu\u00fd v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong\u00a0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng n\u00f3i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n thay, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai b\u1ed9 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh[7] m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> g\u00e1n cho<\/span> b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o trong 18\u00a0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00ecn s\u01a1 qua hai b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 7 quy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung b\u00ean trong th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 u\u1ea9n (skandha), x\u1ee9 (\u0101yatana), gi\u1edbi (dh\u0101tu), ph\u00e1p (dharma)[8] v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> – kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebf. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00ec t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma.[9] Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau hay c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh<\/span> mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nghi\u00eam t\u00fac m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> qua h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p (dharma) khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> danh x\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> hay mang t\u00ednh \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span>[10] trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh (e: metaphysical). Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y qua chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Warren khi \u00f4ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> dhamma (s: dharma) l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u2019 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u2018ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1i th\u1ec3[11].\u2019 Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> tr\u00ean, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1edf ng\u00f5 cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n suy x\u00e9t<\/span> ch\u00ednh ch\u1eafn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u00eau h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 20, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> theo sau<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc ngay c\u1ea3 trong khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u0103n, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng v\u1ee1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, r\u1ea5t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed[12] n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft phi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed[13] v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Trong khi \u1ea5y, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> dharma\u2013elements of being l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga Th.Stcherbatsky \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Stcherbatsky ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch elements of existence c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span>. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh,[14] \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> sau: \u2018pluralistic whole, separate elements, plurality of separate elements, pluralism and radical pluralism,\u2019 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> Stcherbatsky d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb b\u00ed l\u1ed1i khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>\u00a0 trong k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cNh\u01b0ng, cho d\u00f9 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (dharma\u2013elements of being) sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u1eadn c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span>. Ph\u00e1p (th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u2013dharma elements of being) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec! N\u00f3 r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf! Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (dharma-svabh\u0101va) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 vi di\u1ec7u<\/span>.[15]\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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Stcherbatsky bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 minh x\u00e1c<\/span> m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> mang t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> (th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, dharma\u2013elements of being) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u mang t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> theo sau<\/span>.[16] Do v\u1eady n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> cho thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0 sangh\u0101\u1e6dav\u0101da: b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>.[17] Trong t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef v\u0101da c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef – ism trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> g\u00ec khi chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0 \u1edf thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> sangh\u0101\u1e6da. Ng\u1eef c\u0103n trong ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li l\u00e0 sangh\u0101\u1e6deti, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>[18]\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>… m\u00e0 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00e0 qua t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>… ho\u1eb7c qua t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> n\u00f3 r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span>. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> (ph\u00e1p – dharma) trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ma tr\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1eadp<\/span> lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. (Xem Ph\u1ea9m 20, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> m\u1ecdi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh theo thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady).<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> (monism), kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Yog\u0101cara-vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101da) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Tan-tra th\u1eeba[19] c\u1ea3 \u1edf trong l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, Nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Monism), trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc<\/span>, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh hay huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng trong kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u2018tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh – absolutism\u2019 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 qua c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> mang t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Nh\u01b0<\/span> Lai (Tath\u0101gata), Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span> (Dharmak\u0101ya), \u1ee8ng h\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span> (Nirma\u1e47a-k\u0101ya), Th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng th\u00e2n<\/span> (Sambhogakaya), T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015a\u016bnyat\u0101), Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (Prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da), v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nirv\u0101na) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (First principles), do v\u1eady n\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span>. S\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> n\u00e0o khi nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>; ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> t\u1ef1 c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh – absolutism – \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ef1c trong ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>[20] c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ai d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i<\/span> vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> (monism) ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh – absolutism. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i ngay l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> hay g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0o theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> c\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i xa x\u00f4i v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c n\u00e0o cho nh\u1eefng ai nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m mong c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span>.[21] Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n r\u1ea5t cao nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch<\/span> hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u2018m\u1edbi\u2019 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, Ng\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> sau m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1edf ri\u00eang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u0169ng 6 hay 7 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua<\/span> gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>) v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2-3 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>),\u00a0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt s\u1ef1<\/span> mang t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u0103m d\u00f2<\/span>, b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh 18 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n[22] gi\u1eefa Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>[23] (bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 t\u00e2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span>)[24] v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>; th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> \u1ea5y, ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> s\u01a1 khai<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span> h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>… nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> sau n\u00e0y. N\u1ed9i dung kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t[25] b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> (karu\u1e47\u0101), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span>. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> khi ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t thi ca<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng trong s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> c\u00e1i t\u00e2m duy l\u00fd. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng theo t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> (ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span>) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span> ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m, lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n,[26] thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> (sukha) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> (asukha), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101). Trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/span> trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> (Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 S\u016btras), gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u2018s\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng – s\u1eafc t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng – \u015b\u016bnya\u2019. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> (sattva), c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (j\u012bva), c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> (\u0101tman) hay B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la (pudgala), c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p (dharma) ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>.[27] S\u1ef1 truy t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng (voidness), m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5p,[28] v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.[29] \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00f4 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/span>[30] m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00f3i, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi thuy\u1ebft \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> (radical pluralism) v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u00e0 ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span>. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft H\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u015b\u016bnya c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015b\u016bnyav\u0101da). \u015a\u016bnya c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, r\u1ed7ng l\u1eb7ng… th\u1ebf n\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t<\/span> T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i hay h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng.[31] \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ph\u1ea1m. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> ho\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00fd \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> h\u1ecdc, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec, trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u1eb7c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eafc ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u1ea1i vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn, khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 g\u00e1n bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1eef trong t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n che ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span>.[32] \u015a\u016bnya (kh\u00f4ng) ho\u1eb7c \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 (t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1edf t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> Nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>[33] v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>.[34] C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu \u1ea5y, d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh x\u1eed mang t\u00ednh gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ea1n, c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf<\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb. V\u1eady n\u00ean s\u1ebd sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi quy k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u2018th\u00e2n\u2013physical\u2019 ho\u1eb7c \u2018t\u00e2m-mind\u2019. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>\u00a0 nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng b\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean<\/span> (monistic) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean s\u1ebd sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u00e2m \u00fd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p,[35] v\u00ec to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n \u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng su\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> l\u00ed l\u1ebd sau c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> – \u015b\u016bnya, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng – \u015b\u016bnya ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> – \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> kh\u00e1c, r\u1ea5t quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn (negativism).[36] D\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng- \u015b\u016bnya d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 bao h\u00e0m ki\u1ebfn quan ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khinh su\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn (negativism) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c trong T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn. V\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n theo c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, do v\u1eady, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 cho c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Tam ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n<\/span>[37] n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u00e0 ba nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (anitya), v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (an\u0101tman) v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (du\u1e25kha). C\u1ea3 ba \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (anitya) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Heraclit,[38] kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ecdi kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n l\u00e0, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i qua<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc\u00a0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> qua n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan[39] hay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>,[40] l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> mang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng quy chi\u1ebfu x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ea cung r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ma tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i ba trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. N\u00f3 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan (non-objectified). Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (non-\u0101tman).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau c\u00f9ng, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u1ed5 (du\u1e25kha) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong ngh\u0129a r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u2018th\u00e2n\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018t\u00e2m\u2019. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> t\u1ef1 h\u1eafn ta tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span>[41] ho\u1eb7c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/span>[42] th\u00ec th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn ta m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>. Tham \u00e1i<\/span> ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh sang t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 (kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span> – du\u1e25kha nirodha) c\u00f3 ngay khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (bodhi).[43]<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ai n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> khi ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0 anh ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean khinh su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (M\u0101dhyamika), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> (Madhyam\u0101-pratipad). V\u00ec Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t xa c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> xa hoa<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da). Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 sau: nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> (causal genesis), thuy\u1ebft 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>\u00a0 (theory of the twelve causes), chu\u1ed7i 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> (twelve-fold causal chain), duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> (arising from conditional causes), duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (dependent origination, dependent coorigination, dependent existence, conditional origination), t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (relativity) v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (principle of universal relativity). C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00f2ng quay chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>[44] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i trong t\u1ea1ng Nikay\u0101 ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, nh\u01b0 Trung b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> (Majjhima Nik\u0101ya II, 32), T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> (Samyutta Nik\u0101ya II, 28) [45], tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2018…C\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3<\/em>
C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng<\/em>
C\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia sinh<\/em>
C\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t…\u2019<\/em><\/i>[46]<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong ph\u1ea9m XXVI c\u1ee7a C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> (ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span>) m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> h\u00e0m \u00fd nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi ph\u1ea7n<\/span> (a\u1e45ga) trong chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, khi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m mang t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1edfi ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span> gi\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span>, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u2018khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lu\u1eadn (relativistic), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i trong c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u \u2018kh\u00f4ng gian – spatially\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018th\u1eddi gian – temporally\u2019 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> b\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111ang tham d\u1ef1<\/span> th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> trong khi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u00ec v\u1eabn t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da), n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan (relational origination). Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> trung t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0m \u00fd b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u ngang v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> xa l\u1ea1<\/span> n\u00e0o l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc do s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan (relational) t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf cho<\/span> c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 – subject\u2019, v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> – origination l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 do to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, Th. Stcherbatsky xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span> v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Einstein. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 lan nhanh kh\u1eafp h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i g\u00e1n cho<\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh.[47] C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i r\u1ea5t xa \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tinh t\u00fay<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 trong ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span> (psycho-analysis). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gen di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> qua c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> u\u1ea9n (skandha), x\u1ee9 (\u0101yatana), gi\u1edbi (dh\u0101tu) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p (karma) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u1ecb lai<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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[1] Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u8056 \u5929; S: \u0101ryadeva; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0, Ka-na \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0, \u0110\u01a1n nh\u00e3n \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 (s: k\u0101\u1e47adeva). \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> (s: m\u0101dhyamika), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> sinh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 15 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \u2018\u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft\u2019 (K\u0101\u1e47adeva). Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Tan-tra xem Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 84 v\u1ecb Ma-ha T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> (s: mah\u0101siddha). Ng\u00e0i sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan<\/span>. Thay v\u00ec nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m quan th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Hermadeva. Ng\u00e0i sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, theo h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb<\/span> Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span>. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0, Ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ra\u1e45gan\u0101tha, Ki\u1ebfn-ch\u00ed (K\u0101\u00f1c\u012b).<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Catu\u1e25\u015bataka), g\u1ed3m 400 c\u00e2u k\u1ec7, v\u1edbi suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. T\u1eadp B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u015aata\u015b\u0101stra) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thu g\u1ecdn<\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 b\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u0169ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> l\u1edbn trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Trong t\u1eadp B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[2] La-h\u1ea7u-la b\u1ea1t-\u0111\u00e0-la (s: R\u0101hulabhadra) \u7f85\u777a\u7f85\u8dcb\u9640\u7f85.\u00a0 G\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 La-h\u1ea7u-\u0111a-la \u7f85 \u777a\u7f85\u591a. L\u00e0 v\u1ecb T\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 16 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh \u1edf Th\u00e0nh Ca-t\u00ec-la \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m ma<\/span> \u68b5\u6469. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. V\u00e0o tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1edf ch\u00f9a Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. Theo h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i th\u1ecd C\u1ee5<\/span> t\u00fac gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> M\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 \u5c0a\u8005\u9ed1\u8005(t: Nag-po) h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba<\/span>. Sau theo T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> V\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u7121\u5206\u5225 \u5c0a \u8005 (Rnam-par mi-rtog-pa) h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u1eeba<\/span>, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u00fd ch\u1ec9 Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span>. Theo T\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 15 l\u00e0 Ca-na-\u0111\u1ec1-b\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. Khi T\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0 s\u1eafp vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o<\/span> thuy\u1ebft T\u00f9y t\u00e2m<\/span> (t: s\u00f1i\u1e45-pohi don-gyi bstan-pa) c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5. Sau Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p<\/span> cho ng\u00e0i T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 Nan-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[3] \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb Th\u00edch Ca<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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[4] E: no man\u2019s land<\/span><\/p>\n

