{"id":7996,"date":"2020-12-07T22:50:13","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:50:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/07\/nhan-thuc-luan-trongtriet-hoc-co-dien-an-do-va-trongtriet-hoc-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-07T22:50:13","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:50:13","slug":"nhan-thuc-luan-trongtriet-hoc-co-dien-an-do-va-trongtriet-hoc-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/07\/nhan-thuc-luan-trongtriet-hoc-co-dien-an-do-va-trongtriet-hoc-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trongTri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 trongTri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn t<\/b>rongTri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9\u00a0<\/b>v\u00e0\u00a0trong<\/span>Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>
<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Gs Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>:\u00a0<\/b>Vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 sai s\u00f3t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cao minh<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda sai<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap\u00a0\u00a0b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> h\u01a1n trong l\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i; \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vinh h\u1ea1nh<\/span> cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>NVT<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong b\u00e0i \u201cNh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy and in Buddhist Philosophy) ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n I<\/b>:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0– \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn.
Ph\u1ea7n II<\/b>: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I.- tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>: c\u00f3 6 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0II.- tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya: ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 4 trong 6 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.
Ph\u1ea7n III:\u00a0<\/b>Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\/ Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u01a1 k\u1ef3.
Ph\u1ea7n IV<\/b>: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\/ Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0II.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0III.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>)
Ph\u1ea7n V<\/b>: T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n I<\/b>:\u00a0D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, \u201cnh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/b>\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cNh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, \u201cnh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> nh\u1eb1m c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u201cbi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea3m<\/i>\u201d v\u1ec1\u00a0nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn.

<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn ( Epistemology)<\/b>hay tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> (knowledge) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

a. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft.\u00a0<\/p>\n

b. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

c. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

d. Bi\u1ec3u chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n tri<\/span>: c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft th\u1eadt, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n\/ c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (Av. Ignorance) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Av. Delusion). Khi di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 minh\/ nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> th\u00ec di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (Srt. Moksha, Av. Liberation).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn (epistemological term) trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0Pramana<\/b>, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>\u201d (Av. measure); T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1edd ch\u00fang m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (obtaining accurate and valid knowledge) trong th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>\u00a0Prama\u00a0<\/b>(Av. correct knowledge) hay m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng (Srt.\u00a0Pramana<\/b>, Av.Sources of Knowledge\/ Means of knowledge).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, gi\u1eefa Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc (Logic) v\u00e0 Si\u00eau H\u00ecnh H\u1ecdc<\/span> (Metaphysic) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span>. Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n II<\/b>:Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

I.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>: c\u00f3 6 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tri gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Suy lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-L\u00fd lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a06.-Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

II.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya: c\u00f3 4 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tri gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-Lo\u1ea1i tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-Lo\u1ea1i tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Suy lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-1.- \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-2.-C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>: Lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3-5-b\u01b0\u1edbc (Ng\u0169 chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-3.-Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-L\u00fd lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

