{"id":7930,"date":"2020-12-07T00:09:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-06T17:09:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/07\/vai-diem-tuong-dong-va-khac-biet-trong-bo-thi-giua-an-giao-va-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-07T00:09:39","modified_gmt":"2020-12-06T17:09:39","slug":"vai-diem-tuong-dong-va-khac-biet-trong-bo-thi-giua-an-giao-va-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/07\/vai-diem-tuong-dong-va-khac-biet-trong-bo-thi-giua-an-giao-va-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e0i \u0110i\u1ec3m T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u00e0 Kh\u00e1c Bi\u1ec7t Trong B\u1ed1 Th\u00ed Gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o V\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V\u00c0I \u0110I\u1ec2M T\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u1ed2NG V\u00c0 KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T TRONG B\u1ed0 TH\u00cd<\/span><\/span>
<\/b><\/span>GI\u1eeeA \u1ea4N GI\u00c1O V\u00c0 PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span><\/span><\/span>

Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Bo

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1eadn ra<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c th\u00ec con tim c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n co th\u1eaft l\u1ea1i,\u00a0<\/i>g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> – Buddhaghosa<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Paradukkhe sati s\u0101dh\u016bna\u1e43 hadayakampana\u1e43 karot\u012bti karu\u1e47\u0101 – Visuddhimagga[1]<\/b><\/a>).
<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec<\/span><\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 th\u01b0<\/span><\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Veda, Upani\u1e63ad, lu\u1eadt Manu v\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kinh T\u0103ng Chi<\/i> (A.iv,236), b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>; v\u00ec m\u01b0u toan d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>; v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a gia phong<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>; v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>; v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n trang nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m n\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>[2]<\/a>\u2026c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span><\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 t\u00f9y theo<\/span><\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean, Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> ghi l\u00e0 d\u0101na (\u0926\u093e\u0928), c\u00f3 c\u0103n ng\u1eef d\u0101<\/i> (\u0926\u093e), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho, bi\u1ebfu, t\u1eb7ng[3]<\/a>\u2026T\u00f9y theo n\u1ed9i dung, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>, quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0: b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn (mah\u0101d\u0101na)[4]<\/a>; hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf (yaj\u00f1\u0101)[5]<\/a>; ng\u0169 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ed (pa\u00f1cavarshikamah\u0101)[6]<\/a>\u2026Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> t\u1eadp trung kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/span>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1.1\u00a0<\/b>L\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn (dharma<\/i>) c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>. Theo Brihadaranyaka Upani\u1e63ad <\/i>(V.2.3), c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u00fac t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n (dama<\/i>), b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> (d\u0101na)<\/i> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span><\/span> (day\u0101)<\/i>[7]<\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eady, c\u0169ng theo Ch\u0101ndogya Upani\u1e63ad<\/i> (III.17.4), c\u00f3 n\u0103m ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf (tapas<\/i>), b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> (d\u0101na<\/i>), th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (\u0101rjava<\/i>), b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> (ahims\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (satyavacana<\/i>)[8]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> theo nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u00eau tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 tu theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> d\u0101na (\u0926\u093e\u0928) trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, sau m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> h\u1ebft, tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> thanh tu, <\/b>h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c nghi quy d\u0101na nh\u01b0 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf (mah\u0101ya\u00f1\u00f1a). Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u1edf hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ba-b\u00e0-l\u00ea (\u6ce2\u5a46\u68a8[9]<\/a>.P\u0101li: B\u0101var\u012b, Sn.190:[10]<\/a>) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> mang t\u00ednh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XI (XI.1) \u1edf lu\u1eadt Manu (the Manusm\u1e5bti: \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f) ghi:<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch l\u1eef h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 trao t\u1eb7ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7u xin<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, gi\u00e1o th\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> cha, m\u1eb9 hay k\u1ebb b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt<\/i>.[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o, d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> hay tu s\u0129<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>. Do v\u00ec kinh th\u01b0<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn quan thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>. Theo kinh T\u0103ng Chi<\/i> (A.ii, 65), b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t: gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> (s\u012bla<\/i>), l\u00f2ng tin<\/span><\/span> (saddh\u0101<\/i>), b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> (d\u0101na<\/i>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> (pa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea9m v\u1ecb ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (Sappurisa<\/i>)[12]<\/a>. B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span> cho m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> sau. Kinh ghi:<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c Gia ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, khi c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t nhau trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t nhau trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> sau n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00edn, \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t nhau, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> sau, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t nhau<\/i>.[13]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung, t\u00f9y theo<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, ph\u1ea9m v\u1ecb m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> qua nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> (ya\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>). V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, sau khi thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf nh\u01b0: hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho b\u00e0 con<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho kh\u00e1ch, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho c\u00e1c vong linh<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho vua, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>[14]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t minh qu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>. Theo kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i> (Ja.v.378), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u01b0\u1eddi chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> (dasavidha-r\u0101jadhamma<\/i>). Bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span>: 1. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> (d\u0101na<\/i>); 2. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> (s\u012bla<\/i>); 3. X\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 (paricc\u0101ga<\/i>); 4. Ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> (ajjava<\/i>); 5. Nhu h\u00f2a (maddava<\/i>); 6. Kh\u1eafc ch\u1ebf (tapa<\/i>); 7. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn (akkodha<\/i>); 8. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> (avihi\u1e43s\u0101<\/i>); 9. Kham nh\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> (khanti<\/i>); 10. Kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ec7ch (avirodhana<\/i>)[15]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span><\/span>, trong s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1edd (ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1p) th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1edd (d\u0101nap\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1edd c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Tu-\u0111\u1ea1i-noa trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng[16]<\/a>, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Vessantara trong kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> Nik\u0101ya[17]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span><\/span> t\u00edch tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ebd chia. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i Anan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang 1.000 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng y<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n ph\u00e2n c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> cho ch\u00fang t\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> (Ja.157).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn quan y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> hay sa-m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.2. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> cho \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1ea4n. Ngay nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> b\u00e1t ch\u00e1o s\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng Suj\u0101ta v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span><\/span> Siddh\u0101rtha c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eeb c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>, nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> qua nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>, khi n\u00f3i d\u0101na (\u0926\u093e\u0928), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung, ho\u1eb7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c cho nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o sau khi h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c nghi l\u1ec5<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dakshina (\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u093e). Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span><\/span>, khi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> mang t\u00ednh ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i<\/span><\/span> cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 utsarga (\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917), \u1edf Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eefu\u00a0 th\u00ed (t<\/i>h\u0101varad\u0101na<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o, d\u0101na c\u00f3 hai k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu<\/span><\/span>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00fac l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> \u1edf thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>[18]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span> trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. Theo kinh T\u0103ng Chi <\/i>(A.iv, 239) ghi:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.- N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 ba c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ba?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

2. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn<\/span><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 v\u1eeba, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 v\u1eeba, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn<\/span><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 to l\u1edbn, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 to l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc do tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh c\u1ecdng tr\u00fa v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u1edf Tam th\u1eadp Tam thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>[19]<\/b><\/a><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n, trong kinh T\u0103ng Chi (A.iii,41), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0– N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 n\u0103m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u0103m? \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1i m\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, \u01b0a th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadc Thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, Ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> th\u00e2n c\u1eadn; ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sai l\u1ec7ch ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>; khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00ean c\u00f5i l\u00e0nh, Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> [20]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i<\/span><\/span> cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> sanh l\u00ean Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>. Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span><\/span><\/i> (S.i,33) ghi:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ai tr\u1ed3ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng,
<\/i>Ai d\u1ef1ng x\u00e2y c\u1ea7u c\u1ed1ng,
<\/i>\u0110\u00e0o gi\u1ebfng, cho n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng,
<\/i>Nh\u1eefng ai cho nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda,
<\/i>Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam,
<\/i>C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> lu\u00f4n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>,
<\/i>Tr\u00fa ph\u00e1p, c\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>,