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[5] B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a kinh<\/span> \u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u7d93; S: praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-s\u016btra; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ma-ha B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a kinh<\/span>. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng 40 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> (s: vaipulya-s\u016btra). Nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n trong d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y c\u00f2n trong d\u1ea1ng Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> (Sanskrit). Trong b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec hai t\u1eadp Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a kinh<\/span> (s: vajracchedik\u0101-praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-s\u016btra) v\u00e0 Ma-ha B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a t\u00e2m kinh<\/span> (s: mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-h\u1e5bdaya-s\u016btra) l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u1eef. B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o khoa r\u1ea5t cao, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> v\u0103n h\u1ec7 P\u0101-li. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khai th\u1ecb cho Tu-b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (s, p: subh\u016bti), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Linh Th\u1ee9u (s: g\u1e5bdhrak\u016b\u1e6da). Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 b\u00e1t thi\u00ean t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (s: a\u1e63\u1e6das\u0101hasrik\u0101) \u2013 c\u00f2n\u00a0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m<\/span> b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 \u2013 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> g\u1ed3m 8000 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb 300-100 000 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span>. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra \u0111\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 179.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> trong B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u0103n Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1.Adyardha\u015batik\u0101-praj\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101: B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 l\u00ed th\u00fa ph\u1ea7n; 2.A\u1e63\u1e6das\u0101hasrik\u0101-p: B\u00e1t thi\u00ean t\u1ee5ng<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 hay Ti\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3;<\/span><\/p>\n