III.-Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 xung: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cNh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cLu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>\u00a0<\/b>l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn\u00a0<\/b>trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn\u00a0<\/b>trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 6 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a\u00a0nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Pramanas,\u00a0Av. Sources of knowledge) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Pramana<\/i>, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Av. Sources of knowledge).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Prama<\/i>, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (Av. Correct knowledge).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (Prama<\/i>), ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang (Pramana)<\/i>ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01<\/b>.-\u00a0Pramata<\/i>(ch\u1ee7 tri, Av. the subject, the knower): ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Pramana<\/i>: c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Av. the means of obtaining the correct knowledge).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.<\/b>–Prameya:\u00a0<\/i>(s\u1edf tri<\/span>, Av. the object, the knowable): \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span> ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/span> kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3\/ \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\/ \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>. \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n giao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> : \u201ct\u00e2m vi\u00ean \u00fd m\u00e3<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u00fd n\u00f3i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec khi ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1edb t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec con v\u01b0\u1ee3n lu\u00f4n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y n\u00e0y qua c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u1ef1a ch\u1ea1y nhanh nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3 bay.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>*Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/b>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3\u00a06 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>hay 6 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Av. Six Sources of knowledge \/ or six Means\/ Ways of Knowledge):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/b>(Srt. Pratyaksa, Av. Perception):
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Pratyaksha, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> t\u1eeb con m\u1eaft hay nh\u00e3n quan. Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hay hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span>, sung s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, y\u00eau, gh\u00e9t, gi\u1eadn, nguy hi\u1ec3m, an to\u00e0n<\/span> qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3\u00a0s\u00e1u gi\u00e1c quan\/ l\u1ee5c c\u0103n<\/span><\/i>(six sense organs), g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>:\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0ng\u0169 c\u0103n<\/span><\/i>(five sense organs) l\u00e0\u00a0n\u0103m c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ean<\/i>ngo\u00e0i\u00a0<\/i>nh\u01b0:\u00a0m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 da<\/i>(eye, ear, nose, tongue, body & skin). Ng\u0169 c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (six external sense organs) giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (external objects\/ worldly objects) nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac (form, sounds, odor, taste, tangible objects). M\u1ed7i c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ean trong<\/i>(one internal sense organ) l\u00e0\u00a0t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Manas, Av. Mind)\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> (Srt. Atman, Av. Soul) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span>. Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Kh\u00f4ng qua trung gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> nghi ng\u1edd<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> th\u1ee9 6<\/i>(Av.sixth sense), c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 5 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. 5 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c<\/span>, v\u1ecb th\u1ee9c, x\u00fac th\u1ee9c (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sanh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb s\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9.\u00a0\u00a0Khi \u0111\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u00fa s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 no b\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 ch\u01b0a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u00fa m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1eeda. \u0110\u1ee9a b\u00e9 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u00fa s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3i. R\u1ed3i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span>, x\u00fac gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/i>(Av. sixth sense) hay t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Srt. Manas, Av. Mind sense) \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd 5 th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00ean th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (Av. extra sensory perception).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> (Av. retro-cognition).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng do 5 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n giao c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m<\/span> (Av.l clairvoyance).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span>, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> hay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 linh t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c thi\u00ean tai<\/span> s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c con \u1ebfch nh\u00e1i, r\u1eafn, ch\u00f3, chim c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ea3y ra tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u00e1c con s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span>, c\u1ecdp, tr\u00e2u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1ebfch nh\u00e1i, r\u1eafn, ch\u00f3, chim bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean tai<\/span> theo b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> sanh t\u1ed3n; v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u00fa kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.\u00a0\u00a0Con Groundhog c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn: \u1edf x\u1ee9 l\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 Canada, phi\u00e1 B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, \u0111ang khi<\/span> m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng<\/span> gi\u00e1, tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y con Groundhog \u0111i kh\u1ecfi hang\u00a0\u00a0l\u00ean m\u1eb7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/span> s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edbm. Groundhog tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con s\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i, th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng r\u1eb1n, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con th\u1ecf, gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/span> nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span>, hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Con th\u00fa th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, trong khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3\u00a0\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/span> b\u1ea9m sanh<\/span> v\u1ec1 “th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/i>“, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb hay d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1edfi\u00a0\u00a0“th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/i>” b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (Srt. Yoga, Av. Meditation), ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Suy<\/b>lu\u1eadn<\/b>(Srt. Anumana, Av. Inference)
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Anumana<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> hai ch\u1eef: – ch\u1eef g\u1ed1c:\u00a0mana<\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> (Av. knowledge); – ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef:\u00a0anu<\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau (Av. after). Do \u0111\u00f3, anumana c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> theo sau<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c [knowledge (mana) which arises after (anu) other knowledge]. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, “suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>” l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Srt. Pratyaka) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ee9c th\u00ec (Av. direct and immediate source of knowledge). Ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> anumana c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “sau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>” (Av. after knowledge).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> “quan s\u00e1t<\/span><\/i>” c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1edbi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u1edbi.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: quan s\u00e1t<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 “kh\u00f3i<\/i>” \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 “l\u1eeda”<\/i>\u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0– Tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0– B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0– Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1eeda th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean cho bi\u1ebft<\/span>: “ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u1eeb tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> “kh\u00f3i<\/i>” \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> ra s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 “l\u1eeda<\/i>” \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i. S\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc: c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa “kh\u00f3i<\/i>” v\u00e0 “l\u1eeda<\/i>“. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0ng xa, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> “l\u1eeda<\/i>” kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng “c\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i<\/i>“, v\u00ec “kh\u00f3i<\/i>” v\u00e0 “l\u1eeda<\/i>” c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra “lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 5- b\u01b0\u1edbc”<\/i>(a formal five-step argument), ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “ng\u0169 chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>“:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/i>(Srt. Pratijna, Av. Hypothesis\/ thesis): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\/ lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1\/ ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: “c\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i<\/i>” l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/i>(Srt. Hetu, Av. Reason): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: “kh\u00f3i<\/i>” l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> ra c\u00f3 “l\u1eeda<\/i>“.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/i>(Srt. Udaharana, Av. Example) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ra \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>:-\u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi “nh\u00e2n<\/i>“, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: b\u1ebfp l\u1eeda c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i; –d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Hi\u1ec7p<\/i>(Srt. Upanaya, Av. Re-affirmation) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a “th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>“: “c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>“.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-K\u1ebft<\/i>(Srt. Nigamana, Av. Conclusion): nh\u1eddHi\u1ec7p<\/i>\u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u00ed d\u1ee5\u201d<\/i>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0T\u00f4n\u00a0<\/i>(\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u1ec1 “lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>“:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.T\u00f4n<\/i>: C\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i kia.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/i>: B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/i>: \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf b\u1ebfp l\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Hi\u1ec7p<\/i>: C\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-K\u1ebft<\/i>: N\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-L\u00fd lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/b>(Srt. Upamana, Av. Analogy)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Upamana<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/i>(Av.comparison), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa “m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng<\/i>” (Av. word) v\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>” (Av.object), \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y.\u00a0\u00a0Upamana\u00a0<\/i>c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> s\u1ef1 “gi\u1ed1ng nhau”<\/i>(Av. resemblance, similarity) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Upamana th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>“.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 1<\/i>: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft con s\u00f3c l\u00e0 con th\u00fa c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong r\u1eebng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0” con s\u00f3c”<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 “con chu\u1ed9t<\/i>” nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f4ng d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f4ng v\u1ea1ch s\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5y con th\u00fa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con th\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span>, anh ta bi\u1ebft ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con s\u00f3c.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2 :<\/i>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/span> Harvard \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1ea1n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0110H Harvard.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1eady t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> uy\u00ean b\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0(Srt. Sabda, Av. Testimony):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sabda<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> hay l\u00e0 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> hay \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady. T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0Th\u00e1nh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>hay\u00a0Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.<\/i>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span>, sabda c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi<\/i>(Av. verbal cognition) hay\u00a0l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi<\/i>(Av. verbal testimony) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao<\/span><\/i>(Av. Absolute Reality\/ Brahman) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh<\/span> Vedas (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Isuara, m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Isuara c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t uy t\u00edn<\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y uy t\u00edn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u00e0y nay, sabda c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng (testimony), l\u1eddi khai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> c\u01a1 quan<\/span> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng<\/i>” (Av. words) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1edfi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n (Av. the intention of the speaker) coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> qua c\u00e1c l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>, c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau qua c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>: L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng, Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> (Srt. Sabda).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/b>(Srt. Arthapatti, Av. Presumption):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Arthapatti, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> hai ti\u1ebfng: -artha c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1eadt (Av. fact), – apatti l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (Av. supposition). Arthapatti l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hai s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y (Av. two facts). N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau (Av. conflict).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 1:\u00a0<\/i>\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Devadutta kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 trong ban ng\u00e0y.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0– Anh ta v\u1eabn kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 m\u1eadp m\u1ea1p.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng anh ta ph\u1ea3i \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ghi ch\u00fa<\/i>: Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Devadutta \u0103n m\u00f3n g\u00ec trong ban \u0111\u00eam. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n trong ban ng\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0103n trong ban \u0111\u00eam.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Devadutta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eadp m\u1ea1p kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec anh ta ph\u1ea3i \u0103n v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 tranh c\u1ea3i n\u00e0y (to solve this conflict).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2: –\u00a0<\/i>Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0– Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00fac “nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i>“, chim ch\u00f3c bay v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 v\u00e0o l\u00fac 10:00 s\u00e1ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n<\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0i gi\u1edd, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> th\u00ec chim ch\u00f3c h\u00f3t vang v\u00ec ch\u00fang ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdc.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ghi ch\u00fa<\/i>: N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u00eam.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>3:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(A) v\u00e0 (B) m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span> th\u00ec n\u1ebfu (A) \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec (B) sai.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> hai m\u1eb7t<\/span> ph\u1eb3ng (P) v\u00e0 (Q) song song v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng (P) c\u1eaft m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng (Q), ta ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span>. V\u1eady, ta suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng (P) ph\u1ea3i song song v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng (Q).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a06.-Kh\u00f4ng-Tri gi\u00e1c (<\/b>Srt. Anupalabdhi, Av. Non-perception):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Anupalabdhi<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>” , T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0Phi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(\u975e\u91cf), c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Pseudo-perception<\/i>( gi\u1ea3 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \/ gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>). Anupalabdhi l\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\/ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, “Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c” (Srt. Anupalabdhi, Av. Non-perception)<\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 6 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u201cch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\u201d nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t\/ kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, hay trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1\u00a0li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. positive relation), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1\u00a0li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. negative relation). “Li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> t\u00edch<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0c\u1ef1c”<\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> (Av. sense organs); c\u00f2n “li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/i>” th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> qua gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 nh\u1edd ngu\u1ed3n “Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>” \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 1:<\/i>B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y “c\u00e2y d\u00f9<\/i>” (Av. umbrella) m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c ph\u00f2ng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/i>” c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y d\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> “Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>“.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2<\/i>: – “Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y<\/span><\/i>” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch qua “c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>” (Av. sense organs), nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t\/ s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y<\/span> l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> “Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>” v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> “\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t”.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 3<\/i>: Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh hoa \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u00e0-ph\u00ea b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00ecnh hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u00e0-ph\u00ea m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u00e2y, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh hoa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ghi ch\u00fa<\/i><\/b>: \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n\u00a0nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/i>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> “Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>” n\u00e0o c\u0169ng gi\u00fap s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t\/ kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>” v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng “s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t\/ kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”<\/i>.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i t\u0103m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n s\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u1edf trong c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u00e0n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y, ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> “kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00e0n”\u00a0<\/i>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “Kh\u00f4ng -tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>“.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y [Kh\u00f4ng-tri gi\u00e1c<\/i>]. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: “Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh hoa \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u00e0-ph\u00ea<\/i>“, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ngay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh hoa \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-“Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u1edf trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc<\/i>“, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ngay th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111ang v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-“C\u00e1c hoa h\u1ed3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9i<\/span> th\u01a1m<\/i>“, Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft ngay m\u00f9i th\u01a1m<\/span> c\u1ee7a hoa h\u1ed3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ea5y c\u00e0nh hoa h\u1ed3ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/i>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebd ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/span> (Av. paradoxical), “Kh\u00f4ng-tri<\/i>gi\u00e1c<\/i>” v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t\/ kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng trong hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ea3\u00a0tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. perception) v\u00e0\u00a0kh\u00f4ng- tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(Av. non-perception) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\/ ch\u1ee7 tri (Av. knower) \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0– * –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0II.- Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T<\/b>r\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya<\/b>(H.V.Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i\u00a0Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span><\/b>,\u00a0Av. Nyaya School), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 6 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nyaya<\/b>(HV. Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> hay Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd), ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (Av.\u00a0rule, method, judgement).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Nyaya Sutras, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 538 c\u00e2u l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9. C\u00e1c Kinh Nyaya Sutras b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn (Nyaya Sutras primarily discusses logic, methology, and epistemology).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Khai t\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 Aksapada Gotama (kho\u1ea3ng 50 \u2013 150 CN). Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Gotama, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 Aksapada (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 T\u00fac M\u1ee5c<\/span>\u00a0\u8db3\u76ee). T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Gotama lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u00ecnh \u0111ang suy t\u01b0; m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n l\u1ecdt xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ebfng, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u1edbt \u00f4ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00f4ng (t\u00fac= c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n, m\u1ee5c= m\u1eaft) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sau n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Vatsyayana \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch Bhasya (lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> b\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> Nyaya Sutras r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 4 trong 6 ngu\u1ed3n<\/b>nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>\u00a0<\/b>(Pramanas) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tri gi\u00e1c<\/b>(Srt.Pratyaksa, Av. Perception):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c\/ tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c\/ hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean do s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> hay tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nyaya Sutra<\/i>(1.1.4) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cA perceptual cognition arises by means of the connection between sense faculty and object, is not dependent on words, is non-deviating, and is determinate\u201d<\/i>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo ph\u00e1i Nyaya, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \/tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tri th\u1ee9c\/ tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.Tri th\u1ee9c\/ tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Tri th\u1ee9c\/tri gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>1: tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> sai v\u1ec1 \u201cv\u00f5 h\u1ebfn<\/i>\u201d (Av. oster shell) m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9tmi\u1ebfng b\u1ea1c<\/i>(Av. piece of silver).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>2: \u0110\u00eam t\u1ed1i, nh\u00ecn s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (pramanas) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 pramanas m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u00a0ngu\u1ef5- pramanas<\/i>\/\u00a0gi\u1ea3 pramanas<\/i>(Srt. Pramanas- abhasa, Av. pseudo-pramanas) nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 b\u1edd s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i \u1edf b\u1edd s\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Tri th\u1ee9c\/tri gi\u00e1c\u00a0\u00a0c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb xa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng trong s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> v\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.<\/b>–Lo\u1ea1i tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Laukika, Av. ordinary perception): l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> (sense organs) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span>.\u00a05 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/i>(Av.outer organs) nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb<\/span> gi\u00e1c, th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span>, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span>, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>, x\u00fac gi\u00e1c<\/span>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0\u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Av.sense mind\/mind consciousness\/ mental phenomena consciousness), \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean trong (Av. inner organ).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c\/ t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> bu\u1ed3n th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang bu\u1ed3n; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n th\u00ec trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> thi\u1ebfu t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-<\/b>Lo\u1ea1i tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Alaukika, Av. Extra-ordinary\/ non-normal perception), lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.1.-\u00a0<\/b>Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>(Srt. Samanyalakshana, Av. Perceiving generalityfrom a particular object).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u201cm\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> cho\u00a0m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1eeda<\/i>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ho\u00e1 \u201ckh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d (smokiness) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u201cng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d (fieriness).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.2<\/b>.- Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt\/ m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y (Srt. Jnanalaksana, Av. Perception of the properties of an object mediated by memory involves the visual experience of unpresented properties of an object which is currently seen).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>1: Khi nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i \u1edbt hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb cay.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>2: Khi nh\u00ecn c\u1ee5t n\u01b0u\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1, ta bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 l\u1ea1nh.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>3: Khi nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfngg\u1ed7<\/i>\u201ctr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f9i<\/span> th\u01a1m.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00f4i nh\u00ecn m\u00f9i th\u01a1m<\/span> c\u1ee7a hoa h\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Av. I see a fragrant rose), ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i th\u01a1m<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 m\u0169i, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u00e2u n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u00f9i th\u01a1m<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.3.-\u00a0<\/b>Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>trong l\u00fac thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ( Srt. Yogaja, Av. Yogic perception) hay tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u0111ang nh\u1eadp th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n\/bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai; thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span>.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o\/ \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> nh\u01b0 trong \u201cB\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m<\/i>kinh<\/i>\u201d: B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t Qu\u00e1n-t\u1ef1-t\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> \u201cng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span> l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u00f4i khi tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: \u201cc\u1eb7p k\u00ednh m\u00e0u<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0m ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u201cch\u00ednh m\u00e0u<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u201cC\u1eb7p m\u1eaft b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh<\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ea5y\u00a0nhi\u1ec1u \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m<\/i>\u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02<\/b>.-Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>(Srt. Anumana, Av. Inference):
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.1.-<\/b>\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>(Av. Characteristics of Inference):
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo Nyaya sutra, 1.1.5 th\u00ec: \u201cTri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 3 b\u01b0\u1edbc: -t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>, t\u1eeb h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y\u201d<\/i>.
[An inferential cognition is preceded by that (perception), and is three fold: from cause to effect, from effect to cause or from that which is commonly seen.]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o theo t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Anumana, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201csau- s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u201d (Av. after-cognizing) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> theo sau<\/span> m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.- Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng hai c\u00e1ch: 1.-Suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa \u201cd\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Av. inferential sign) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. 2.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eeb \u201cd\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>(Av. locus) c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-Suy lu\u1eadn \u0111i t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:Th\u1ea5y\u00a0kh\u00f3i<\/i>b\u1ed1c l\u00ean (h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>) bi\u1ebft c\u00f3\u00a0l\u1eeda \u0111ang ch\u00e1y (nh\u00e2n). Ho\u1eb7c\u00a0<\/i>th\u1ea5y\u00a0l\u1eeda<\/i>\u0111ang ch\u00e1y (nh\u00e2n) th\u00ec th\u1ea5y\u00a0kh\u00f3i<\/i>b\u1ed1c l\u00ean (h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span>). \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span>: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn sau\u201d<\/i>(Av. later cognition) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cnh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\u201d.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (Av. commonly seen) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec\u00a0kh\u00f4ng-do-s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(non-casual correlations), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i\/ lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya (Old Nyaya) th\u00ec suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc (logic) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn (epistemology) c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> hay v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> t\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-Th\u1ee9 hai, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00f2i ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1\u00a0d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u<\/i>(Av. sign mark) m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0\u00a0(Av. object\/ property\/ fact) kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span>. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> (inferential cognition) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/span> (Av. prior sub-sumptive judgment) m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t \u201cd\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Av. inferential sign) v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a<\/span> l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c.-Th\u1ee9 ba, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c (Av. valid knowledge).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– *\u00a0\u00a0–<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Av. perception) th\u00ec suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Av. inference) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02<\/b>.2.-C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>(Av.\u00a0<\/i>the structure of Inference):<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn (Av. methodology) c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> quy n\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 5 ph\u1ea7n hay 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\/ hay ng\u0169 ph\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi \u201cLu\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-c\u00f3-5-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d (Av. a formal five-step argument), n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0<\/span> sau:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.<\/b>–T\u00f4n\u00a0<\/b>(Srt. Pratija): l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> (inferential subject) m\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0Thesis<\/i>(ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1) hay\u00a0hypothesis<\/i>(gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0Theorem<\/i>(\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02<\/b>.-Nh\u00e2n<\/b>(Srt. Hetu, Av. Reason): l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, l\u00fd do<\/span> s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \/ s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf\u00a0T\u00f4n.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5\u00a0<\/b>(Srt. Udaharana, Av. Example): l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span>Nh\u00e2n<\/b>v\u00e0\u00a0T\u00f4n<\/b>. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: –\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u00f4n; –\u00a0d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1edbi T\u00f4n.\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh<\/i>\/ hay \u0110\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (Major premise).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04<\/b>.-Hi\u1ec7p<\/b>(Srt. Upanaya, Av. Re-affirmation) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5<\/i>\/ hay Ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (Minor premise).
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05<\/b>.-K\u1ebft\u00a0<\/b>(Srt. Nigamana, Av. Conclusion): l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a D\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n (\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>:<\/i>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/i>: C\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i..
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Av. There is fire on the hill)
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/i>: B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Av. Because there is smoke there)
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5:<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf b\u1ebfp l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Where there is smoke, there is fire; like a kitchen hearth and unlike a lake.)\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Hi\u1ec7p<\/i>:\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(There is smoke on the hill.)
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-K\u1ebft<\/i>:\u00a0N\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Therefore there is fire on the hill.)<\/p>\n