<\/i>Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y sanh Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>[21]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>, ph\u1ed5 d\u1ee5ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i v\u1ecb vua \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/span> khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch d\u00e2n ch\u00fang thi h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>[22]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.3. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span><\/span> b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi x\u01b0a<\/span><\/span>, khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t th\u00ec t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m. Rig-Veda (X.117.1-3) ghi:<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7n linh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i<\/span><\/span>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb bi\u1ebfng \u0103n hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebb h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi k\u1ebb t\u00edch ch\u1ee9a v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eafng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a con tim khi c\u00f3 k\u1ebb kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7u xin<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00f2ng b\u1ecfn s\u1ebbn, anh ta d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebd<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n xin, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi anh ta v\u00ec th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span><\/span> hay do kh\u1ed5 l\u1ee5y<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anh ta v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng th\u00e9t trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a<\/i>.[23]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>, theo Ch\u0101ndogya Upani\u1e63ad<\/i> (IV.3-7) c\u00f3 hai v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, \u015aaunaka K\u0101peya v\u00e0 Abhiprat\u0101rin K\u0101k\u1e63aseni \u0111ang s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n b\u1eefa \u0103n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec nghe ti\u1ebfng g\u00f5 c\u1eeda. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span><\/span> c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap. C\u1eadu h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 tho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed7i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m c\u1ea5t l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i anh ta nh\u1eadn ra<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n V\u0101yu (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941) \u2013 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n gi\u00f3, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pr\u0101\u1e47a (h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng). Khi \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 li\u1ec1n kh\u00e9o b\u1ea9m v\u1edbi hai v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i<\/span><\/span>. B\u1ecf b\u00ea k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> (Brahman)[24]<\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> do c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n (\u0101h\u0101ra) m\u00e0 an tr\u00fa<\/span><\/span>[25]<\/b><\/a><\/i>. Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c P\u0101li ghi l\u00e0: Sabbe satt\u0101 \u0101h\u0101ra\u1e6d\u1e6dhitik\u0101[26]<\/a>; th\u1ebf n\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n S\u012bha. Theo kinh T\u0103ng Chi<\/i> (A.iv,179), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy y Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edbng quan S\u012bha th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> Niganth\u0101. Sau khi nghe ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> quy y<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> khi nghe th\u00eam l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n<\/span><\/span> d\u00f2 th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y S\u012bha, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a ngu\u1ed3n cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Niganth\u0101. H\u00e3y c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng[27]<\/b><\/a><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n S\u012bha \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00eam trang<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, con l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n hoan h\u1ef7<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i v\u1edbi con: “N\u00e0y S\u012bha, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a ngu\u1ed3n cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Niganth\u00e0. H\u00e3y c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng”. B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, con kh\u00f4ng nghe nh\u01b0 sau, Sa-m\u00f4n Gotama n\u00f3i: “Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho Ta, ch\u1edb b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Ta, ch\u1edb b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho Ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn”. Nh\u01b0ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch con b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho Niganth\u0101.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang con \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi n\u00ean l\u00e0m. B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba con xin quy y<\/span><\/span> Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, quy y Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>, quy y<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang T\u1ef7-kheo T\u0103ng. Mong Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn con l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eeb nay cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> m\u1ea1ng chung<\/span><\/span>, con tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> quy ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/span>[28]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a gia ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> Upali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> trong kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>[29]<\/a>. Qua \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> y\u00eau, s\u1ef1 l\u00e2n m\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3o \u1edf tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span>, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung, khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd c\u00f3 chung suy ngh\u0129<\/span><\/span>: mong m\u1ecfi<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u an \u1ed5n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/span><\/span> \u1edf ki\u1ebfp lai sinh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/span>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 xin \u0111i\u1ec3m qua v\u00e0i n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.1. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo c\u1ef1u ph\u00e1p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng chia s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb5ng v\u1eadt th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n Ba-b\u00e0-l\u00ea (\u6ce2\u5a46\u68a8 .P\u0101li: B\u0101var\u012b) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 th\u00ec n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Ng\u0169 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ed<\/i> (Pa\u00f1cavarshikamah\u0101), b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd th\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ec n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, b\u1ed5 sung mang t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n nghi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ec qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a vua Ba-t\u01b0-n\u1eb7c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 vua Ba-t\u01b0-n\u1eb7c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Ki\u1ec1u-t\u1ea5t-la (Kosala). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 theo c\u1ef1u ph\u00e1p B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> to l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt, vua Ba-t\u01b0-n\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 th\u00ec theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tang th\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 cho s\u00fac v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, \u1edf kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span><\/span><\/i> (S.i,75), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 c\u00fang ng\u1ef1a, c\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi,
<\/i>Qu\u0103ng c\u1ecdc, r\u01b0\u1ee3u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng,
<\/i>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1t c\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ec5<\/span><\/span>,
<\/i>Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn.
