{"id":7795,"date":"2020-12-05T06:25:42","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T23:25:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/05\/khao-cuu-ve-ngay-thang-thanh-dao-cua-duc-phat\/"},"modified":"2020-12-05T06:25:42","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T23:25:42","slug":"khao-cuu-ve-ngay-thang-thanh-dao-cua-duc-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/05\/khao-cuu-ve-ngay-thang-thanh-dao-cua-duc-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u1ea3o C\u1ee9u V\u1ec1 Ng\u00e0y, Th\u00e1ng Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

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KH\u1ea2O C\u1ee8U V\u1ec0 NG\u00c0Y, TH\u00c1NG TH\u00c0NH \u0110\u1ea0O<\/span> C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT<\/span> <\/span>
<\/b>
Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Kh\u1ea3o

Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n, ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea3n sanh, Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha; v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, ng\u00e0y Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch<\/span>. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u00f4m nay, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u quan thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ri\u00eang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch t\u1eeb H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Nik\u0101ya li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> theo H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01.1 \u00a0C\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh, lu\u1eadt.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh, lu\u1eadt H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 hai quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Bao g\u1ed3m<\/span>, ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 2 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 4.<\/span><\/p>\n

+Ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 2, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadt sau<\/i><\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

–Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-A-h\u00e0m<\/i>, do ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-da-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac-ph\u1eadt-ni\u1ec7m d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 413[1]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kinh Qu\u00e1 Kh\u1ee9<\/span> Hi\u1ec7n T\u1ea1i<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i> do ng\u00e0i C\u1ea7u-na-b\u1ea1t-\u0111\u00e0-la (394-468) d\u1ecbch[2]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u00e1t-b\u00e0-\u0111a-t\u1ef3-ni-T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa<\/i>, m\u1ea5t t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch, ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n[3]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

+ Ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 4, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh sau:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

-Kinh Ph\u1eadt B\u00e1t-N\u00ea-Ho\u00e0n<\/i> do Sa-m\u00f4n B\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p<\/span> T\u1ed5 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n (266-316)[4]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Kinh B\u00e1t N\u00ea Ho\u00e0n<\/span><\/i>, kh\u00f4ng ghi t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch, ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n (317-420)[5]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

-Kinh Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ma-ha-s\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> do Sa-m\u00f4n Th\u00edch Th\u00e1nh Ki\u00ean<\/span> d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea7n (385-431)[6]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong s\u00e1u ngu\u1ed3n kinh, lu\u1eadt n\u00eau tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12. V\u1eady, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a01.2 \u00a0C\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> thi\u1ec1n m\u00f4n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh Quy<\/span><\/i>. B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh Quy<\/span><\/i> do ng\u00e0i B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0i H\u1ea3i<\/span> (720-784) bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh<\/span> sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span>. Tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Trung Hoa nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh Quy<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Thanh Quy<\/span> kh\u00e1c thu l\u1ee5c, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span>. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean<\/span> (1335) th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, ch\u00e1u n\u1ed1i d\u00f2ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 18 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 B\u00e1ch<\/span> Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Huy<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> di c\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Thanh Quy<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u00e0nh S\u1eafc Tu B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh Quy<\/span>[7]<\/b><\/a><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo S\u1eafc Tu B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh Quy<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n 2, cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 (\u81d8\u6708\u516b\u65e5). T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0i B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c Huy<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng, ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung nghi l\u1ec5<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span> kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu l\u1ee5c trong \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, t\u1eadp 46, v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam Nh\u1ea1c<\/span> T\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u00e1t Th\u1ec7 Nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u0103n[8]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nam Nh\u1ea1c<\/span> T\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u00e1t Th\u1ec7 Nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u0103n<\/i> do ng\u00e0i Nam Nh\u1ea1c<\/span> Tu\u1ec7 T\u01b0<\/span> (515-577), v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Nam-B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u, l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean Thai<\/span>[9]<\/a>, so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n (557-589). N\u1ed9i dung b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, ng\u00e0i Tu\u1ec7 T\u01b0<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 \u00a0n\u0103m Qu\u00fd M\u00f9i, l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i 30 tu\u1ed5i[10]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tu\u1ec7 T\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qua s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p<\/span>, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 l\u00e0m ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> h\u00f4m nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem ra<\/span>, t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> mang t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t xem quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span>, xem x\u00e9t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a01.3 \u00a0\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 2 \u1edf kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-A-h\u00e0m,<\/i> kinh Qu\u00e1 Kh\u1ee9<\/span> Hi\u1ec7n T\u1ea1i<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span> T\u00e1t-b\u00e0-\u0111a; c\u00e1c v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> khi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> kinh, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Theo t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha. Ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng trong \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ee9c K\u00fd<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m Ves\u0101kha l\u00e0 Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1-kh\u01b0 (\u5420\u820d\u4f49). Theo l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9, Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1-kh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 hai trong 12 th\u00e1ng[11]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi kinh v\u0103n H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 2 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt-b\u00e1t-n\u00ea-ho\u00e0n<\/i>, kinh B\u00e1t-n\u00ea-ho\u00e0n<\/i> v\u00e0 kinh Ma-ha-s\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 4, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> sang h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Theo kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span> Hoa trong th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> (685-762), nh\u1eb1m b\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn (712), \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5ng th\u1ec9nh<\/span> thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh<\/span> (683-727)[12]<\/a> so\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1i Di\u1ec5n L\u1ecbch<\/span> (\u5927\u884d\u66c6), g\u1ed3m 52 quy\u1ec3n[13]<\/a>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u1eeba n\u00eau ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, v\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span> Hoa d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u ngu\u1ed3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12, ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. V\u1eady, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0i Tu\u1ec7 T\u01b0<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12?<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ed1ng T\u0103ng S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i T\u00e1n Ninh<\/span> (919-1002)[14]<\/a>, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u (\u5468\u66c6), th\u00ec th\u00e1ng 2 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1ng 12 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>[15]<\/a>. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Chi\u1ebft Nghi Lu\u1eadn<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i T\u1eed Th\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c T\u1ef3-kheo S\u01b0 T\u1eed<\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>[16]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qua s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb cao t\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> nh\u1eb1m ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch<\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh Du H\u00e0nh<\/span><\/i> trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m,<\/i> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 2 theo l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh kh\u1edfi<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i Tu\u1ec7 T\u01b0<\/span> (515-577), th\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n 1.500 n\u0103m. V\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh? Nghi v\u1ea5n<\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> qua kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> theo kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span> Nik\u0101ya.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a02.1 \u00a0C\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> trong n\u0103m b\u1ed9 Nik\u0101ya tuy ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00f3i ri\u00eang theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> trong hai ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 v\u00e0 Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, sau khi th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u00e1t ch\u00e1o s\u1eefa t\u1eeb n\u00e0ng Suj\u0101t\u0101 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha (Vis\u0101khapu<\/i>\u1e47\u1e47<\/i>am\u0101ya<\/i>)[17]<\/a>, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Siddhattha \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecda<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (Bodhirukkha<\/i>)[18]<\/a>, h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c<\/span> ma qu\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span> (Buddhabh\u016btassa<\/i>)[19]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa (Mhv.I,12), t\u1ea1i \u01afu-l\u00e2u-t\u1ea7n-loa (Uruvela<\/i>) thu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 (Magadha<\/i>), d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (Bodhim\u016bla<\/i>), b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129<\/span> (Mah\u0101muni<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> To\u00e0n gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span> (patto sambodhimuttama<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>) \u00a0v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha (Vis\u0101khapu<\/i>\u1e47\u1e47<\/i>am\u0101ya<\/i>\u1e43<\/i>)[20]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 v\u00e0 Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa \u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha.V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0<\/span> v\u1eady, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> quan thi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a02.2 \u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 hai ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span> \u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (J\u0101taka). Theo T.W.Rhys Davids, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> (Buddhava\u1e43sa)[21]<\/a>. Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Oskar von Hin\u00fcber, Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Therav\u0101da[22]<\/a>. V\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Hajime Nakamura (1912-1999), th\u00ec Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft n\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gotama: m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t[23]<\/b><\/a><\/i>. Do v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Nid\u0101nakath\u0101. C\u0169ng theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Hajime Nakamura, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V[24]<\/a>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i trong Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, th\u00ec B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> m\u00f3n ch\u00e1o s\u1eefa (kh\u012bra<\/i>) do n\u00e0ng m\u1ee5c n\u1eef Suj\u0101t\u0101 hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha (Vis\u0101khapu<\/i>\u1e47\u1e47<\/i>am\u0101ya<\/i>). Sau \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c 49 ng\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span>. (Buddhabh\u016btassa<\/i> sattasatt\u0101ha<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> bodhima<\/i>\u1e47\u1e0d<\/i>e vasantassa ek\u016b<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>apa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101sa divasan\u012b<\/i>)[25]<\/a>. B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n hai th\u00e1ng. Do v\u1eady, theo logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, th\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha!<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa do t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Mah\u0101n\u0101ma bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI[26]<\/a>. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Sri Lanka v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, do t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span> khi c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c t\u00edn m\u1ed9t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa, theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Douglas Bullis trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Mahavamsa: The great chronicle of Sri Lanka<\/i>, l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Mah\u0101n\u0101ma, nh\u1eb1m h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Therav\u0101da c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, trong gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span> Mah\u0101y\u0101na \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Mah\u0101n\u0101ma[27]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng<\/span>, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span>, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Mah\u0101n\u0101ma \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Nid\u0101nakath\u0101? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> D\u012bpava\u1e43sa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng \u1edf tr\u00ean, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa v\u1eabn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u01a1n l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 th\u00f4ng tin. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n nghi theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng (602-664) \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0, theo t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ee9c K\u00fd<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n t\u00e1m ghi r\u1eb1ng: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1eb3ng-ch\u00e1nh-gi\u00e1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 n\u1eefa th\u00e1ng sau c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1-kh\u01b0, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 3 \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u1eady[28]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, th\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n th\u00e1ng Ves\u0101kha c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Nam truy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> g\u1ea7n 1.500 n\u0103m, c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 12 \u1edf th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i Tu\u1ec7 T\u01b0<\/span> (515-577), m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau d\u1eabn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean, c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Nam truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> g\u1ea7n 1.500 n\u0103m. Th\u1eed h\u1ecfi, trong hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0o g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> minh \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span>. V\u00e0, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn b\u00f3 c\u1ecf Kusa tr\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u00f2a ng\u1ed3i su\u1ed1t 49 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn khi Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. T\u1eeb b\u00f3 c\u1ecf Kusa \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kusa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf thi\u00eang trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh y khoa tin d\u00f9ng, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 h\u00f4m nay. C\u1ecf Kusa c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ecdc \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, Nepal.
\"Kh\u1ea3o

