{"id":7723,"date":"2020-12-05T05:51:53","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T22:51:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/05\/khao-ve-than-trung-am\/"},"modified":"2020-12-05T05:51:53","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T22:51:53","slug":"khao-ve-than-trung-am","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/05\/khao-ve-than-trung-am\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u1ea3o V\u1ec1 Th\u00e2n Trung \u1ea4m"},"content":{"rendered":"

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KH\u1ea2O V\u1ec0 TH\u00c2N TRUNG \u1ea4M<\/span><\/span> <\/span>

Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Kh\u1ea3o

N\u00e0y \u0100nanda, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng, \u00e1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhu\u1eadn \u01b0\u1edbt1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ngay c\u1ea3 khi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> T\u1ef3-kheo S\u0101ti, hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c2, T\u1ef3-kheo Ari\u1e6d\u1e6dha hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p3\u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem ra<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span>; m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7m, nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 manh nha v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. Do v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> d\u00e0i k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c: tr\u00ean 2.000 n\u0103m.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. Tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb, b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kinh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> (H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Nik\u0101ya), ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> nghi\u00eam t\u00fac kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>. Chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5m<\/span>, trung \u1ea5m<\/span> (Gandhabba<\/i>); ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ch\u1edd th\u1ecd sanh\u00a0(Sambhaves\u012b)<\/i>. Theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> nh\u1eb1m\u00a0ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1eeb sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u thai<\/span> ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span><\/i>4<\/sup><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Nik\u0101ya, t\u1eeb\u00a0Gandhabba\u00a0<\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0<\/i>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng P\u0101li<\/i>\u00a0(Buddhist\u00a0Dictionary of\u00a0P\u0101li Proper Names) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Gandhabba \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mang ngh\u0129a\u00a0<\/i>tatr\u016bpakasatta – tasmim ok\u0101se nibbattanako satto, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Gantabba<\/i>5<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u1eeb\u00a0Sambhaves\u012b,<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u0101li c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i A.P. Buddhadatta Mah\u0101thera gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>:\u00a0one who is seeking birth<\/i>6<\/sup>. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb\u00a0Sambhaves\u012b<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u0101li nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Rhys Davids d\u1ecbch:\u00a0(being)\u2026<\/i>\u00a0that seek to become;<\/i>\u00a0T\u1ef3-kheo Thanissaro d\u1ecbch l\u00e0:\u00a0(being)\u2026<\/i>\u00a0search of a place to be born<\/i>. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb\u00a0Sambhaves\u012b<\/i>\u00a0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> B\u1eedu Ch\u01a1n trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u0101li-Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch l\u00e0:\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00ecm n\u01a1i th\u1ecd sinh<\/i>.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm n\u01a1i th\u1ecd sanh<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trung gian<\/span>. \u1ede ngh\u0129a n\u00e0ySambhaves\u012b<\/i>\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i m\u1edf l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya, nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1 – Trong kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i kinh \u0110o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u00e1i<\/span><\/i>, s\u1ed1 38, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, khi n\u00e0o cha m\u1eb9<\/span> c\u00f3 giao h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 trong th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 thai, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5m<\/span> (Gandhabba) c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>; c\u00f3 ba s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec b\u00e0o thai<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/i>7<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>, trong\u00a0kinh Assal\u0101yana<\/i>, s\u1ed1 93, trong khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span> Asiata Devala c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0 T\u00f4n<\/span> gi\u1ea3, ch\u01b0 T\u00f4n<\/span> gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadp thai<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– Th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span>, ch\u00fang con bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadp thai<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eb9 cha ph\u1ea3i giao h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i trong th\u1eddi (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd sanh), h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5m<\/span> (Gandhabha) ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, ba s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span>, nh\u1eadp thai<\/span> m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0 T\u00f4n<\/span> gi\u1ea3, ch\u01b0 T\u00f4n<\/span> gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5m<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Khattiya, hay B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, hay Vessa, hay Sudda?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– Th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5m<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Khattiya, hay B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, hay Vessa, hay Sudda<\/i>8<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3y v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5m<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>\u00a0Assal\u0101yana<\/i>, s\u1ed1 93 thu\u1ed9c kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>\u00a0C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi\u00a0kinh<\/i>\u00a0Ch\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e3 t\u1ed9c\u00a0<\/i>(\u638c\u99ac\u65cf\u7d93)9<\/sup>\u00a0hay l\u00e0\u00a0\u0100\u015bval\u0101yanas\u016btra<\/i>\u00a0(Ph\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n)10<\/sup>.\u00a0Lu\u1eadn<\/i>\u00a0Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 3 c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0kinh<\/i>\u00a0A-th\u00e2u-la-da-na<\/i>\u00a0(\u963f\u8f38\u7f85\u8036\u90a3\u7d93)11<\/sup>. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>\u00a0Assal\u0101yana<\/i>, s\u1ed1 93 trong kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0s\u1ed1 9 (Samm\u0101ditthi sutta), thu\u1ed9c kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> do T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t<\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra (sambhaves\u012bna<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>)<\/i>. Kinh ghi:\u00a0Ch\u01b0 hi\u1ec1n<\/span>, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa<\/span> hay c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> s\u1ebd sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho sanh.<\/i>\u00a0Nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n P\u0101li:\u00a0Catt\u0101ro me \u0101vuso \u0101h\u0101r\u0101 bh\u016bt\u0101na<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0v\u0101 satt\u0101na<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>hitiy\u0101 sambhaves\u012bna<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0v\u0101 anuggah\u0101ya.<\/i>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba12<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/i>, khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>\u00a0s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra,<\/i>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c\u00a0ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra<\/i>. Nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef P\u0101li ghi l\u00e0\u00a0sambhaves\u012b,\u00a0<\/i>ho\u1eb7canuppanno<\/i>. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y:<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n\u00a0<\/i>(S.ii.11).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> sanh v\u1eadt hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay khi\u1ebfn cho\u00a0<\/i>c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>s\u1eafp sanh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd sanh13<\/sup>\u00a0(sambhaves\u012bna<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>)<\/i>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Moliya Phag guna<\/i>\u00a0(S.ii.12).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> sanh v\u1eadt hay khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay khi\u1ebfn cho\u00a0<\/i>c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>s\u1eafp sanh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd sanh14<\/sup>. (sambhaves\u012bna<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>)<\/i>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ee9a con<\/i>\u00a0(S.ii.97).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, hay s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> hay ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/i>15<\/sup><\/i>. (Catt\u0101ro me bhikkhave, \u0101h\u0101r\u0101 bh\u016bt\u0101na\u1e43 v\u0101 satt\u0101na\u1e43 \u1e6dhitiy\u0101 sambhaves\u012bna\u1e43 v\u0101 anuggah\u0101ya). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0C\u00f3 tham<\/i>\u00a0(S.ii.101).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay\u00a0<\/i>s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> hay c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/i>16<\/sup><\/i>.\u00a0<\/i>Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c P\u0101li:\u00a0Catt\u0101rome bhikkhave, \u0101h\u0101r\u0101 bh\u016bt\u0101na<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0v\u0101 satt\u0101na<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>hitiy\u0101 sambhaves\u012bna<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>v\u0101 anuggah\u0101ya.<\/i>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Lu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>\u00a0(S.iv.398).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y Vaccha, trong khi m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u0103ng b\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00e2n n\u00e0y v\u00e0\u00a0<\/i>(anuppanno: ch\u01b0a sanh – ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u00fa)\u00a0sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c<\/i>,\u00a0n\u00e0y Vaccha, Ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong khi \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh \u00e1i\u00a0<\/i>(Ta\u1e47h\u0101)\u00a0l\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u\u00a0<\/i>(up\u0101d\u0101na\u1e43)17<\/sup>. Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c P\u0101li:\u00a0Yasmi<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0kho vaccha samaye ima\u00f1ca k\u0101ya<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0nikkhipati, satto ca a\u00f1\u00f1atara<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0k\u0101ya<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0anuppanno hoti, tamaha<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0ta<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>h\u016bp\u0101d\u0101na<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0vad\u0101mi. Ta<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>h\u0101hissa vaccha tasmi<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0samaye up\u0101d\u0101na<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>\u00a0hot\u012bti.<\/i>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn trong kinh\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 kinh\u00a0T\u1eadp<\/i>\u00a0(Sutta Nip\u0101ta). M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> trong kinh\u00a0T\u1eadp<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ec t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 kinh\u00a0T\u1eeb bi<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(Met\u0101sutta). B\u00e0i kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i>18<\/sup><\/i>. Hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span> sau trong kinh\u00a0T\u1eeb bi<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trung \u1ea5m<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Mong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebb y\u1ebfu hay k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf s\u00f3t<\/span> m\u1ed9t ai,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebb d\u00e0i hay k\u1ebb l\u1edbn,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Trung, th\u1ea5p, lo\u00e0i l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Lo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng xa, kh\u00f4ng xa,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