<\/i>Ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i,
<\/i>D\u00ea, c\u1eebu v\u00e0 tr\u00e2u b\u00f2,
<\/i>L\u1ec5 t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e0n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,
<\/i>B\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111i.
<\/i>T\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9n r\u00e0ng,
<\/i>C\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span>,
<\/i>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i,
<\/i>D\u00ea, c\u1eebu v\u00e0 tr\u00e2u b\u00f2,
<\/i>L\u1ec5 t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e0n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,
<\/i>B\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111i.
<\/i>B\u1eadc tr\u00ed t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,
<\/i>T\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> v\u1eady, qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn.
<\/i>Ai t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,
<\/i>Ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u,
<\/i>L\u00e0 t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i,
<\/i>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> hoan h\u1ef7<\/span><\/span>[30]<\/b><\/a><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eady, trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0: Cung thu\u1eadt<\/i> (S.i,98); Thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadt<\/i> (A.ii,80); Suman\u0101, con g\u00e1i vua<\/i> (A.iii,32); Th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng<\/i> (A.iv,237); Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span><\/i> (M.142); Jataka<\/i>. 424\u2026 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> cho nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2. Ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> t\u00e0i th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn (Mah\u0101d\u0101na)[31]<\/a>. Trong l\u1ec5 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 16 t\u1ebf v\u1eadt (so\u1e37asa parikkh\u0101ra\u1e43) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>. C\u1ed5 th\u01b0<\/span><\/span> Agni Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 210 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp[32]<\/a>. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Tul\u0101puru\u1e63ad\u0101na<\/span>
2. Hira\u1e47yagarbha d\u0101na,<\/span>
3. Brahm\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da d\u0101na,<\/span>
4. Kalpakav\u1e5bk\u1e63ad\u0101na,<\/span>
5. Gosahasrad\u0101na,<\/span>
6. Hira\u1e47yak\u0101madhenud\u0101na,<\/span>
7. Hira\u1e47y\u0101\u015bva d\u0101na,<\/span>
8. Hira\u1e47y\u0101\u015bvaratha d\u0101na,<\/span>
9. Hemahastiratha d\u0101na,<\/span>
10. Pa\u00f1cal\u0101\u1e45galakad\u0101na<\/span>
11. Dh\u0101r\u0101d\u0101na,<\/span>
12. Vi\u015bvacakrad\u0101na<\/span>
13. Kalpalat\u0101 d\u0101na,<\/span>
14. Saptas\u0101garaka d\u0101na,<\/span>
15. Ratnadhenu d\u0101na,<\/span>
16. Mah\u0101p\u016btagha\u1e6da d\u0101na[33]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong 16 t\u1ebf v\u1eadt n\u00e0y, v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb voi ng\u1ef1a, xe c\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> n\u1eef t\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00fd kim n\u1eb7ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> (Tul\u0101puru\u1e63ad\u0101na<\/i>). Kinh Vel\u0101ma<\/i> (A.iv,392)[34]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong 16 t\u1ebf v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u ph\u00e1p t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span><\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng am t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 qua b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> Vel\u0101ma<\/i> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi am t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span><\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c, B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n K\u016btadanta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ebf ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 16 t\u1ebf c\u1ee5[35]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o d\u1eabn d\u1eaft B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n K\u016btadanta \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 16 t\u1ebf v\u1eadt. Theo \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 16 t\u1ebf ph\u00e1p theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf t\u1ef1. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> trong kinh T\u0103ng Chi<\/i> (Aiv,245)[36]<\/a>: tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef n\u0103m gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ed (Mah\u0101d\u0101na).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span><\/span><\/i> (S.i,32), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> khi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho \u0103n l\u00e0 cho l\u1ef1c,
<\/i>Cho m\u1eb7c l\u00e0 cho s\u1eafc,
<\/i>Cho xe l\u00e0 cho l\u1ea1c,
<\/i>Cho \u0111\u00e8n l\u00e0 cho m\u1eaft.
