{"id":7842,"date":"2020-12-05T21:56:02","date_gmt":"2020-12-05T14:56:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/05\/thai-do-tam-linh-cua-dao-phat\/"},"modified":"2020-12-05T21:56:02","modified_gmt":"2020-12-05T14:56:02","slug":"thai-do-tam-linh-cua-dao-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/05\/thai-do-tam-linh-cua-dao-phat\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e1i \u0110\u1ed9 T\u00e2m Linh C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

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TH\u00c1I \u0110\u1ed8<\/span> T\u00c2M LINH<\/span> C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0O PH\u1eacT<\/span><\/span> <\/span>

T\u1ef3-kheo TH\u00cdCH MINH CH\u00c2U<\/span><\/span>
B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/span> V\u0103n khoa<\/span> S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1967.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Th\u00e1i

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00ednh th\u01b0a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb,<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi th\u1ebf \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span> n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ecb trong bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span> l\u1eafm. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/span> d\u1eef d\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1eafm v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1eb7ng m\u00f9i t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean cao nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 v\u1eady. N\u01a1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n<\/span> h\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0i ba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tan nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> xin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 ngay r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, d\u00f9 ngh\u0129a \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d hi\u1ec3u theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> hay \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ct\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d, \u201cgi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i\u201d, \u201cgi\u00e1o quy\u1ec1n\u201d, \u201cth\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n\u201d, \u201cth\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i\u201d, v.v… \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1eadt<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span>: Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ctri\u1ebft l\u00fd\u201d hay \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>; v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cpositivisme\u201d g\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Auguste Comte, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cempirisme\u201d hay \u201cPh\u00e9nom\u00e9nisme\u201d g\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 David Hume, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cPragmatisme\u201d g\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 William James. R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em so s\u00e1nh<\/span> ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd duy th\u1ef1c, duy nghi\u1ec7m: h\u1ecd n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Jean-Paul Sartre, g\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> theo \u0111i\u1ec7u Carl Jung hay Erich Fromm, v.v…. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eefng nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> xa l\u1ea1<\/span> h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi tinh t\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> ngay t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u1ea5y c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed<\/span> hay thi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed<\/span>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> hay \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> ngay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3<\/span> tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> \u00f3c hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 khai tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n<\/span> ho\u1eb7c h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd duy th\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c duy t\u00e2m<\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec m\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u1eef kinh Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0: \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1ecb ng\u00e3 v\u0103n\u201d. \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1ecb ng\u00e3 v\u0103n\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4i nghe nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng \u01afu-ba-ly v\u00e0 A-nan ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c kinh b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfng \u1ea5y (cf. Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn<\/span>).\u00a0 \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1ecb ng\u00e3 v\u0103n\u201d. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f4i nghe nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u00f4i nghe \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00f4i nghe \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Nghe \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u00e0 trung tr\u1ef1c, \u0110\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; \u201cTh\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> \u201cquan \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d; \u201cquan \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ed7 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y. \u201cQuan\u201d, l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i ch\u1eef Pali ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cdassana\u201d. Bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng; \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng hay<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y: ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u201cki\u1ebfn\u201d,\u201dquan\u201d (qu\u00e1n) r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. \u201cCh\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn\u201d (samm\u0101 di\u1e6d\u1e6dhia) l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e1m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span> (b\u00e1t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> xoay v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i hai ch\u1eef Ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh<\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn<\/span> trong c\u00e2u: \u201cKhi\u1ebfn t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e0nh ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh\u201d (m\u00e0 ch\u1eef Pali g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: \u201cDi\u1e6d\u1e6dhijjukamma\u201d).