(sambhaves\u012b)<\/i>19<\/sup><\/i>,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Mong m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/i>20<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c P\u0101li ghi l\u00e0:\u00a0Ye keci p\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>abh\u016btatthi.\/ Tas\u0101 v\u0101 th\u0101var\u0101 v\u0101 anavases\u0101.\/ D\u012bgh\u0101 v\u0101 ye mahant\u0101 v\u0101.\/ Majjhim\u0101 rassak\u0101 a<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>ukath\u016bl\u0101.\/ Di<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>h\u0101 v\u0101 yeva adi<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>h\u0101.\/ Ye ca d\u016bre vasanti avid\u016bre.\/ Bh\u016bt\u0101 v\u0101 sambhaves\u012b v\u0101.\/ Sabbe satt\u0101 bhavantu sukhi-tatt\u0101<\/i>21<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> trong kinh\u00a0T\u1eeb bi<\/span><\/i>\u00a0th\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn trong t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Nik\u0101ya \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qua ba kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, n\u0103m kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 kinh\u00a0T\u1eeb bi<\/span><\/i>\u00a0trong\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>\u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> 9 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. D\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng, trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau chu\u1ed1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2u v\u0103n s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> h\u01a1n; tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n P\u0101li, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2 – Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Nik\u0101ya \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, 3 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 4 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 xin l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m th\u1eadp b\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> do ng\u00e0i An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span> d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Ho\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf (\u6f22\u6853\u5e1d:132-167). N\u1ed9i dung b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trung h\u1eefu<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 7 c\u00f5i. Bao g\u1ed3m<\/span>: 1. B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu\u00a0(c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span> h\u1eefu);<\/i>\u00a02. S\u00fac sanh<\/span> h\u1eefu; 3. Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7<\/span> h\u1eefu; 4. Nh\u00e2n h\u1eefu<\/span>; 5. Thi\u00ean h\u1eefu<\/span>; 6. H\u00e0nh h\u1eefu<\/span>\u00a0(c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu<\/span>);<\/i>\u00a07. Trung h\u1eefu<\/span>22<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span> th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span> th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>\u00a0do hai ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p C\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p L\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n (266-316). Kinh ghi:\u00a0Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>: Th\u1ebf gian<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh<\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n? Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ecd sanh. Th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 sanh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u00e0 l\u00e3o. Th\u1ee9 ba, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, m\u1ed9t khi c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> ch\u1ebft<\/i>23<\/sup><\/i>.\u00a0<\/i>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 11.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Kinh T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m 50 quy\u1ec3n, do ng\u00e0i C\u1ea7u Na B\u1ea1t \u0110\u00e0 La<\/span> d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a K\u1ef3 Ho\u00e0n v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean Gia (424-453). Kinh ghi:\u00a0T\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba-li\u00ean-ph\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n t\u00ean l\u00e0 A K\u1ef3 Ni<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a<\/span>, th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> T\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0. B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ee3, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trung \u1ea5m<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m con<\/i>.\u00a0L\u00fac v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 r\u1ea5t th\u00edch lu\u1eadn<\/span> ngh\u1ecb c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i>24<\/sup><\/i>.\u00a0<\/i>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 12.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0110\u00e0m V\u00f4 S\u1ea5m<\/span> (385-433). Kinh ghi:Th\u00e2n<\/i>\u00a0ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> di\u1ec7t, th\u00ec th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> sanh. Th\u00e2n ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> chung cu\u1ed9c<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. Th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 sanh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng do th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n in v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, khu\u00f4n in tuy ho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t th\u00e0nh. Danh t\u1eeb tuy kh\u00f4ng sai nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i sai kh\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u00f3i, nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3n<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i>25<\/sup><\/i>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 13.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0Trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh n\u00e0y do ng\u00e0i Tr\u00fac Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ec7m<\/span> d\u1ecbch. Ng\u00e0i Tr\u00fac Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ec7m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> nh\u01b0 kinh\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m<\/i>,\u00a0T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m B\u00e1t ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u2026 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span>\u00a0Trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ho\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee7y n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (399)26<\/sup>.\u00a0 Kinh ghi:\u00a0B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n<\/span> s\u00e1t, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> n\u00e0y, h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, ri\u00eang Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, \u1edf b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, hay b\u1eadc v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ee5 nh\u1ecb tr\u1ee5, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1eedu tr\u1ee5<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> kia<\/i>27<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 14.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o<\/span> T\u00edch<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o<\/span> T\u00edch<\/i>\u00a0g\u1ed3m 120 quy\u1ec3n do ng\u00e0i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 L\u01b0u Ch\u00ed<\/span> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f9ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Th\u1ea7n Long n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai (706) \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ti\u00ean Thi\u00ean<\/span> n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai (713) th\u00ec ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span>28<\/sup>. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y do ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> d\u1ecbch. Kinh ghi:\u00a0\u00a0Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd sanh v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9?\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi cha m\u1eb9<\/span> kh\u1edfi l\u00f2ng \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n nam n\u1eef<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 sung m\u00e3n<\/span>, nguy\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi v\u00e0 trung \u1ea5m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span>. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft khi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd sanh<\/i>29<\/sup><\/i>.\u00a0<\/i>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 15.