<\/i>Ai cho ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9,
<\/i>V\u1ecb \u1ea5y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3,
<\/i>Ai gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>,
<\/i>V\u1ecb \u1ea5y cho b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>[37]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng<\/span><\/span><\/i> cho th\u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> t\u00e0i v\u1eadt v\u1eabn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng cao h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eafng m\u1ecdi th\u00ed<\/i> (Sabbad\u0101na\u1e43 dhammad\u0101na\u1e43 jin\u0101ti \u2013 Dhp. 354) Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> trong kinh T\u0103ng Chi<\/i> (A.i,91):<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hai? B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> t\u00e0i v\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>. T\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span><\/span> trong hai lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00ed<\/span><\/span><\/i>.[38]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.3. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span><\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong t\u00e1m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t trong kinh T\u0103ng Chi <\/i>(A.iv,236) cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec danh v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>, l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/span>, hy c\u1ea7u \u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef (par\u0101ma\u1e6d\u1e6dha d\u0101na<\/i>). B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> gian b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec nh\u1edd n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea3y sinh trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec c\u00f2n d\u00ednh m\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1n (m\u0101na<\/i>), \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1i (ta\u1e45h\u0101<\/i>) \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> (l\u0101bh\u0101sakk\u0101ra<\/i>) hay danh v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> (yasa<\/i>)\u2026 V\u00ec l\u1ebd, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>, t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec mong c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfp<\/span><\/span> an l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai sanh<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> mang t\u00ednh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, cao c\u1ea3, v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef (apar\u0101ma\u1e6d\u1e6dha d\u0101na<\/i>), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> Ba-la-m\u1eadt (d\u0101na p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> Ba-la-m\u1eadt (d\u0101na p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i>) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef (na up\u0101diyiss\u0101mi<\/i>)[39]<\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> th\u00e2n, \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u00ec, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1eadt do ta b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kia l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd th\u00ed c\u1ee7a ta. Th\u00ed Ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span><\/span> C\u1ea5p-c\u00f4-\u0111\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>. Khi l\u00e2m chung<\/span><\/span>, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (S\u0101riputta<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb c\u01b0<\/span><\/span> s\u0129 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7 (na up\u0101diyiss\u0101mi<\/i>). Nguy\u00ean c\u1ea3 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> Gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi C\u1ea5p-c\u00f4-\u0111\u1ed9c<\/i> trong kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>[40]<\/b><\/a><\/i>, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn 48 l\u1ea7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (S\u0101riputta<\/i>), khi tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> cho c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span><\/span> C\u1ea5p-c\u00f4-\u0111\u1ed9c l\u00fac \u00f4ng l\u00e2m t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh, th\u00ea t\u1eed, voi ng\u1ef1a\u2026 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Vessantara, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>[41]<\/a>. B\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh Tu-\u0111\u1ea1i-noa<\/i> (\u9808\u5927\u62cf\u7d93) thu\u1ed9c kinh L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> t\u1eadp<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n hai, c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau<\/span><\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. Ri\u00eang v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span>, b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00f2ng th\u00ed x\u1ea3 (muttac\u0101ga<\/i>) \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1edd (d\u0101na p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/i>), v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (sa\u1e45kh\u0101rupekkh\u0101 \u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>)[42]<\/a>. L\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u00ed theo ngh\u0129a x\u1ea3 ly. (Ps. i, 87)[43]<\/b><\/a><\/i>. V\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> trong kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Sangam\u0101ji[44]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Upekkh\u0101 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> trong Th\u1ea5t-gi\u00e1c-chi, c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1nh Ba-la-m\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span>. Khi b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eaft b\u1edfi tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (sa\u1e45kh\u0101rupekkh\u0101 \u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>), l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Th\u00edch Ca<\/span><\/span> qua c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Tu-\u0111\u1ea1i-noa s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/span>Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u1ee9ng x\u1eed mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00f2ng b\u1ecfn s\u1ebdn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n, t\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, v\u0103n minh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 l\u00e2n m\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u01b0u th\u1eafng \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn, khuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhau<\/span><\/span> \u1edf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> chung mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 \u01b0u th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n, v\u1ecb tha<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng sau n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng toan t\u00ednh nhu\u1ed1m m\u00e0u v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> \u00fd g\u00ec, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 s\u00fay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 cao m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Visuddhimagga, Brahmavih\u0101raniddeso, Mett\u0101bh\u0101van\u0101kath\u0101, Paki\u1e47\u1e47akakath\u0101<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr. 352<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/a> M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary.<\/i> Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books, 2014, p.473.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/a> M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary.<\/i> Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books, 2014, p.796.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/a> M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary.<\/i> Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books, 2014, p.839.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/a> M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary.<\/i> Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books, 2014, p. 577.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/a> The Principal Upani\u1e63ad<\/i>. Edited by S. Radhakrishnan. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1968. p.290.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/a> The Principal Upani\u1e63ad<\/i>. Edited by S. Radhakrishnan. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1968. p.396.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9]<\/a> \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 04 \u518a No. 0202 \u8ce2\u611a\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c, \u6ce2\u5a46\u96e2\u54c1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10]<\/a> Kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2015.tr. 531-533.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11]<\/a> SBE. Vol 25. p.430. Cf:<\/i> Him who wishes (to marry for the sake of having) offspring, him who wishes to perform a sacrifice, a traveller, him who has given away all his property, him who begs for the sake of his teacher, his father, or his mother, a student of the Veda, and a sick man.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.408-409.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13]<\/a>Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.404. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n<\/i>: c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00edn, \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.411.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15]<\/a> Kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 6, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2015, tr. 58-59.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16]<\/a>\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 03 \u518a No. 0171 \u592a\u5b50\u9808\u5927\u62cf\u7d93; \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 03 \u518a No. 0152 \u516d\u5ea6\u96c6\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c, \u9808\u5927\u62cf\u7d93<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/a> Kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 6, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2015, tr.584-705.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18]<\/a> Sanjay Agarwal. Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India<\/i>. New Delhi : AccountAid India. 2010. p.28.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr. 356.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.639.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21]<\/a> Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2013, tr77-78.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed<\/span><\/span> K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, NXB. KHXH, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, tr. 13.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23]<\/a> The Rig Veda<\/i>, Hymn 117, Ralph T. H. Griffith (Translator). Cf<\/i>: 1;<\/b> The Gods have not ordained hunger to be our death: even to the well-fed man comes death in varied shape.The riches of the liberal never waste away, while he who will not give finds none to comfort him. 2;<\/b> The man with food in store who, when the needy comes in miserable case begging for bread to eat. Hardens his heart against him-even when of old he did him service-finds not one to comfort him. 3;<\/b> Bounteous is he who gives unto the beggar who comes to him in want of food and feeble.<\/span><\/p>\n

Success attends him in the shout of battle. He makes a friend of him in future troubles.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24]<\/a> The Principal Upani\u1e63ad<\/i>. Edited by S. Radhakrishnan. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1968. p. 405.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/a> Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2013, tr. 647.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/a> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 01 \u518a No. 0001 \u9577\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u516b,\u773e\u96c6\u7d93\u7b2c\u4e94<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.316<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.316<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/a> Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2012, tr.463.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/a> Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2013, tr.145-146.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/a> M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary.<\/i> Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books, 2014, p.796.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/a> The Agni Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>. Trans. and ed by N. Gangadharan. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1985. p.544.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33]<\/a> Sanjay Agarwal. Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India<\/i>. New Delhi : AccountAid India. 2010. p.112-117.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.469-477.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35]<\/a> Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2013, tr.124<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.360<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37]<\/a> Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, Ph\u1ea9m Thi\u00eau ch\u00e1y, Kinh Cho g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]<\/a> Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2014, tr.127<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/tipitaka\/sltp\/MN_III_utf8.html#pts.258<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[40]<\/a> Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2012, tr.601-606.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[41]<\/a> Kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 6, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2015, tr. 705.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[42]<\/a> Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2001, tr.1089-1111.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[43]<\/a> Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ecbch, NXB. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2001, tr.1014.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[44]<\/a> Kinh Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 1, kinh Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t, ph\u1ea9m B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>, Ud.5, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB. Vi\u1ec7n NCPHVN, 1999, tr. 124. N\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Sangam\u0101ji \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111em con giao cho t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1i ho\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i \u00f4m con tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n k\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> trong kinh Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft:\u00a0 <\/span>Kh\u00f4ng hoan h\u1ef7<\/span><\/span>, n\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn\/ Kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n<\/span><\/span>, n\u00e0ng \u0111i\/ Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ecfi \u00e1i ph\u01b0\u1ee3c\/ L\u00e0 Sangam\u00e0ji\/ Ta g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\/ L\u00e0 v\u1ecb B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/div>\n

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