{"id":8003,"date":"2020-12-07T22:52:10","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:52:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/07\/bai-phap-dau-tien-cua-duc-phat-co-noi-ve-tu-thanh-de-hay-khong\/"},"modified":"2020-12-07T22:52:10","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:52:10","slug":"bai-phap-dau-tien-cua-duc-phat-co-noi-ve-tu-thanh-de-hay-khong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/07\/bai-phap-dau-tien-cua-duc-phat-co-noi-ve-tu-thanh-de-hay-khong\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt C\u00f3 N\u00f3i V\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf Hay Kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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B\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ea7u Ti\u00ean<\/span> C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>
C\u00f3 N\u00f3i V\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf<\/span> Hay Kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>

Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"bai


T\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1ed3n nghi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> trong khi d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> T\u1eadp (Sutta Nip\u0101ta) \u1edf v\u0103n h\u1ec7 Nik\u0101ya. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, trong c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>, T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> (Catt\u0101ri Ariyasacc\u0101ni) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103m anh em Ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 N\u0101rada Mah\u0101 Thera (1898-1983), \u00c9tienne Lammote (1903-1983), Hans Wolfgang Schumann (1928-?)\u2026 c\u0169ng m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 sau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> Hajime Nakamura (1912-1999) \u1edf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama – m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t1<\/sup><\/span>(Gotama Buddha: A biography based on the most reliable texts – 1968). V\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Johannes Bronkhorst trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> Hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India – 1986).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n. V\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u1eeba n\u00eau.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Hajime Nakamura v\u00e0 Johannes Bronkhorst\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Hajime Nakamura\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Hajime Nakamura l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span><\/span> \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama – m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> hai t\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u00ean Anh ng\u1eef l\u00e0 Gotama Buddha: A biography based on the most reliable texts. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968 v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea7n t\u1eadp I c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span><\/span> Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m 2010. Trong l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> \u1edf b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng: Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> Ng\u00e0i (\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> – ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u00fa) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama g\u1ed3m hai t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Hajime Nakamure, thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Tokyo c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>, theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> cho t\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd2<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
V\u00e0 c\u0169ng theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, theo ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>, trong nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Hajime Nakamura ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i dung b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (Ariyapariyesan\u0101 Sutta) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o v\u1ec1 sau. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ch quan h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng theo nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (Ariyapariyesanasutta) h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 kinh La-ma, s\u1ed1 204, c\u1ee7a Trung A-h\u00e0m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh V\u0101n\u0101ras\u012b \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> cho n\u0103m v\u1ecb T\u1ef7-kheo:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u00e1c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> trong tu h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean theo. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m phu<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng kia l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au do t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> h\u1ea1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> (v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span>). N\u00e0y n\u0103m v\u1ecb T\u1ef7-kheo (Bhiksu), n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t minh tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>, Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nirvana) l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>. C\u00f3 t\u00e1m chi ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eeb ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
V\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (Ariyapariyesanasutta), n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> sau. Khi kinh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>, Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> h\u00f3a, hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Sanskrit c\u1ee7a kinh La-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>, hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u1edf V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span><\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> (B\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn! S\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 sau. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n thi k\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 (g\u0101th\u0101) n\u00e0o n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, hay Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y3<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 B\u00e0i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (The First Discourse)4<\/sup><\/span>, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Hajime Nakamura s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 t\u00edch<\/span><\/span> Nid\u0101nakath\u0101, kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (Ariyapariyesan\u0101 Sutta), kinh T\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> (Sutta Nip\u0101ta), kinh Trung A-h\u00e0m, lu\u1eadt T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kinh T\u0103ng-nh\u1ea5t A-h\u00e0m.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (Ariyapariyesanasutta) h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean5<\/sup><\/span>. (The Ariyapariyesana-sutta seems to be the oldest of these texts, and it is belived to transmit part of the first discourse)6<\/sup><\/span>. Theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec l\u1ebd, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u1edf ngay nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (Ariyapariyesan\u0101 Sutta), \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
N\u00e0y Ananda, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> h\u00e3y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Pubb\u0101r\u0101ma (\u0110\u00f4ng vi\u00ean), ng\u00f4i l\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Mig\u0101ramatu (L\u1ed9c M\u1eabu gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec9 tr\u01b0a7<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Theo ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span><\/span> (Dhammapada A\u1e6d\u1e6dhakatha – DhA.i.413), tinh x\u00e1<\/span><\/span> Pubb\u0101r\u0101ma do b\u00e0 T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-kh\u01b0 (Vis\u0101kha) x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span>. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y, khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i ho\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a, b\u00e0 T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-kh\u01b0 g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i (sattavassikak\u0101le). Theo \u0111\u00f3, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gia th\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng, b\u00e0 T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-kh\u01b0 (Vis\u0101kha) m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> tinh x\u00e1<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00fang T\u0103ng<\/span><\/span>8<\/span>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (Ariyapariyesan\u0101 Sutta), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> g\u1ea7n tinh x\u00e1<\/span><\/span> Pubb\u0101r\u0101ma th\u00ec ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, li\u00ean quan<\/span><\/span>; ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span><\/span> k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> khi so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n P\u0101li, nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Hajime Nakamura \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng: S\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 sau. (The addition of the Four Noble Truths to the discourse came considerably later)9<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Hajime Nakamura khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Johannes Bronkhorst.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Johannes Bronkhorst Johannes<\/i><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bronkhorst t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Lausanne \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9. Do c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Sanskrit v\u00e0 P\u0101li n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 trong li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> Hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, Johannes Bronkhorst \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng, T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span><\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y nay. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> s\u00fac t\u00edch<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111i l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung nguy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t khi b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> Chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Kan)10<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> Hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o (Hindu) v\u00e0 K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o (Jain) l\u00fac s\u01a1 k\u1ef3. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> (Four Dhy\u0101nas) m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>11<\/sup><\/span>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Johannes Bronkhorst c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Hajime Nakamura \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Johannes Bronkhorst, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> gi\u00fap ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i dung T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Kinh, Lu\u1eadt, Lu\u1eadn, S\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ea3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> Nik\u0101ya.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n theo d\u00f5i<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 C v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 P\u0101li, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e1nh k\u00fd ti\u1ec7u l\u00e0 P v\u00e0 s\u1eafp s\u1ebfp theo ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i. <\/span><\/div>\n
1- T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n

C.1. Kinh Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (\u4f5b\u8aaa\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93)12,<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0do ng\u00e0i An Th\u1ebf Cao<\/span><\/span> (\u5b89\u4e16\u9ad8) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.2. Kinh Trung b\u1ed5n<\/span><\/span> kh\u1edfi (\u4e2d\u672c\u8d77\u7d93)13<\/sup><\/span>, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, do Sa-m\u00f4n \u0110\u00e0m Qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (\u66c7\u679c) v\u00e0 Sa-m\u00f4n Khang M\u1ea1nh T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> (\u5eb7\u5b5f\u8a73) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 20714.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.3. Kinh T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t A-h\u00e0m (\u589e\u58f9\u963f\u542b\u7d93) t\u1eadp 14, kinh s\u1ed1 515<\/sup><\/span>. Kinh n\u00e0y do Sa-m\u00f4n C\u00f9-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u0103ng-gi\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1-b\u00e0 (\u77bf\u66c7\u50e7\u4f3d\u63d0\u5a46) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Long An nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean (\u9686\u5b89\u5143\u5e74:397)16<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.4. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i trang nghi\u00eam<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u5927\u838a\u56b4\u8ad6\u7d93), quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi do ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp (\u9ce9\u6469\u7f85\u4ec0: 334-413) d\u1ecbch.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.5. Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93)17<\/sup><\/span>, t\u1ee9c kinh s\u1ed1 379, thu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp 15 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span><\/span> T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m (\u96dc\u963f\u542b\u7d93), do ng\u00e0i C\u1ea7u-na-b\u1ea1t-d\u00e0-la (\u6c42\u90a3\u8dcb\u9640\u7f85) d\u1ecbch \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.6. Kinh Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (\u904e\u53bb\u73fe\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u7d93), quy\u1ec3n ba, do ng\u00e0i C\u1ea7u-na-b\u1ea1t-d\u00e0-la (\u6c42\u90a3\u8dcb\u9640\u7f85) d\u1ecbch \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.7. Kinh Hi\u1ec1n ngu<\/span><\/span> (\u8ce2\u611a\u7d93), quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea9m Tu-\u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1edfi tinh x\u00e1<\/span><\/span> (\u9808\u9054\u8d77\u7cbe\u820d\u54c1)18<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0do Sa-m\u00f4n Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> (\u6167\u89ba) v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u (446) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> Ch\u00e2n Qu\u00e2n (\u592a\u5e73\u771f\u541b\u516d\u5e74)19<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.8. Kinh Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> tam chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (\u4f5b\u8aaa\u4e09\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93)20<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0do ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> (\u7fa9\u6de8:635-713) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (710) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea3nh Long (\u666f\u9f8d\u56db\u5e74)21<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.9. Lu\u1eadt T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> (\u56db\u5206\u5f8b)22<\/sup><\/span>, quy\u1ec3n 32, ph\u1ea7n Th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ki\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, do ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-da-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac-ph\u1eadt-ni\u1ec7m (\u4f5b\u9640\u8036\u820d\u5171\u7afa\u4f5b\u5ff5) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi (409) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ho\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee7y (\u5f18\u59cb\u5341\u5e74)23<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.10. Lu\u1eadt Ng\u0169 ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> (\u4e94\u5206\u5f8b), quy\u1ec3n 15, ph\u1ea7n Th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p, do ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-th\u1eadp v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac-\u0111\u1ea1o-sanh (\u4f5b\u9640\u4ec0\u5171\u7afa\u9053\u751f)24<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai (424) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea3nh B\u00ecnh (\u666f\u5e73). B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n do ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> th\u1ecd h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1i Di-sa-t\u1eafc25<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.11. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> T\u1ef3-n\u1ea1i-da t\u1ea1p s\u1ef1 (\u6839\u672c\u8aaa\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u90e8\u6bd8\u5948\u8036\u96dc\u4e8b)26<\/sup><\/span>, quy\u1ec3n 19, do ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (710) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea3nh Long (\u666f\u9f8d)27<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.12. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> T\u1ef3-n\u1ea1i-da ph\u00e1 t\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 (\u6839\u672c\u8aaa\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u90e8\u6bd8\u5948\u8036\u7834\u50e7\u4e8b) quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 6, do ng\u00e0i Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai (711), ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea3nh V\u00e2n (\u666f\u96f2)28<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.13. Lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> (\u5206\u5225\u529f\u5fb7\u8ad6)29<\/sup><\/span>, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch, ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i H\u1eadu H\u00e1n (\u5f8c\u6f22:23-220), l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u kinh T\u0103ng-nh\u1ea5t A-h\u00e0m (\u589e\u58f9\u963f\u542b\u7d93)30<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.14. Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 (\u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6)31<\/sup><\/span>, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 86, do ng\u00e0i C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp (\u9ce9\u6469\u7f85\u4ec0) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 ba (401) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ho\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee7y (\u5f18\u59cb)32<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.15. Lu\u1eadn Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba (\u745c\u4f3d\u5e2b\u5730\u8ad6)33<\/sup><\/span>, quy\u1ec3n 76, do ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng (\u7384\u5958) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 22 (648) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Trinh Qu\u00e1n (\u8c9e\u89c0)34<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C.16. Lu\u1eadn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma t\u1eadp d\u1ecb m\u00f4n t\u00fac (\u963f\u6bd8\u9054\u78e8\u6cd5\u860a\u8db3\u8ad6)35<\/sup><\/span>, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, do ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (659) ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Hi\u1ec3n Kh\u00e1nh (\u986f\u6176)36<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2- T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Nik\u0101ya\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

P.1. Kinh Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft (S.v,420), thu\u1ed9c T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>37<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