Trong th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–T\u00f4n<\/i>: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft: C\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i,\u00a0\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Nh\u00e2n:l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do<\/span> :\u00a0<\/i>B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e1c<\/i>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/i>: Socrate ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/i>: V\u00ec ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/i>: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Hi\u1ec7p<\/i>: Socrate l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-K\u1ebft<\/i>: V\u1eady Socrate ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-3.-Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya<\/b>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0ng xa n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean.\u00a0Kh\u00f3i<\/i>l\u00e0\u00a0d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u lu\u1eadn l\u00fd<\/i>(Av. logical mark). Nh\u1edd d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1eeda: \u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d (Av. Whatever is qualified by smokiness is qualified by fieriness).\u00a0Kh\u00f3i<\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3\u00a0l\u1eeda<\/i>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt<\/span>. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> ra c\u00f3 l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y \u1edf tr\u00ean\u0111\u1ed3i, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> qua suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>,\u00a0\u00a0m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u:\u00a0s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>(Av. the seeing, the remembrance, and the assurance).\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 do suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cC\u00e1i nh\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d (reason) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u201cC\u00e1i<\/i>nh\u00e2n kh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u201cl\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d, kh\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span> (Av. similar cases).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. Trong b\u1ebfp l\u00f2 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i co kh\u00f3i ( Av. in kitchen hearth, fire is known to be concomitant with smoke). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d ph\u1ea3i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span> \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t (Av. dissimilar cases).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i (Av. in lake, there is no fire, there is no smoke); m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d nhu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1eeda th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i (Av. Where-ever there is no fire, there is no smoke).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00e2n<\/i>\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span>. \u201cNh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y\u201d<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f3 4 lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> lu\u1eadn:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f4n: \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y\u00a0kh\u00f4ng<\/i>c\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t<\/i>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u00e0ng kia c\u00f3 c\u00e2y.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>:<\/i>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f4n: Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e0ng xa c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1eeda l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, c\u00f2n l\u1eeda l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n. L\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i (qu\u1ea3) th\u00ec suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda (nh\u00e2n).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/i>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo ng\u00e0i Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n-Na) th\u00ec c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i: –\u00a0T\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Internal inference), v\u00e0 –Ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span><\/i>(inference for others). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf m\u1ee5c \u201cNh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga<\/i>\u201d .<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Lo\u1ea1i suy<\/b>(Srt. Upamana, Av. Analogical reasoning \/ Analogy):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong Nyaya Sutras 1.1.6 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cLo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> l\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/i>\u201d.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[Nyaya Sutra 1.1.6:\u00a0\u00a0\u201cAnalogy makes an object known by similarity with something already known\u201d.]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee51:<\/i>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: con tr\u00e2u n\u01b0\u1edbc (Av. water buffalo) l\u00e0 con th\u00fa c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> r\u1eb1ng con tr\u00e2u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con b\u00f2 (Av. cow), v\u00e0 tr\u00e2u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf v\u00e0i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ra v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea, anh ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con b\u00f2, n\u00ean anh ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con tr\u00e2u n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u201ccon th\u00fa n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con tr\u00e2u n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> v\u1edbi con b\u00f2, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2<\/i>: M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft con b\u00f2 hoang (Av. wild cow) l\u00e0 con th\u00fa c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 ra sao? Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con b\u00f2 hoang gi\u1ed1ng con b\u00f2 (cow). N\u1ebfu sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc sinh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111i v\u00f4 r\u1eebng, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa gi\u1ed1ng con b\u00f2 th\u00ec c\u1eadu ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ngay \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con b\u00f2 hoang. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> con b\u00f2 hoang l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> (comparison) hay lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> (analogy) \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi con b\u00f2 hoang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \/ Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b>(Srt. Sabda, Av. Testimony, Words):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nyaya Sutras, 1.1.5, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cL\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng\/ Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch\u201d.
<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[Nyaya Sutras, 1.1.5 : Testimony is the assertion of a qualified speaker]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt; nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn<\/span>, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady (Av. credit person), ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch<\/span> (Av. qualified speaker), ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> (Av. information from an authoritative source). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tin v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, cha m\u1eb9<\/span>, \u00f4ng b\u00e0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa<\/span> ho\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> ho\u1eb7c qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> (Srt. Sabda, Av. Testimony, Words). T\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady c\u1ee7a<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span>, t\u1eeb l\u1eddi vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady (Av. reliable sources). N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea1c<\/span> ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef Sabda, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn<\/span>. Sabda c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Vaidika<\/i>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh Kinh<\/span> Vedas \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/span> v\u00ec Th\u00e1nh Kinh<\/span> V\u00e9das l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (Av. Words of God), do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00ean. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Laukika<\/i>l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> hay v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y uy t\u00edn<\/span>. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady (Av. trust worthy person) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3<\/span>, kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span>, kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u00e0y nay, l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng (Av. Testimony) l\u00e0 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0 \u00e1n, ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan<\/span> c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span>. L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> t\u1eeb tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> (Av. personal perception), suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Av. inference) v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> (Av. analogy).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tri th\u1ee9c\/ tri gi\u00e1c\/ tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c\/ hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (Av. perception) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp; c\u00f2n suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>, l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng\/ Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch\u00a0\u00a0kh\u1edfi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a 3 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c (Av. valid knowledge) v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> \/ hay\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/i>(Av. right knowledge), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span> (Srt. Moksha, Av. Liberation) kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> do t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span> (wrong knowledge), do v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (Av. ignorance).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y\u00a0\u00a0ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 4 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng\u00a0thuy\u1ebft Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span><\/b>(Nyaya theory) v\u1ec1\u00a0Prama<\/b>(nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, Av. valid knowledge) v\u00e0\u00a0Pramanas<\/b>(c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Av. Sources of knowledge) c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/i>(Av. valid knowledge) t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0:\u00a0tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng\/ Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> trong ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 do\u00a0tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng\u00a0suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>.\u00a0Lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>c\u0169ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 4 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y. Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (Av. direct cognition), c\u00f2n suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> ((Av. indirect cognitions).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c (Av. valid knowledge) th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\/ t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c (Av. invalid knowledge) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\/ t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (Av. knowledge with reality). C\u00f2n sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> hay sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u hay v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c (Av. fact).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: Khi \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span> n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> ng\u1ecdt th\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

III<\/b>.-Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 xung<\/b>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*<\/b>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n \u201cNh\u00e2n Minh h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/b>\u201d (Srt. Hetu Vidya):<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean th\u00ec:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Nh\u00e2n<\/i>(Srt.\u00a0\u00a0Hetu) = nguy\u00ean do<\/span> ph\u00e1t sanh ra mu\u00f4n s\u1ef1 mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Minh<\/i>(Srt. Vidya) = tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh ra mu\u00f4n s\u1ef1, mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0* Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, \u201cLu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/b>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A.-\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/b>: Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc quy ph\u1ea1m<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, xem t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B.-Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:\u00a0<\/b>Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n


\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>:\u00a0<\/b>l\u00e0lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3<\/i>. G\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a<\/b>.-Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/i>do Aristotle thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> x\u00e9t theo nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.<\/b>–Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/i>hay\u00a0Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/i>do Leibniz \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, nh\u1eb1m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c<\/b>.-Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a b\u1edfi H\u00e9gel, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean<\/span> l\u00fd m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> do Aristotle \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh \u201ct\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/i><\/b>hay tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/i>G\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>:\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a<\/b>.-\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b<\/b>.-\u00a0Khoa h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn<\/i>nh\u1eb1m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.
\u00a0\u00a0[tr\u00edch t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n\u00a0Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m Tri\u1ebft 12 A<\/i>c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1c, Saigon: NXB Yi\u1ec5m Yi\u1ec5m, Apr. 1975, tr. 71-72.
Lu Lu Press ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh online l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i USA, Jan. 2019]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo<\/span> c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aristotle l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>(Av.\u00a0\u00a0a formal logic); t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> hay m\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \/ Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span>\u00a0tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. intuition) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span> tri th\u1ee9c\/\u00a0tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Av.perception) m\u00e0 trong Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Pratyaksa \u2013 pramana).\u00a0Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-Ch\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: Th\u1ea5y \u201cb\u00f4ng sen<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00f4ng sen.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-T\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>: nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:Ban \u0111\u00eam th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f2n\u00a0suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>(Srt.Anumana, Av. Inference), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0t\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0T\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-Ch\u00e2n t\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>: suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-T\u1ee3 t\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>: suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, b\u00f3p m\u00e9o<\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u1eefa tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c\/ tri gi\u00e1c\/ hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>v\u00e0<\/i>suy lu\u1eadn\/ t\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u00a0m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>quan<\/i>nh\u01b0 sau:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A.-Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> gi\u00fap suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B.-Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u00fap tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>:
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Suy lu\u1eadn chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> ph\u00e1t minh).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Suy lu\u1eadn khai tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Suy lu\u1eadn ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0–<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n III: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\/ Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u01a1 k\u1ef3<\/b>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

I.-Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

II.- Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a018 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m-sinh-v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-S\u00e1u c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-S\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-S\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

III.-Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 xung: \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I.-Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t<\/b>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec7t b\u1ecf<\/span> \u201cs\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00e0i<\/i>l\u00f2ng\u201d\/ \u201cs\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au<\/i>\u201d (Av. Dissatisfaction\/ Suffering) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> (Av. Happiness), \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (Av. Liberation). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t b\u1ecf<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (Srt. Avidya, Av. Ignorance). V\u00f4 minh<\/span> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> v\u00f4 minh<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb<\/span> quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 cao b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> : \u201cCh\u00fang ta<\/span><\/i>nh\u00ecn c\u00e1i c\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y<\/i>(Av. We see the tree as a tree), \u201cCh\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn c\u00e1i n\u00fai nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00fai<\/i>\u201d (Av. We see the mountain as a mountain). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady , nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span> qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch\u00a0s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn sau ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kho\u1ea3ng 500 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> v\u1ec1 Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n<\/span>, T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>, B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span> . . .<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\/ Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>, kho\u1ea3ng 500 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span>. \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> Nagarjuna (kho\u1ea3ng 600 CN \u2013 650 CN) [ trong ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit: Naga = con r\u1ed3ng, Arjuna= m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng , ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>; T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch: Long Th\u1ecd<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u9f8d\u6a39, Long = con r\u1ed3ng, Th\u1ecd=lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span> l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y c\u1ee7a con R\u1ed3ng)] quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, n\u00ean c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yogacarin (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Du-gi\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng<\/span>), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vijnatimatravadin (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span>) thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, sau ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i<\/i>\u201d (Av. Only mind), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/ c\u1ea3nh\/ tr\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span> (Av. Early Buddhism) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 1 CN b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u1edf phi\u00e1 nam Ch\u00e2u<\/span> \u00c1. Vasubandhu (kho\u1ea3ng 316 CN\u2013 396 CN), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>\u00a0\u4e16\u89aa, l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i Dignaga (kho\u1ea3ng 480 CN \u2013 kho\u1ea3ng 540 CN), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n-Na\u9673\u90a3\u00a0,\u00a0khai tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Buddhist Epistomologists) sau n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> l\u00e0 Dharmakirti ( kho\u1ea3ng 600 – kho\u1ea3ng 650), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p-X\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u00a0\u6cd5\u7a31, \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e3ng di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>\u00a0\u201clu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc\u201d<\/i>trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>), Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>), Dharmakirti ( Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya (tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span>, Av. Nyaya school). C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span> H\u1ecdc\/ Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya; v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>(Buddhist Epistomology), th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>(Buddhist Logic).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0II. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y\/ Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 (Early Buddhism):<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Siddhartha Gotama (kho\u1ea3ng 563 BCE \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 483 BCE), T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a C\u00f9-\u0111\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ttho\u00e1t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea7m s\u01b0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> qua nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. H\u1ed3i \u1ea5y \u1edf thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Ganges (s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span>) r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tu theo ph\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh (Av. Yogic meditation). Hai v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho Ng\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m linh<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 m\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. Trong khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m (Av. extra-sensory powers) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n do nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> n\u00e0y. Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Siddharta Gotama \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Av. sense perception) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Sau khi \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>,\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Xem th\u00eam:\u00a0Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u00a0c\u1ee7a NVT, Ngu\u1ed3n: nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong\u00a0Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Majjhima Nikaya), \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 sai. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> cho tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. C\u0169ng trong Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea5u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo Ng\u00e0i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang hay sai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> d\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea5y. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u1ea5y v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span> nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi \u0111em ra \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span>; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1<\/span> nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>, tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00edch s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> qua s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 si\u00eau nh\u00e2n<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n tr\u00ed<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 to\u00e0n tr\u00ed<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> tr\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 3 nh\u00f3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>: 1.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1<\/span><\/i>(Av. Retro-cognition); 2.-Tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t\/ tr\u00ed th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb<\/i>(Av. Clairvoyance); 3.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1<\/i>ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u1eafc \u00e1m<\/span><\/i>(Av. Knowledge of the destruction of defiling impulses).\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Khi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (Av. non existent) th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> (Av. existent). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>; t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, ghen gh\u00e9t<\/span>, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span>, s\u1ee3 h\u1ea3i c\u0169ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c\u00a0s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt-nh\u01b0-l\u00e0-ch\u00ednh-n\u00f3<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> (Av. testimony) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang hay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai. Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> hay l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>,\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/i>(Av. Right Knowledge) l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span> gi\u00fap ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, kh\u1ed5\/ s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span>. M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sanh<\/span> n\u00ean gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m, ph\u00f9 du. Nh\u1edd ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ed1ng an nhi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0ph\u00f9 du \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u01a1 k\u1ef3<\/b>(Av. Early Buddhism) \u0111\u00e3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> (c\u0103n) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u1ea3nh\/ tr\u1ea7n) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>. Khi c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 6 c\u0103n, 6 c\u1ea3nh\/tr\u1ea7n, 6 th\u1ee9c. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 18 gi\u1edbi v\u1ef1c (Av. Eighteen constituents), ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp b\u00e1t gi\u1edbi<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 18 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> t\u00e2m-sinh-v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Tuy ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> ch\u1ec9 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. 18 gi\u1edbi v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf giao ti\u1ebfp to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u00a0S\u00e1u c\u0103n<\/b>(Six sense Organs) l\u00e0 6 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>:\u00a0Nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ec9,<\/i>thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd<\/i>. [M\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, (da & kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng), v\u00e0 \u00fd; Av. eye, ear, nose, tongue, (body: skin & joint), mental sense\/ sense- mind].<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 sinh l\u00fd<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Av. external organs).\u00a0Gi\u00e1c quan th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/span><\/i>(Av. Sixth sense organ)\u00a0l\u00e0 \u00dd c\u0103n<\/span>,<\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf<\/span> thu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> b\u00ean trong (Av.internal organ), l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, trung khu<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> h\u1ec7.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 do \u00dd c\u0103n<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span>, bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u<\/span> . . .M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-S\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh<\/b>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 6 tr\u1ea7n (Av. Six Objects) l\u00e0 6 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:\u00a0S\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p<\/i>[(m\u00e0u s\u1eafc& h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3), \u00e2m thanh<\/span>, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m, m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span>, v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> (c\u1ee9ng m\u1ec1n, n\u00f3ng,\u00a0\u00a0l\u1ea1nh . . .),v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/ s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt; Av. (forms &colors), sounds, odors, tastes, tangible objects, and phenomena]. 6 c\u1ea3nh\/ tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a 6 c\u0103n.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: –S\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>: s\u00f4ng, n\u00fai, c\u1ecf c\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng . . . l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft. \u2013Thanh tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tai: \u00e2m thanh<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, \u00eam d\u1ecbu, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i . . . \u2013H\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u0169i: m\u00f9i th\u01a1m<\/span>, th\u00fai . . . .-V\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i: v\u1ecb chua, ng\u1ecdt, \u0111\u1eafng, cay. \u2013X\u00fac tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n (da, kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng): l\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3ng, m\u1ec1n, c\u1ee9ng. \u2013Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c<\/span> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00dd c\u0103n<\/span>).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.- S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c<\/b>(Av. Six consciousnesses):<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c<\/span>, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c<\/span>, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/i>[nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tai, c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 m\u0169i, c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edfi, c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n (da & kh\u1edbp xu\u01a1ng), v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>; Av. eye consciousness, ear consciousness, nose consciousness, tongue consciousness, body consciousness (skin & joint), and mind consciousness\/ sense mind]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ed7i\u00a0c\u0103n\u00a0<\/i>ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\u00a0tr\u1ea7n<\/i>t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> th\u00ec sinh ra m\u1ed9t\u00a0th\u1ee9c<\/i>.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:\u00a0\u00a0M\u1eaft (nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/span>)<\/i>ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi\u00a0s\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>(h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u2026) sinh ra nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt r\u1ed3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> cao th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1eb9p x\u1ea5u, to nh\u1ecf.\u00a0Tai (nh\u0129 c\u0103n<\/span>)<\/i>ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi\u00a0thanh tr\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>(\u00e2m thanh<\/span>) sinh ra nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c<\/span>, gi\u00fap ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t r\u1ed3i sanh ra \u01b0a th\u00edch<\/span> hay kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu . . .\u00a0N\u0103m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>(m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n) ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi\u00a0n\u0103m tr\u1ea7n<\/i>t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> (s\u1eafc, thanh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span>. Ri\u00eang ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c<\/span>, khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i l\u00ean: khi\u00a0\u00fd c\u0103n<\/span><\/i>ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n<\/span> th\u00ec\u00a0\u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>ph\u00e1t sinh.\u00a0\u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0\u00a0s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span><\/i>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u00e1c ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span> (kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