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qua 15 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn, t\u1eeb Nik\u0101ya cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i chung, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> d\u00f9 \u1edf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a<\/span> l\u00fd kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> y c\u1ee9<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tin v\u00e0o kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> sau khi \u0111\u1ed1i so\u00e1t, th\u00ec ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y30<\/sup>. V\u00e0, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u00f4m nay, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cth\u00e2n\u201d trong th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1 – Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cth\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. Trung \u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sanh ra. Trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u0103n th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c t\u00edn, t\u1eeb\u00a0sambhaves\u012b<\/i>\u00a0trong kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef u\u1ea9n (khandha<\/i>) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> (bhava<\/i>)31<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u0101li c\u0169ng x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng,\u00a0khandha<\/i>:\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3<\/i>32<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0\u00a0trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/i>33<\/sup><\/i>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c\u00a0trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i>34<\/sup><\/i>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf s\u00f3t<\/span> ch\u1eef \u201cth\u00e2n\u201d trong th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trung \u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u0103n th\u00e2n, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> do c\u0103n th\u00e2n \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m, vi t\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>, ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1eadc ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n<\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>35<\/sup>. Kinh\u00a0Trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam:\u00a0Th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> n\u00e0y, h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, \u1edf b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span>, hay b\u1eadc v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ee5 nh\u1ecb tr\u1ee5, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1eedu tr\u1ee5<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> kia<\/i>36<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span>, nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/span> (quantum physics<\/i>) ng\u00e0y nay37<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, do c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m tinh t\u1ebf<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span>, th\u1ebf n\u00ean th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo lu\u1eadn\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 90, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn ghi:\u00a0Th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, v\u00ec n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 vi t\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp thai<\/span> th\u00ec thai kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh<\/i>38<\/sup><\/i>, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9<\/i>39<\/sup><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u00ec thai h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1eady<\/i>40<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, lu\u1eadn\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>\u00a0cho r\u1eb1ng,\u00a0th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trung h\u1eefu<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(trung \u1ea5m<\/span>)\u00a0t\u1eeb \u00fd<\/span> sinh, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/i>41<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ecb, thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u00e2n do \u00fd sanh ra:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> tr\u00fa \u1edf Kosamb\u012b, t\u1ea1i khu v\u01b0\u1eddn Ghosita. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Kakudha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Koliya, l\u00e0 th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Mah\u0101moggall\u0101na v\u1eeba m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span> v\u00e0 sanh ra v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n do \u00fd t\u1ea1o<\/i>42<\/sup><\/i>, th\u00e2n \u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (to r\u1ed9ng) v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span> hai hay ba th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng l\u00e0ng \u1edf Magadha. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y, v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh hay l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh<\/i>43<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i>\u00a0T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong kinh\u00a0T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m<\/i>:\u00a0Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y B\u00e0-sa: Ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, n\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00fd sanh th\u00e2n<\/span>, sanh ra n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span>. Ngay khi \u1ea5y, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ee7, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i<\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u1ee5, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u01b0<\/span><\/i>44<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Xem ra<\/span>, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>\u00a0th\u00e2n do \u00fd sanh ra<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i v\u1ec1 ba kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0\u00a0t\u00e2m<\/i>,\u00a0\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u1ee9c<\/i>. Cho n\u00ean khi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0\u00fd th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c, v\u1eady th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> danh x\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c?<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh\u00a0B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span><\/i>, s\u1ed1 106, thu\u1ed9c\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u kinh quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>. Kinh ghi:\u00a0Sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span>, s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh<\/span> n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> \u1ea5y\u00a0<\/i>(sa\u1e41vattanika\u1e41\u00a0vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a\u1e41)\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>45<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ng\u00e0i Piyadassi (1914-1998), th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span>\u00a0sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>vattanika<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>\u00a0vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>c\u0169ng\u00a0<\/i>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0\u00a0vip\u0101ka-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a.<\/i>Vip\u0101ka-<\/i>vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0<\/i>\u00a0c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n, di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> (vip\u0101ka), c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> sang ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span><\/i>46<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i>\u00a0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u00a0Vip\u0101ka-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u00a0trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, danh t\u1eeb\u00a0vip\u0101ka-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>47<\/sup><\/i>.\u00a0D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\u00a0ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da nh\u01b0\u00a0h\u1eb1ng<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0chuy\u1ec3n<\/i>48<\/sup><\/i>; nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ee7ng<\/i>49<\/sup><\/i>; kh\u1ee9 h\u1eadu lai<\/span> ti\u00ean<\/i>50<\/sup><\/i>\u2026<\/i>\u00a0ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span>\u00a0(sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>vattanika<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>\u00a0vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>)<\/i>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>\u00a0Phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch danh ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1u, c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 b\u00e1t th\u1ee9c<\/span> A-l\u1ea1i-da51<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i Piyadassi trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>\u00a0The Spectrum of Buddhism<\/i>\u00a0kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:\u00a0Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba,\u00a0gandhaba, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho\u00a0vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a, th\u1ee9c, hay\u00a0pa<\/i>\u1e6d<\/i>isandhi-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a, th\u1ee9c-n\u1ed1i-li\u1ec1n, hay\u00a0samvattanika-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a, th\u1ee9c-t\u00e1i-sanh<\/i>52<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i>\u00a0N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Wijesekera, th\u00ec\u00a0th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/i>53<\/sup><\/i>. V\u00e0, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, gandhaba, hay th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 b\u00e1t th\u1ee9c<\/span> A-l\u1ea1i-da.<\/span><\/p>\n