P.2. Kinh Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (M.141), thu\u1ed9c Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>38<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

P.3. \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> (Mah\u0101vagga), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span>39<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

P.4 V\u0103n b\u1ea3n Nid\u0101nakath\u010140<\/sup><\/span>. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Bi v\u0103n Bhabru, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi v\u0103n Bairat c\u1ee7a vua Asoka41<\/sup><\/span>. Phi\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh Sa\u1e45g\u012bti b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Kharo\u1e63\u1e6dh\u012b42<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span><\/span> b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 16 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng, 4 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u1edf t\u1ea1ng Nik\u0101ya v\u00e0 2 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u1ebfu c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3 hai ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Sanskrit v\u00e0 Tibetan theo kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Norman Joseph Smith43<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> P\u0101li \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo t\u1ea1i Aluvih\u0101ra, g\u1ea7n M\u0101tale, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 454 sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (35-32 B.C)44<\/sup><\/span>. M\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh Sa\u1e45g\u012bti b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Kharo\u1e63\u1e6dh\u012b vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean v\u1ecf c\u00e2y b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng (birch bark) c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> Anh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1994 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Richard Salomon c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m 1999 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ed5 sung cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>45<\/sup><\/span>. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> Sa\u1e45g\u012bti n\u00e0y theo \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Richard Salomon th\u00ec r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp (\u773e\u96c6), thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m, \u1edf H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng46<\/sup><\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u C.1; C.2. C.3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3n C.3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n C.13, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1ng Nik\u0101ya nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n P.1; P.3\u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n k\u1ec7 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> A-nan tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> theo b\u1ea3n C.14 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc th\u1eadt, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Ba-la-n\u1ea1i,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec n\u0103m v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Khai m\u1edf ngu\u1ed3n cam l\u1ed3<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A-nh\u00e3-ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1o,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1m v\u1ea1n ch\u00fang tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Tu-\u0111\u00e0-ho\u00e0n47<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n k\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 40148<\/sup><\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Hajime Nakamura, khi \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng: kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n thi k\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 (g\u0101th\u0101) n\u00e0o n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, hay Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y (None of the ancient verses (g\u0101th\u0101) link the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfod Path, or the Middle Way to the discourse)49<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef Vinayasamukase50<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0do vua Asoka kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean bia \u0111\u00e1 Bairat, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> Radhakumud Mookerji (1884-1964) \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Sarnath (an expression applied to the Four Noble Truths expounded by the Buddha in his First Sermon at Sarnath)51<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> minh r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m cho bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0m r\u00f5.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
V\u00ec sao \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ecdn V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span><\/span> (\u9e7f\u91ce\u82d1) l\u00e0m n\u01a1i chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n?\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 danh t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a: dhammacakka\u1e43 pavatteti).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, trong \u0110\u1ea1i kinh s\u01b0 t\u1eed h\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> (Mah\u0101s\u012bhan\u0101da Sutta), \u1edf t\u1ea1ng Nik\u0101ya v\u00e0 kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> (\u8056\u9053\u7d93)52<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 Trung A-h\u00e0m \u1edf H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> danh t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (\u8f49\u68b5\u8f2a: brahmacakka\u1e43 pavatteti). Trong kinh T\u0103ng chi (A.v,32)53<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 kinh T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng54<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec trong giao thoa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00fat d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e055<\/sup><\/span>. Tuy v\u1eady, trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ea3 H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Nik\u0101ya \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Theo lu\u1eadn Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 49:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Sau khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, do l\u00f2ng ai m\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> bao la<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean v\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 khai th\u1ecb, g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (\u65e2\u81ea\u8b49\u5df2\u7531\u54c0\u610d\u5fc3\u5ee3\u70ba\u6709\u60c5\u7b49\u958b\u793a.