III.-Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 xung:<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>G\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft, \u0111\u00f4i tai, c\u00e1i m\u0169i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i mi\u1ec7ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebd kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta<\/span> gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f4i m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u00ecn n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f4i tai nghe n\u00f3, l\u1ed7 m\u0169i ng\u1eedi n\u00f3, mi\u1ec7ng n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00e0i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed7i gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span> lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u sanh t\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: con ch\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1edd m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap ch\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>, gi\u00fap n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng: con ch\u00f3 con, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, nh\u1eadn d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i (c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00f3 \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm) \u2026<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> (sensations) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>, c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (perceptions) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 6 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> \/ c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft<\/i>(Av. visual sense\/ vision).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>\/\u00a0c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a tai<\/i>(Av. auditory sense).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span> \/ c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb<\/i>(Av. sense of smell).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-\u00a0V\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> \/c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span><\/i>(Av.sense of taste).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-X\u00fac gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>\/ Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a da (Av. skin senses) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span> (Av. body senses).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
  1. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a06.\u00a0C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Av. mind consciousness \/ sense mind); c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/i>(Av. sixth sense).<\/li>\n

    <\/ol>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ba c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0ng xa c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ba c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> sau ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u00a0Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt xung quanh<\/span>. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> \/ nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (Av.electromagnetic radiation) ph\u00e1t ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span> trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> nh\u01b0 tia s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> (Av. cosmic rays), tia X (Av. X rays), tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm (Av. ultra violet), tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i (Av. infrared rays) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh (Av. television waves). Tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng (waves) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i s\u00f3ng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh\u00a0\u00a0(Av. crest) s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh s\u00f3ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span>. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng<\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 4 l\u1ea7n t\u1ec9 t\u1ec9 t\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cm (Av. 4 trillionths of a centimetre); \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lu\u1ed3ng s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn (Av. radio waves) l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u00e0i Kilometre. Con m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tia s\u00e1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i s\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3ng 400 \u0111\u1ebfn 700 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a millimetre (Av. a millionth of a millimetre = nanometer). B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i s\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> hai con m\u1eaft, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i s\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 4 m\u00e0u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> cho th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>: \u0111\u1ecf (Av. red), v\u00e0ng (Av. yellow), xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y (Av. green) v\u00e0 xanh d\u01b0\u01a1ng (Av. blue). S\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c m\u00e0u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span>, th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> xung quanh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f9y theo<\/span> \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u00e0ng nh\u0129 \u1edf trong l\u1ed7 tai m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00c2m thanh<\/span> ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 khi gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0169ng b\u1ecb s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y, nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y rung \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1edbi lui<\/span>. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u00e9p<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00e0n song \u00e2m thanh<\/span> (Av. sound wave) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u00e2m thanh<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o ao h\u1ed3. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0n song \u00e2m thanh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb ra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t \u201cs\u00f3ng h\u00ecnh sine<\/i>\u201d (sine wave) trong l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c h\u1ecdc. \u00c2m thanh<\/span> th\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng h\u00ecnh sine\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> hai l\u1ed7 tai, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghe l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c: ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y; ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> nghe. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> k\u00e9m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. sense of smell):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u0169i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb. M\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf xung quanh<\/span> k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> \u0111i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i sanh t\u1ed3n.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00f9i v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft<\/i>\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1ef1 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>\u201d:\u00a0\u00a0nh\u01b0 sau khi m\u1ed9t con ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ecfa ra<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00e1c con ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang khi\u00ean x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi hang \u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ngay c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00f9i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c do \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00f9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1eadn m\u00f9i qua l\u1ed7 m\u0169i, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u1edf b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ch\u00fang. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c<\/span> gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-V\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. sense of taste):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e0-ph\u00ea nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c<\/span> g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu nh\u1eadn<\/span> m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u00f3c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span>. C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span> k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i. M\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb nh\u01b0: ng\u1ecdt, chua, m\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1eafng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-X\u00fac gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. sense of touch):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1ec1 x\u00fac gi\u00e1c<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ra l\u00e0m 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-\u00a0C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a da<\/i>(Av. skin senses) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> ra l\u00e0m 3 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n<\/i>v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a da tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> truy\u1ec1n l\u00ean n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> truy\u1ec1n l\u00ean n\u00e3o b\u1ed9: -c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00f3ng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng<\/span> nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a da, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadnl\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a da. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh t\u1ed3n.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–S\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span><\/i>: khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1edf da th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/i>(Av. body senses): khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> c\u00e1i c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> t\u1ee9 chi<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u1ea5y li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u00e2n<\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt, c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, da. C\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt, c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, da v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a06.-C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i>(Av. mind consciousness\/ mental & physical phenomena consciousness): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 5 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 (Av. mental awareness of these perceptions by the mind).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0\u00a0gi\u00e1c quan th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(Av. sixth sense) hay l\u00e0\u00a0m\u1ed9t si\u00eau tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Av. extra sensory perception) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 linh t\u00ednh; ho\u1eb7c si\u00eau tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> do m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0trong ph\u1ea7n IV ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    Ph\u1ea7n IV: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \/ Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    I.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Vasubandhu<\/b>(Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    II.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga<\/b>(Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01<\/b>.-D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02<\/b>.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga: c\u00f3 2 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-1<\/b>.- Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.- Ch\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-T\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-2<\/b>.-Suy lu\u1eadn:\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-2.-1.-\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-Ch\u00e2n t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-T\u1ee3 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-2.-2.- Dignaga ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> hai lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-T\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-Ng\u1ed9 tha.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-3<\/b>.-C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> trong Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ba-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b>(Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-4<\/b>.-So s\u00e1nh Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga v\u1edbi Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-5.-<\/b>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1: -tri gi\u00e1c, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>, l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-6<\/b>.-Thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-<\/b>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    III.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>):<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.<\/b>-D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-<\/b>Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti: c\u00f3 2 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>: tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.1<\/b>-Tri gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-2<\/b>.-Suy lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-3<\/b>.-Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.4<\/b>-Thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-5<\/b>.-S\u1eeda ch\u1eeda thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Dignaga v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03<\/b>.-K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 (Early Buddhism) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> ng\u00e1nh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cnh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh vi<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> khai tri\u1ec3n. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya (tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span>, Av. Nyaya school) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Aksapada Gautama \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span>: Nyaya Sutras (c\u00e1c Kinh Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span>) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c hai, Nyaya Sutras c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung th\u1ea3o lua\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc(Av. Logic), Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn (Av. Methology) v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn (Av. Epistemology).[Xem l\u1ea1i<\/span>: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya \u1edf Ph\u1ea7n II],<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R\u1ed3i tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Vasubandhu (kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 CN), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi em l\u00e0 Asanga, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span> Lu\u1eadn\/ Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc\u00a0\u00a0v\u00e0 \u0111em v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> mang \u0111\u1eadm s\u1eafc th\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Sau n\u00e0y Ng\u00e0i Dignaga (kho\u1ea3ng 480 \u2013 540 CN), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Vasubandhu, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 xung Nyaya Sutras c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya; Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1ec1 sau. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> Ng\u00e0i Dharmakirti (kho\u1ea3ng 600 \u2013 650 CN), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Vasubandhu,\u00a0Dignaga v\u00e0 Dharmakirti.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0I.-<\/b>Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Vasubandhu:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span> quy\u1ec3n \u201cLu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/i>\u201d (Srt. Vada-Vidhana, Av. A method for argumentation), b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0Vada-Vidhana \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e3ng di\u1ec5n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> Nyaya Sutras, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u201cLu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Av. formal logic) trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span>\u00a0lu\u1eadn l\u00fd-nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Av. Indian logico-espistemological tradition).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u201cLu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/i>\u201d (Srt. Vada-vidhana) \u0111\u00e3 khai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga v\u00e0 Dharmakirti.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Vasubandhu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 4 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> \u201clu\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-c\u00f3-5-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d (a formal five-step argument) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n II. L\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cho \u1edf ph\u1ea7n II:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u00a0T\u00f4n<\/b>: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai kia c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/b>: V\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span>)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/b>: H\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ebfp l\u1eeda ; c\u00f2n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i nh\u01b0 trong ao h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n<\/i>)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Hi\u1ec7p<\/b>: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai kia c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u1ee5<\/i>)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-K\u1ebft<\/b>: N\u00ean bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean n\u00fai kia c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>: l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft (t\u00f4n) l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang<\/i>)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0II.- Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Dignaga<\/i>(kho\u1ea3ng 480 \u2013 540), T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>). Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh\u00a0Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Hetu Vidya)\/ Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> (Indian Logic) n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Buddhist Logic) n\u00f3i r\u00eang.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dignaga c\u00f3 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span> Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> M\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/i>(Srt. Nyayad Varatarka Sastra) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span> d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, Ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Pramana Samuccaya, Av. Compendium of the Means of True Knowledge) l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Dignaga (Buddhist Dignana School).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Nyaya; v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Duy Th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>T\u00f4ng<\/i>(Srt. Vijnaptimatravadin) \/ hay Du-gi\u00e0 H\u00e0nh T\u00f4ng<\/span> (Srt. Yogacarin)\u00a0\u00a0v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i\u00a0Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Sautrantika) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Duy Th\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc<\/span> l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd: \u201cYogacara Sautrantika<\/i>\u201d, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Buddhist Logic).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u00e1i Sautrantika (Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9<\/span>) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span> c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn\/ hay s\u00e1t-na (Srt. Ksana), v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3. Trong khi ph\u00e1i Yogacara (Du-gi\u00e0 H\u00e0nh T\u00f4ng<\/span> \/ Duy Th\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng<\/span>) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span> \/ \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> (Av. Impression) m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Dignaga kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a hai tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e1i \u201cYogacara \u2013 Sautrantika\u201d\u00a0<\/i>ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 tranh c\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa \u201cv\u00f4<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a Yogacara v\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eefu<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a Sautrantika. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Dignaga kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? V\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (Av. the nature of reality). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m<\/span> t\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Dignaga kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan<\/span> t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. Tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span> th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> \u0111i t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111e\u00ea \u0111\u1ea1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u00ean gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\/ nh\u1eefng su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> (Nyaya epistemology). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (non-Buddhist philosophers).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00f3 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Yogacara-Sautrantika<\/i>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a\u00a0Yogacara-Sautrantika<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn (epistemological views) c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a\u00a0Yogacara-Sautrantika<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga<\/b>(Tr\u1ea7n-Na):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Pramana Samuccaya (T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n- Na) v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span>. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t, Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3\u00a0hai ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a<\/b>nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/b>(Srt. Pramana, Av. Sources of Knowledge) l\u00e0: –\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/b>(Srt. Pratyaksa, Av. Perception), v\u00e0\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>(Srt. Anumana, Av. Inference\/ Reasoning). Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t, Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cTri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/b>v\u00e0\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>l\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i hai bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/b>c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; trong khi\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>th\u00ec c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u1edfi v\u00ec tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> do lu\u1eadt nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra, trong khi suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) th\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya (tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span>). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 4 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga\u00a0\u00a0ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 2 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>: Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Vaiseika, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 2 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cL\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> Lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cL\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u201cSuy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d, hai ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dignaga, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 2 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.1- Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>\u00a0<\/b>(Srt. Pratyaksa, Av. Perception):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin, nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u0169ng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Dignaga vi\u1ebft: \u201ctri gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> (Av. pre-verbal), tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (Av. pre-conceptual), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0o (Av. unstructured)\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hai, Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: \u201cTri gi\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00e0o c\u1ea3\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo Dignaga, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> hay \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 t\u1eeb gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span>. So s\u00e1nh<\/span> ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang theo nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, v\u00e0 v\u00e2n . . .v\u00e2n\u2026Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Kalpana, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp (Av. arranging), c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (structuring). Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> m\u1ed9t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> ngay l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo Dignaga, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span> H\u1ecdc\/ Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef ch\u1eef \u201cPramana<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 so \u0111o, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n (Av. measuring); c\u00f2n ch\u1eef \u201cPratyaksa\u201d<\/i>l\u00e0\u00a0Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>(Av. Perception) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Av. perception) hay tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> (Av. intuition). Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u1edf tr\u00ean,\u00a0hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/ tri gi\u00e1c\/ tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t trung gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-Ch\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/b>l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: Th\u1ea5y hoa h\u1ed3ng<\/span> li\u1ec1n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 hoa h\u1ed3ng<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> li\u1ec1n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. Th\u1ea5y n\u00fai bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u00fai. Th\u1ea5y c\u00e2y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e2y. . .<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-T\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/b>l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:1.-trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn. Trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00eam, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn c\u00e1i c\u00e2y ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c (the cognition is therefore inaccurate) 2.-Th\u1ea5y m\u00e2y bay t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f3i bay. 3.- v\u00ec b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1n gi\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y hoa \u0111\u1edbm<\/span> \u1edf trong h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span>.4.-Ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> b\u1edd song \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. 5.-V\u00ec say r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00f4i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.2.-Suy lu\u1eadn\u00a0<\/b>(Srt. Anumana, Av. Inference)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.2.1<\/b>.-\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/b>:\u00a0\u00a0Anumana, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, so s\u00e1nh<\/span>. T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 T\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>. Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> qua trung gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>), suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>. Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dignaga ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Av. inferential sign)\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng (Srt. Hetu, Av. reason, evidence) \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5y \u201ckh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u201cl\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3i, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span> t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi thung l\u1ee7ng th\u00ec t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u00e0 t\u00f4i suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> ra. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ea1n tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, c\u00f2n t\u00f4i th\u00ec suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> ra c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111ang ch\u00e1y \u1edf tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 (Srt. Svalaksana, Av. Particular nature), c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (Srt. Samanya laksana, Av.general nature). \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> hai ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Th\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: – \u201cTam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span>) l\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1. \u2013 \u201cDi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a s\u1eb3n trong ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Qui n\u1ea1p<\/i>l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t bao h\u00e0m tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> trong c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: -\u201cQui n\u1ea1p h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c\u201d<\/i>ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u1eebng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> trong ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. \u2013 \u201cQui n\u1ea1p ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i>\u201d ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho v\u00e0i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> trong ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-L\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, so s\u00e1nh<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cL\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng<\/i>\u201d thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u201csuy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t\u00a0\u00a0d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef Anumana l\u00e0T\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>. T\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span>, c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft\u00a0\u00a0b\u1eb1ng so s\u00e1nh<\/span>, lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hay s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 suy ra bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.-<\/b>Ch\u00e2n t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/b>: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: 1.-Th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3i m\u00e0 suy ra bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. 2.-Th\u1ea5y m\u00e2y \u0111en kh\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafp c\u00f3 m\u01b0a. 3.-Th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> m\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1eb7n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay m\u00e0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> ra ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m qua v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y mai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> c\u0169ng m\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1eb7n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. 4.- Th\u1ea5y c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y \u0111ang b\u1ecb giao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 gi\u00f3. 5.-Th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u00faa t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 suy ra c\u00e2y l\u00faa s\u1ebd m\u1ecdc l\u00ean t\u1ed1t.5.-Th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh<\/span> s\u01a1n m\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, ta suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m do ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 kh\u00e9o tay.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>b<\/b>.-T\u1ee3 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/b>: l\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang hay x\u00e1x th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: Th\u1ea5y kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u00e0 suy ra v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y [\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>]. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00ec kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 v\u00e0ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.2.2.- Dignaga ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> hai lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/b>tu\u1ef3 theo \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> hu\u1edbng t\u1edbi:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.- T\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/b>(Srt. Svarth-anumana, Av. Inference for oneself) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.