{"id":8010,"date":"2020-12-07T22:56:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/07\/duy-thuc-tam-thap-tung-thich-luan\/"},"modified":"2020-12-07T22:56:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:56:05","slug":"duy-thuc-tam-thap-tung-thich-luan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/07\/duy-thuc-tam-thap-tung-thich-luan\/","title":{"rendered":"Duy Th\u1ee9c Tam Th\u1eadp T\u1ee5ng Th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn"},"content":{"rendered":"

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DUY TH\u1ee8C TAM TH\u1eacP T\u1ee4NG TH\u00cdCH<\/span><\/span> LU\u1eacN<\/span>
PH\u1ea0N B\u1ea2N T\u00c2N D\u1ecaCH<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea2N VI\u1ec6T D\u1ecaCH \u0110\u1ea6U TI\u00caN T\u1eea \u00a0SANSKRIT<\/i>
<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0100C\u0100RYA\u00a0<\/b><\/span>STHIRAMATI <\/span>
(A-X\u00c0-L\u00ca AN HU\u1ec6<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o)<\/span>
<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/b>TRI\u1e42\u015aIK\u0100VIJ\u00d1APTIBH\u0100\u1e62YA\u1e42<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1ng d\u1ecbch: SUM-CU-PA\u1e24I B\u015aAD-PA<\/span><\/p>\n

PH\u1ea0N-T\u1ea0NG NGUY\u00caN \u0110I\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ed0I CHI\u1ebeU<\/span><\/span> D\u1ecaCH<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\"Duy

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ef0A<\/span><\/p>\n

A-x\u00e0-l\u00ea An Hu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn\u00a0Duy th\u1ee9c tam th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> \u1edf trong nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb. V\u00ec c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: tham c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> do ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> T\u00e1t-ca-da-ki\u1ebfn, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y[1], t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3nh. Do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> tr\u00f9m k\u00edn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1edf tri<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3n ng\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri<\/span><\/span>, khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, th\u00ec ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf tri<\/span><\/span>, chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f9m k\u00edn. Do \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eafc th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u1ecb nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ai m\u00ea m\u1edd Duy t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>, khi\u1ebfn cho tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>; ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng: theo ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m tuy t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng theo ngh\u0129a si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y. Do \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0\u00a0lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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I. T\u1ed4NG THUY\u1ebeT NG\u00c3 PH\u00c1P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c\u00a0nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng<\/i>.\u00a0\/\/1ab\/[2]<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ean n\u00f3i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 \u1edf trong th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh y tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c\u00a0<\/i>\/\/1c\/[3]<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e3v\u00e0ph\u00e1p\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c n\u00e0yl\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u1eeb t\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i.\u00a0C\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7, ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111a d\u1ea1ng<\/i>\u201d[4]: t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e3, m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3, sinh gi\u1ea3, nho \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v.v\u2026 \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3. Ho\u1eb7c u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi, s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c v.v.. \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec l\u00eca ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>[5]<\/b><\/i>, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, khi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng[6]\u00a0v\u1edbi s\u00e1t na<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u00f3, do s\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00fd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e3 v.v.. v\u00e0 v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00fd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc v.v.. m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tri v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tri v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb a-l\u1ea1i-da th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tri n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tri n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, do c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3, v.v… v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc v.v\u2026 trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u00e3 hay ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> mao lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>[7]c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch ch\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh t\u1ee3 ng\u00e3, \u1ea3nh t\u1ee3 s\u1eafc c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, do c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebft ng\u00e3, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb7m m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y mao lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c<\/i>, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 con b\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>. Trong th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Nh\u1ea5t bi\u00ean lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1eadt h\u1eefu\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin; t\u1ee9c do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c, ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201cCh\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> trong quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>; nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o l\u1ed7i v\u00f4 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>[8]. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1edf th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch[9].<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span><\/span>, h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> hai d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u00ean lu\u1eadn k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, do \u0111\u1ec1u phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, y theo<\/span><\/span> ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a A-x\u00e0-l\u00ea n\u00ean ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac do t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu[10]; n\u00f3i t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9c do l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh, n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb duy\u00ean sinh ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb\u00a0bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c<\/i>\u1edf tr\u00ean.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00ec th\u1eadt n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn sinh t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v.v\u2026 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea5y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ngh\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb chia ch\u1ebb t\u1eebng chi ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span>, do c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi khi ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.Do \u0111\u00f3, trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1ng khi ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng: m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n s\u1edf n\u0103ng th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> gia t\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, li\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh c\u0103n s\u1edf n\u0103ng th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Do \u0111\u00e2y, r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n s\u1edf n\u0103ng th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, hay phi c\u0103n<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf n\u0103ng th\u1ee7?<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea5y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh, th\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u1edbng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh l\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. Do b\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i th\u00e1i qu\u00e1<\/span><\/span>[11].<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5 v.v.. y tr\u00ean th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, do v\u00ec c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kia v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb trung gian<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f4ng, nam, t\u00e2y, b\u1eafc v.v.. Y tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c vi<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> ng\u1ea1i[12], kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1edf<\/span><\/span>[13], n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o l\u1ed7i th\u00e1i qu\u00e1<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f2n h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i th\u1ee9c, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ee9c. Th\u1ecd v.v.. trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn sinh h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3[14]c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t, ch\u01b0a sinh. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd v.v.. c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn sinh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> th\u1ecd c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 trong ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb khi ch\u00e1nh sinh, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu sau khi \u0111\u00e3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n do h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec, \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb v\u00f4 s\u1edf<\/span><\/span> duy\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