2 – Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

a) Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> sau khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span>. Trong kinh\u00a0X\u00e0-ni-sa<\/i>\u00a0s\u1ed1 18, thu\u1ed9c\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span> trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c xung quanh<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c K\u0101si (Ca-thi), Kosala (C\u00e2u-t\u00e1t-la), Vajj\u012b (B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3), Mall\u0101 (M\u1ea1t-la), Ceti (Chi-\u0111\u1ec1), Va<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>sa (B\u1ea1t-sa), Kuru (C\u00e2u-l\u00e2u), Pa\u00f1c\u0101la (Ban-gi\u00e1-la), Maccha (B\u00e0-s\u00e1-la) S\u016brasena (M\u1eadu-ba-t\u00e2y-na):<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– V\u1ecb n\u00e0y sanh ra t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y! V\u1ecb kia sanh ra t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 kia. H\u01a1n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ecb t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> \u1edf N\u0101dik\u0101 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u0103m h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a sanh<\/span> (thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span>) t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. H\u01a1n ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ecb \u1edf N\u0101dik\u0101, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span>, v\u1edbi ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, v\u1edbi tham, s\u00e2n, si \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t lai<\/span>, sau khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa s\u1ebd t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111au. H\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m v\u1ecb N\u0101dik\u0101 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span>, v\u1edbi ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span>, ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3<\/span> D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecda \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>54<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e3n<\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y. Ngay nh\u01b0 vua Bimbis\u0101ra, sau khi m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span> li\u1ec1n h\u00f3a sanh<\/span> l\u00e0m thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span>, \u00a0thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd<\/span> vua Vessava\u1e47a (T\u1ef3-sa-m\u00f4n Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec9nh v\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> v\u1edbi nhan s\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1eadt phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>55<\/sup>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, thi\u1ec7n t\u00edn<\/span> An\u0101thapi\u1e47\u1e0dika, sau khi m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00e0m thi\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i l\u00f2a<\/span>, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u1ea3 tinh x\u00e1<\/span> Jetavana56<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> v\u1eeba n\u00eau, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ec7nh chung<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u00e1i sanh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u1ecd th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> trong bao l\u00e2u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m\u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ecd sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a<\/span>, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span> do t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span> qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng, th\u00ec lu\u1eadn\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c<\/span> tuy nhanh, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. Lu\u1eadn ghi:\u00a0T\u1ef3-n\u1ea1i-da n\u00f3i: Ma La<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9 S\u1eed, D\u01b0\u1ee3c Xoa<\/span> Gi\u00e0 Tru, \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a<\/span>, T\u1ef3 L\u01b0 Tr\u1ea1ch Ca \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb n\u01a1i th\u00e2n n\u00e0y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ng\u1ee5c v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n<\/span>, th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 kh\u1ed5 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i<\/span>. H\u1ecfi: Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ecd th\u00e2n trung h\u1eefu<\/span> kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00e1p:<\/i>\u00a0Th\u1ecd th\u00e2n trung h\u1eefu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng do qu\u00e1 mau ch\u00f3ng n\u00ean kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>. T\u1ee9c n\u00eau thuy\u1ebft: N\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ea7u, u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1eed h\u1eefu<\/span> di\u1ec7t, u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a trung h\u1eefu<\/span> sinh. M\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na sau, u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a trung h\u1eefu<\/span> di\u1ec7t, u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1eefu<\/span> sinh. Do s\u1ef1 mau ch\u00f3ng \u1ea5y, n\u00ean kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>57<\/sup><\/i>. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0Trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i>\u00a0cho r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trung \u1ea5m<\/span> th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y<\/i>58<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>:\u00a0Trung h\u1eefu<\/span> d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i \u0111a tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, v\u00ec th\u00e2n \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e2u h\u01a1n<\/i>59<\/sup><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn\u00a0Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba<\/i>\u00a0gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>:\u00a0th\u00e2n trung h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Qu\u00e1 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh th\u00ec ch\u1ebft \u0111i r\u1ed3i sinh l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 sau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> sinh.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, th\u00e2n trung h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u00e0y\u00a0<\/i>qu\u00e1 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ee9c \u1edf n\u01a1i lo\u00e0i \u1ea5y sinh, ho\u1eb7c do nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a trung h\u1eefu<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, b\u00e8n sinh v\u00e0o lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c<\/i>60<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong hai lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00e0y, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong lu\u1eadn\u00a0Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba<\/i>\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i duy\u00ean<\/i>, s\u1ed1 15, thu\u1ed9cTr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>:\u00a0N\u00e0y \u0100nanda, n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> trong b\u1ee5ng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span>, th\u1eddi danh s\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0y, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng? – B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng<\/i>61<\/sup><\/i>!<\/i>\u00a0C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0100nanda sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00ec 49 ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> theo h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, x\u00e9t theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

