{"id":7900,"date":"2020-12-06T23:52:55","date_gmt":"2020-12-06T16:52:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/06\/thuyet-tien-hoa-nghiep-va-the-gioi-tri-giac\/"},"modified":"2020-12-06T23:52:55","modified_gmt":"2020-12-06T16:52:55","slug":"thuyet-tien-hoa-nghiep-va-the-gioi-tri-giac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/06\/thuyet-tien-hoa-nghiep-va-the-gioi-tri-giac\/","title":{"rendered":"Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f3a, Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Tri Gi\u00e1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

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THUY\u1ebeT TI\u1ebeN H\u00d3A<\/span>, NGHI\u1ec6P, V\u00c0 TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI<\/span> TRI GI\u00c1C<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: Evolution, Karma, and the World of Sentience<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>: \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/span>: Tu\u1ec7 Uy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch<\/span> cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/span> g\u1eafng th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi quan m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> tri gi\u00e1cch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> trong n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 – theo khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ed3i th\u00ec l\u00e0, \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c? Khoa sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span>\u00a0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> trong t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> cho bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> qua m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 gien; c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, cung \u1ee9ng<\/span> m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng (\u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ef1c, vi sinh v\u1eadt). S\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa<\/span> k\u1ef3 v\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kinh kh\u1ee7ng<\/span> gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> b\u1edfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1ed5 sung r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3, trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i t\u1eebng nghe n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Darwin g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 trao truy\u1ec1n\u201d v\u00e0o trong s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>. V\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/span> chung, n\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean ban s\u01a1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i nghe v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> khi t\u00f4i c\u00f3 chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh<\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span> n\u0103m 1956, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadn l\u00e2u sau n\u00e0y t\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc gia th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Darwin. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00fap t\u00f4i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Huston Smith \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p t\u00f4i \u1edf Dharamsala v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, nhu c\u1ea7u cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m linh<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span> gi\u1eefa huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 Ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00e0m t\u00f4i ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> v\u1ec1 DNA[1] v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> n\u1eb1m trong b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span> c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i sinh h\u1ecdc xinh \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span> n\u00e0y. Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> c\u1ea3 Huston Smith c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 m\u0169 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span> trong sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span> trong khoa h\u1ecdc gien, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/span> t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> c\u1ee7a DNA trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> h\u00e0m \u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Robert Livingston t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> California \u1edf San Diego. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn ch\u0103m ch\u00fa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t qua \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi chu \u0111\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb<\/span> v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o b\u1eb1ng plastic v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi, hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e0n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf Dharamsala, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu<\/span> vi\u1ebft tay v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>, s\u1ef1 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf v\u1ed1n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng gien c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> – v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt l\u1edbn. M\u1eb7c cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi<\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft Darwin kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u00ec. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> m\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> s\u1ea3n. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a then ch\u1ed1t<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span> r\u1eddi xa kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span>, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ed9i chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh[2]\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span>, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a sok, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 life, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 \u201cs\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c[t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c\u201d.\u00a0 V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> (m\u00e0u s\u1eafc sinh h\u1ecdc), v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (life) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> (living) li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, trong khi sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111em n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> sinh h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ed1ng cao c\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> Darwin, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u00f4 th\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> gien ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn sau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cs\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d hay, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> s\u1ea3n d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u00edch nghi<\/span> t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Khi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> n\u00e0o th\u00edch nghi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> lo\u1ea1i ru\u1ed3i hay kh\u1ec9 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9n ch\u1ecdn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ec9<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. M\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 con v\u01b0\u1ee3n (chimpanzee) c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb 98 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m DNA c\u1ee7a nhau; m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 2 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i (s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9t (gorilla) l\u00e0 3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m). Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gien, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i thich v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> trong gien, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc ra v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau trong nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> gien c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> (ph\u00eda truy\u1ec1n, ph\u00eda nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 v.v\u2026), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u00e1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>) trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u201ch\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ed9n\u201d h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 c\u01a1. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> Stanford, Stephen Chu, \u00a0r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span>. Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau khi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a RNA (axit ribonucleic) t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ki\u00ean c\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/span> h\u01a1n \u2013 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA (deoxyribonucleic axit, kho ch\u1ee9a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u1ecdc) \u2013 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb RNA. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> gien cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong DNA v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m (protein). RNA \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> gi\u1eefa DNA v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc tin t\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u1ee9a trong DNA v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1o v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DNA, RNA, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 Luca, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/span> chung ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t tr\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi khu\u1ea9n<\/span> s\u1ed1ng s\u00e2u trong tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hay trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5m. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, qua s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, Luca d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i. T\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u0129m c\u01b0\u1eddi khi t\u00f4i nghe v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y, v\u00ec Luca l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch<\/span> vi\u00ean l\u00e2u n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eef ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi khung c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0 qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5<\/span> trong khoa di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian<\/span> g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> v\u00e0 n\u00e9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 song<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 gien. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span> tinh vi<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 50 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a DNA b\u1edfi James Watson v\u00e0 Francis Crick n\u0103m 1953, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp chu\u1ed7i gien c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. K\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang theo<\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00f4 k\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp chu\u1ed7i gien trong m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Bill Clinton v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> Anh Tony Blair c\u00f9ng nhau tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> Larry King Show. V\u00ec t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 nghe tin<\/span> t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm hay v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean khi Larry King h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1edb ra kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i g\u00ec. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y m\u00e0 hai ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> cho gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng<\/span>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> qua v\u1ec7 tin vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. Do v\u1eady ch\u00ednh Larry King tr\u00ean bu\u1ed5i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft tin t\u1ee9c<\/span> \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng<\/span>. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u1ecdc Eric Lander t\u1ea1i MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00f4i xem ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Broad Insitute c\u1ee7a MIT v\u00e0 Harvard, n\u01a1i m\u00e0\u00a0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ed9 gien con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh\/gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gien.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb<\/span> T\u00e2m Th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eddi S\u1ed1ng<\/span>, Eric \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> b\u1ed9 gien con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh<\/span> n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> Kangyur, t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng ba tr\u0103m t\u1edd m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gien c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ba nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc<\/span> th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 gien (m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 huynh) ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn gien. M\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a DNA trong ba m\u1eabu t\u1ef1, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> b\u1ed1n m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 A, C, G, v\u00e0 T – adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine – tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Eric \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, r\u1eb1ng trong h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> nho nh\u1ecf len v\u00e0o, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf – trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m sao ch\u00e9p n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng tay \u2013 nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t th\u01b0 k\u00fd<\/span> nho nh\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kangyur. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p, r\u1ed3i n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> sao ch\u00e9p m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 v.v\u2026 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n; tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00f4i khi x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span>, n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i l\u00e0, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u hay vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y trong ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3, t\u00f4i nghe n\u00f3i, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed<\/span> cao r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gien, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, m\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span> c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 Ursula Goodenough \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> n\u00f3 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb<\/span> T\u00e2m Th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eddi S\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u0103m 2002, \u201cS\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc th\u00ec c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n!\u201d Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean can<\/span> s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang thu\u1ea7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0<\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> cho \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00f9ng l\u1eafm th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span> gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u2013 (\u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ef1c, vi sinh v\u1eadt) trong khi v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u2013 ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> (\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Qua c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111ang li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> trong khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng? T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb<\/span> T\u00e2m Th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eddi S\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1edf Dharamsala, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc \u00dd \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i<\/span> Luigi Luisi, c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1edf Zurich, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1ea1ch ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u2013 v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span> quan t\u00e2m<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span> v\u01a1i n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> trong n\u00f3 \u2013 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u2013 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd<\/span> Cao Qu\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> d\u1ea1y trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span>. B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd<\/span> Cao Qu\u00fd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (1), \u00a0kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (2), s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 (3), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (4). Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u1ea9m tra nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao tr\u00f9m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt<\/span> ch\u1ea5t \u2013 \u201cv\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a\u201d [thai t\u1ea1ng gi\u1edbi<\/span>[3]] \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> \u2013 \u201cth\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a\u201d [ch\u00fang sinh gi\u1edbi<\/span>]. Ch\u00ednh trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u2013 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span>, v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 cho d\u00f9 l\u1eb1n ranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> hay gi\u1eefa sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> \u2013 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh quan tr\u1ecdng, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ea9m tra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh h\u1ecdc, [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng thay v\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>, cho n\u00ean [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> ng\u1ea7m m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, l\u00e0 trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 song<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d hay \u201ct\u1ef1 ng\u00e3\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span>. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> g\u00ec ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng: v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span>, sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110\u00e0ng sau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span> r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea9m tra l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt<\/span> gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng, trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m<\/span>, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span>. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> mong \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ebf, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u1edbng vui, th\u00ec th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f9ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 shepa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 \u201c[t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c\u201d, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\u201d l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n ti\u0341nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ban s\u01a1<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n<\/span> A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> sau n\u00e0y. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo cung c\u00e1ch sau. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ba c\u00f5i<\/span> gi\u1edbi \u2013 d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span>, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u2013 th\u00ec v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span> h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00a0s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> sinh s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span>, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> b\u1edfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>. Ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trong c\u00f5i n\u00e0y s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span>, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean h\u1eb3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> trong c\u00f5i n\u00e0y tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> tr\u1ea1ng tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span> an nh\u00e0n<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> trong c\u00f5i n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00f5i s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> hay ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span>.\u00a0 C\u0169ng n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ba c\u00f5i<\/span> gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd<\/span> Cao Qu\u00fd). Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean khao kh\u00e1t. Ch\u00fang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u1ecda xu\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 v\u1ed1n cung c\u1ea5p<\/span> cho h\u1ecd nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec<\/span> trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i gi\u1edbi<\/span> cao c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9 (t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng<\/span>) x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng; ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng, \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft\u201d. Khi nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u1ecda xu\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ebb huy ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span>. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> qua \u201cs\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span>, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u00f2a quang, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span>). H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> cho \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> h\u1ecd mang l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u00f4 ph\u00f9 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0m sinh ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. T\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u00ednh m\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u<\/span>. Xa h\u01a1n<\/span> n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1eeba t\u1eeb th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u2013 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c<\/span> nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u00e0 d\u00e2m<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i sanh s\u1ea3n. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) Thai sanh<\/span><\/b>, sanh t\u1eeb b\u00e0o thai<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>; <\/span>
(2) No\u00e3n sanh<\/span><\/b>, sanh t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0 chim, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t; <\/span>
(3) Th\u1ea5p sanh<\/span><\/b>, sanh t\u1eeb n\u01a1i \u1ea9m n\u00f3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng; v\u00e0 <\/span>
(4) H\u00f3a sanh<\/span><\/b>, sanh do t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span> trong c\u00f5i s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> khi ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, \u201cCh\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh. Do th\u1ebf c\u0169ng t\u1eeb t\u00e2m<\/span> m\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> s\u01a1 khai<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span>, t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> h\u00f3a [c\u1ee7a duy t\u00e2m<\/span>] b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>, qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p, karma, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> hay t\u00e2m \u00fd \u2013 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129<\/span> hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> l\u00ean t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u1eddi gian<\/span> [x\u1ea3y ra] ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xa h\u01a1n<\/span>. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. Chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> karma, nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>. Trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p[4]) hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> (bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>), th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n<\/span> (c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a) ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadt quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> hay s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh<\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh \u2013 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 h\u01a1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u00ec t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00fat gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span>, theo m\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> B\u00ed M\u1eadt T\u1eadp H\u1ed9i<\/span> (Guhyasamaja tantra), m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 prana, sinh kh\u00ed<\/span>, m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span>. Sinh kh\u00ed<\/span> prana l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft, trong khi [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 duy<\/span> ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span>. Cho n\u00ean theo m\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> B\u00ed M\u1eadt T\u1eadp H\u1ed9i<\/span>, khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn<\/span> s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee7a [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft vi t\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 hay nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> Taktsang Lotsawa v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> gi\u1eefa kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ed1n x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> trong m\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Th\u1eddi Lu\u00e2n<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c<\/span> v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1eeba<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u0129 m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Do b\u1edfi<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Th\u1eddi Lu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang; trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> tinh vi<\/span> v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/span> h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> quan A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/span>, n\u00ean t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a\u201d ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5 d\u1ea1 xoa<\/span> hung d\u1eef nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tin vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Darwin, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span>, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctri gi\u00e1c\u201d, qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> trong t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Darwin, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thuy\u1ebft Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho n\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00ednh Darwin, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>. Xa h\u01a1n<\/span> th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t\u201d. Thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong gien c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i. Do th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: \u201cV\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i di truy\u1ec1n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span>, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> n\u00e0y thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00fd gi\u1ea3i<\/span> th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Karl Popper, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Darwin kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 v\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c<\/span> cao \u0111\u1ed9 cho vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc xa h\u01a1n<\/span>. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, thuy\u1ebft Darwin, trong khi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00f4 tri<\/span> v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i qu\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span> v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng cho s\u1ef1 sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea9y n\u1edf<\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i thich l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, cho d\u00f9 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n (chimpanzee) hay nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hy sinh<\/span>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong hi\u1ec3m nguy \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u m\u1ea1ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, m\u1ed9t con ong m\u1eadt s\u1ebd ch\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00f3 ch\u1ebft; hay con chim h\u00e9t[5] \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i chim, s\u1ebd m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m<\/span> ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> h\u1eadu Darwin \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1ecb tha<\/span>; k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 hy sinh<\/span>, s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c trao truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng gien c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> khi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe r\u1eb1ng, l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> qua nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con chim ch\u1ee7 nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng nh\u1eefng con chim c\u00fac cu non b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i trong t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ri\u00eang \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con chim c\u00fac cu c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0a ra lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tha<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong cung c\u00e1ch hy sinh<\/span> – sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ea9m sinh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb sai khi\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u1edfi gien. V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span> h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 Darwin gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gien c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng gien c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed s\u1ef1<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch \u00edch k\u1ef7<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb<\/span> T\u00e2m Th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eddi S\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u1edf Dharamsala, s\u1eed gia Harvard v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Anne Harrington \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m tra c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb<\/span> bi. T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span>, trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, so s\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00f4 v\u00e0n d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 hung h\u0103ng, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef<\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m tra t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha<\/span>. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u00ednh trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> ch\u1eeda b\u1ec7nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> v\u1ecb tha<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9<\/span> t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m tra khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m tra th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111i, th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n cho v\u1eeba gi\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c hay ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n \u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> Darwin, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/span> trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, v\u1ed1n ng\u1ee5 \u00fd l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span>, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111ua<\/span> gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> th\u1ebf, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi<\/span> hung h\u0103ng trong th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tha<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span>. T\u1ea1i sao sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 hung h\u0103ng l\u00e0 n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng? T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tha<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ti\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> trong khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span>, tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> cho m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hay ngay c\u1ea3, v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 v\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, t\u00f4i th\u1eadt tin r\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u2013 v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> trong l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> Darwin lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kinh kh\u1ee7ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u01b0u sinh c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb n\u00f3 \u2013 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> nh\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng sai \u0111\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9<\/span>, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tham con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng<\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1eeb bi<\/span> h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, cho r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1eadt c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng ai trong tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u1ea5y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> \u0111\u00fang tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u00f3i chung.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span>, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> quan y\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a th\u1ea9m tra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u2013 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> cho tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng s\u00e2u xa<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eafng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a [t\u00e2m] th\u1ee9c, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ea8n T\u00e2m L\u1ed9<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch xong: Monday, September 18, 2017<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/span>: Sunday, September 24, 2017<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
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[1] DNA<\/b>\u00a0(vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft t\u1eeb thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>\u00a0ti\u1ebfng Anh\u00a0D<\/i><\/b>eoxyribon<\/b>ucleic\u00a0a<\/b>cid<\/i>), trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Axit deoxyribonucleic<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[2] Negative entropy: n\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh\/ entropy \u00e2m, theo L\u00e0ng \u0110\u1eadu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3] Thai t\u1ea1ng gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh gi\u1edbi<\/span>, theo L\u00e0ng \u0110\u1eadu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[4] C\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> theo L\u00e0ng \u0110\u1eadu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5] Babbler: chim h\u1ecda mi, theo L\u00e0ng \u0110\u1eadu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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