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3.Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-h\u1e5bdaya: Ma-ha B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a t\u00e2m kinh<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

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4.Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012bparivarta-p = Sapta\u015batik\u0101-p: V\u0103n-th\u00f9 S\u01b0 l\u1ecb s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span> kinh, g\u1ecdi ng\u1eafn l\u00e0 V\u0103n-th\u00f9 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 kinh;<\/span><\/p>\n

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5.Pa\u00f1cavi\u1e43\u015batis\u0101hasrik\u0101-p: Nh\u1ecb v\u1ea1n ng\u0169 thi\u00ean<\/span> b\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 kinh ho\u1eb7c Ph\u00f3ng quang<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3;<\/span><\/p>\n

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6.\u015aatas\u0101hasrik\u0101-p: \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 s\u01a1 ph\u1ea7n;<\/span><\/p>\n

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7.Suvikr\u0101ntavikr\u0101m\u012bparip\u1e5bcch\u0101-p = S\u0101rdhadvis\u0101hasrik\u0101-p: Th\u1eafng Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span> kinh;<\/span><\/p>\n

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8.Vajracchedik\u0101-p = Tri\u015batik\u0101-p: Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[6] The History of Buddhist Thought c\u1ee7a E.J. Thomas. 1953.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[7] X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn\u00a0 \u820d\u5229\u5f17\u963f\u6bd8\u66c7\u8ad6 \u015a\u0101riputr\u0101bhidharma-\u015b\u0101stra, 30 quy\u1ec3n. C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m \u820d\u5229\u5f17\u963f\u6bd8\u66c7, do \u0110\u00e0m-ma-da-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0m-ma-qu\u1eadt-\u0111a h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> quy\u1ec3n 28, n\u1ed9i dung gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> danh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>, th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 T\u1eadp d\u1ecb m\u00f4n t\u00fac lu\u1eadn trong L\u1ee5c t\u00fac lu\u1eadn<\/span>. L\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[8] The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of\u00a0 Dharma. Th. Stcherbatsky. India, 1956<\/span><\/p>\n

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[9] A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u963f\u6bd7\u9054\u78e8; S: abhidharma; P: abhidhamma; T: chos mngon pa; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u00e0m (\u963f\u6bd7\u66c7). D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span>, Th\u1eafng ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Th\u1eafng ph\u00e1p<\/span> (\u52dd\u6cd5) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 V\u00f4 t\u1ec9 ph\u00e1p<\/span> (\u7121\u6bd4\u6cd5), v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t (abhi) tr\u00ean c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p (dharma). T\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 ba trong Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. T\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span> l\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, xem nh\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 3 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>. L\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 400 v\u00e0 450 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> (p: therav\u0101da), c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> (s: sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da)… A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i Kinh<\/span> (s: s\u016btra; p: sutta). A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt-\u00e2m (\u4f5b\u97f3; s: buddhagho\u1e63a) ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u1ec7 P\u0101-li v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> 7 b\u1ed9. A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma\u00a0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> (Sanskrit) v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> (\u4e16\u89aa; s: Vasubandhu) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u963f\u6bd7\u9054\u78e8\u4ff1\u820d\u8ad6; S: Abhidharmako\u015ba-\u015b\u0101stra, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018B\u00e1u v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma\u2019,\u00a0 \u2018Th\u00f4ng minh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u901a\u660e\u8ad6); B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> (s: vasubandhu) so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 5 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ea1i Kashmir. A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u963f\u6bd7\u9054\u78e8\u5927\u6bd7\u5a46\u6c99\u8ad6; S: Abhidharma-mah\u0101vibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn<\/span> ho\u1eb7c T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn<\/span>. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn<\/span> do 500 v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp do vua Ca-n\u1ecb-s\u1eafc-ca (s: Kani\u1e63ka) \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e0n-\u0111\u00e0-la (s: Gandh\u0101ra) \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span> (s: J\u00f1\u0101naprasth\u0101na-\u015b\u0101stra) c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e0-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni t\u1eed (s: K\u0101ty\u0101yan\u012bputra), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch sang H\u00e1n ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[10] E: Pluralism or Pluralistic.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[11] E; Elements of existence, elements of being.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[12] E. Atomistic.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[13] E: non-atomistic.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[14] Central\u00a0 conception,\u00a0 The\u00a0 Conception Of Buddhist Nirv\u0101na, Buddhist Logic (I,II).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15] Ibid.; p. 63<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16] Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span> nh\u01b0 The Central Philosophy of Buddhism c\u1ee7a T.R.V. Murti; \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t trung th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Stcherbatsky khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1ec1 Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> The Yog\u0101c\u0101ra Idealism c\u1ee7a Ashock Kumar Chatterjee, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> duy th\u1ef1c \u201cc\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c\u201d; T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111ang l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> Philosophy of N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong b\u1ed9\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0 Mah\u0101-praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-\u015b\u0101stra c\u1ee7a\u00a0 K. Venkata.<\/span>
Ramanan, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Buddhist Though in India c\u1ee7a Edward Conze.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[17] E: Union of combination union.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18] E: Binding together; P\u0101li\u2013English Dictionary c\u1ee7a\u00a0 TW. Rhys David,\u00a0 P\u0101li Text Society, 1921-1925.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19] Tantric tradition, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>, M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20] \u1ea8n d\u1ee5<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u00fang m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eafn t\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e2y cung n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn ra m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>\u00a0 li\u00ean quan<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Xem Majjhima Nik\u0101ya; Kinh 63, C\u016b\u1e37a-Malu\u1e45kyasutta.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[21] D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u00a0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> kh\u00e1c theo ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[22] Summum bonum; (s: nirv\u0101\u1e47a).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[23] Hinay\u0101na.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[24] Therav\u0101da.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[25] e: sameness; s: samat\u0101, tathat\u0101.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[26] E: common everyday life (sa\u1e43sar\u0101),\u00a0 uncommon enlightened life (nirv\u0101\u1e47a).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[27] Animitta, alak\u1e63a\u1e47a.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[28] Agr\u0101hya\u2013non-grasping.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[29] E: Personal experiental components (s: pudgala-\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101); personal ideational components (s: dharma-\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[30] Anupadhi\u015be\u1e63a-nirv\u0101\u1e47a-dh\u0101tu.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[31] Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (e: nihilistic; s: n\u0101stika) b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span>, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00ed do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> ng\u00e3 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, tr\u1eeb phi<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015b\u016bnyav\u0101da) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> Harsh Narain \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> – absolute nihilism\u2019 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lu\u1eadn (Absolutisme) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Absolutic monism).\u2019 (\u015a\u016bnyav\u0101da: A Reinterpretation.\u201d Philosophy East and West). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Narain \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u1edbn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau hay ch\u0103ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