b) T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u00e2n ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5:\u00a0th\u00e2n<\/i>\u00a0ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> di\u1ec7t, th\u00ec th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> sanh. Th\u00e2n ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> chung cu\u1ed9c<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. Th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 sinh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng do th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n in v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, khu\u00f4n in tuy ho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t th\u00e0nh. Danh t\u1eeb tuy kh\u00f4ng sai nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i sai kh\u00e1c.<\/i>62<\/sup><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, trong kinh\u00a0Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span> th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:\u00a0t\u1ea1i th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ecd sanh<\/i>63<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i>\u00a0Ngay kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc th\u1ecd sanh \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> li\u1ec1n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 sanh th\u00e2n<\/span> ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span> sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>\u00a0ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>:\u00a0Khi cha m\u1eb9<\/span> g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 giao h\u1ed9i, t\u00f9y theo<\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 th\u1ecd sanh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 kh\u1edfi l\u00f2ng \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha sanh l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span>. L\u00fac tinh cha xu\u1ea5t th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5y v\u1eady n\u00ean sanh t\u00e2m vui m\u1eebng<\/span>. Do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a ba th\u1ee9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> n\u00e0y, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 sanh th\u00e2n<\/span> ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span> sau. Nh\u01b0 \u1ea5n s\u00e1p in v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, \u1ea5n ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec v\u0103n th\u00e0nh<\/i>64<\/sup><\/i>.<\/i>\u00a0Lu\u1eadn\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0X\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, th\u1ecd th\u00e2n ng\u0169 \u1ea5m<\/span><\/i>65<\/sup><\/i>. Lu\u1eadn\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>:\u00a0C\u00e1c u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a trung h\u1eefu<\/span> li\u1ec1n di\u1ec7t, u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1eefu<\/span> sinh ra, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebft sinh xong<\/i>66<\/sup><\/i>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> th\u1ecd sanh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0\u00dd ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span>. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i>67<\/sup><\/i>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chung t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span> hay th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0\u00a0do duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 duy\u00ean th\u00ec th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi<\/i>68<\/sup>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0th\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span>, l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m sanh ch\u1ee7ng, l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>69<\/sup><\/i>.\u00a0<\/i>N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t th\u00ec th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t.\u00a0<\/i>V\u00e0 do v\u1eady, th\u1ee9c hay th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> l\u00e0 hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh\u00a0Si<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>sap\u0101<\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i th\u1eafng tri nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 l\u00e1 trong r\u1eebng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e1 trong tay70<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng tri v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>; tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do tr\u00e1ch v\u1ee5 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span>, lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>… kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn sai kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ea3o \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn<\/span>(sa<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>vattanika<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>\u00a0vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>\u00a0– theo kinh B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>, s\u1ed1 106, Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>)<\/i>, hay th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u1ea5y, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span> ra, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> chung tay t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

(1)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0<\/i>T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2015, tr.254-255.<\/span><\/p>\n

(2)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i kinh \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u00e1i<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0s\u1ed1 38, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr.317.<\/span><\/p>\n

(3)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>kinh\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5 con r\u1eafn,<\/i>\u00a0s\u1ed1 22, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr.173<\/span><\/p>\n

(4)<\/sup>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/i>, Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp 6, H\u1ed9i V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c<\/span> Linh S\u01a1n<\/span> \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, 2000, tr.6406.<\/span><\/p>\n

(5)<\/sup>\u00a0Malalasekera, G.P.\u00a0Buddhist Dictionary of P\u0101li Proper Names<\/i>.<\/i>\u00a0Vol 1. London: Luzac & Company Ltd., 1960, p. 746. Cf: Gandhabba means\u00a0tatr\u016bpakasatta – tasmim ok\u0101se nibbattanako satto<\/i>\u00a0– meaning a being fit and ready to be born to the parents concerned. The T\u012bk\u0101 says that the word stands for gantabba.<\/span><\/p>\n

(6)<\/sup>\u00a0A.P. Buddhadatta Mah\u0101thera,\u00a0Consice P\u0101li-English Dictionary.\u00a0<\/i>University of Ceylon, 1949, p.287.<\/span><\/p>\n

(7)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i kinh \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u00e1i<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>s\u1ed1 38, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr.328.<\/span><\/p>\n

(8)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, kinh\u00a0Assalayana,\u00a0<\/i>s\u1ed1 93, t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr. 194-195.<\/span><\/p>\n

(9)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 29 \u518a No. 1558 \u963f\u6bd8\u9054\u78e8\u4ff1\u820d\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u516b, \u638c\u99ac\u65cf\u7d93.<\/span><\/p>\n

(10)<\/sup>\u00a0Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1<\/i>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh<\/span> d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n

(11)<\/sup>\u00a0\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 32 \u518a No. 1646 \u6210\u5be6\u8ad6, \u6210\u5be6\u8ad6\u5377\u7b2c\u4e09,\u00a0<\/b>\u6709\u4e2d\u9670\u54c1\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db,<\/b>\u963f\u8f38\u7f85\u8036\u90a3\u7d93.<\/span><\/p>\n

(12)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, kinh\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/i>, s\u1ed1 9, t\u1eadp 1,\u00a0 HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr.76.<\/span><\/p>\n

(13)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr. 381.<\/span><\/p>\n

(14)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr. 382.<\/span><\/p>\n

(15)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr. 457.<\/span><\/p>\n

(16)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr. 459.<\/span><\/p>\n

(17)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr. 430.<\/span><\/p>\n

(18)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 20115, tr.35-37.<\/span><\/p>\n