\u6545\u540d\u8f49\u68b5\u8f2a)56<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>, theo Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (Vibhanga Atthakath\u0101):\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Brahmacakka\u1e43 pavatteti \u201cChuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea1m Lu\u00e2n\u201d: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y brahma \u201cv\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span>, cao nh\u1ea5t, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb cakka n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u00e1ng \u0111i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed, kho b\u00e1u,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe s\u1eafc b\u00e9n. v.v…\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> hai c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady57<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kinh v\u0103n d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> hay chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn b\u00e1nh xe Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span><\/span> V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n?\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e0-da (\u4f3d\u8036: Gay\u0101), c\u00f2n n\u01a1i chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh Ba-la-n\u1ea1i (\u6ce2\u7f85\u3b8f: V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b). X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y xa nhau<\/span><\/span> kho\u1ea3ng 300km, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span><\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f358. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0, v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 xa nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n?\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Hajime Nakamura \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> h\u00f3a \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> qua l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i sau:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span><\/span>. V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u201ch\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u0129\u201d; n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span><\/span> tu h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>59<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u00f3 l\u1ebd quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Hijime Nakamura c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u00fd<\/span><\/span> kinh Ph\u1ed5 di\u1ec7u. Kinh ghi:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Khi \u1ea5y th\u1ea7n c\u00e2y B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Minh<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p L\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span>, Ph\u00e1p \u00dd<\/span><\/span>, Ph\u00e1p Tr\u00ec<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed3i b\u1ea1ch Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

– Nay \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u1eddn Nai<\/span><\/span> \u1edf x\u1ee9 ti\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba-la-n\u1ea1i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd th\u1ea7n b\u1ea1ch Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

– \u1ede x\u1ee9 ti\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> trong v\u01b0\u1eddn L\u1ed9c uy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span>, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba-la-n\u1ea1i th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang qu\u00e1 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt<\/span><\/span>. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y th\u1ecd th\u1ea7n:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
– Ch\u1edb n\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1eady. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> (\u6cd5\u7960) t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1u v\u1ea1n \u1ee9c n\u0103m, Ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1u v\u1ea1n \u1ee9c ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> ti\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 tu h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba-la-n\u1ea1i ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, long th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c khen ng\u1ee3i v\u00e0 kh\u1ec3 th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, quy y<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> (\u7121\u6975\u5927\u6cd5). Ng\u00e0n \u1ee9c ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1edb r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, trong khu r\u1eebng \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span><\/span> (\u795e\u4ed9\u6a39\u6728), Ta s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ecbch nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1i t\u0103m<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span>. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, Ta s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, trong khu r\u1eebng \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span><\/span>60<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span><\/span> n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng r\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> (S\u012bhan\u0101da: \u5e2b\u5b50\u543c) nhi\u1ebfp d\u1eabn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00fa, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh T\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> (Sn. 131):\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