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[32] EJ. Thomas cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> h\u1ecd v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span> mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span>, m\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>.\u201d (The History of Buddhist Thought; op. cit. p, 218).<\/span><\/p>\n

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[33] E: Physical tainting; s: j\u00f1ey\u0101vara\u1e47a.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[34] E: Conceptual tainting; s: kle\u015b\u0101vara\u1e47a.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[35] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span> (Yog\u0101c\u0101ra-vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101da), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/span>. A-l\u1ea1i-da th\u1ee9c<\/span> (\u0101layavij\u00f1\u0101na) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/span> t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho c\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> (ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span>) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> \u0111\u00fang hay nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng \u2018th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> – physical\u2019 trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> – b\u012bja l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[36] \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> b\u1edfi AB. Keith trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0 Buddhist Philosophy in India and Ceylon, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1923.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[37] three seals of the dharma.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[38] Heraclit (Heraclitus) l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p. S\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 535-475 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 On Nature (peri phuseos), g\u1ed3m 3 cu\u1ed1n, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> Ionian. L\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u0103n xu\u00f4i<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[39]e: Non-objectified self.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[40] e: Non self ; s: an\u0101tman.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[41] S: up\u0101d\u0101na; e: objectified attachments).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[42] S: \u0101vara\u1e47a; e: covering.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[43] N\u00f3i chung, ph\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a du\u1e25kha l\u00e0 sukha, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span>, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span>, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> an l\u00e0nh<\/span>. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ea7y, sukha \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[44] E: Cycle, wheel<\/span><\/p>\n