(19)<\/sup>\u00a0Sutta-Nip\u0101ta,<\/i>\u00a0New Edition by Dines Andersen and Helmer Smith. London: Published for the P\u0101li Text Society by Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1948, p. 26.<\/span><\/p>\n

(20)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 20115, tr.358-359.<\/span><\/p>\n

(21)<\/sup>\u00a0Sutta-Nip\u0101ta<\/i>, New Edition by Dines Andersen and Helmer Smith. London: Published for the P\u0101li Text Society by Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1948, p.25-26.<\/span><\/p>\n

(22)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2145 \u51fa\u4e09\u85cf\u8a18\u96c6, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u00a0<\/b>\u5341\u5831\u7d93\u4e8c\u5377(\u820a\u9304\u4e91\u9577\u963f\u542b\u5341\u5831\u6cd5).<\/span><\/p>\n

(23)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 04 \u518a No. 0211 \u6cd5\u53e5\u8b6c\u55bb\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e00, \u7121\u5e38\u54c1\u7b2c\u4e00. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u4f5b\u544a\u5927\u738b:\u4eba\u6709\u56db\u4e8b, \u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97\u96e2. \u4f55\u8b02\u70ba\u56db? \u4e00\u8005\u5728\u4e2d\u9670\u4e2d, \u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53d7\u751f. \u4e8c\u8005\u5df2\u751f, \u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53d7\u8001. \u4e09\u8005\u5df2\u8001, \u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53d7\u75c5. \u56db\u8005\u5df2\u75c5, \u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b7b.<\/span><\/p>\n

(24)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0099 \u96dc\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94, \uff08\u516d\u56db\u3007\uff09.\u00a0<\/b>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u5df4\u9023\u5f17\u570b, \u65bc\u5f7c\u570b\u7576\u6709\u5a46\u7f85\u9580, \u540d\u66f0\u963f\u8006\u5c3c\u9054\u591a, \u901a\u9054\u6bd4\u9640\u7d93\u8ad6, \u5f7c\u5a46\u7f85\u9580\u7576\u7d0d\u59bb. \u5f7c\u6642, \u4e2d\u9670\u773e\u751f\u7576\u4f86\u8207\u5176\u4f5c\u5b50, \u5165\u6bcd\u80ce\u4e2d\u6642, \u5f7c\u6bcd\u6b32\u8207\u4eba\u8ad6\u8b70.<\/span><\/p>\n

(25)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0374 \u5927\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d, \u5e2b\u5b50\u543c\u83e9\u85a9\u54c1\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u4e4b\u4e09.\u00a0<\/b>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u73fe\u5728\u9670\u6ec5, \u4e2d\u9670\u9670\u751f, \u662f\u73fe\u5728\u9670, \u7d42\u4e0d\u8b8a\u70ba\u4e2d\u9670\u4e94\u9670. \u4e2d\u9670\u4e94\u9670, \u4ea6\u975e\u81ea\u751f, \u4e0d\u5f9e\u9918\u4f86. \u56e0\u73fe\u9670\u6545, \u751f\u4e2d\u9670\u9670, \u5982\u5370\u5370\u6ce5, \u5370\u58de\u6587\u6210. \u540d\u96d6\u7121\u5dee, \u800c\u6642\u7bc0\u5404\u7570. \u662f\u6545\u6211\u8aaa\u4e2d\u9670\u4e94\u9670, \u975e\u8089\u773c\u898b, \u5929\u773c\u6240\u898b.<\/span><\/p>\n

(26)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2145 \u51fa\u4e09\u85cf\u8a18\u96c6, \u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94, \u4f5b\u5ff5\u6cd5\u5e2b\u50b3\u7b2c\u4e94.<\/span><\/p>\n

(27)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0385 \u4e2d\u9670\u7d93, \u5377\u4e0a, \u5982\u4f86\u4e94\u5f18\u8a93\u5165\u4e2d\u9670\u6559\u5316\u54c1\u7b2c\u4e00.\u00a0<\/b>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u00a0<\/b>\u723e\u6642, \u4e16\u5c0a\u5167\u81ea\u601d\u60df: \u6b64\u4e2d\u9670\u5f62\u6975\u70ba\u5fae\u7d30, \u552f\u4f5b, \u4e16\u5c0a\u7368\u80fd\u89a9\u898b, \u7136\u6b64\u773e\u751f\u2014\u2014\u6709\u5b78, \u7121\u5b78, \u4e00\u4f4f, \u4e8c\u4f4f\u4e43\u81f3\u4e5d\u4f4f\u2014\u2014\u975e\u5f7c\u5883\u754c\u6240\u80fd\u89a9\u898b.<\/span><\/p>\n

(28)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e5d. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u00a0<\/b>\u5927\u5bf6\u7a4d\u7d93\u4e00\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u5377(\u55ae\u91cd\u5408\u8b6f\u795e\u9f8d\u4e8c\u5e74\u5275\u9996\u5148\u5929\u4e8c\u5e74\u529f\u7562).<\/span><\/p>\n

(29)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 11 \u518a No. 0310 \u5927\u5bf6\u7a4d\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e94\u5341\u516d, \u4f5b\u8aaa\u5165\u80ce\u85cf\u6703\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4e4b\u4e00. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u4e91\u4f55\u53d7\u751f\u5165\u6bcd\u80ce\u4e2d? \u82e5\u7236\u6bcd\u67d3\u5fc3\u5171\u70ba\u5a6c\u611b, \u5176\u6bcd\u8179\u6de8\u6708\u671f\u6642\u81f3, \u4e2d\u860a\u73fe\u524d, \u7576\u77e5\u723e\u6642\u540d\u5165\u6bcd\u80ce.<\/span><\/p>\n

(30)<\/sup>\u00a0Theo ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, c\u00f3 9 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

(31)<\/sup>\u00a0M.Monier-Williams.\u00a0A Sanskrit English Dictionary.\u00a0<\/i>Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books, 2014. p.748.<\/span><\/p>\n