Ng\u00e0i, ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i lo\u00e0i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eadc Ng\u01b0u v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> lo\u00e0i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> m\u1ecdi sanh lo\u1ea1i;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khu r\u1eebng \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfng r\u1ed1ng s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ebfp lo\u00e0i th\u00fa61<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. T\u1eeb logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, trong bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. V\u00e0 do v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn t\u1eeb H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Nik\u0101ya, tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Kinh, Lu\u1eadt, Lu\u1eadn, S\u1eed; t\u1eeb l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Hajime Nakamura c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span>. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u, Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 phi Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> (ariy\u0101 ca pariyesan\u0101, anariy\u0101 ca pariyesan\u0101). X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau khi Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>. B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5 tu, ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0i kinh<\/span><\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed (M.85), c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>62<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> truy\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch kinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bh\u0101\u1e47aka. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> con c\u00f2 tr\u1eafng (\u6c34\u767d\u9db4: baka) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p sanh di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> (\u751f\u6ec5\u6cd5: udayavaya63<\/sup><\/span>), trong c\u00e2u kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa<\/span><\/span> (Dhp.113) do s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ee3p \u00e2m (baka-vaya), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong C\u0103n b\u1ea3n thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> T\u1ef3-n\u1ea1i-da t\u1ea1p s\u1ef164<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec d\u1ec5 r\u1eddi xa l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/span> xin d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> (\u9f8d\u6a39) trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9 (\u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span><\/span> chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y:\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Nh\u01b0 trong kinh Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i: Sau khi nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec3u kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>; ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y. T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p n\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n. Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p n\u00ean tu65<\/sup><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00fac Ph\u00fa<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

__________________<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) Hajime Nakamura. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama- m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span>. NXB.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010.\u00a0
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(2) Hajime Nakamura. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama – M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan, d\u1ecbch. NXB.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010, tr.15.\u00a0
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(3) Hajime Nakamura. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama – M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span>. Nxb.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010, tr.355-356. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham<\/span><\/span> chi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef: Hajime Nakamura. Gotama Buddha: A biography based on the most reliable texts. Vol 1. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 2002.p.247-248.\u00a0
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(4) Hajime Nakamura. Gotama Buddha: A biography based on the most reliable texts. Vol 1. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 2002.p. 241.\u00a0
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(5) Hajime Nakamura. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama – M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span>. NXB.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010, tr.355.\u00a0
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(6) Hajime Nakamura. Gotama Buddha: A biography based on the most reliable texts. Vol 1. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 2002. p. 247.\u00a0
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(7) Kinh Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2012, tr.211\u00a0
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(8) T\u00edch truy\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> c\u00fa, t\u1eadp 1, Vi\u00ean Chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2012, tr.374-398.\u00a0
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(9) Hajime Nakamura. Gotama Buddha: A biography based on the most reliable texts. Vol 1. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 2002. p.248.\u00a0
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(10) Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: Duy\u00ean h\u1ee3p – tinh t\u00fay<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (4): ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3. Xem t\u1ea1i: https:\/\/kienngot.wordpress.com\/2011\/10\/10\/duyen-h%E1%BB%A3p-tinh-tuy-c%E1%BB%A7a-d%E1%BA%A1o-ph%E1%BA%ADt-4-ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng-3\/#more-706. Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: This seems to indicate that initially those Four Noble Truths were not part of the sermon in Benares, and consequently not as central to Buddhism as they came to be. We may surmise that the concise formulation of the teaching of the Buddha in shape of the Four Noble Truths had not yet come into being, not necessarily that the content of this teaching deviated from what they were meant to express. If then the Four Noble Truths did not yet exist when the primitive version of what came to be known as Dharmacakrapravartana Sutra was composed, we can be sure that in that time they were not considered as constituting the insight which immediately preceded and brought about liberation.\u00a0
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(11) Johannes Bronkhorst. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 2000. p. 79. Cf: Recognition of the Four Noble Truths culminates in knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of suffering. This is useful knowledge for someone who is about to enter upon this path, but it is long overdue for someone at the end of the road. Knowledge of the path must and does precede a person commencing upon it. This also applies to the Buddha himself. In the passage which we studied above (\u00a7 1.5, MN I. 246-47) we were told that the Bodhisattva remembered how once in his youth, he reached the First Dhy\u0101na and wondered if this could be the road towards enlightenment. The text then continues: \u201cfollowing this memory I had this knowledge: \u2018This is really the road towards enlightenment\u2019.\u201d In other words, also the Bodhisattva knew the path he was to traverse, and knowledge of the Four Noble Truths could not thereafter bring him anything new.\u00a0