-\u00a0<\/b>Ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span><\/b>(Srt. Pararth- anumana, Av. Inference for others) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh qua l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> (Av. demonstrate) \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, \u201cNh\u00e2n Minh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00fang sai c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span>, n\u00eau ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft) \u0111\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang sai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 do m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb dung<\/span> tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> s\u1ef1 l\u00fd<\/span>, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch dung t\u1eeb, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span> r\u1ed3i sau m\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span>. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u0111\u00edch ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.3.- C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> trong Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/b>Dignaga (<\/b>Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>)<\/b>:\u00a0<\/b>\u201clu\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-c\u00f3-ba-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya (tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u0169 chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>\u201d \/ \u201cLu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 n\u0103m-b\u01b0\u1edbc\/ \u201cng\u0169 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p\u201d<\/i>(a formal five-step argument \/ a five-step approach). T\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, ng\u0169 chi l\u00e0 n\u0103m nh\u00e1nh, n\u0103m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>, hay n\u0103m \u0111o\u1ea1n, n\u0103m m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>\u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n II:\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/b>: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/b>: V\u00ec tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/b>: N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 1 (\u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>) \u1edf b\u1ebfp l\u1eeda th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2 (d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>) m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ao h\u1ed3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i; ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Hi\u1ec7p<\/b>: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-K\u1ebft<\/b>: V\u1eady tr\u00ean n\u00fai kia c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u00e0i Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) cho r\u1eb1ng\u00a0hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1<\/i>Hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 K\u1ebft\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0<\/b>v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 suy ra t\u1eeb ba th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i\u00a0r\u00fat l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/b>c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ba<\/i>th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1<\/i>. Ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>\u201d (A formal three-step argument) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 3 nh\u00e1nh, hay 3 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201ctam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d (syllogism).\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee51<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/b>: Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/b>: V\u00ec tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/b>: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cD\u1ee5<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201ctr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span>\u00a0Hi\u1ec7p\u00a0<\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0K\u1ebft<\/i>n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/b>: Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/b>: V\u00ec kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/b>: Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7i, d\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo Dignaga, mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\u201d<\/i>th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y:\u00a0Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>(Srt. Paksa, Av. Minor premise) hay ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb\/ ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef ( Av. logical subject) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3\u00a0s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i>trong\u00a0c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t<\/i>\/ \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea9m<\/span> (Srt. Sapaksa, Av. Similar instances), v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3\u00a0s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng<\/span><\/i>trong\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t<\/i>ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t<\/i>\/ d\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m<\/span> (Srt. Asapaksa\/ Vipaksa, Av. Dissimiliar instances).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1eady\u00a0tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/b>g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/b>: l\u00e0 l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft, lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 (thesis), gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> (hypothesis):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai).<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n\u00a0<\/b>(reason): nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft (tr\u00ean n\u00fai<\/i>c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/b>(example): \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang\u00a0\u00a0(N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>).\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra<\/i>: \u1ede b\u1ebfp c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. \u1ede ao h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 do \u201cl\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d sanh ra, hay \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u00f3<\/i>kh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d (smokeness) l\u00e0 do \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d (fireness).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u201cTam Chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/b>\u201d\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o<\/i>\u201cNg\u0169 chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u theo \u201cLu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ba-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d. Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u00f4n \u201cNh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Buddhist Logic). Cho n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> m\u00f4n\u00a0Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc<\/i>\u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: – Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00e0i Dignaga\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1ed5 Nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span> H\u1ecdc<\/i>\u201d, c\u00f2n Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u1eeb Ng\u00e0i Dignaga tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e2n Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.4<\/b>.-\u00a0So s\u00e1nh<\/span>\u00a0Tam Chi T\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>c\u1ee7a Dignaga v\u1edbi Tam \u0110o\u1ea1n<\/span>Lu\u1eadn<\/i>c\u1ee7a Aristotle<\/b>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*Aristotle<\/b>(Hy L\u1ea1p, 384 \u2013 322 tr. CN) \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 3 ph\u1ea7n\/ 3 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTam \u0110o\u1ea1n Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u201d (Syllogism):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u0110\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/b>(Major premise).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/b>(Minor premise).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>(Conclusion) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–\u0110\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>: Socrates l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>: V\u1eady Socrates ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1: V\u00ec Socrates (Hy-l\u1ea1p, 469 \u2013 399 tr. CN) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u hay m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 theo m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c (model) nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef<\/i>(ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb, Av. subject)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1ecb ng\u1eef<\/i>(Av. predicate)\/ hay thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb (Av. attribute) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0\u00a0ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec [m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> n\u00e0o] v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb (Av. the part of a sentence or clause containing verb and stating something about the subject).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01<\/b>.- M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef<\/i>: m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+\u00a0\u00a0V\u1ecb ng\u1eef<\/i>: \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02<\/b>.-Socrates l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef<\/i>: Socrates\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1ecb ng\u1eef<\/i>: l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.<\/b>-V\u1eady Socrates ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef<\/i>: v\u1eady Socrates\u00a0\u00a0+\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1ecb ng\u1eef<\/i>: ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*Dignaga<\/b>s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u201clu\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-c\u00f3-ba-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i><\/b>\u201d \/\u00a0tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/b>(Srt. Pratijna) l\u00e0 l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 (Av. thesis), l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>, hay \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Av. inferential subject) m\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u00ec ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/b>(Srt. Hetu, Av. Reason) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>, l\u00fd do<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/b>(Srt. Udaharana, Av. Example) \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: –\u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00f4n; –d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00f4n. Theo Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>),\u00a0d\u1ee5\u00a0<\/b>coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/i>: Socrate ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n<\/i>: V\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/i>: Socrate l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u1eady Socrate ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u hay m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 theo c\u00f9ng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Aristotle:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0+\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1ecb ng\u1eef<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A.- Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201clu\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-c\u00f3-ba-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>\u00a0ph\u00e9p di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/i>\u0111i t\u1eeb\u00a0nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chung<\/i>\u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9<\/i>. C\u00f2n Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>\u00a0ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p<\/i>\u0111i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng \u201ct\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> trung gian<\/span><\/i>\u201d (middle term): Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (Av. minor premises), c\u00f2n Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n (Av. reason) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B.-Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau<\/b>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \/ ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span> (Av. inference for others) do suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i<\/span> trong bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u1edf lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span>;\u00a0\u00a0c\u00f2n\u00a0tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\/ t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span> (inference for oneself). T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft<\/span> trong c\u1ea3 hai \u201clu\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-c\u00f3-3-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (Av. major premise) \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (Av. minor premise) r\u1ed3i di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chung (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ai c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft) \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb trung gian\/ ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: Socrate l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> (th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: Socrate c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft). C\u00f2n\u00a0tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>th\u00ec l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft \u1edf\u00a0T\u00f4n<\/i>, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>,\u00a0T\u00f4n<\/i>t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi\u00a0k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>.\u00a0Nh\u00e2n<\/i>(Av. reason \/ middle term) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi\u00a0ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>(Av. minor premise \/ middle term) c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>.\u00a0D\u1ee5<\/i>th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0<\/i>(Av. major premise) c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n n\u01a1i\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span>. C\u00f2n Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u00f4n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> so s\u00e1nh<\/span> 2 \u201clu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ba-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 1 :\u00a0Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u0110\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>: V\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>: \u0110\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>: V\u1eady \u0111\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 suy di\u1ec5n<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2:\u00a0Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>)<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u00f4n<\/i>: \u0110\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u00e2n: V\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-D\u1ee5<\/i>: –\u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7i, d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1n t\u1ed1 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[ \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ea5t th\u00e1n t\u1ed1<\/i>\u201d, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u lu\u1eadn l\u00fd (logic sign) gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u201c\u0110\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y<\/i>\u201d ].<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) v\u00e0 Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd (Av. different philosoplies of logic).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.5.-Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.5.1<\/i><\/b>.-v\u1ec1 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>:\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u201ct\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u201ctrong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y d\u00e2y th\u1eebng m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn<\/i>\u201d. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cKhi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Himalaya \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y tuy\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi trong sang th\u00ec l\u1edbp tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh (blue) b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu<\/span> m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> gi\u1ea3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady nguy\u00ean do<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1edbp tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Himalaya kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh (Av. snow is not blue). M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> n\u00e0y, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i c\u00e2y ch\u1ebft (Av. perception is not identical to the dead tree). M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c hang c\u00e2y \u1edf hai b\u00ean b\u1edd song \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u1eady<\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.5.2.-<\/b>V\u1ec1 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u201ct\u1ee3 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong\u00a0th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra kh\u00f3i. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>: mn\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7m v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ea5y h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng (nh\u00e2n<\/i>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo th\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>\u00a0(qu\u1ea3)<\/i>r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea7m non s\u1ebd m\u1ecdc ra sau \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed5 m\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u00e2n \u2013 duy\u00ean \u2013 qu\u1ea3\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0[duy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span>]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.5.3.-<\/b>V\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, thuy\u1ebft\u00a0Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gh\u00e9p 2 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd khai tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Srt. Upamana, Av. Analogy \/ Analogical Reasoning) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> gi\u1eefa hai v\u1eadt, hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; hay hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a hai v\u1eadt, hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (Av. their similarities\/ their likeness), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00eam v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ien c\u1ee7a \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A gi\u1ed1ng B.<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u1edf trong A,<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u1edf trong B.<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00ean M gi\u1ed1ng N.<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[A is like B.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M is in A,<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N is in B.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0So M is like N]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Th\u1ee9 hai:<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0X gi\u1ed1ng Y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> P.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00ean X c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> P.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[X is like Y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Y has property P.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Therefore, X has property.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee51<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi: \u201cc\u00e2y vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span>: \u201cc\u00e2y vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i, hay b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span> b\u1ec1 d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 7 cm.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> 2<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1eafng \u1ea5m, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e2y d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 che m\u01b0a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m<\/i>, c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con chu\u1ed9t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. N\u00ean h\u1ecd cho th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111em c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> d\u00f9ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0Trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>, nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> khung lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a hai s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft\u00a0\u00a0lu\u1eadn theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u00fd<\/span>. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e8o l\u00e1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span>, th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> hay s\u1eeda ch\u1eeda l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span> ngay \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng? ho\u1eb7c khi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy\u201d<\/i>c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i suy\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201cch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5\u201d<\/i>[ Av. We are living in the age of false-ness, and often shame-less-ness]. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi m\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>\u201d [Av. We are living in the age of damage].<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec3u c\u1ee3t s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cM\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 \u0111ang ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn l\u00ean m\u1eb7t<\/span> tr\u1eddi. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u01b0a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec3n h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec3n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ra tro\u201d.<\/i>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ien \u0111\u00e8n r\u1ed3i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadt s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n, n\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng. [Ex: this is the old joke: \u201cA mad scientist builds a rocket to the sun but plans to embark at night to avoid being cremated. Here a false analogy is created between the sun and a light bulb, suggesting that when the sun is not shining it is not \u201cturned on<\/i>\u201d, and hence, \u201cnot hot<\/i>\u201d.] C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> khi h\u1ecd n\u00f3i: \u201cso s\u00e1nh<\/span> tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i cam<\/i>\u201d [Apple is like Orange].<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn anh ch\u00e0ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e0ng kia, anh ta kho\u00e1c \u00e1o da, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00fai. C\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> r\u1eb1ng anh ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111en. \u201cS\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai v\u1eadt, hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0ng hai v\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>:<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Hai v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u xanh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Tr\u00e1i chu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-T\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n m\u01b0a r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/span>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. [M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: \u0110\u00f4i khi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00ean tai].<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra 4 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> \u201cm\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.- C\u00e1i v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d\u00a0\u00a0tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a hai v\u1eadt, hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-C\u00e1c \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> hay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-M\u1ed9t \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng<\/b>ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 quen bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n hay s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ho\u00e1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[ 1.The strength\u00a0\u00a0of an analogy depends upon the number of similarities.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Similarity reduces to identical properties and relations.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Good analogies derive from underlying common causes or general laws.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-A good analogical argument needs not pre-suppose acquaintance with the underlying universal (or generalization).]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span> ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.5.4.-<\/b>V\u1ec1 l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng\/ Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span>, v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span> c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u khi thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng trung th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span>; ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebb k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00a0\u201cn\u00f3i l\u00e1o<\/i>\u201d,\u00a0\u00a0\u201ck\u1ebb n\u00f3i<\/i>l\u00e1o<\/i>\u201d\u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u, th\u00eau d\u1ec7t<\/span>, m\u00e9o m\u00f3 sai l\u1ea1i, chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i c\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span> l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ngay c\u1ea3 \u201cTh\u00e1nh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>\u201d, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eebng v\u1ed9i tin. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> trong tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong Kinh Kalama.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Xem th\u00eam: ph\u1ea7n\u00a0T\u1ed5ng K\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cB\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3ng<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a NVT do Amazon ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh on line, USA, 2018).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>2.-6.- Thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/b>(Srt. Apoha-vada, Av. theory of exclusion):\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Apoha,<\/i>ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb (Av. exclusion).\u00a0Apoha-vada<\/i>l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. Theo thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb\/ m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng (Av. word) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb \u1ea5y gi\u00fap trong vi\u1ec7c suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c ra. Theo Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) th\u00ec \u201c\u00a0m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u00fd ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 khi qua s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>1: Ti\u1ebfng \u201ccon b\u00f2<\/i>\u201d (Av. cow) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng-con b\u00f2<\/i>\u201d (Av. not a non-cow).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>2: Ti\u1ebfng \u201ccu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch<\/i>\u201d th\u00ec \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u201d<\/i>(Av. the book is not non-book).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cApola<\/i>\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb (Av. Exclusion), hay ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> (Av. Differentiation), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 th\u00ec lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng\/ m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/i>coi\u00a0\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng\/t\u1eeb\u00a0\u00a0v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> trong tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u201cM\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng<\/i>\u201d t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. Theo Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>),\u00a0thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/i>ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0\u00a0m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0<\/i>(Av. a negative approach) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i>(Av. meaning) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9tt\u1eeb (Av. word)<\/i>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c (Av. another word) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span> ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y.\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>1: \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d (Av. fire) th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hay ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng\u00a0s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eeda\u201d<\/i>v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\u00a0s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u201ckh\u00f4ng-ph\u1ea3i-l\u00e0-kh\u00f4ng-l\u1eeda<\/i>] (Av. not non-fire).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>2: t\u1eeb \u201ccon b\u00f2<\/i>\u201d (Av. cow) \u00fd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-con b\u00f2\u201d<\/i>(Av.the object is not a non-cow).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cPramana- Samuccaya\u201d<\/i>(HV.\u00a0T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>Lu\u1eadn<\/i>, Av. Compemdium of Valid Cognition), Ng\u00e0i Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/i>\u201d v\u1edbi \u201csuy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d. Dignaga v\u1eeba ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>\u00a0nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Nyaya (The orthodox school Nyaya) v\u1eeba ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Sautrantika (HV. Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sautrantika<\/i>(Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9<\/span>) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0duy danh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>(Av. nominalism) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u00a0c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi<\/i>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span> li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> n\u00e0o v\u1edbi\u00a0th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/i>(Av. reality), v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 trong\u00a0l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/i>. Theo Dignaga, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0\u00a0m\u1ed9t suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. Do \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0o\u00a0ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>. Nh\u01b0 Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong quy\u1ec3n Pramana-Samuccaya (T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>) r\u1eb1ng\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> th\u00f4 s\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e1, c\u00f2n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng<\/i>\u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/i>. T\u1eeb \u00fd<\/span> ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00e0\u00a0Thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i>(Av. Theory of Meaning) v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9tt\u1eeb<\/i>v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>m\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7aLu\u1eadn L\u00fd<\/i>H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>(Av. Buddhist Logic).\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/i>(Av Epistemology) c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3\u00a0hai<\/b>ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0Pratyaksa<\/b>(Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span>) v\u00e0\u00a0Anumana<\/b>(Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c (Av. Valid knowledge); v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span> thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb (Srt. Apola-vada) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.\u00a0Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>(Av. Buddhist Epistemology) \u0111\u00e3 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>), n\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3\u00a02<\/b>ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Dignaga l\u00e0\u00a0Pramana-Vada<\/i>, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0The Epistemological School<\/i>ho\u1eb7c\u00a0The Logico-Epistemological<\/i>(Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sau Dignaga, Ng\u00e0i\u00a0Sankarasvamin\u00a0<\/i>(T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng-Y\u1ebft-La-Ch\u1ee7) \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 Nyaya-Pravesa (Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span> lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a s\u00e1ch l\u00e0Nh\u00e2n Minh Nh\u1eadp Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 647 CN, Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch:\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/i>). B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span>, lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5<\/span> m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Xem th\u00eam<\/i>:\u00a0b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u201cNh\u00e2n Minh Nh\u1eadp Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n \u201cL\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau, California (USA): Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, 1997)\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, Ng\u00e0i Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e3ng di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e2u xa<\/span> h\u01a1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) trong quy\u1ec3n\u00a0Nyaya Bindu<\/i>(HV.\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd Nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Av.\u00a0A short treatise of Logic<\/i>). Ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    III.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>):<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Dharmakirti<\/i>(kho\u1ea3ng 600 \u2013 650 CN, T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch: Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>). C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti th\u00ec r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> th\u00ec Dharmakirti l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Nalanda, v\u1ec1 sau Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Madhyadesa (Magadha) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0 Dharmapala (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed9<\/span>) ch\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1m<\/span> vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Dharmapala (Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed9<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> trong gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>, ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dharmakirti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i 7 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 2 quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> l\u00e0:\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Pramana-Varttika<\/i>(HV. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Av. A Critical commentary on Pramana \u2013Samuccaya,\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t: B\u00ecnh ch\u00fa<\/span> v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n Pramana-Samuccaya [T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga] ).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nyaya Bindu<\/i>(HV. Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00edch Lu\u1eadn,\u00a0Av. A Short Treatise of Logic,\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t: Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span> H\u1ecdc\/ Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Pramana-Varttika<\/b>(HV. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/span>):\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Dharmakirti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc 2 l\u1ea7n quy\u1ec3n Pramana-Samuccaya (T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>) c\u1ee7a Dignaga th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y. R\u1ed3i Dharmakirti ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa<\/span> quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0i Isvarsena, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga, \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Dharmakirti vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 xung ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span> trong quy\u1ec3n Pramana-Samuccaya (T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>). Dharmakirti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1a cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0\u00a0Pramana-Varttika<\/i>(L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/span>). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef Sanskrit, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-T\u1ef1 Ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Svartha-Numana, Av. Inference for one\u2019s own self).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span> ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Pramana-Siddhi, Av. Establishment of Pramana).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Pratyaksa, Av. Perception).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Tha ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Srt.Parartha-Vakya, Av. Works for the sake of others\/ Inference for others).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ra c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u201cL\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Pramana-Varttika):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-\u1ea4n h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1ea1i Miyasaka (1971, 1972).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra: -Ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1ea1i Nagasaki (1964), Hayes (1991) v\u2026v\u2026; -Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p (2007); – Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Tosaki (1979, 1985); -Ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c (1932).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nyaya Bindu<\/b>(HV. Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00edch Lu\u1eadn, Av. A Short Treatise of Logic, V. Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span>). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef Sanskrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span> (palm leaf) \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o (Jaina Temple): Santinatha Temple \u1edf x\u1ee9 Cambay (Khambat). S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi GS Peterson \u1edf Calcutta. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u1edf Bstanhgyur, Mdo, Cefolios, 347-355. T\u1ef1a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span> l\u00e0 “Rigs \u2013pahi- thigs-pa“<\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “M\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt lu\u1eadn l\u00fd<\/i>“ (Av. A drop of Logic). Nyaya Bindu d\u1ecbch x\u00e1c ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 `Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/i>“ (Av. A Short Treatise of Logic). Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft Nyaya\u00a0\u00a0l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span>, nyaya th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> hay Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Nyaya Bindu g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>(Av. Inference for one`s own self, Internal\u00a0\u00a0inference).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>hay\u00a0Lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3-3-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>(Av. A formal three-step argument):\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–Tha ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Av Inference for the sake of others, External inference). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c<\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p (Av. dialectics), n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u \u201cbi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> ph\u00e1p<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> theo quy lu\u1eadt<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1n lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ra ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a GS Theodor Ippolitovich Stcherbatsky r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> (Nga, 1866 \u2013 1942). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n L\u00e2m<\/span> Khoa h\u1ecdc Nga (Av.\u00a0The Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences<\/i>), GS c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> (Av. Buddhologist) r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. GS \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201cA Short Treatise of Logic<\/b>).
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0GS T. I. Stcherbatsky l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> ra H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc Nga (Av. Russian Indology and Buddhogy). Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng c\u00f3 GS O. Rosenberg l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u Nyaya Bindu, Dharmakirti vi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn\u201d<\/i>[All successful human action is preseded by right knowledge]; v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span>: \u201cNh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d<\/i>[Right knowledge is knowledge not contradicted by experience] (Nyaya Bindu).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/i>(Av. right knowledge) trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span>, t\u00e1m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n). B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) trong quy\u1ec3n Pramana-Samuccaya (T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>), Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3\u00a0hai<\/i>ngu\u1ed3n<\/i>c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Srt. Pramana) l\u00e0:\u00a0\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n Nyaya Bindu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02<\/b>.1.-Tri gi\u00e1c:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>), Dharmakirti \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cTri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb gi\u00e1c quan<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng qua trung gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c\u201d<\/i>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: -\u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e2y ch\u1ebft<\/i>\u201d t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng d\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng; ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn. S\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> do tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span>: b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> nhanh . . .,\u00a0th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean t\u00e0u \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00e2y \u1edf 2 b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do b\u1ecb hoa m\u1eaft<\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1edbm nh\u1ecf bay l\u01a1 l\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u00f3 4 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Tri gi\u00e1c do ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Tri gi\u00e1c do t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Tri gi\u00e1c do t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span>.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Tri gi\u00e1c do s\u1ef1 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u01b0 trong l\u00fac suy ni\u1ec7m thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> th\u00ec y nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> th\u00ec y nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt trong ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i \u1ea5y.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: \u201ccon b\u00f2<\/i>\u201d m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, con b\u00f2 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u201ccon b\u00f2\u201d m\u00e0 t\u00f4i suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2 kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> trong khi suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00ecnh hoa<\/i>\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cb\u00ecnh hoa<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cb\u00ecnh hoa<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span> \u201ct\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh hoa<\/i>\u201d th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Tu\u1ef3 theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c xa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u201ct\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.<\/b>2<\/b>.- Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>), Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span>. Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dharmakirti tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1\u00a0t\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2: Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>; v\u00e0 v\u1ec1\u00a0ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span><\/i>\u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3: Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>hay suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> (Srt. Svartha- Numanas, Av. Inference for oneself) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c\u00a0duy\u00ean<\/i>c\u1edb<\/i>(Av. reason) hay\u00a0t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> trung gian<\/span><\/i>(Av. middle term).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[This hill has fire.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because it has smoke]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cS\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u201ckh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d. \u201cKh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0\u00a0nguy\u00ean do<\/span><\/i>\/ hay l\u00e0t\u1eeb trung gian<\/span><\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong c\u00e2u tr\u00ean: \u201cng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i<\/i>\u201d (hill) l\u00e0\u00a0ti\u1ec3u t\u1eeb<\/i>, ti\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d (having fire); \u201cc\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span><\/i>(major term).\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u t\u1eeb<\/i>h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i<\/i>t\u1eeb<\/i>l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh\u00a0ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>(thesis)\/\u00a0t\u00f4n\/ lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/i>(theoreme) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>: \u201cNg\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d (This hill has fire).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f3\u00a03 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\/ hay l\u00e0 3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cnguy\u00ean do<\/span><\/i>\u201d\/ hay l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb trung<\/i>gian<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Ti\u1ebfng trung gian<\/span><\/i>\/ hay\u00a0l\u00fd do<\/span><\/i>ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u1edf ti\u1ec3u t\u1eeb: ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i (Hill):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 b\u1ebfp c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed3 ao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[ The hill has fire.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because it has smoke.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Like a kitchen, but unlike a lake].<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nguy\u00ean do<\/span><\/i>\/\u00a0t\u1eeb trung gian<\/span><\/i>: ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u201ckh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Ti\u1ebfng trung gian\/<\/i>hay\u00a0l\u00fd do<\/span><\/i>ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn\/ t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (homologous) v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 trong th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean: l\u00fd do<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u1edf trong b\u1ebfp m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn\/ t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Ti\u1ebfng trung gian<\/span><\/i>\/ hay\u00a0l\u00fd do<\/span><\/i>ph\u1ea3i\u00a0kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd<\/i>ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn\/ t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecb (heterologous) v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 trong th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> tr\u00ean: \u201cl\u00fd do<\/span><\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f3i<\/i>\u201d kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 trong ao h\u1ed3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb trung gian<\/span> hay l\u00fd do<\/span> c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Svabhava, Av. Identity).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i c\u00e2y<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2y Simsapa.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[This is a tree.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because it is Simsapa.]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Trong kinh Ph\u1eadt Pali k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng: c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f9m c\u00e2y Simsapa, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u00e1 Simsapa \u1edf trong n\u1eafm tay c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> l\u00e1 \u1edf l\u00f9m c\u00e2y Simsapa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y (v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Karya, Av. Effect).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[Here there is fire.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because there is smoke]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Anupalabdhi, Av. Non-perception of Identity).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[Here there is no smoke.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because it is not perceived.]<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>2.<\/b>3<\/b>– Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> (Av. Syllogism)<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Dharmakirti \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya (Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span>) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> Dignaga. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span>, trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Dharmakirti \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> \u201clu\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ba-b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u201d (a formal three-step argument)\/\u00a0Tam chi t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>\/Tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>(Av. Syllogism) c\u1ee7a Dignaga : T\u00f4n, Nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 D\u1ee5\/K\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Dharmakirti vi\u1ebft \u201cTam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 III, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span>, c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n\u00a0Nyaya Bindhu<\/i>(Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> Nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00edch Lu\u1eadn, Av. A Short Treatise of Logic, Vi\u1ec7t. Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd). Ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201csuy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/i>\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u1ed9 tha<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Pararthe-numana, Av. Inference for others) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm \u201cl\u00fd do<\/span><\/i>\u201d cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Dignaga (Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>), Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u00fd do<\/span> \u0111\u00fang (Srt. Sadd-hetu, Av. good reason) cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span>, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1<\/i>nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>(Av. effect to cause). Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Theo Dharmakirti, \u201ctha ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d, \u201ck\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d (d\u1ee5) trong tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u0110\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5\/ \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn\/ ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n<\/i>(Srt. Sadharmyavat, Av. Homogeneous). \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1\u00a0ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n<\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00f4n, l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft hay \u0111o\u00e1n \u00e1n<\/span> (thesis).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-D\u1ecb d\u1ee5\/ ph\u1ea3n di\u1ec7n\/ kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/i>(Srt. Vaidharmyavat, Av. Heterogeneous). \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> t\u00f4n, l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft hay \u0111o\u00e1n \u00e1n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span> li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n, l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft, gi\u00fap tha nh\u00e2n<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> t\u00f4n, l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft.Th\u00ed d\u1ee51<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f4n<\/i>: \u00c2m thanh<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng v\u0129nh c\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u00e2n<\/i>: B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0K\u1ebft (D\u1ee5)<\/i>: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u0129nh c\u1eefu<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ch\u1eadu (\u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ee5<\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Sound is non-eternal.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because it is a product.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0All products are non-eternal as a pot)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>2:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 b\u1ebfp c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ao h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda. (\u0111\u1ed3ng + d\u1ecb d\u1ee5<\/span>)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(The hill has fire.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because it has smoke.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Like a kitchen, but unlike a lake)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/span><\/i>:\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef<\/i>(Subject, minor term) li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi<\/span>V\u1ecb ng\u1eef<\/i>(predicate, major term) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1<\/i>(thesis), m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span>. Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef:\u00a0ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i<\/i>c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3\u00a0l\u1eeda<\/i>, l\u1eeda l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef + V\u1ecb ng\u1eef\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00f4n, l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft:\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i<\/i>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.<\/b>4<\/b>.- Thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/b>(Srt. Apoha-vada, Av. Theory of exclusion):<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span> n\u1eefa, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> (Av. Dharmakirti reinterpreted the theory of exclusion, one again, in terms of causal relation).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 hai l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau:- \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Dignaga, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>(Av. Descriptive approaches) hay l\u00e0\u00a0nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi<\/i>(top \u2013 down approaches); -c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Dharmakirti, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00e2n<\/span> qu\u1ea3<\/i>(Causal approaches)\u00a0\u00a0hay l\u00e0\u00a0ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn<\/i>t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean<\/i>(bottom-up approaches).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01<\/b>.-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u201cti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>\u201d<\/b>(Av. Descriptive approach) c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> (Av. reality). Di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u201cti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> \u201cti\u1ebfng<\/i>\u201d\/ \u201ct\u1eeb<\/i>\u201d (Av. word) v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c (Av. A word talks about entities only as they qualified by the negation of other things). N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, qua thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, nh\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. (Av. Descriptive approach tries to explain how it is possible, through the theory of apoha, to pick out the particulars without committing the existence of universals).\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cM\u00e0u xanh<\/i>\u201d (Av. blueness) coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span>, \u201cm\u00e0u xanh<\/i>\u201d thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u xanh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (Av. real blue particulars) trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. \u201cKh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c<\/i>\u201d (Av. exclusions of what is other). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9p\u201d<\/i>(Av. type of double negation) \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7am\u00e0u xanh<\/i>(blueness) v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i m\u00e3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0kh\u00f4ng-kh\u00f4ng-m\u00e0u xanh\u00a0<\/i>(Av. non-non-blue). Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, theo Dignaga, m\u1ed9tt\u1eeb (ti\u1ebfng)<\/i>ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Dignaga \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (things), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng (words) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y:\u00a0kh\u00f4ng-kh\u00f4ng-m\u00e0u xanh<\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng\u00a0xanh<\/i>; v\u00e0\u00a0kh\u00f4ng-kh\u00f4ng-m\u00e0u xanh<\/i>l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng\u00a0\u00a0qua s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfngxanh<\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dignaga c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span>\u00a0di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn<\/i>trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ra<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9p<\/i>(Av. double negation) li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh: –ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a<\/i>(Av. choice), v\u00e0\u00a0lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/i>(Av. exclusion) \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> hai lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span> hai ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u00a0t\u00ean g\u1ecdi<\/b>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> \u1edf ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, nh\u01b0 Kumarida v\u00e0 Uddyotakara, th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng\u00a0ph\u1ee7<\/b>\u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9p<\/b>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i v\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u00f2ng: n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u\u00a0m\u00e0u xanh<\/b>l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1\u00a0kh\u00f4ng-kh\u00f4ng-m\u00e0u xanh<\/b>, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec\u00a0kh\u00f4ng-kh\u00f4ng-m\u00e0u xanh<\/b>l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u<\/span>\u00a0m\u00e0u xanh<\/b>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta<\/span> \u0111i v\u00f2ng<\/span> v\u00f2ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u201cti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00e2n<\/span> qu\u1ea3<\/i>\u201d<\/b>(Causal approach):\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00e2n<\/span> qu\u1ea3\u00a0\u00a0tr\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9p (Av. the causal approach avoids logico-metaphysical features of double negation). Theo Dharmakirti, s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb k\u00e9p (Av. double exclusion) th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/span> nh\u1ecf trong thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> n\u1ed9i dung m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Dignaga. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0ti\u1ebfng (t\u1eeb)<\/i>n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> qua s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> (causal chains): t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 (particular things) \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span> (perceptions), \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> (thoughts), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1t ra nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng (the utterances of words). N\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>(Av. Causal theory) kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi<\/span> h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tham chi\u1ebfu<\/span> nh\u1eefng\u00a0t\u00ean ri\u00eang<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span> theo nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> khi li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0S\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span> th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/span>\u00a0s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span><\/i>v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0\u00a0ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/i>s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf\u00a0tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/i>m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.5.- S\u1eeda ch\u1eeda thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dignaga v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Trong quy\u1ec3n\u00a0Pramana-Vartika<\/i>(L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn<\/span>; B\u00ecnh ch\u00fa<\/span> v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n Pramana-Samuccaya [T\u1eadp L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>] c\u1ee7a Dignaga), Dharmakirti \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eeda thuy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Dignaga v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i>\u201d. Theo Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) th\u00ec \u201capoha<\/b>\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> (Srt. Virodha,. Av. Opposition). Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u201ckh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00fd<\/i>ngh\u0129a<\/i>\u201d (the concept of meaning) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u201ckh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi<\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Dharmakirti quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec3 \u1edf trong \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span><\/i>\u201d, Ng\u00e0i ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span> l\u00e0m hai nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u0110\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>(Efficient opposition) nh\u01b0 n\u00f3ng (hot) v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh (cold).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-M\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd<\/i>(Logical contradiction) nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u xanh (blue) v\u00e0 m\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng-xanh (non-blue); con b\u00f2 (cow) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-l\u00e0-con b\u00f2 (non-cow).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong nh\u00f3m (1), hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> song song v\u1edbi nhau<\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed5. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,\u00a0s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span><\/i>n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong nh\u00f3m (2), n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 \u201cs\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb\u201d<\/i>(excluding) th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> kia th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u201cm\u00e0u xanh<\/i>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng-l\u00e0-m\u00e0u<\/i>xanh<\/i>\u201d: b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> th\u00ec lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> kia. \u201cS\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd<\/i>\u201d (Logical contradiction) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Theo Dharmakirti, thuy\u1ebft apoha kh\u00f4ng \u0111em \u201cs\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i>\u201d (dialectrical approach) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/i>(dialectical approach). N\u00f3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span> hay m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n.\u00a0Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/i>: c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cb\u00f4ng sen m\u00e0u<\/i>xanh<\/i>\u201d (blue lotus) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng sen (lotuses) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh (non-blue), nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt xanh (blue things) m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00f4ng sen (lotus).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03<\/b>.-K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>) v\u00e0 Asanga (V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>). S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ec sao s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> suy t\u00e0n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti v\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u00e2n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xoay chi\u1ec1u. Ch\u00ednh Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> n\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n minh lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span>. M\u00e3i t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. K\u00e9o theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c\u00a0ph\u1ea9m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti c\u0169ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> n\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmatirki \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-1982, cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Dharmakirti \u1edf Kyoto, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-1989, cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i Vienna, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u201cStudies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition<\/i>\u201d (Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-1997, cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i Hiroshima, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span>, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u201cDharmakirti\u2019s Thought and its Impact on Indian and Tibetan<\/i>Philosophy<\/i>\u201d (T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-2005, cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u201cReligion and Logic in<\/i>Buddhist Philosophical Analysis\u201d<\/i>(T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd trong s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>).<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-2014, cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 Dharmakirti t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> Heidelberg, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0R\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, hy v\u1ecdng<\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Dharmakirti (Ph\u00e1p X\u00fang).<\/p>\n