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[45] T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[46] Kinh Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span> thuy\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[47] C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u00fd<\/span> ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u00ean kia v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0m \u00fd trong \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u1ea7y. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> hay c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00ean nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ec7nh, trong khi b\u00ean kia thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 phi t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong ph\u1ea9m I, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean (stict causality), s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean<\/span> (causal element), v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 duy\u00ean<\/span> (causal connection), v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u2018kh\u00e1c\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> (e: reality; s: tattva).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Th. Stcherbatsky \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft hoa khi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da)\u00a0 l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u00ednh hay Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00ean h\u00e0m \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span>. R\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb<\/span> khi l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng TRV. Murti trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> The Central Philosophy of Buddhism \u0111\u00e3 theo l\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Th. Stcherbatsky m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> (ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o) \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a\u00a0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 (Nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span>) qua Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n: Ph\u1ee5 b\u1ea3n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> s\u1ed1 03<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (M\u016blamadhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101). Nguy\u00ean<\/b> t\u00e1c: Kenneth K. Inada<\/b> (Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> PBNCPH s\u1ed1 03 v\u00e0 h\u1ebft)<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ebf n\u00ean gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i Ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 \u2018tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n\u2019 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea9n<\/span> ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di),[1] b\u1edfi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, d\u00f9 sao n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c (yath\u0101bh\u016btam).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc (logician) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p (dialectician) tuy\u1ec7t lu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1eeb n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>.[2] C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>.[3] N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span> vai tr\u00f2<\/span> ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00ed tr\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u2018th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u2019 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1.[4] \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu<\/span> ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> m\u00ecnh, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u00e2m – v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> (psycho-physical) trong to\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. T\u01b0 duy<\/span> s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span>, thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> h\u01a1n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 5 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, \u00fd (mind) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00e2n th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n – t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 – kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. D\u00f9 s\u1edbm hay mu\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u00ean \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u00e0y t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p[5] b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p (Greek), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tranh c\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> ho\u1eb7c tranh c\u00e3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do<\/span>; th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> hay l\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0n c\u00e3i<\/span>; th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u00f3 \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> (dialectic destructive), trong khi c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1ng l\u1eadp (dialectic constructive). Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> g\u00e1n cho<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng (pros and cons) v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> (ph\u00e1 r\u1ed1i) v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i\u00a0 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f9ng nhau; v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u00ecm ra<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng.[6] \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u1ea1i sao Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i – M\u0101dhyamika pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika), tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/span> b\u1edfi ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt H\u1ed9<\/span> (Buddhap\u0101lita) v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (Candrak\u012brti), kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span> (ultimate absurdity). Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 song h\u00e0nh bao xa c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> hay bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai? Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> hay l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eebng c\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1i kia \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hai lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn? Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 l\u1eadp<\/span> lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i (M\u0101dhyamika Sv\u0101tantrika) do ng\u00e0i Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (Bh\u0101vaviveka) l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7<\/span>.\u00a0 Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn l\u00fd gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb[7] v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0o. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u00ean La-h\u1ea7u-la-b\u1ea1t-\u0111\u00e0-la (s: R\u0101hulabhadra) l\u1ea1i b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n trong s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span>. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ch\u1eb3ng nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec n\u1eefa<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i thuy\u1ebft T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015a\u016bnyav\u0101da). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hay bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p theo nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> duy l\u00fd. \u0110\u00fang ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018hu\u1ec7 nh\u00e3n\u2019,[8] l\u00e0 di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, m\u1edf toang ra, v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101), trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ngay trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng phu<\/span> nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111ang manh nha trong t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 (praj\u00f1\u0101) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0y trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> theo m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh<\/span> cho kinh B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a<\/span> (praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-s\u016btra), b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Do v\u1eady Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e0y. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span>.[9]<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/span> danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span>, \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> lu\u1eadn (radical pluralist), h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> lu\u1eadn, nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec th\u1eed h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i? D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Tuy t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>,\u00a0 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>,[10] nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1edfi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span> cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u2018nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn\u2019 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. V\u1ec1 sau, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u1edbi Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 khi k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta.[11] Kinh ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 do tr\u00e1nh xa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>. C\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> g\u00ec? C\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span> theo thuy\u1ebft duy th\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> xa hoa<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 truy t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng xa hoa<\/span> h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>,[12] trong khi ph\u00eda kia th\u00ec mong c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t (self-abnegation) v\u00e0 t\u00ednh khi\u00eam h\u1ea1 (self-effacement), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, c\u1ee7a\u00a0 thuy\u1ebft h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span> (nihilism) v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span>.[13] Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span>, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan h\u00f3a hay th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u00f3a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span>, ph\u00eda kia l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u1ec3<\/span>. V\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> (up\u0101d\u0101na; e: grasping, clinging) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a (objectified) trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> h\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> (anta) t\u1eeb c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn (s: d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di; e: viewpoint) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span> \u1ea5y b\u1ecb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u00f3a, b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh chung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i qua \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt…, m\u1ecdi l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, theo ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/span>, s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1edb h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ea7y nh\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 khi con ru\u1ed3i b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00f4 canh. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i ch\u00fang theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng dung h\u1ee3p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 \u2018c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u2019.[14] Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0… trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> dung h\u1ee3p hay n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i.\u00a0 Th\u1ebf n\u00ean Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bao h\u00e0m b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn, si\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t, thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft<\/span>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tinh t\u00fay<\/span> cao t\u1ed9t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd \u2018c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u2019 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. D\u00f9 kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y, ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span>, r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> sang c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y, C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, l\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i<\/span>, sai l\u1ea1c<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span>. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> sau khi b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (tattva).[15] Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e9p ng\u1eef c\u00fa h\u1ecdc (phraseology) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra, th\u00ec ph\u00e9p \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng.\u2019[16] V\u00e0 \u2018ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\u2019 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u00c1 ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng\u2019.[17] Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> \u2018lu\u1eadn l\u00fd\u2019 (logic) ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng – \u015b\u016bnya\u00a0 l\u00e0\u00a0 n\u1ed9i dung th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh (c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p – dharma) v\u00ec t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> (duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> – prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> (r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>[18] v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu (pr\u0101sa\u1e45ga), v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai\u00a0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> (Ph\u1ea9m XXIV, k\u1ec7 8,9). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u2018t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u2019 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m (sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti-satya)[19] v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u2018si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t\u2019 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (param\u0101rtha-satya).[20] N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn (ontological understading). C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u2018nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn\u2019 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u01a1i th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> – \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101\u00a0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m.[21] \u00dd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da). N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> (\u0111\u1ebf – satya). N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (bh\u0101va)[22] v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ph\u00e0m tr\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span>, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>\u00a0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> (sa\u1e43s\u0101ric) v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (nirv\u0101\u1e47ic) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t (Ph\u1ea9m XXV, k\u1ec7 19,20). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti; e: empirical), nh\u01b0ng quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> t\u00e2m ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span> (mental elements) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> khung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span>. D\u00f9 d\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. T\u00e2m l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c ho\u1eb7c t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u2018g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng\u2019 (nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span> h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. L\u00e0m sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i Nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m? C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00ean n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00eda kia th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> (an\u0101tman), V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (anitya), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span> (kh\u1ed5 – du\u1e25kha). D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ecdi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> (s: d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di; e: concept) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Do t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc<\/span> t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ecdi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0 (M\u016blamadhyamaka) \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> (no-position). Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (Candrak\u012brti) trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> minh c\u00fa lu\u1eadn<\/span> (19.1-19.7) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0 (M\u016blamadhyamaka) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ed9 ra, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Trong H\u1ed3i tr\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Vigrahavy\u0101vartani), k\u1ec7 29, ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> hay lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra, do v\u1eady n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ecdi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m: th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span> trong lu\u1eadn l\u00fd hay trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> mang t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> hay kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1ef1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi nghi\u00eam t\u00fac kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. N\u1ed9i dung to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> chu \u0111\u00e1o trong lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> (Candrak\u012brti), m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0o do b\u1edfi<\/span> duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang trong nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

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anirodham anutp\u0101dam anucchedam a\u015b\u0101\u015bvata\u1e43 |<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 sinh, kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 \u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/p>\n

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anek\u0101rtham an\u0101n\u0101rtham an\u0101gamam anirgama\u1e43 ||<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.[23]<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ean B\u00e1t b\u1ea5t trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.[24] Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh; m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p theo duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> (prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da). V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00ed tr\u00ed<\/span>, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh: ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, do duy\u00ean sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (tattva) b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef (b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span>[25] c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, v\u00ec lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span>\u00a0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m<\/span> theo c\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i<\/span> v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span>[26] khi nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. C\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (bhava) – h\u1eefu.<\/span>
2. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (abh\u0101va)[27] – v\u00f4.<\/span>
3. V\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> .<\/span>
4. Ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>, d\u00f9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hay tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai. Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn quan lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span> xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>. N\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00f3 khi nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span> lu\u1eadn. (Xem Ph\u1ea9m XXVII, Qu\u00e1n t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span>.)<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>,[28] th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 duy\u00ean<\/span>,[29] s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean<\/span>,[30] t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean<\/span>.[31]. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span> (sa\u1e43t\u0101na) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt hay kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 sinh (svatah), ch\u1eb3ng sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c (paratah), ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ed9ng sanh, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eb3ng sanh t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3.[32] Th\u1ebf n\u00ean Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb song lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> (hetupratyaya-apek\u1e63a) v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>; \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, sinh, \u0111o\u1ea1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng… (ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span>) trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qua c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. L\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Madhyamaka; c: Chung-lun) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp.[33] Ng\u00e0i Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span>[34] \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, nay b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c.[35] B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Madhyamaka) n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015a\u016bnyav\u0101da) \u1edf Trung Hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i T\u0103ng Tri\u1ec7u<\/span>,[36] \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh<\/span>,[37] v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1edfi Tr\u00ed T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.[38] T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 sau n\u00e0y, Tam lu\u1eadn huy\u1ec1n ngh\u0129a<\/span>,[39] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015a\u016bnyav\u0101da) \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span> sau n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch song th\u1ebf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> ph\u00e1 t\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n ch\u00e1nh<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c<\/span> (hay ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n), ngay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> hay l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0<\/span>. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t.<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t<\/span>. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u1eadt t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m (prapa\u00f1ca)[40] \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 khi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span>. Quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng k\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Sanskrit m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u015b\u016bnya v\u00e0 \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101, v\u00ec trong ti\u1ebfng Anh kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sai l\u1ea1c<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span> ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea9m m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span> \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o d\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> th\u01a1 ng\u00e2y<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 l\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> su\u1ed1t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. M\u1ecdi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ph\u00e1p – dharma, \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, thi\u00ean tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. V\u1eabn l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, d\u00f9 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung quanh m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Do s\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n khi gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015a\u016bnyav\u0101da). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0i n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n<\/span> trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, xin \u0111\u01b0a ra hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 k\u00e8m theo. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda<\/span>\u00a0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee9 hai chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> v\u1ec1 C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e1m b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>,[41] nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o, th\u00ec s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 10. T\u00ean c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> (ch\u1eef in nghi\u00eang) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit hay ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015a\u016bnyav\u0101da). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Sanskrit. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> (vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101da) v\u00e0 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015a\u016bnyav\u0101da). Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 2, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>,[42] An Hu\u1ec7<\/span>,[43] \u0110\u1ee9c Hu\u1ec7<\/span>,[44] H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>,[45] v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>[46] \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[1] e: viewpoint; H\u00e1n: \u898b<\/span><\/p>\n