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(12) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0109 \u4f5b\u8aaa\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93.\u00a0
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(13) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 04 \u518a No. 0196 \u4e2d\u672c\u8d77\u7d93, \u5377\u4e0a.<\/span><\/p>\n

(14) Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u5efa\u5b89\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74. Xem t\u1ea1i: \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e00.\u00a0
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(15)\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0125 \u589e\u58f9\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u56db, \u4e94.\u00a0
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(16) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e09.\u00a0
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(17) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0099 \u96dc\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94.\u00a0
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(18) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 04 \u518a No. 0202 \u8ce2\u611a\u7d93,\u5377\u7b2c\u5341.\u00a0
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(19) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u516d.\u00a0
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(20)\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0110 \u4f5b\u8aaa\u4e09\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93.\u00a0
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(21) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e5d.\u00a0
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(22) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 22 \u518a No. 1428 \u56db\u5206\u5f8b.\u00a0
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(23) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db.\u00a0
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(24) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 22 \u518a No. 1421 \u5f4c\u6c99\u585e\u90e8\u548c\u91af\u4e94\u5206\u5f8b, \u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94.\u00a0
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(25) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 22 \u518a No. 1421 \u5f4c\u6c99\u585e\u90e8\u548c\u91af\u4e94\u5206\u5f8b, \u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94.\u00a0
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(26) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 24 \u518a No. 1451 \u6839\u672c\u8aaa\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u90e8\u6bd8\u5948\u8036\u96dc\u4e8b, \u5377\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d.\u00a0
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(27) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2152 \u7e8c\u53e4\u4eca\u8b6f\u7d93\u5716\u7d00.\u00a0
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(28) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2157 \u8c9e\u5143\u65b0\u5b9a\u91cb\u6559\u76ee\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09.\u00a0
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(29) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 25 \u518a No. 1507 \u5206\u5225\u529f\u5fb7\u8ad6.\u00a0
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(30) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2145 \u51fa\u4e09\u85cf\u8a18\u96c6, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u5206\u5225\u529f\u5fb7\u7d93\u4e94\u5377(\u4e00\u540d\u589e\u4e00\u963f\u542b\u7d93\u758f\u8fe6\u8449\u963f\u96e3\u9020).\u00a0
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(31) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 25 \u518a No. 1509 \u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c.\u00a0
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(32) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db.\u00a0
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(33) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 30 \u518a No. 1579 \u745c\u4f3d\u5e2b\u5730\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e03\u5341\u516d.\u00a0
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(34) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u516b.\u00a0
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(35) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 26 \u518a No. 1537 \u963f\u6bd8\u9054\u78e8\u6cd5\u860a\u8db3\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u516d.\u00a0
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(36) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u516b.\u00a0
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(37) Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2013, tr. 783-785.\u00a0
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(38) Kinh Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2012, tr.589-593.\u00a0
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(39) \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 1, T\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u Ondacanda, Nxb.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2015, tr.14-21.\u00a0
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(40) The P\u0101li Text Society. The J\u0101taka together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births Gotama Buddha. Vol 1. Edited by V. Faus Boll. London: Messrs. Luzac and Company, Ltd. 1962. p.82.\u00a0
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(41) P.118.\u00a0
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(42) Richard Salomon. Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1999. p.89.\u00a0
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(43) Norman Joseph Smith. The 17 versions of the Buddha\u2019 First Discourse. (JIABS). University of Queensland. 2001.\u00a0
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(44) Lamotte, \u00c9tienne. History of Indian Buddhism. Paris: Institut Orientaliste Louvain-La-Neuve, 1988. p. 558.\u00a0
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(45) Richard Salomon. Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1999.\u00a0
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(46) Ibid, p.174-175.\u00a0
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(47) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 25 \u518a No. 1509 \u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u4f5b\u5728\u6ce2\u7f85\u67f0,\u4f5b\u70ba\u4e94\u6bd4\u4e18,\u521d\u958b\u7518\u9732\u9580,\u8aaa\u56db\u771f\u8ae6\u6cd5:\u82e6\u96c6\u6ec5\u9053\u8ae6.\u963f\u82e5\u618d\u9673\u5982,\u6700\u521d\u5f97\u898b\u9053,\u516b\u842c\u8af8\u5929\u773e,\u7686\u4ea6\u5165\u9053\u8ff9.\u00a0