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1edf m\u1eaft<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y. Th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>; kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> Pali g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Vipassan\u0101 (qu\u00e1n): Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, Bh\u0101van\u0101 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: Samatha (ch\u1ec9) v\u00e0 Vipassan\u0101 (qu\u00e1n); nh\u1edd tu samatha m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Abhi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 (th\u1eafng tr\u00ed th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/span>); c\u00f2n nh\u1edd vipassan\u0101 (qu\u00e1n) m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y ch\u0103ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y sai; ch\u1eef nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn\u201d (Micch\u0101di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi di\u1e6d\u1e6dhigata). T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng; t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f2n nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u00f3i r\u00e1ch v\u00e0 thi\u00ean tai<\/span>. T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa b\u1ea7n ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi. \u201cKi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5p h\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ea5p v\u1ecdng b\u1ecf ch\u00e2n; \u201cki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, \u201cKi\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn\u201d (ch\u1eef ph\u1ea1n: Drstip\u0101m\u0101rsa), \u201cki\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d, \u201cki\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201cki\u1ebfn v\u00f5ng\u201d. \u201cKi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdc\u201d (Drsti-kas\u0101ya) \u201cki\u1ebfn \u00e1i\u201d, \u201cki\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u201d, \u201cki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y sai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 sa \u0111\u1ecda c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 sa l\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> T\u1ef1 do<\/span> An l\u1ea1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 Tam Lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span> v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span>: y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tam lu\u1eadn t\u00f4ng<\/span> (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, M\u0101dhya-mika) c\u0169ng xoay quanh<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, nh\u1eefng \u201cki\u1ebfn\u201d (drsti) ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> (drsti-v\u0101da) nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u201cng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn\u201d (\u0101tma-drsti satk\u0101ya-drsti) \u201cv\u00f4 ki\u1ebfn\u201d (vibhava-drsti), “h\u1eefu ki\u1ebfn” (bhava-drsti) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span> Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/span> (s\u016bnyat\u00e0); y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong c\u00e2u \u201cki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> m\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n v\u1eabn thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. \u201cKi\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> \u201cki\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt\u201d. Trong P\u0101li Abhidhamma, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Dhammacakkhu (ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n<\/span>). N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m (s\u0101ti) m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, l\u1ea5n \u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u201cthi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn thi\u00ean\u201d (P\u0101li: Sudassa); ch\u1eef \u201cThi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn thi\u00ean\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> tr\u01b0ng d\u1eabn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1edb thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1eb1ng Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span>, P\u0101li v\u00e0 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> \u0111\u00f4i th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n<\/span> (Dhammacakkhu) trong th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span>, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n<\/span> t\u1ea1ng\u201d, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span> trao truy\u1ec1n \u201cch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n<\/span> t\u1ea1ng\u201d l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c<\/span> Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia n\u1ed5i danh<\/span> kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Trong cu\u1ed1n Le Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8 Humain, Teilhard de Chardin c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201cvoir\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Teilhard de Chardin th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 thu g\u1ecdn<\/span> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y: \u201cVoir. On pourrait dire que toute la vie est l\u00e0\u201d (cf. Le Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8 Humain, \u00c9dition du Seuil, 1957, p25). Teilhard de Chardin l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n n\u00f3i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n: \u201cVoir ou p\u00e9rir\u201d (cf. op. cit. p 25). S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n<\/span> lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, m\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khai m\u1edf th\u1ecb quan<\/span> (Teilhard de chardin: \u201cL’Unit\u00e9 ne grandit que support\u00e9e par un accrois-sement de conscience; c’est \u00e0 dire de vision\u201d; cf. op. cit. p.25). C\u00e1c \u201cv\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5\u201d (l’univers convergent, cf. op.cit. p. 344) m\u00e0 Teilhard de Chardin mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn tri to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>: \u201cCon Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn m\u00ecnh trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y (Objet et subjet s’\u00e9spousent et se transforment mutuellement dans l’acte de connaissan-ce. Bon gr\u00e9 mal gr\u00e9, d\u00e8s lors, l’Homme se retrouve et se regarde lui m\u00eame dans tout ce qu’il voit\u201d cf. op. cit. p. 26).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn\u201d. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u1ea5y. \u201cCh\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span>, thu g\u1ecdn<\/span> trong T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. – Qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span>;<\/span>
2. – Qu\u00e1n th\u1ecd th\u1ecb kh\u1ed5<\/span>;<\/span>
3. – Qu\u00e1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>;<\/span>
4. – Qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef \u201cqu\u00e1n\u201d (th\u1ea5y) n\u1eb1m trong \u201ct\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9\u201d; \u201ct\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9\u201d m\u1edf ra \u201ct\u1ee9 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u00e2m\u201d, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb d\u1ee5c \u00e1i<\/span>, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span>, nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span> cho th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, v\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e2m linh\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef La tinh “Spiritus”, \u201canimus\u201d, \u201canima\u201d, \u201cratio\u201d, \u201ctranscendens\u201d, v.v…, nh\u01b0 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u201cT\u00e2m linh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u201cT\u00e2m\u201d trong ch\u1eef \u201cCitta\u201d c\u1ee7a Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>: \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> \u201cT\u00e2m\u201d (citta) v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eafc\u201d (R\u016bpa), v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/span> d\u00ednh l\u00edu<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef \u201cT\u00e2m\u201d trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201cT\u00e2m\u201d trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>. T\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Abhidhamma kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00e2m\u201d theo ngh\u0129a “psych\u00e9” c\u1ee7a Hy-l\u1ea1p m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1eafc gi\u1edbi t\u00e2m\u201d, \u201cv\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m\u201d, \u201csi\u00eau th\u1ebf t\u00e2m\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean l\u01b0u t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201ckinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m linh\u201d (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cr\u00e9alisation m\u00e9taphysi-que\u201d, \u201cr\u00e9alisation spirituelle\u201d, \u201cexp\u00e9rience spirituelle\u201d, \u201cexp\u00e9rience mystique\u201d). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>; n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00f4i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span>, \u201cTr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9c song tu\u201d. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> (r\u00e9alisation de soi, v\u00e9rit\u00e9-pour-soi); \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu si\u00eau h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kinh<\/span> nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 tu qu\u00e1n<\/span> (g\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i ch\u1eef P\u0101li l\u00e0: vipassan\u0101), tu ch\u00ednh<\/span> s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u00e2m. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ri\u00eang v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n, t\u00f9y c\u01a1<\/span>, t\u00f9y th\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u00ednh (plan transcendantal), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu<\/span> g\u00ec v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1ed1i cao<\/span>, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> n\u1eb1m trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m trong b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u201ct\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh\u201d (plan immanent); n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u201csi\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh\u201d (transcendance) v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh\u201d (imma-nence) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>; \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u theo ch\u1eef \u201canthropocentrisme\u201d. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1m th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ly chia r\u1ebb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ra ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>; th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span>, ch\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n; n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> (humanisme) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> phi nh\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1ea3n (anti-humanisme), v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> (hay phi nh\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1ea3n) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (essence humaine, nature humaine). Phi nh\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, v\u00ec ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> kh\u00e1c; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (homo) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> (humanitas) tr\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (homo) l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n v\u1ecb l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi (humanus). Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> phi nh\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> (homo humanus) \u0111\u1ec3 ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> phi nh\u00e2n<\/span> t\u00ednh (homo non-humanus), nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (essence, nature humaine). \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u201csubstance\u201d \u201cnature\u201d hay \u201cessence\u201d hay \u201cego\u201d, v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span> qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 phi nh\u00e2n<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh<\/span> (ego); t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ch\u1ea5p<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span>; th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span> b\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y cho m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf cho<\/span> m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>, v\u00e0o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean cao ho\u1eb7c \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh l\u00fd<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n<\/span> hay nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/span>; \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> m\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean t\u1ef1 g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span> m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span>, \u201ckhi\u1ebfn t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh\u201d (Ditthijjukamma), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh<\/span> cao \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> V\u00f4 t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n v\u0169 b\u00e3o<\/span> t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 kh\u00ed T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> phong ph\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>\u00a0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n ly \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00ednh ch\u00e0o qu\u00fd v\u1ecb.<\/span>
T\u1ef2 kheo<\/span> Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

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