{"id":8013,"date":"2020-12-07T22:56:23","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:56:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/07\/giac-ngo-va-niet-ban\/"},"modified":"2020-12-07T22:56:23","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:56:23","slug":"giac-ngo-va-niet-ban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/07\/giac-ngo-va-niet-ban\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ad_1]
\n<\/p>\n

\n

Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

GS\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>:\u00a0<\/b>Vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 sai s\u00f3t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> \u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cao minh<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda sai<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap\u00a0\u00a0b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> h\u01a1n trong l\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i; \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vinh h\u1ea1nh<\/span> cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>.
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>NVT<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/b>:\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0II.-\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0III.-Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>: Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/b>:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

I.- \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u00e1c\u00a0\u00a0ng\u1ed9<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Hv.\u89ba\u609f,\u00a0Srt.,\u00a0Pa.\u00a0bodhi<\/i>)l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u1eef bodhi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u00e1c<\/i>(\u89ba)\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ra, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn.<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u1ed9<\/i>(\u609f)c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n. Ng\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> l\u00e0 hai \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c kinh Veda v\u00e0 Upanishad v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 1500 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span> ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi l\u00fd l\u1ebd, th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh<\/span>, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, t\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bodhi<\/i>(Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>) c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef l\u00e0\u00a0Budh<\/i>(ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0B\u1ee5t<\/i>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng\u00a0Buddha<\/i>l\u00e0Ph\u1eadt\u00a0<\/i>\u4f5bn\u00f3i cho \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0\u00a0Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0<\/i>\u4f5b\u9640,\u00a0trong c\u00e1c Kinh s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt). Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1\u00a0t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>(Av. enlightenment\/ awakening), l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi l\u00fd l\u1ebd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u201cPh\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t sang \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1eb1ng hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n do c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u0129 \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>; hai l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span>. C\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \u201cbuddh\u201d c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i hai c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau: l\u1ed1i phi\u00ean \u00e2m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 B\u1ee5t (Buddh), \u1edf mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t<\/span> Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t \u00e2m<\/span> theo l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y; c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m<\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb ng\u00f5 Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt (Buddh) hay cho \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0 (Buddha).\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\u00a0<\/i>T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd<\/b>, Hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i<\/span>: 1996, Toronto, Canada.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

II.- \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Siddharta Gautama l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span>. R\u1ed3i Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1<\/span> cho ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span> Siddhartha \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y<\/span> B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (the Bodhi tree) trong 49 ng\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 suy ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 49. Trong \u201cB\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\/ Kinh chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>\u201d Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y T\u1ef3 Kheo! \u0111\u1ebfn khi Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>\u00a0th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> B\u1ed1n Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf\/ B\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf<\/span><\/i>(insight and understanding of the Four Noble Truths\/Four Holy Truths), v\u1ec1\u00a03 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/i>(three stages) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c<\/i>(twelve aspects) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> m\u1edbi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gian<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean<\/span> (Gods), Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> (Maras), Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean<\/span> (Brahmas), \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> (Recluses), Gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n (Brahmans), Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> (Humans) v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ngo\u00e0i h\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> n\u1eefa (Some-One) r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>\u00a0V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c<\/span>.\u00a0<\/b>V\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y<\/span> tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n ki\u1ebfn<\/span> ph\u00e1t sanh th\u00ec\u00a0t\u00e2m<\/b>c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lay chuy\u1ec3n.\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span>, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> n\u1eefa.\u201d
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(<\/b>I attained the highest and complete Awakening. Thus I knew; knowledge arose in me, insight arose that the emancipation of mind is unmovable. This is my last existence, now there is no more re-birth)
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(<\/b>Tr\u00edch b\u00e0i: \u201cKinh chuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>\u201d b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a NVT)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> khi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Mu\u1ed1n \u201cgi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span> \u201cB\u1ed1n Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Four Noble Truths), v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>\u201d (the middle way) c\u1ee7a\u00a0B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/i>( the Eight Noble Path). Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec \u201cs\u1ef1<\/i>gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec3u n\u00ean\u00a0v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/i>(Srt, Avidya, Av. Ignorance) che l\u1eafp s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed<\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng: \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng\/ kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1eadc\u00a0A-la-h\u00e1n (Arahant)<\/i>\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7p (karma) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n (good karma), nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c<\/span> (bad karma), nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c (neutral karma) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00f2n\u00a0Ph\u1eadt<\/i>th\u00ec\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cPh\u1eadt (Buddh,\u4f5b,Anh v\u0103n: Buddha) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (the awakened one or the enlightened one). Ph\u1eadt, hay Gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> hay Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span> l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng (the reverend title, very respected title) v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> (the historical person) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (the path to nirvana) c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (the cessation of suffering) v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> n\u1ea7y cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh<\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span>, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u201cng\u1ed9<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y<\/span> \u201cB\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1edd t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span>, nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> che l\u1ea5p<\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