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(48) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 55 \u518a No. 2154 \u958b\u5143\u91cb\u6559\u9304, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db.\u00a0
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(49) Hajime Nakamura. Gotama Buddha: A biography based on the most reliable texts. Vol 1. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co. 2002. p. 248.\u00a0
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(50) Cunningham, Alexander. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Asoka. Vol. I. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 1877. p. 97.\u00a0
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(51) Radhakumud Mookerji. Asoka. London: Macmillan and Co, 1928. p.118.\u00a0
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(52) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 01 \u518a No. 0026 \u4e2d\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e5d, \u8056\u9053\u7d93.\u00a0
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(53) Kinh T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 2, HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2013, tr. 553-555.\u00a0
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(54) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 02 \u518a No. 0099 \u96dc\u963f\u542b\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516d, \u516d\u516b\u56db.\u00a0
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(55) Arthur Berriedale Keith. The religion and philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads. Part II. London: Humphrey Milford. 1925. p.550.\u00a0
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(56) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 30 \u518a No. 1579 \u745c\u4f3d\u5e2b\u5730\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e5d.\u00a0
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(57) \u0100riya Dhammap\u0101la, Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (Vibhanga Atthakath\u0101), t\u1eadp 1-2, T\u1ef3-kheo Si\u00eau Minh d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p TP.HCM, 2007. tr.796.\u00a0
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(58) Hajime Nakamura. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Gotama – M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lan d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span>. NXB.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, 2010, tr.345.\u00a0
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(59) Ibid.\u00a0
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(60) \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 03 \u518a No. 0186 \u666e\u66dc\u7d93, \u5377\u7b2c\u4e03. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u6642\u4f5b\u6a39\u795e\u540d\u66f0\u6cd5\u660e, \u53c8\u540d\u6cd5\u6a02, \u53c8\u540d\u6cd5\u610f, \u53c8\u540d\u6cd5\u6301, \u5f80\u5230\u4f5b\u6240\u524d\u767d\u4f5b\u8a00: \u4eca\u4f5b\u4e16\u5c0a, \u7576\u65bc\u4f55\u570b\u800c\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a? \u6642\u4f5b\u544a\u66f0: \u5728\u6ce2\u7f85\u5948\u4ed9\u4eba\u4e4b\u8655\u9e7f\u82d1\u4e4b\u4e2d. \u6a39\u795e\u767d\u4f5b: \u6ce2\u7f85\u5948\u570b\u4ed9\u4eba\u4e4b\u8655\u9e7f\u82d1\u4e4b\u4e2d, \u4eba\u6c11\u5c20\u5c11\u4e0d\u53ef\u8aaa\u6cd5.\u4f5b\u544a\u6a39\u795e: \u52ff\u8aaa\u6b64\u8a00.\u6240\u4ee5\u8005\u4f55? \u6211\u5bbf\u547d\u6642\u5728\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u7960,\u516d\u842c\u5104\u8f09\u5728\u4e2d\u4f9b\u990a\u516d\u842c\u5104\u8af8\u4f5b\u4e16\u5c0a,\u53ca\u82e5\u5e72\u7a2e\u4ed9\u4eba,\u5b78\u904a\u5c45\u5176\u4e2d. \u6ce2\u7f85\u5948\u570b\u8af8\u5929\u9f8d\u795e\u6240\u5171\u55df\u6b4e, \u7121\u6975\u5927\u6cd5\u7a3d\u9996\u6b78\u547d, \u5343\u5104\u8af8\u4f5b\u6089\u5ff5\u672c\u672b, \u5728\u6b64\u795e\u4ed9\u6a39\u6728\u4e4b\u9593,\u61c9\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a.\u5bc2\u7136\u60d4\u6015,\u4e0d\u89a9\u7121\u667a\u6697\u51a5\u4e4b\u9ee8, \u4ee5\u6b64\u4e4b\u6545, \u5728\u6b64\u795e\u4ed9\u6a39\u6728\u4e4b\u9593\u800c\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a.\u00a0
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(61) Kinh Ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 1, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2015, tr.466.\u00a0
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(62) Kinh Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp 2, HT.Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, NXB.T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2012, tr. 119-124.\u00a0
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(63) Barua, Beni Madhab, M.A. Prakit Dhammapdada – Based upon M. Senart\u2019s Kharo\u1e63\u1e6dh\u012b manuscript with text, translation & notes. University of Calcutta. 1921. p. 61.\u00a0
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(64) T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> A-nan th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>: N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m\/ Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y con c\u00f2 tr\u1eafng\/ Ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\/ \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y con c\u00f2 tr\u1eafng (\u82e5\u4eba\u58fd\u767e\u6b72,\u4e0d\u898b\u6c34\u767d\u9db4.\/\u4e0d\u5982\u4e00\u65e5\u751f,\u5f97\u898b\u6c34\u767d\u9db4). Nghe xong, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7i \u01b0u t\u01b0<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i: N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m\/ Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p sanh di\u1ec7t\/ Ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\/ \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p sanh di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> (\u82e5\u4eba\u58fd\u767e\u6b72,\u4e0d\u4e86\u65bc\u751f\u6ec5.\/\u4e0d\u5982\u4e00\u65e5\u751f,\u5f97\u4e86\u65bc\u751f\u6ec5). Xem t\u1ea1i: \u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 24 \u518a No. 1451 \u6839\u672c\u8aaa\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u90e8\u6bd8\u5948\u8036\u96dc\u4e8b, \u5377\u7b2c\u56db\u5341.\u00a0
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(65)\u5927\u6b63\u85cf\u7b2c 25 \u518a No. 1509 \u5927\u667a\u5ea6\u8ad6, \u5377\u7b2c\u516b\u5341\u516d. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u5982 \u201c\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93\u201d \u4e2d\u8aaa:\u82e6\u8ae6\u77e5\u5df2\u61c9\u898b;\u77e5\u5df2\u5206\u5225\u77e5,\u662f\u6cd5\u61c9\u898b,\u662f\u82e6\u8ae6;\u662f\u6cd5\u61c9\u65b7,\u662f\u96c6\u8ae6;\u662f\u6cd5\u61c9\u8b49,\u662f\u6ec5\u8ae6;\u662f\u6cd5\u61c9\u4fee,\u662f\u9053\u8ae6.
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