II. \u00dd NGH\u0128A<\/span><\/span> GI\u1ea2 TH\u00c1C<\/span><\/h2>\n

1.\u00a0N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> n\u00eau l\u00ean n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u201cC\u00f3 v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. V\u00ec c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i y tr\u00ean ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span>[15], n\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c: 1. C\u00fa ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span>[16], 2. C\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>[17], 3. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng[18].Nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng \u201cThi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eeda\u201d, t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1eeda ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 l\u1eeda, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng: t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0ng (m\u00e0u da) hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3ng[19], th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c \u201cthi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eeda\u201d m\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, ho\u1eb7c y tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eeda<\/i>, c\u1ea3hai gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednhch\u1ea5t chung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, th\u00ec lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> y tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o l\u1ed7i th\u00e1i qu\u00e1<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, lo\u1ea1i l\u1eeda n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng do t\u00ednh v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, do \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng trong lo\u1ea1i l\u1eeda n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i t\u00ednh v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i t\u00ednh v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c; b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean lo\u1ea1i l\u1eeda c\u0169ng th\u1eadt h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2n h\u1ecfa.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c n\u00e0y tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean, l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c, l\u00fd c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span>[20]. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, t\u00ednh v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean. T\u1ea1i sao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, v\u00e0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, n\u01a1i l\u1eeda v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda m\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c n\u00e0y tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean, sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>: N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i, v\u00ec ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 n\u00ean gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, t\u00ednh v\u00e0ng,\u00a0\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0ng, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3. Do v\u1eady, gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c n\u00e0y y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea3, gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c t\u1ea5t y tr\u00ean ch\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 l\u1eadp, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec\u00a0t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1ea5y v\u1ed1n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. Do s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span>[21].<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> n\u01a1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c.Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> n\u01a1i \u00e2m thanh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng v\u1eady,\u00a0c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t[22]kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean\u00a0c\u00fa ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1cc\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean[23]c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ee3 h\u1eefu, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n h\u1eefu. V\u00ec t\u1ee3 h\u1eefu gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3[24]kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u00e2m thanh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> trong t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (=b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3) nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh[25].\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> phi h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>: \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

III. TH\u1ee8C\u00a0BI\u1ebeN<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c tuy v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> , nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cS\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba d\u1ea1ng<\/i>\u201d. \/1d\/[26]<\/span><\/p>\n

Y ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c ng\u00e3, gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1i n\u00e0y do b\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1ee9c a-l\u1ea1i-da.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da trong c\u00e1c ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh m\u00e3n do s\u1ef1 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, khi t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span><\/span> (th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y) do t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch trong A-l\u1ea1i-da th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u<\/span><\/span>. Duy ch\u1ec9 \u00fd nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4<\/span><\/span> (m\u1ea1t-na) thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 k\u00fd<\/span><\/span> th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c tuy v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba, nay v\u00ec n\u00eau r\u00f5 lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>\u201d[27]<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ba d\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0: d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, do th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd\u00a0\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/span><\/span>[28], do t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do l\u00e0m hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc v.v. s\u00e1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> (khu bi\u1ec7t) \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3nh).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. Do v\u1eady, sau \u0111\u00e2y tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> minh gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-l\u1ea1i-da,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7ng<\/i>\u201d. \/\/2cd\/[29]<\/span><\/p>\n