    – *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0–<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 V:\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>T\u1ed5ng K\u1ebft<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Nh\u00e2n Minh<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Buddhist Logic) hay Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3<\/span> song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span> cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0GS TS Sarvepali Radhakrishnan \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span>, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span> hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c thanh t\u1ea9y t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a.<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(For the great Buddhist thinkers, logic was the main arsenal, where were forged the weapons of universal destructive criticism. Buddhism served as a cathartic in cleaning the mind of cramping effects of ancient obstructions.)
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(S. Radhakrishnan,\u00a0Indian Philosophy<\/i>, first edition published 1923, second edition published 2009, USA: Oxford University Press, Volume II, p. 17)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u1eadt ra, Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd (logical fallacies). C\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 33 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd:<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0a.- 9 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a\u00a0t\u00f4n<\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0b.- 14 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a\u00a0nh\u00e2n<\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0c.- 10 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a\u00a0d\u1ee5<\/i>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam cu\u1ed1n\u00a0L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n<\/i>Minh H\u1ecdc<\/i>c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau, USA: Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, 1997.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span> \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>, m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf l\u1edbp \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t (t\u1ee9c l\u1edbp 12). M\u00f4n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u2013 Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh trong ban Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> V\u0103n khoa<\/span> nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Saigon, Hu\u1ebf, \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t . . . Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp\u00a0t\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span> m\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Toronto, 22 March 2019<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> 1:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0–<\/b>Dr. Dinod Bihari Satpathy,\u00a0Indian Culture and Heritage<\/i>,\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Source: http:\/dceutkalac.in\/Syllabus\/MA-history\/paper-8.Pdf
    -Hiriyanna, M.,\u00a0Outlines of Indian Philosophy<\/i>, \u00a0London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd; 1932.
    -Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u1ee5c,\u00a0L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i>, g\u1ed3m 5 t\u1eadp, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Saigon:-T\u1eadp I: NXB Linh S\u01a1n<\/span>, 1956; T\u1eadp II: NXB Linh S\u01a1n<\/span>, 1956; T\u1eadp III: NXB \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, 1956; T\u1eadp IV: B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c Gia<\/span> Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c<\/span> Saigon, 1962; T\u1eadp V: B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c Gia<\/span> Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c<\/span> Saigon, 1964.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-in l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 5 t\u1eadp do NXB TPHCM, 1991.
    -Radhakrishman, S.,\u00a0Indian Philosophy<\/i>, Published by S. K. Mookerjee,\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930.
    -Sinha, J., Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Calcutta: J.N.Sen, 1985.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0Suhas Chatterjee,\u00a0Indian Civilization and Culture<\/i>, New Delhi: MD Publications PVT Ltd, 1998.<\/p>\n