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[2] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T.R.V.Murti tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. Trong trang 9, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[3] Trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sau \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> (Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>), c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hay Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (e: ultimate reality; s: tattva) ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[4] T.R.V.Murti n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201cS\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>\u00a0 – The Conflict of Reason\u201d, \u201cS\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n – Criticism\u201d, \u201cT\u01b0 duy s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3\u00a0 – Reflective awreness of things\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i\u00a0 – M\u0101dhyamika prasa\u1e45gika\u00a0 (ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng lu\u1eadn – ad absurdum), nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 Quy m\u1eadu lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[5] S: dialectik\u0113;\u00a0 e: dialectic.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[6] reductio ad absurdum.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[7] ad absurdum; s: pr\u0101sa\u1e45ga-v\u0101kya; e: logic of deduction.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[8] e: eye of wisdom; \u6167\u773c<\/span><\/p>\n

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[9] Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Nh\u1ecb b\u00e1ch ng\u0169 thi\u00ean<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 t\u1ee5ng (Pa\u00f1cavi\u1e43\u015batis\u0101hasrih\u0101\u00a0\u00a0 praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 ; e: The 25.000 Verses praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 s\u016btra). T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean Mah\u0101 praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101-\u015a\u0101stra v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span> – Ta-chih-tu-lun \u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6. Taish\u014d XXV, No.1509<\/span><\/p>\n

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[10] M\u0101dhymaya-pratipad; e: Middle path<\/span><\/p>\n

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[11] e: The Sutra on the Exposition of the Buddhist Dharma or Truth. Xem T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> (Samyutta-nik\u0101ya) IV, 329 v\u00e0 V, 420 – \u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93 Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n kinh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[12] S: (\u015b\u0101\u015bvata-v\u0101da); e: permanency and eternality.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[13] S: Uccheda-v\u0101da; e: annihilationism.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[14] e: vision of the real in its true form.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[15] H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch:\u00a0 \u0111\u1ebf \u8ae6<\/span><\/p>\n

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[16] Way of\u00a0 \u015b\u016bnya.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[17] Logic of\u00a0 \u015b\u016bnya.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[18] ki\u1ebfn – d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di<\/span><\/p>\n

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[19] sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti-satya; c\u00f2n \u00a0g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, Th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[20] param\u0101rtha-satya: c\u00f2n\u00a0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0 Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>,\u00a0 Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[21] Empirical nature of truth: Th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[22] bh\u0101va: s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch: \u6709\u00a0 h\u1eefu, \u6709\u6027 h\u1eefu t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u5be6\u6027 th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u6709\u7269 h\u1eefu v\u1eadt, \u6709\u4f53 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span>, \u6709\u5be6\u4f53 h\u1eefu th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[23] H\u00e1n\u00a0\u00a0 \u4e0d\u751f\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6ec5,\u4e0d\u5e38\u4ea6\u4e0d\u65b7,\u4e0d\u4e00\u4ea6\u4e0d\u7570, \u4e0d\u4f86\u4ea6\u4e0d\u51fa<\/span><\/p>\n

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[24] The Eight Negation or The Eight Noes (\u4e0d)<\/span><\/p>\n

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[25] The \u2018either or\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

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[26] s: Catu\u1e63ko\u1e6dk\u0101; e: the four possibles<\/span><\/p>\n

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[27] abh\u0101va: s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n. H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch: \u7121 v\u00f4, \u7121\u6709 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span>, \u7121\u6027 v\u00f4 t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u7121\u5be6\u6027 v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/span>, \u7121\u6709\u6027 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u00ednh, \u7121\u7269 v\u00f4 v\u1eadt, \u7121\u4f53 v\u00f4 th\u1ec3<\/span>, \u7121\u6709\u4f53 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u1ec3, \u7121\u6709\u5be6\u4f53 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[28] Hetupratyaya: nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i. H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch: \u56e0\u7de3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[29] \u0100lambana: s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m ch\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng; duy\u00ean, s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>, c\u1ea3nh, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span>, s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span>. H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch: \u7de3 duy\u00ean, \u6240\u7de3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span>, \u7de3\u5c0d duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i; \u5883 c\u1ea3nh, \u5883\u754c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span>, \u6240\u7de3\u5883\u754c s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[30] Samanatara-pratyaya.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[31] Adhipati-pratyaya<\/span><\/p>\n

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[32] \u8af8\u6cd5\u4e0d\u81ea\u751f\u00a0 ,\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5f9e\u4ed6\u751f; \u4e0d\u5171\u4e0d\u7121\u56e0\u00a0 , \u662f\u6545\u77e5\u7121\u751f<\/span><\/p>\n

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[33] Kum\u0101raj\u012bva<\/span><\/p>\n