(32)<\/sup>\u00a0A.P. Buddhadatta Mah\u0101thera,\u00a0Consice P\u0101li-English Dictionary.\u00a0<\/i>University of Ceylon, 1949, p.108. Cf:\u00a0the trunk of the body.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

(33)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0099 \u96dc\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94, \uff08\u516d\u56db\u3007\uff09.<\/span><\/p>\n

(34)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0374 \u5927\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d, \u5e2b\u5b50\u543c\u83e9\u85a9\u54c1\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u4e4b\u4e09.<\/span><\/p>\n

(35)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0374 \u5927\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d, \u5e2b\u5b50\u543c\u83e9\u85a9\u54c1\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u4e4b\u4e09. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u662f\u6545\u6211\u8aaa\u4e2d\u9670\u4e94\u9670, \u975e\u8089\u773c\u898b, \u5929\u773c\u6240\u898b.<\/span><\/p>\n

(36)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0385 \u4e2d\u9670\u7d93, \u5377\u4e0a, \u5982\u4f86\u4e94\u5f18\u8a93\u5165\u4e2d\u9670\u6559\u5316\u54c1\u7b2c\u4e00.\u00a0<\/b>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u00a0<\/b>\u6b64\u4e2d\u9670\u5f62\u6975\u70ba\u5fae\u7d30, \u552f\u4f5b, \u4e16\u5c0a\u7368\u80fd\u89a9\u898b, \u7136\u6b64\u773e\u751f\u2014\u2014\u6709\u5b78, \u7121\u5b78, \u4e00\u4f4f, \u4e8c\u4f4f\u4e43\u81f3\u4e5d\u4f4f\u2014\u2014\u975e\u5f7c\u5883\u754c\u6240\u80fd\u89a9\u898b.<\/span><\/p>\n

(37)<\/sup>\u00a0C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean<\/span> t\u1eed nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t boson higgs, h\u1ea1t quark, h\u1ea1t pentaquark\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

(38)<\/sup>\u00a0N\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp thai<\/span> th\u00ec thai kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh.<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y trong\u00a0Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9<\/i>\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u kinh\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i duy\u00ean,<\/i>s\u1ed1 15, thu\u1ed9c\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span>: N\u00e0y Ananda, n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> trong b\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, th\u1eddi danh s\u1eafc<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong b\u1ee5ng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng? – B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

(39)<\/sup>\u00a0M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: tinh cha, huy\u1ebft m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c trung \u1ea5m<\/span>. \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

(40)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 25 \u518a No. 1509 \u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6,\u5377\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5341. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u201c\u8b58\u201d \u540d \u201c\u4e2d\u9670\u4e2d\u4e94\u773e\u201d, \u662f\u4e94\u773e\u7d30\u6545, \u4f46\u540d\u70ba \u201c\u8b58\u201d. \u82e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u5165\u800c\u80ce\u6210\u8005, \u5982\u4e00\u5207\u548c\u5408\u6642, \u7686\u61c9\u6210\u80ce.<\/span><\/p>\n

(41)<\/sup>\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn,\u00a0<\/i>Nguy\u00ean Hu\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp 3, NXB.H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 2014, tr.611.<\/span><\/p>\n

(42)<\/sup>\u00a0Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c P\u0101li ghi l\u00e0:\u00a0<\/i>Manomaya\u1e43. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>\u00a0Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kinh \u00e2m ngh\u0129a<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0quy\u1ec3n 20, do ng\u00e0i Tu\u1ec7 L\u00e2m<\/span> so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a n\u0103m th\u1ee9 2 (807), phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>:\u00a0Ma-n\u00f4-m\u1ea1t-da, Trung Hoa d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00e2n do \u00fd sanh<\/i>\u00a0(\u6469\u5974\u672b\u8036\u6b64\u4e91\u610f\u751f\u8eab).<\/span><\/p>\n

(43)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2015, tr.716.<\/span><\/p>\n

(44)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0099 \u96dc\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u56db,\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e03. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u4f5b\u544a\u5a46\u8e49: \u201c\u773e\u751f\u65bc\u6b64\u8655\u547d\u7d42, \u4e58\u610f\u751f\u8eab\u751f\u65bc\u9918\u8655, \u7576\u65bc\u723e\u6642, \u56e0\u611b\u6545\u53d6, \u56e0\u611b\u800c\u4f4f, \u6545\u8aaa\u6709\u9918\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

(45)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span>, s\u1ed1 106, t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr.320.<\/span><\/p>\n

(46)<\/sup>\u00a0Piyadassi M\u0101hathera,\u00a0The Spectrum of Buddhism<\/i>, Jivinda de Silva, 1991. The Corporate Body of The Buddha Educational Foundation, Reprinted, p. 180. Cf: this\u00a0vip\u0101ka-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>\u00a0is referred to as the\u00a0samvattanika-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a,<\/i>\u00a0the consciousness that goes on, that links on, that proceeds from one life to another as vip\u0101ka, the consciousness that evolves into the next life.<\/span><\/p>\n

(47)\u00a0<\/sup>Ph\u1eadt Quang<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n,<\/i>\u00a0Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp 1, H\u1ed9i V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c<\/span> Linh S\u01a1n<\/span> \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, 2000, tr.1258.<\/span><\/p>\n

(48)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 31 \u518a No. 1585 \u6210\u552f\u8b58\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u6052\u8f49\u5982\u7011\u6d41.<\/span><\/p>\n

(49)<\/sup>\u00a0Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng th\u1ee9c<\/span>:<\/i>\u00a0th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span>. Ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kinh\u00a0T<\/i>\u0103ng chi: Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng, \u00e1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhu\u1eadn \u01b0\u1edbt.<\/i>\u00a0Xem, kinh\u00a0T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2015, tr.254-255<\/span><\/p>\n

(50)<\/sup>\u00a0\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 45 \u518a No. 1865 \u516b\u8b58\u898f\u77e9\u88dc\u8a3b, \u5377\u4e0b,\u00a0<\/b>\u53bb\u5f8c\u4f86\u5148\u4f5c\u4e3b\u516c.<\/span><\/p>\n