    -Th\u00edch M\u00e3n Gi\u00e1c<\/span>,\u00a0L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, Saigon: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh<\/span>, 1967.
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0in l\u1ea1i\u00a0NXBV\u0103n H\u00f3a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 2007.\u00a0
    -Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean,\u00a0S\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, Saigon: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> x.b., b\u00e0i cours cho sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110HVK Saigon, 1965.\u00a0
    -Th\u00edch Thanh Ki\u1ec3m,\u00a0L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, Saigon: L\u00ea Thanh Th\u01b0 x\u00e3, 1963.
    \u00a0-Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Hoa,\u00a0Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a I \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a XII\u00a0<\/i>(g\u1ed3m 12 quy\u1ec3n), \u0111\u00e3xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Saigon t\u1eeb 1955 \u2013 1964.\u00a0T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n: Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Sepulveda, CA, USA, 1982.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span> 2:<\/b><\/p>\n

    –<\/b>Arnold, Dan,\u00a0The philosophical works and Influence of Dignaga and Dharmakirti<\/i>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Source: Internet.
    -Dr. Bhaskar Jha,\u00a0A Critical Study about the Nyaya theory of Prama and Pramanas<\/i>, Internet Source: IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Nov. 2015.
    -Dan, Arnold,\u00a0The philosophical works and influence of Dignaga and Dharmakirty<\/i>, Source: internet, last reviewed 05 May 2017.
    -Dune, John D.,\u00a0Foundations of Dharmakirti\u2019s Philosophy<\/i>, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2004.
    -Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti, trans.,\u00a0Nyaya: Gautama\u2019s Nyaya-Sutra with<\/i>Vatsyayana\u2019s Commentary<\/i>, Calcutta: Indian Studies, 1982.
    -Kalupahana, David J.,\u00a0Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Analysis<\/i>, USA: University Press of Hawai, 1976.
    -L\u00ea Th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ecb,\u00a0Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc<\/i>, b\u00e0i course ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd-Si\u00eau H\u00ecnh, ni\u00ean kh\u00f3a 1969 \u2013 1970, \u0110HVK Saigon.
    -L\u00ea Th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ecb,\u00a0Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/i>, Saigon: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> x.b, 1969.
    -Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\u00a0Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc\u00a0<\/i>l\u1edbp12 ABCD<\/i>,\u00a0\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Saigon: Hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i<\/span> ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, 1972.
    -Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, T\u00e2m L\u00fd<\/span> H\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12 ACD,\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Saigon: Hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i<\/span> ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, 1972.<\/p>\n

    -Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1c,\u00a0Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m Tri\u1ebft: \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span> H\u1ecdc, Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00e2m L\u00fd<\/span> H\u1ecdc 12 A,<\/i>-Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 1975, Yi\u1ec5m Yi\u1ec5m, Saigon, VN; T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang 2019, Lu Lu Press ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh , USA.
    -Potter, Karl H., ed.,\u00a0Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2: Nyaya \u2013<\/i>Vaisesika<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1977. [This volume contains summary translations and helpful historical and conceptual introductions to early Nyaya and its individual philosophers].
    -Ranalli, Chris,\u00a0Epistemological Skepticism<\/i>, Internet Source: last modified 27 Apr. 2017.
    -Sharma, C.,\u00a0A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1977.
    -Sideritis, Mark,\u00a0Buddhism as Philosophy: an Introduction<\/i>, USA: Hackett Publishing Company Inc., 2007.
    -Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,\u00a0Dharmakirti<\/i>, First published 19 Aug 2011; Substantive Revision 22 Sept. 2016, internet source.
    -Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,\u00a0Epistemology in Classical Indian<\/i>Philosophy<\/i>, First published 03 Mar 2011, Substantive Revision 22 Jan 2015, Internet Source.
    -Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Hoa,\u00a0Nh\u01a1n Minh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>, Kh\u00f3a th\u1ee9 Ch\u00edn: – t\u1eadp b\u1ed1n trong b\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Saigon n\u0103m 1962, USA: Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1982.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
    –<\/b>Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau,\u00a0L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>, USA: Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, 1997. [Trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/span> c\u00f3: -Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a H.T Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau\u00a0\u00a0quy\u1ec3n \u201cNh\u00e2n Minh Nh\u1eadp Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Srt. Nyayadvarataraka Sastra) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Sankarasvamin (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch: Th\u01b0\u01a1ng-y\u1ebft-la-ch\u1ee7); v\u00e0 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n Minh h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0BSL\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh Th\u00e1m].
    -Tillemans, Tom J. F.,\u00a0Scripture, Logic, Language: Essays on Dharmakirti and his Tibetan Successors,\u00a0<\/i>Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1999.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>
    -Vidyabhusana, Satis Chandra,\u00a0A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and<\/i>Modern Schools<\/i>, Delhi: Motilal Banardsi Dass Publishers Private Ltd., 1921.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Further Reading<\/b>:<\/p>\n

    -Ganeri, Jonardon,\u00a0Logic in India: A Reader<\/i>, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2001.
    -Ghokale, Pradeep P.,\u00a0Inference and Fallacies Discussed in Ancient Indian Logic<\/i>(with special reference to Nyaya and Buddhism<\/i>), Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series, Sunil Guyta, ed., Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1992.
    -Phillips, Stephen H.,\u00a0Epistemology in Classical India: the Knowledge Sources of<\/i>the Nyaya School<\/i>, London: Routledge, 2012.
    -S.C. Chatterjee,\u00a0The Nyaya Theory of Knowledge<\/i>,\u00a0
    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1978.
    Singh, Amar,\u00a0The heart of Buddhist Philosophy: Dinnaga and Dharmakirti<\/i>, New Delhi: Munshiran Manoharial, 1984.
    -Stcherbatsky, Theodor Ippolitovich;\u00a0The Buddhist Logic, Volume II, containing\u00a0<\/i>\u201cA Translation of the Short Treatise of Logic [Nyaya Bindu] by Dharmakirti, and of its commentary by Dharmottara, with Notes, Appendices and Indices<\/i>; Leningrad: The USSR Academy of Sciences, 1930. Source: Website Oriental Studies.Ru (Russian Acedemy of Sciences).
    [Stcherbatsky, Theodor Ippolitovich,\u00a0Buddhist Logic<\/i>, 2 Vols., New York: Dover, 1962].
    -Zheng Wei-hong,\u00a0Dignaga and Dharmakirti: Two Summits of Indian Buddhist<\/i>Logic<\/i>, Research Institute of Chinese Classics, Shanghai: Fudan University, 2007.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>,\u00a0<\/b>s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 in:<\/b><\/p>\n

    –<\/b>T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1eddi L\u00fd<\/i>,\u00a0<\/b>Ca., USA: Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, 1996.<\/p>\n

    –Tuy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp Bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>, USA: Amazon ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh on line 2018.<\/p>\n

    –B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span> ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3ng<\/i>, USA: Amazon ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh on line 2018.<\/p>\n

    –Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m Tri\u1ebft 12 A<\/i>, vi\u1ebft chung v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 1975, Saigon: Yi\u1ec5m Yi\u1ec5m, Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>. T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang, USA: Lu Lu Press ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh on line 2019.<\/p>\n

    V\u2026V\u2026<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

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