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[34] S: Pi\u1e45galanetra; Pi\u1e45gala: Th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span> Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00ed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[35] B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n trong \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u: Tn30 1564 [cf. Nos. 1565-1567]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[36] T\u0103ng Tri\u1ec7u \u50e7\u8087<\/span>; C: s\u0113ngzh\u00e0o; J: s\u014dj\u014d; 374 ho\u1eb7c 378-414; Cao t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tam lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span>, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, S\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u8087\u8ad6) v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u1ea1ng lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u5bf6\u85cf\u8ad6). S\u01b0 c\u0169ng so\u1ea1n b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a cho kinh Duy-ma-c\u1eadt, b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a cho kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m, b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a cho B\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh Tri\u1ec7u, xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> ngh\u00e8o. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1edbn n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/span>, Trang T\u1eed<\/span>. Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> k\u1ef9 quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/span>, S\u01b0 t\u1ef1 than: \u2018Hay th\u00ec hay l\u1eafm nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span>, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng.\u2019 Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh Duy-ma-c\u1eadt s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft (s: vimalak\u012brtinirde\u015ba-s\u016btra) \u2013 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp (s: kum\u0101raj\u012bva) \u2013 S\u01b0 hoan h\u1ef7<\/span> n\u00f3i: \u2018Nay m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 v\u1ec1!\u2019 S\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> T\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp t\u1ea1i C\u00f4 T\u00e0ng, xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo h\u1ecdc \u00fd ch\u1ec9. Sau khi C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span>, S\u01b0 c\u0169ng theo th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt. N\u01a1i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp, S\u01b0 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia do b\u1ed1n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u lu\u1eadn<\/span> (\u8087\u8ad6), g\u1ed3m\u00a0 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 v\u00f4 tri<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u822c\u82e5\u7121\u77e5\u8ad6), B\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u4e0d\u771f\u7a7a\u8ad6), V\u1eadt b\u1ea5t thi\u00ean lu\u1eadn (\u7269\u4e0d\u9077\u8ad6) v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00f4 danh<\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u6d85\u69c3\u7121\u540d\u8ad6). Trong \u0111\u00f3, S\u01b0 n\u00eau t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span>, ch\u00fang v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi nhau, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cao, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1edbi T\u0103ng Tri\u1ec7u<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0 mang m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u0169 t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> nh\u01b0 Long Th\u1ee5<\/span>, Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[37] \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh<\/span> \u9053\u751f, t\u1ee9c Tr\u00fac \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh<\/span> (\u7afa\u9053\u751f; 355\uff5e434); ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[38] Tr\u00ed T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, t\u1ee9c B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u4e0d\u7a7a\u91d1\u525b; C: b\u00f9k\u014dng j\u012bng\u0101ng; J: fuk\u016b kong\u014d; S: amoghavajra; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi ng\u1eafn l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (amogha), c\u00f2n mang hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed T\u1ea1ng<\/span> (\u667a\u85cf); 705-774; m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span> ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span> – song song v\u1edbi C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp, Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span>. S\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u1ecb T\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[39] T\u1ee9c Trung<\/span> Lu\u1eadn, B\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> T45. E: Profound Meaning of the Three Treatises.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[40] Prapa\u00f1ca.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[41] Akutobhaya.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[42] V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u7121\u8457; S: asa\u1e45ga; d\u1ecbch \u00e2m l\u00e0 A-t\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (\u963f\u50e7\u4f3d), d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf<\/span>, v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span>; ~ tk. 4. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> (yog\u0101c\u0101ra). Ng\u00e0i kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> (n\u0101g\u0101rjuna) v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> (s: sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da). T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Di-l\u1eb7c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span>. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng Di-l\u1eb7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ean Mai-tre-ya-na-tha (s: maitreyan\u0101tha).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo B\u00e0-tu B\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span> truy\u1ec7n (t\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> truy\u1ec7n) c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> (Param\u0101rtha), Ng\u00e0i sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ea3<\/span>, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> (Vasubhandu) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi em k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi em \u00fat c\u00f3 t\u00ean T\u00ec-l\u00e2n-tr\u00ec B\u1ea1t-b\u00e0 (viri\u00f1civatsa). C\u1ea3 ba anh em \u0111\u1ec1u tu h\u1ecdc<\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span>. Ri\u00eang Ng\u00e0i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ed Kh\u00f4ng (s: \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>. \u0110ang l\u00fac<\/span> th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea7u-la (Pi\u1e47\u1e0dola) \u0111\u1ebfn, d\u1ea1y Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n<\/span> ph\u00e9p Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i theo h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span> (s: \u1e5bddhi) l\u00ean \u0110\u00e2u-su\u1ea5t thi\u00ean<\/span> (s: tu\u1e63ita) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe \u0111\u1ee9c Di-l\u1eb7c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>. V\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai tin. Sau, Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i l\u00ean \u0110\u00e2u-su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ee9c Di-l\u1eb7c xu\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Di-l\u1eb7c gi\u00e1ng tr\u1ea7n, thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> Th\u1eadp th\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> (s: saptada\u015babh\u016bmi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 17 quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Du-gi\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn<\/span>) trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng. Trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ban ng\u00e0y th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Di-l\u1eb7c, ban \u0111\u00eam l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00ed<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ee5 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi em c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c cha, v\u1ed1n theo h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o l\u00ed<\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn l\u1eebng danh l\u00e0 A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 (abhidharmako\u015ba-\u015b\u0101stra). Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span> nghe l\u1eddi<\/span> khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, hai anh em tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> hai Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> t\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span> cho nh\u00e1nh Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[43] An Hu\u1ec7<\/span>; s:\u00a0 Sthiramati\uff0c\u85cf Blo-gros-brtan-pa, Blo-brtan. (794\uff5e868) Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, thu\u1ed9c Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span>, trong s\u1ed1 10 \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn ng\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/span> cho ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u7121\u76f8\u552f\u8b58 (s: Nir-\u0101k\u0101ra-vij\u00f1\u0101na-v\u0101din).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u1eebng 1100 n\u0103m. Ng\u00e0i sinh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc La-la, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ea1t-l\u1ea1p-t\u00ec, th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> x\u1ee9 Ph\u1ea1t-l\u1ea1p-t\u00ec, tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00e1c m\u00f4n Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n minh lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Theo Th\u00e0nh Duy th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn<\/span> thu\u1eadt k\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> 43\u00b7231) c\u00f3 ghi:\u00a0 \u2018Sthiramati, T\u1ea5t-s\u0129-la-m\u1ea1t-\u0111\u1ec3, H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 An Hu\u1ec7<\/span>, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span>, hay tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span>, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>… Th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Nh\u00e2n minh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, gi\u1ecfi kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i An Hu\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u00ean k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c Hu\u1ec7<\/span>, d\u01b0\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n cho ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> ng\u00e0i Nan-\u0111\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> h\u1ea5p thu s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u1ea7n-na. Ng\u00e0i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n, Tam ph\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong Nhi\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn<\/span> (s: Mah\u0101y\u0101na-sa\u1e43graha \u651d\u5927\u4e58\u8ad6), Bi\u1ec7n trung bi\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong Bi\u1ec7n trung bi\u00ean lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng, cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u2018h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u2019, trong hai ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> t\u1ee9c \u2018nh\u1ecb th\u1ee7\u2019, (ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c n\u0103ng th\u1ee7<\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea7n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf th\u1ee7<\/span> n\u00e0y); t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018hai th\u1ee9 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u4e8c\u53d6\u7121\u2019 (thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nan-\u0111\u00e0). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 T\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u1ea1i, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> Y tha<\/span> kh\u1edfi, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n gia<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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– Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 8 th\u1ee9c, nh\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, nh\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, ng\u00e0i An Hu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Do ng\u00e0i An Hu\u1ec7<\/span> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Sau khi truy\u1ec1n sang Trung Hoa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span>. N\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4ng<\/span> Trung Hoa c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