III.- Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (with the development of Buddhist doctrine), quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn theo th\u1eddi gian<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span> v\u00e0i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span><\/i>(Original Buddhism tradition) d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Theravada\/ Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>(Theravada tradition): Theravada \u0111\u00e3 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span>. H\u1ecd d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb<\/span> A-la-h\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-\u00a0Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>(Pureland tradition): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span> ni\u1ec7m \u201cA-di-\u0111\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> v\u00e3ng sanh<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00f5i c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> A-di-\u0111\u00e0. \u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.-Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>\/ Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba<\/span> (Vajrayana tradition): Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tu t\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n<\/span>. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span>, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>(Zen tradition): Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span>, v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span> ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh<\/span>. V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng:<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.-\u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u201cv\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/i>\u201d. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> \u201ctham, s\u00e2n, si<\/i>\u201d, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an<\/span>, \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: ch\u00fang ta<\/span> ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn<\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon<\/span> su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ngon c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn ly C\u00e0-ph\u00ea n\u00f3ng v\u1edbi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb th\u01a1m ngon c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> khi ta u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1edbp c\u00e0-ph\u00ea s\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai<\/b>:\u00a0\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nirvana<\/i>(Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng Nirvana c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> (Heaven).<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span>\u00a0Nirvana<\/i>nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span>, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> Nirvana khi Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Khi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span> n\u00e0y. Khi Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span>, 45 n\u0103m sau khi Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o\u00a0Pari Nirvana<\/i>(T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0\u00a0B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/i>hay\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ho\u00e0n<\/i>h\u1ea3o<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nirvana,<\/i>theo ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft l\u1eeda<\/i>” (blowing out the flame),\u00a0d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> l\u1eeda<\/i>(to extinguish a flame) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n.\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Srt. Nirvana, Pa. Nibbana)\u00a0<\/b>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/i>(\u8f2a\u8ff4,Sa. Pa.,\u00a0Samsara,\u00a0Av. rebirth), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> d\u1eadp t\u1eaft<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0tham lam<\/span><\/i>(Sa.Raga,\u00a0Av. greed),\u00a0s\u00e2n<\/i>(Sa. Dvesha, Av. Aversion\/ hate) v\u00e0\u00a0si\u00a0<\/i>(Sa. Avidya,\u00a0Av. Ignorance\/ Delusion). Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> (\u5bc2\u9759), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> y\u00ean t\u0129nh, b\u00ecnh an<\/span> (Nirvana is peace).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i<\/b>,m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i<\/b>(Nirvana is not a place), nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span> ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u1ef1 do<\/span><\/i>\u201d Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> (like freedom, it is a state). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tu t\u1eadp<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n hay \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c\/ hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng\/ kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng\/ kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span>. Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span> sau khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Xem th\u00eam: b\u00e0i Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni<\/span> c\u1ee7a NVT.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ngu\u1ed3n: nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nirvana) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00e1m v\u00edu\/ bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> (state of non-clinging), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span> (non-aversion) v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> (clarity into the nature of reality).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> (one at his enlightenment), hai l\u00e0 l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i qua \u0111\u1eddi (another at his death). Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> hai lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n:<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.H\u1eefu d\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(\u6709\u9918\u6d85\u69c3;\u00a0Sa. Sopadhi\u015be\u1e63a-nirv\u0101\u1e47a,\u00a0Pa. Savupadisesa-nibb\u0101na,\u00a0Av. Nirvana with a remainder): l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> thanh th\u1ea3n<\/span>, t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tam \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>: tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au\/ m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p khi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. B\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n<\/span> n\u00e0y d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n<\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea1ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u1eefu d\u01b0”; Ni\u1ebft -b\u00e0n n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eefu d\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.V\u00f4 d\u01b0<\/span> Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>(\u7121\u9918\u6d85\u69c3,\u00a0Sa.\u00a0nirupadhi\u015be\u1e63a-nirv\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>,\u00a0Pi.\u00a0anupadisesa-nibb\u0101na<\/i>,<\/i>Av. Nirvana without remainder) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh<\/span> khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0B\u00e1t-Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>(Sa. Pari Nirvana) hay\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/i>(final Nirvana) hay Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> (completed Nirvana).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i,\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n (Nirvana is not a place). Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span> ra ngo\u00e0i\u00a0V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, Kh\u1ed5<\/i>(Dukkha, \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng) v\u00e0\u00a0V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span>.<\/i>N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span> th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/i>v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span>\u00a0Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng)<\/i>th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n<\/i>\u1edf ngay trong c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Toronto, 15 August 2018<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[ad_2]
\n
Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ad_1] Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u00a0 GS\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00a0 L\u1eddi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 sai s\u00f3t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc mong\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8014,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-8013","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8013","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8013"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8013\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8014"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8013"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8013"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8013"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=8013"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}