(51)\u00a0<\/sup>Phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch danh ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp<\/span><\/i>\u00a0g\u1ed3m 7 quy\u1ec3n, do \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u1ed5 Nhu\u1eadn, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n<\/span>, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Th\u1ee5y bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u1ec7u H\u01b0ng (1131-1162) th\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng. Xem, \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 54 \u518a No. 2131 \u7ffb\u8b6f\u540d\u7fa9\u96c6, \u516d, \u963f\u9640\u90a3. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u5373\u6709\u60c5\u65bc\u4e2d\u6709\u8eab\u81e8\u672b\u4f4d. \u7b2c\u516b\u8b58\u521d\u4e00\u5ff5\u53d7\u751f\u6642. \u6709\u57f7\u53d6\u7d50\u751f\u76f8\u7e8c\u7fa9.<\/span><\/p>\n

(52)<\/sup>\u00a0Piyadassi Mah\u0101thera,\u00a0The Spectrum of Buddhism,<\/i>\u00a0Jivinda de Silva, 1991. The Corporate Body of The Buddha Educational Foundation, Reprinted, p.181. Cf: The third factor, gandhabba, is simply a term for the vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a, or pa\u1e6disandhi-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a, or the samvattanika-vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a, rebirth consciousness.<\/span><\/p>\n

(53)<\/sup>\u00a0Wijesekera,\u00a0Vedic Gandharva and P\u0101li Gandhabba,<\/i>\u00a0University of Ceylon Review., 1945, Vol. III. No.1. p.95. Cf:Gandhabba: to denote a particular state of sams\u0101ric consciousness (vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a)<\/i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

(54)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr.373.<\/span><\/p>\n

(55)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr.377.<\/span><\/p>\n

(56)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>, Gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi C\u1ea5p<\/span> C\u00f4 \u0110\u1ed9c<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>s\u1ed1 143, t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr.605.<\/span><\/p>\n

(57)<\/sup>\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn,\u00a0<\/i>Nguy\u00ean Hu\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp 3, NXB.H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 2014, tr.619.<\/span><\/p>\n

(58)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0385 \u4e2d\u9670\u7d93, \u5377\u4e0a, \u5982\u4f86\u4e94\u5f18\u8a93\u5165\u4e2d\u9670\u6559\u5316\u54c1\u7b2c\u4e00.\u00a0<\/b>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u4e2d\u9670\u773e\u751f\u58fd\u547d\u4e03\u65e5.<\/span><\/p>\n

(59)<\/sup>\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn,\u00a0<\/i>Nguy\u00ean Hu\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp 3, NXB.H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 2014, tr.601.<\/span><\/p>\n

(60)<\/sup>\u00a0Lu\u1eadn Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba,<\/i>\u00a0t\u1eadp 1, Nguy\u00ean Hu\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 2013, tr.32-33.<\/span><\/p>\n

(61)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr.269.<\/span><\/p>\n

(62)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0374 \u5927\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d, \u5e2b\u5b50\u543c\u83e9\u85a9\u54c1\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u4e4b\u4e09.\u00a0<\/b>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u73fe\u5728\u9670\u6ec5, \u4e2d\u9670\u9670\u751f, \u662f\u73fe\u5728\u9670, \u7d42\u4e0d\u8b8a\u70ba\u4e2d\u9670\u4e94\u9670. \u4e2d\u9670\u4e94\u9670, \u4ea6\u975e\u81ea\u751f, \u4e0d\u5f9e\u9918\u4f86. \u56e0\u73fe\u9670\u6545, \u751f\u4e2d\u9670\u9670, \u5982\u5370\u5370\u6ce5, \u5370\u58de\u6587\u6210. \u540d\u96d6\u7121\u5dee, \u800c\u6642\u7bc0\u5404\u7570.<\/span><\/p>\n

(63)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 04 \u518a No. 0211 \u6cd5\u53e5\u8b6c\u55bb\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e00, \u7121\u5e38\u54c1\u7b2c\u4e00. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u5728\u4e2d\u9670\u4e2d, \u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53d7\u751f.<\/span><\/p>\n

(64)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 12 \u518a No. 0374 \u5927\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d, \u5e2b\u5b50\u543c\u83e9\u85a9\u54c1\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u4e4b\u4e09.\u00a0<\/b>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u7236\u6bcd\u4ea4\u6703\u7249\u5408\u4e4b\u6642, \u96a8\u696d\u56e0\u7de3\u5411\u53d7\u751f\u8655, \u65bc\u6bcd\u751f\u611b, \u65bc\u7236\u751f\u778b, \u7236\u7cbe\u51fa\u6642\u8b02\u662f\u5df1\u6709, \u898b\u5df2\u5fc3\u6085, \u800c\u751f\u6b61\u559c. \u4ee5\u662f\u4e09\u7a2e\u7169\u60f1\u56e0\u7de3, \u4e2d\u9670\u9670\u58de, \u751f\u5f8c\u4e94\u9670, \u5982\u5370\u5370\u6ce5, \u5370\u58de\u6587\u6210.<\/span><\/p>\n

(65)\u00a0<\/sup>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 25 \u518a No. 1509 \u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6,\u5377\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5341. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u6368\u6b64\u4e2d\u9670, \u53d7\u751f\u9670\u6709<\/span><\/p>\n

(66)<\/sup>\u00a0A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn,<\/i>\u00a0Nguy\u00ean Hu\u1ec7<\/span> d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp 3, NXB.H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 2014, tr.613.<\/span><\/p>\n

(67)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr.148.<\/span><\/p>\n

(68)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i kinh \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u00e1i<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>s\u1ed1 38, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr. 317.<\/span><\/p>\n

(69)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0Trung b\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ea1i kinh \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u00e1i<\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>s\u1ed1 38, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2012, tr. 323.<\/span><\/p>\n

(70)<\/sup>\u00a0Kinh\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2013, tr.798.<\/span><\/div>\n

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