I. \u0110\u1ecaNH DANH<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

N\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/i>\u201d[30]: t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span> trong ba d\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cA-l\u1ea1i-da<\/i>\u201d: t\u1ee9c n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-l\u1ea1i-da th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 cho h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 a-l\u1ea1i-da. A-l\u1ea1i-da \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> tr\u00fa x\u1ee9[31].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c trong trong th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> khu bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c th\u00fa (\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng), c\u00e1c sinh lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng<\/span><\/span> lo\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7ng, v\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span>\u00a0choh\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

A-l\u1ea1i-da th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ngo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 do s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc th\u00e0nh. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec? Do th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>: 1. N\u1ed9i h\u1eefu, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng tin (li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>); 2. Ngo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>[32]h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t qu\u00e3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu c\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 danh. V\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 vi t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

II. H\u00c0NH T\u01af\u1edaNG<\/span><\/span> V\u00c0 S\u1ede DUY\u00caN<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

T\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf\u00a0sinh m\u1ea1ng\u00a0v\u00e0 n\u00f3c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0v\u1ed1n\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft\/\/3ab\/\/<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 trong n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>[33], c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft; c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 A-l\u1ea1i-da, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> hai \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u01a1 s\u1edf sinh m\u1ea1ng<\/i>:t\u1ee9c th\u1ee7[34]. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eefnh\u01b0ng\u00e3v.v\u2026 v\u00e0t\u1eadp kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a\u00a0c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0s\u1eafc v.v\u2026 Do s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y, th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1eafc. T\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0c\u01a1 s\u1edf sinh m\u1ea1ng.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span>. S\u1edf y<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3[35]; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y x\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u0103n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 danh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu chung m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>; c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf sinh m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> danh s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> trong c\u1ea3 hai gi\u1edbi: d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>. T\u1ea1i v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, n\u00f3 l\u00eca t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc tham, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> kh\u1edfi[36]c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> danh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00e2y tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb t\u1eadp kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1edf th\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc. Do \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 (th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1) y x\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> (tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>)\u00a0an b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n? V\u00ec th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd v\u1ec1 Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 trong kinh Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn[37]\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