\u00a0 \u00a03.1 \u00a0C\u1ecf Kusa trong \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ecf Kusa c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong kinh v\u0103n \u1ea4n<\/span> \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> l\u00e0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Rig-Veda, trong Atharva-Veda v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong lu\u1eadt Manu (II.75)[29]<\/a>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> Atharva-Veda \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n (AV.XIX.32.3), (AV.XIX.33.1) ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf thi\u00eang n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d4i Kusa, c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00ec tr\u00ean Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1ea3i ngay c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y[30]<\/b><\/a>! \u2026. l\u00e0 vua gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ecf c\u00e2y[31]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ecf Kusa c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 tu \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> l\u00e0m \u00e1o m\u1eb7c (kusac\u012brampi<\/i>) ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3i l\u00e0m to\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i[32]<\/a>, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh T\u0103ng Chi<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n J\u0101nussoni, nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi<\/span> Uposatha, sau khi g\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i \u00e1o l\u1ee5a m\u1edbi, tay c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm c\u1ecf kusa \u01b0\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng xa Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> bao nhi\u00eau. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> th\u1ea5y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n J\u0101nussoni, nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi<\/span> Uposatha, sau khi g\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i \u00e1o l\u1ee5a m\u1edbi, tay c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm c\u1ecf kusa \u01b0\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng xa bao nhi\u00eau, th\u1ea5y v\u1eady li\u1ec1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n J\u0101nussoni:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi<\/span> Uposatha, \u00d4ng g\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i \u00e1o l\u1ee5a m\u1edbi, tay c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm c\u1ecf kusa \u01b0\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– Th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gotama, h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span> c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gotama, c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi<\/span> Uposatha g\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i \u00e1o l\u1ee5a m\u1edbi, thoa s\u00e0n nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n b\u00f2 \u01b0\u1edbt, tr\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u1ecf kusa xanh, v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1eeda. \u0110\u00eam \u1ea5y h\u1ecd d\u1eady ba l\u1ea7n, ch\u1eafp tay<\/span> \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5<\/span> ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3”. R\u1ed3i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee5c t\u00f4, v\u00e0 sanh t\u00f4, v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 qua, h\u1ecd c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n th\u00f9 di\u1ec7u, lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ec1m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u01b0a T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span> Gotama, l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n[33]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ecf Kusa c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ea3 n\u0103m b\u1ed9 Nik\u0101ya, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf v\u1edbi hai c\u1ea1nh b\u00ean s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9t tay (Dhp. 311), ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9t (S.iii,137), ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u00e1o m\u1eb7c (D.i, 166; M.ii,162), ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2u c\u00e1 (It,67)\u2026\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u1ecf Kusa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a03.2 \u00a0Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f2a b\u1eb1ng c\u1ecf Kusa.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, sau khi th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u00e1t ch\u00e1o s\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng m\u1ee5c n\u1eef Suj\u0101t\u0101, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Siddhattha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9i B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, g\u1eb7p ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean t\u00ean l\u00e0 Sotthiyo \u0111ang g\u00e1nh c\u1ecf \u0111em b\u00e1n (ti<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>ah\u0101raka<\/i>), sau khi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> (\u00f1atv\u0101<\/i>) Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n<\/span> (mah\u0101purisa<\/i>), n\u00ean anh ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u00e1m b\u00f3 c\u1ecf. B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t nh\u1eadn c\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1. Sau khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i c\u1ecf l\u00e0m t\u00f2a d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh<\/span> ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>: \u201cCho d\u00f9 da th\u1ecbt<\/span>, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n, m\u00e1u trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y d\u1eabu c\u00f3 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o[34]<\/a>, Ta quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y\u201d.<\/i>(K\u0101ma<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> taco ca nah\u0101ru\u00a0 ca a<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>hi ca avasussatu, upasussatu sar\u012bre ma<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>salohita<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>, na tv-eva samm\u0101sambodhi<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> appatv\u0101 ima<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> palla<\/i>\u1e41<\/i>ka<\/i>\u1e41<\/i> bhindiss\u0101m\u012bt\u012b<\/i>)[35]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-tr\u00ed-\u0111\u1ed9<\/i> ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span>: \u201cTa nguy\u1ec7n thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecda<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-tr\u00ed. N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-tr\u00ed, Ta quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y\u201d(\u8981\u4e0d\u7834\u6b64\u7d50\u52a0\u8dba\u5750, \u6210\u4e00\u5207\u667a; \u4e0d\u5f97\u4e00\u5207\u667a, \u7d42\u4e0d\u8d77\u4e5f)[36]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean c\u1eaft c\u1ecf t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (Sotthiyo<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang t\u00e1m b\u00f3 c\u1ecf (a<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>ha ti<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>amu<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>hiyo ad\u0101si<\/i>) cho B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t. Theo t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u0101li-English c\u1ee7a PTS, Sotthi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a an l\u00e0nh<\/span>, an l\u1ea1c<\/span>, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (well-being<\/i>\uff0c<\/i>safety<\/i>), ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> Sanskrit ghi l\u00e0 Svasti, c\u0169ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>[37]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong kinh Tu H\u00e0nh<\/span> B\u1ed5n Kh\u1edfi<\/i>, do Khang M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 197[38]<\/a>, ghi r\u1eb1ng, khi B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t h\u1ecfi ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u00ec, th\u00ec ch\u00e0ng ta \u0111\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0 T\u00ean con l\u00e0 C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, con c\u1eaft c\u1ecf C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>[39]<\/b><\/a><\/i>. Ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng c\u0169ng x\u00e1c t\u00edn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u1ecf C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> trong \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ee9c K\u00fd<\/i>[40]<\/a>. Ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> trong C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span> T\u1ef3 N\u1ea1i Da<\/span> Xu\u1ea5t Gia<\/span> S\u1ef1<\/i>[41]<\/a> c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean Sotthi trong Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00e0nh C\u00f4-thi-th\u1ea3o (\u59d1\u5c38\u8349)[42]<\/a> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (\u8a00\u5409\u7965\u4e5f). Theo Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb<\/span> \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110inh Ph\u00fac B\u1ea3o<\/span> th\u00ec C\u00f4-thi-th\u1ea3o (\u59d1\u5c38\u8349) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u1ecf C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, C\u00f4-thi (\u59d1\u5c38) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Kusa[43]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng n\u00eau tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn c\u1ecf Kusa t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eaft c\u1ecf v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i l\u00e0m thi\u1ec1n t\u00f2a. Sau 49 ng\u00e0y mi\u00ean m\u1eadt thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ea3m c\u1ecf Kusa, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf Kusa trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a03.3. \u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf Kusa v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ecf Kusa c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ecf Darbha theo \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o[44]<\/a>, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span> (Kusa mat<\/i>) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111eo (Kusa ring<\/i>) trong nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>[45]<\/a>. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u1ecf Kusa m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, mua b\u00e1n<\/span> giao d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> tr\u00ean trang th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/span> to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ebay.in. Theo t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/i> (Indian Journal of History of Science),<\/em> c\u1ecf Kusa c\u00f3 danh ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Desmostachya Bipinnata[46]<\/a>. Theo t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh<\/span> th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3<\/i> (Rangeland Ecology & Management)[47]<\/a>, Kusa l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf l\u01b0u ni\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, t\u1eeb Sudanian, B\u1eafc Phi, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, Trung \u00c1, Pakistan v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>. Trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, Kusa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1eb7n cao. Th\u00e2n r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh sau m\u00f9a m\u01b0a (after monsoon rains<\/i>), c\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span>, ra hoa v\u00e0 k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ecf Kusa th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng, th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc hai b\u1edd s\u00f4ng. Thu\u1edf x\u01b0a c\u0169ng v\u1eady, kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span> (S.iii,137) ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ecf Kusa m\u1ecdc hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> thanh ni\u00ean Sotthiyo c\u1eaft c\u1ecf Kusa b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Niranjana.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ecf Kusa \u1edf t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh<\/span> th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3<\/i> \u1edf tr\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u1ecf Kusa ra hoa v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, sau m\u00f9a m\u01b0a.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 hai m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, m\u00f9a m\u01b0a T\u00e2y Nam v\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> Sulochana Gadgil, \u1edf Trung \u00e2m kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i>, thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, th\u00ec m\u00f9a m\u01b0a T\u00e2y Nam l\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a ch\u00ednh, di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9[48]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf Kusa v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, th\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean Sotthiyo thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ecf Kusa \u00a0th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em b\u00e1n (ti<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>ah\u0101raka<\/i>), kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra s\u1edbm h\u01a1n th\u00e1ng 6 t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadn t\u00e1m b\u00f3 c\u1ecf Kusa l\u00e0m thi\u1ec1n t\u00f2a v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u00e1ng 10. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecda<\/span> b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn ng\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n hai th\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Nam truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 49 ng\u00e0y; n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t d\u00f9ng c\u1ecf Kusa \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec1n t\u00f2a, th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng<\/span>, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u00e1ng 12 d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00f3i chung, ng\u00e0y Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/span>. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea3n sanh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3n<\/span> sanh: ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Nam truy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o hai th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> g\u1ea7n 1.500 n\u0103m. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> n\u00e9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf Kusa v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> th\u00e1ng 12 t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>, khi nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng Niranjana, th\u00ec B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t m\u1edbi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u1ed9i qua nh\u01b0 c\u1ed5 th\u01b0<\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5[49]<\/a>, v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> ng\u00e0y nay. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eady, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o, v\u00ec su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n hai th\u00e1ng, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, th\u1eddi gian<\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00eau tr\u00ean mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> (sammuti-sacca<\/i>), v\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (paramattha-sacca<\/i>), gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> to l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span> ni\u1ec1m t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn<\/span> b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> – b\u1eadc v\u0129 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n


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[1]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 01 \u518a No. 0001 \u9577\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db, \u904a\u884c\u7d93<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[2]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 03 \u518a No. 0189 \u904e\u53bb\u73fe\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e09<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 23 \u518a No. 1440 \u85a9\u5a46\u591a\u6bd8\u5c3c\u6bd8\u5a46\u6c99, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[4]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 01 \u518a No. 0005 \u4f5b\u822c\u6ce5\u6d39\u7d93, \u5377\u4e0b<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 01 \u518a No. 0006 \u822c\u6ce5\u6d39\u7d93, \u5377\u4e0b<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[7]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 48 \u518a No. 2025 \u6555\u4fee\u767e\u4e08\u6e05\u898f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[8]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 46 \u518a No. 1933 \u5357\u5dbd\u601d\u5927\u79aa\u5e2b\u7acb\u8a93\u9858\u6587<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[9]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 51 \u518a No. 2069 \u5929\u53f0\u4e5d\u7956\u50b3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[10]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 46 \u518a No. 1933 \u5357\u5dbd\u601d\u5927\u79aa\u5e2b\u7acb\u8a93\u9858\u6587. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u81f3\u7678\u672a\u5e74\u5e74\u4e09\u5341.\u662f\u81d8\u6708\u6708\u516b\u65e5\u5f97\u6210\u9053<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[11]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 51 \u518a No. 2087 \u5927\u5510\u897f\u57df\u8a18, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[12]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u65b0\u8129\u5927\u85cf\u7d93\u7b2c 50 \u518a No. 2061 \u5b8b\u9ad8\u50e7\u50b3\u5377\u7b2c\u4e94<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[13]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 49 \u518a No. 2037 \u91cb\u6c0f\u7a3d\u53e4\u7565, \u5377\u4e09, \u4e00\u884c\u79aa\u5e2b.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[14]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 54 \u518a No. 2126 \u5927\u5b8b\u50e7\u53f2\u7565<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[15]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 54 \u518a No. 2126 \u5927\u5b8b\u50e7\u53f2\u7565, \u5377\u4e0a. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u81d8\u6708\u4e43\u5468\u4e4b\u4e8c\u6708\u4e5f.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[16]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 52 \u518a No. 2118 \u6298\u7591\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e00.Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u5468\u6642\u6b63\u6708\u5efa\u5b50.\u4e8c\u6708\u516b\u65e5\u5373\u4eca\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u516b\u65e5\u662f\u4e5f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/a> The P\u0101li Text Society. The J\u0101taka together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births Gotama Buddha<\/i>. Vol 1. Edited by V. Faus Boll. London: Messrs. Luzac and Company, Ltd. 1962.\u00a0 p.68<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18]<\/a> T\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Ficus religiosa.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/a> The P\u0101li Text Society. The J\u0101taka together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births Gotama Buddha<\/i>. Vol 1. Edited by V. Faus Boll. London: Messrs. Luzac and Company, Ltd. 1962.\u00a0 p.70<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20]<\/a>The P\u0101li Text Society. The Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa<\/i>. Wilhelm Geiger Ph.D, trans. Oxford: University Press, Amen Corner, E.C 1912. p.2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21]<\/a>Buddhist Birth Story,(Jataka tales): The commentarial introduction entitled Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, The story of the lineage<\/i>. Translated from Prof. V. Faus Boll\u2019s editionof the P\u0101li text by T.W Rhys Davids. London: G.Routledge. 1925. p.xii. Cf:The Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, as forming a running commentary on the Buddhavamsa<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/a>Oskar von Hin\u00fcber. A Handbook of P\u0101li Literature<\/i>. Berlin -New York: Walter de Gruyter. 1996. p.56. Cf: The Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 is the most important Therav\u0101da source for the life of the Buddha<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23]<\/a> Hajime Nakamura. Gotama Buddha \u2013 A biography based on the most reliable texts<\/i>. 2 Vol. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 2000. Xem th\u00eam b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: Hajime Nakamura, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Gotama: m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t<\/i>, Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan d\u1ecbch<\/span>, NXB. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24]<\/a> Hajime Nakamura. Gotama Buddha \u2013 A biography based on the most reliable texts<\/i>. 2 Vol. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 2000. p.16.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/a> The P\u0101li Text Society. The J\u0101taka together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births Gotama Buddha<\/i>. Vol 1. Edited by V. Faus Boll. London: Messrs. Luzac and Company, Ltd. 1962.\u00a0 p.70.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/a>P\u0101li Text Society. The Mah\u0101 Va\u1e43sa or The Great chronicle of Ceylon<\/i>. Trans. Wilhelm Geiger. London: Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, Amen Corner. 1912.p.xi. See also<\/i>, Malalasekera, G.P. Buddhist Dictionary of P\u0101li Proper Names<\/i>. Vol 2. London: Luzac & Company Ltd., 1960, p.553.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/a>Douglas Bullis. Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka<\/i>. Fremont, CA: Asian Humanities Press. 2012. p.54.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 51 \u518a No. 2087 \u5927\u5510\u897f\u57df\u8a18,\u5377\u7b2c\u516b. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u5247\u5420\u820d\u4f49\u6708\u5f8c\u534a\u5341\u4e94\u65e5\u6210\u7b49\u6b63\u89ba\uff0c\u7576\u6b64\u4e09\u6708\u5341\u4e94\u65e5\u4e5f.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/a> SBE., Vol 25. The Laws of Manu<\/i>. G Buhler, trans. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1886. Chapter II, Slokas 75. p.44.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/a>The Atharva-Veda<\/i> (Sanskrit text), Devi Chand M.A,trans. New Delhy: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Reprinted 2014, p. 762. Cf: O herb, (i.e., kusha-grass) thy main root is in the heavens but are firmly established on the earth<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/a>Ibid<\/i>, p. 763. Cf: a king among the plants and herbs<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/a>Kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 6, Chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/i>, s\u1ed1 535, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2015, tr. 84.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33]<\/a>Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, 2015, tr.698.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: samm\u0101sambodhi\u1e41, t\u1ee9c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35]<\/a> The P\u0101li Text Society. The J\u0101taka together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births Gotama Buddha<\/i>. Vol 1. Edited by V. Faus Boll. London: Messrs. Luzac and Company, Ltd. 1962.\u00a0 p.71<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 25 \u518a No.1509 \u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e09, \u5171\u6469\u8a36\u6bd4\u4e18\u50e7\u91cb\u8ad6\u7b2c\u516d.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37]<\/a> M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary.<\/i> Springfield, MA: Nataraj Books, 2014, p.1283.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]<\/a>Theo Khai nguy\u00ean th\u00edch gi\u00e1o l\u1ee5c<\/span>,<\/i> quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i Tam B\u1ea3o k\u00fd<\/span><\/i>, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ki\u1ebfn An n\u0103m th\u1ee9 2, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 197. Xem,\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 49 \u518a No. 2034 \u6b77\u4ee3\u4e09\u5bf6\u7d00,\u5377\u7b2c\u56db(\u8b6f\u7d93\u5f8c\u6f22)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 03 \u518a No. 0184 \u4fee\u884c\u672c\u8d77\u7d93, \u5377\u4e0b. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u6211\u540d\u70ba\u5409\u7965\uff0c\u4eca\u5208\u5409\u7965\u8349.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[40]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 51 \u518a No. 2087 \u5927\u5510\u897f\u57df\u8a18, \u5377\u7b2c\u516b.Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u83e9\u63d0\u6a39\u57a3\u5167\uff0c\u56db\u9685\u7686\u6709\u5927\u7aa3\u5835\u6ce2.\u5728\u6614\u5982\u4f86\u53d7\u5409\u7965\u8349\u5df2, \u8da3\u83e9\u63d0\u6a39, \u5148\u6b77\u56db\u9685, \u5927\u5730\u9707\u52d5,\u81f3\u91d1\u525b\u5ea7\uff0c\u65b9\u5f97\u5b89\u975c.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[41]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 23 \u518a No. 1444 \u6839\u672c\u8aaa\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u90e8\u6bd8\u5948\u8036\u51fa\u5bb6\u4e8b, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[42]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 51 \u518a No. 2088 \u91cb\u8fe6\u65b9\u5fd7, \u5377\u4e0b<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[43]<\/a> \u0110inh Ph\u00fac B\u1ea3o<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb<\/span> \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0<\/span> Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c<\/span> C\u01a1 Kim H\u1ed9i \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span>, 2012, tr. 1486.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[44]<\/a> M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary.<\/i> Springfield, MA: Nataraj Books, 2014, p. 296.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[45]<\/a> Mohanty R. B., \u00a0Tripathy B. K., & Panda T., \u201cSemiological Application of Plants and Vegetation in folk life and culture of Jajpur District, Odisha : An Introspection\u201d. \u00a0Journal Anthropological Survey of India, <\/i>61(2) & 62(1) July-Dec, 2012 & Jan-June, 2013. p.562.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[46]<\/a> Mahdihassan. S. \u201cThree important Vedic grasses\u201d. 1987. Indian Journal of History of Science,<\/em> 22\/4. 1987. p. 287.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[47]<\/a> \u00a0Salman Gulzar, M. A. Khan, and Xiaojing Liu. \u201cSeed Germination Strategies of Desmostachya bipinnata: A Fodder Crop for Saline Soils\u201d. \u00a0Rangeland Ecology & Management,<\/i> 60 July 2007. p.402.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[48]<\/a> Sulochana Gadgil, \u201cThe Indian monsoon and its variability\u201d.\u00a0 Earth and Planetary Science Letter,<\/i> 2003-31. p.430.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[49]<\/a> Rockhill, William Woodville.<\/span> The life of Buddha and the early history of his Order<\/i>. London: Trubner & Co Ludgate Hill, 1884, p. 31. Cf: Then the Bodhisattva waded across the river.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n

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