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– Ng\u00e0i An Hu\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Trung qu\u00e1n th\u00edch lu\u1eadn<\/span>, 9 quy\u1ec3n; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 th\u1eadt ngh\u0129a s\u1edb<\/span>, 5 quy\u1ec3n; \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma t\u1ea1p t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, 16 quy\u1ec3n; \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span> qu\u1ea3ng ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> lu\u1eadn, 5 quy\u1ec3n; Duy th\u1ee9c Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng th\u00edch<\/span> lu\u1eadn… Trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 th\u1eadt ngh\u0129a s\u1edb<\/span>, theo \u00f4ng B\u00e1 Hy H\u00f2a (P. Pelliot) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> khi khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2n tu \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> – T. 28). C\u00f2n b\u1ed9 Duy th\u1ee9c Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng th\u00edch<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> theo Duy th\u1ee9c Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, nay c\u0169ng do Ni B\u1ea1c Nh\u0129<\/span> ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u1ea7y. Cu\u1ed1n Duy th\u1ee9c Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng th\u00edch<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[44] \u0110\u1ee9c Hu\u1ec7<\/span>; S: Gu\u1e47amati\uff0cTib: Yon-tan blo-gros. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 10 v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span>, d\u1ecbch \u00e2m l\u00e0 L\u0169-n\u00e3-m\u1ea1t-\u0111\u1ec3, [44] C\u1ea7u-na-ma-\u0111\u1ec3. S\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V-VI. Tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u1ea1i gi\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>. Th\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecb<\/span> ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ma-\u0111\u1ea1p-b\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0, danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span>. Nh\u00e0 vua x\u00e2y ch\u00f9a, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> cho Ng\u00e0i r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh t\u00edn<\/span>. L\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> tr\u1ed1n sang n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 anh ki\u1ec7t, Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, qua ba b\u1eadn chi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0 h\u1ecd. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa tr\u00ec<\/span> Tu vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0. Danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span> r\u1ea5t cao, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ki\u00ean Hu\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a A-chi\u1ebft-la n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ea1t-l\u1ea1p-t\u00ec. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u00f3: T\u00f9y t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u96a8\u76f8\u8ad6, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00fa th\u00edch C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Trung lu\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1edb \u4e2d\u8ad6\u758f, v\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng th\u00edch<\/span> \u552f\u8b58\u4e09\u5341\u980c\u91cb. Trong \u0111\u00f3, hai cu\u1ed1n\u00a0 Tu\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c Tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. Trong \u0110\u1ea1i tang<\/span> kinh T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span> s\u01a1 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thuy\u1ebft<\/span> lu\u1eadn s\u1edb<\/span> \u7de3\u8d77\u521d\u5206\u5206\u5225\u8aaa\u8ad6\u758f (Prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101-d\u0101di-vidha\u1e45ga-nirde\u015ba-\u1e6d\u012bk\u0101) v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1edb \u89e3\u8aaa\u5982\u7406\u8ad6\u758f (Vy\u0101khy\u0101-yukti-t\u012bk\u0101), c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> 2 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[45] Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed9<\/span>\u00a0 (p: Dhammap\u0101la), phi\u00ean \u00e2m \u0110\u1ea1t-ma-ba-la \u9054\u78e8\u6ce2\u7f85, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0\u00a0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 A-x\u00e0-l\u00ea\u00a0 (\u0100c\u0101riya). L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 K\u0101\u00f1cipura (Ki\u1ebfn-ch\u00ed-b\u1ed5-la) \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00f2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1<\/span> (Mah\u0101-vih\u0101ra) c\u1ee7a T\u00edch Lan<\/span> \u932b\u862d, sau qua x\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1t-m\u1eadt-l\u1ea1p (Damila) \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Ph\u1ea1-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-th\u00ea-\u0111\u1ea1t (Padaratittha-vih\u0101ra)\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 theo h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 h\u1eadu b\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Gi\u00e1c \u00c2m (\u89ba\u97f3 s: Buddhaghosa) (c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ecd h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Tr\u1ea7n-na, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00fd<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>. Sau khi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Na-lan-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00fang<\/span> theo h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sau n\u0103m 29 tu\u1ed5i, ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n c\u01b0<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt. L\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> Lu\u1eadn ng\u00e0i Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> (s: Bhavaviveka) nghe ti\u1ebfng khen v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, li\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m, c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span>, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 ra \u0111i. Ng\u00e0i th\u1ecb t\u1ecbch<\/span> n\u0103m 32 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf ch\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[46] Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> \u7384\u5958; C: xu\u00e1nzhu\u01ceng; 600-664; c\u00f2n mang danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> l\u00e0 Tam T\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ea3 ba t\u1ea1ng. L\u00e0 cao t\u0103ng<\/span> Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>, m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, chuy\u00ean d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> s\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span> (sanskrit) ra ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4ng<\/span> (c: f\u01cexi\u00e0ng-z\u014dng), m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> (s: yog\u0101c\u0101ra, vij\u00f1\u0101nav\u0101da) t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Ph\u1ee5 b\u1ea3n Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> s\u1ed1 04<\/span><\/td>\n

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