III. T\u00c2M S\u1ede<\/span><\/span> T\u01af\u01a0NG \u01afNG<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-l\u1ea1i-da\u201d[38], nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi bao nhi\u00eau t\u00e2m s\u1edf? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i theo<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00fac,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0<\/i>\u201d \/\/3cd\/\/[39].<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201clu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n<\/i>\u201d[40]: t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da m\u00e0 c\u00e2u kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi n\u0103m ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00fac, t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> th\u1ecd[41].<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y,\u00a0do b\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ba x\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n; ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ba.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ba \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n t\u00f9y theo<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c v.v\u2026X\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c v.v\u2026 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 do b\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 c\u0103n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c c\u00e1c th\u1ee9; s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, x\u00fac n\u00e0y do t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, ho\u1eb7c ho\u1eb7c c\u0103n n\u0103ng x\u00fac, ho\u1eb7c c\u0103n s\u1edf x\u00fac, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00fac.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> khu bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>. Cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u0103n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea5y th\u1ecd l\u00e0m s\u1edf y<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Kinh n\u00f3i:c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1c ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> sinh do duy\u00ean\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0x\u00fac\u00a0mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span><\/span>: l\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> duy tr\u00ec<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> d\u1eabn t\u00e2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, tuy n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1eeb ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 phi s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m. T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1t-na kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd, c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec5n ly<\/span><\/span> hai h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: l\u1ea1c, kh\u1ed5, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1c; qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nghi\u1ec7m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1ed5; qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1c.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, trong \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>, qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0, hai th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c sinh<\/span><\/span>, y thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>; do \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, l\u00eca xa b\u1ea5t d\u1ee5c; khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i, hy v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> sinh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng sau khi c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1ed5 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00eca xa d\u1ee5c, khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y t\u00e1i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> sau khi c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1c sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ly, h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t sinh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 an l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 xanh, v\u00e0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft n\u1eafm d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd. Khi n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ea1ch th\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3; n\u00ean nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m di \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edf duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: l\u1ea1c, kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i: thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, h\u1eefu ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00ed<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, do n\u01a1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da, t\u1ed5ng thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ecd, trong ba lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecd tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecd n\u00e0o? Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n? L\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00ed<\/span><\/span> hay h\u1eefu ph\u00fa<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 k\u00ed? C\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5…<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean d\u1ecbch & ch\u00fa<\/span>
<\/p>\n
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[2]\u0101tmadharmopac\u0101ro hi vividho ya\u1e25 pravartate | 1ab. Tib. bdag dang chos su nyer ‘dogs pa\/ \/sna tshogs dag ni gang byung ba\/ \/<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3]vij\u00f1\u0101napari\u1e47\u0101me ‘sau | 1c<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5]Th\u00edch t\u1eeb: pari\u1e47\u0101ma<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[6]vilak\u1e63a\u1e47a\u1e25(d\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t ly t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>): kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch l\u00eca h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, hay kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[7]s\u1ee3i l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[9]Yujyate, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[10]Parikalpitasvabh\u0101va: ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac do y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, do t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[11]atiprasa\u1e45ga<\/i>: l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e1, l\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>. Cf. Ny\u0101yabi\u1e47\u1e0du\u1e6d\u012bka, 89.2 Stcherbatsky, Buddhist Logic II, 239, n.1: atiprasa\u1e45g\u0101t: \u201cbecause of an over-deduction ad absurdum; the term is used when the deduction implies giving up of every uniformity and the possibility of everything.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[12]Am\u016brtatvam: Ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft, h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13]ade\u015basthatva\u00f1: C\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1edf<\/span><\/span>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> hay v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[14]Tad\u0101k\u0101ra: b\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1eddng, thay th\u1ebf cho<\/span><\/span> th\u1ecd v.v..<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[15]Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c: ch\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (mukhyapad\u0101rtha), t\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 (tatsad\u1e5b\u015ba-vi\u1e63aya), v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>(s\u0101dh\u0101ra\u1e47a-dharma).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[16]C\u00fa ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> (mukhyapad\u0101rtha), ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> hay \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span> \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[17]C\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> (tatsad\u1e5b\u015ba-vi\u1e63aya), v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[18]C\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> (s\u0101dh\u0101ra\u1e47a-dharma), t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> chung\u00a0hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng\u00a0gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span>, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]Th\u00e0nh duy th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span><\/i>: c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf,\u00a0\u731b\u8d64. Sthiramati: kapilatve t\u012bk\u1e63\u1e47atve v\u0101, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0ng (m\u00e0u da) hay n\u00f3ng<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[20]Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[21]gu\u1e47avaiyarthyaprasa\u1e45ga\u1e25<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[22]N\u0103ng thuy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1edf thuy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[25]Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>; nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> trong chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[26]pari\u1e47\u0101ma\u1e25 sa ca tridh\u0101 || 1d, tib. zhes bya ba smos so\/ \/<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[27]vip\u0101ko manan\u0101khya\u015b ca vij\u00f1aptir vi\u1e63ayasya ca | 2ab; Tib. rnam par smin dang ngar sems dang\/ \/yul la rnam par rig pa’o\/ \/zhes bya ba smos so\/ \/<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[28]Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]tatr\u0101lay\u0101khya\u1e43 vij\u00f1\u0101na\u1e43 vip\u0101ka\u1e25 sarvab\u012bjakam\u00a0\/2cd\/<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[31]Nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a, \u0101laya ch\u1ec9 cho cai nh\u00e0, ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n, do \u0111\u00f3 H\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 qu\u1eadt tr\u1ea1ch (hang \u1ed5). V\u1ec1 t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec3m, Khuy C\u01a1<\/span><\/span>: ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u0103ng-c\u00e1t-l\u1ec7-th\u01b0\u1edbc (s\u0101\u1e43kle\u015bika).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[32](kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, bh\u0101janavij\u00f1apti)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[33]S\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[34]\u00a0(ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, trong th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[35](th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>, Tib. lus)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[36]Na-abhi-nir-\u221av\u1e5bt, abhinirv\u1e5btta<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]tatr\u0101lay\u0101khya\u1e43 vij\u00f1\u0101nam (2c)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[39]sad\u0101 spar\u015bamanask\u0101ravitsa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101cetan\u0101nvitam 3cd; rtag tu reg dang yid byed dang\/ \/reg dang ‘du shis sems par ldan\/ \/<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[40]Th\u00edch t\u1eeb: iti, th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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