{"id":8015,"date":"2020-12-07T22:57:16","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T15:57:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/07\/tu-tuong-triet-hoc-ton-giao-an-do-co-truoc-va-cung-thoi-voi-duc-phat-thich-ca\/"},"modified":"2022-05-05T23:03:27","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T16:03:27","slug":"tu-tuong-triet-hoc-ton-giao-an-do-co-truoc-va-cung-thoi-voi-duc-phat-thich-ca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/07\/tu-tuong-triet-hoc-ton-giao-an-do-co-truoc-va-cung-thoi-voi-duc-phat-thich-ca\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8015\" class=\"elementor elementor-8015\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2976d1c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-between elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2976d1c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ac2644\" data-id=\"1ac2644\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb7251f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb7251f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"header\" data-elementor-id=\"18971\" class=\"elementor elementor-18971\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f779a9 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-space-evenly elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8f779a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edfc6c7\" data-id=\"edfc6c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-232b7b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-site-logo elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"232b7b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-site-logo.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f93d63\" data-id=\"7f93d63\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57e19f8\" data-id=\"57e19f8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1a099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c1a099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<button onclick=\"history.back()\"><<<\/button>\n<button onclick=\"history.forward()\">>><\/button>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6051fa8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6051fa8d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9195ab2\" data-id=\"9195ab2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56a85636 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56a85636\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><b style=\"color: #980000; font-size: 18px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p><div><p><span style=\"font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; color: #980000;\"><b>v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca<\/b><\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #274e13;\"><b>GS Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/hoavouu.com\/images\/file\/py_TW_Vg1ggBAOtQ\/tu-tuong-triet-hoc-ton-giao-an-do-co-truoc-va-cung-thoi-voi-duc-phat-thich-ca.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"nw-img-responsive imglazy imgcontent\" style=\"float: none; clear: both; margin: 5px auto; width: 198px; display: block;\" title=\"T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Su-Tich-Quan-The-Am-Bo-Tat-Nghien-Cuu.gif\" alt=\"T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca\" width=\"198\" height=\"218\" data-info=\"464,512\" data-original=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.jpg\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.jpg\" style=\"float: none; clear: both; margin: 5px auto; width: 198px; display: block;\" class=\"nw-img-responsive\" data-info=\"464,512\" alt=\"T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca\" title=\"T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca\" width=\"198\" height=\"218\"><\/noscript><\/a><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"> L\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>:<\/span> <\/b><i>Vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi<\/span> nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 sai s\u00f3t, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u01b0\u1edbc mong<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cao minh<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1eeda sai<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd<\/span> v\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00a0b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span> h\u01a1n trong l\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i; \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">vinh h\u1ea1nh<\/span> cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span>.<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/i>NVT<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Ph\u1ea7n I<\/b>:\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.-V\u0103n minh l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c song Indus (3.300 \u2013 1300 tr. CN).<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-V\u0103n h\u00f3a Veda.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1ea7n II: <\/b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca ra \u0111\u1eddi:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Veda.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.-T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong 4 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh Kinh<\/span> <i>Vedas<\/i>.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.-T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh Kinh<\/span> <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u1ebf nghi th\u01b0<\/span><\/i> Brahmana (kho\u1ea3ng 1000 tr. CN \u2013 800 tr. CN).<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong kinh Upanishad (kho\u1ea3ng 800 tr. CN):<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -Atman v\u00e0 Brahman.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -Karma v\u00e0 Samsara.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Ph\u1ea7n III.-<\/b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edc-ca (kho\u1ea3ng 654 tr. CN\u00a0 &#8211; Kho\u1ea3ng 544 tr. CN):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A.- C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I.-B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 II.-S\u00e1u ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.- Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vaisesika.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Samkhya.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yoga.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Mimansa.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vedanta<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B.-C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <b>kh\u00f4ng<\/b> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01.- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy v\u1eadt<\/span> (Materialism) v\u1edbi Charvaka \/ Lokayata<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.- K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o (Jainism) v\u1edbi Mahavira.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a03.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Ajivika v\u1edbi Makkhali Gosala<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a04.- Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> (Skepticism).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.-\u00a0<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Buddhism) v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Ph\u1ea7n I.- D\u1ea9n nh\u1eadp:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/b><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><b>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca ra \u0111\u1eddi.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"nw-img-responsive imglazy imgcontent\" style=\"float: none; margin: 5px auto; width: 265px; display: block; clear: both;\" title=\"an do\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Su-Tich-Quan-The-Am-Bo-Tat-Nghien-Cuu.gif\" alt=\"an do\" width=\"265\" height=\"284\" data-info=\"265,284\" data-original=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.gif\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.gif\" data-info=\"265,284\" alt=\"an do\" title=\"an do\" style=\"float: none; margin: 5px auto; width: 265px; display: block; clear: both;\" class=\"nw-img-responsive\" width=\"265\" height=\"284\"><\/noscript><\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> &#8211; <span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">ngu\u1ed3n: internet<b>)<\/b><\/span><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nam Ch\u00e2u<\/span> \u00c1. Ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng-Nam gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u01a1ng (Indian Ocean), ph\u00eda T\u00e2y-Nam gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u00c1-r\u1eadp ( Arabian Sea), ph\u00eda <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">B\u1eafc gi\u00e1p<\/span> v\u1edbi r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai Himalaya h\u00f9ng v\u0129, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quanh n\u0103m<\/span> tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">[ theo ti\u1ebfng Sanscrit, hima = tuy\u1ebft (snow), alaya = c\u01b0 tr\u00fa (dwelling), Himalaya c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cn\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebft]<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Himalaya<\/b> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n 8.000 m\u00e9t, c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0i tr\u00ean 7.200 m\u00e9t ,(ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai Everest cao 8.848 m\u00e9t). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea9n d\u1eadt<\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span>. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u <i>chuy\u1ec7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n<\/i> <i>thuy\u1ebft<\/i> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0y. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u00e3y n\u00fai<\/span> Himalaya \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nam Ch\u00e2u<\/span> \u00c1. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u1ee7a r\u1eb7ng Himalaya \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh thi\u00eang<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0111\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.( Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia. Many Himalaya peaks are sacred in both Buddhism and Hinduism). R\u1eb7ng n\u00fai Himalaya l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ranh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1edbi cao nguy\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span>. T\u1eeb tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai Himalaya, c\u00f3 3 con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> ch\u1ea3y v\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> , t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn: Indus, Ganges v\u00e0 Brahmaputra.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>S\u00f4ng Indus<\/b> (\u00e2m VH, \u1ea4n h\u00e0) ch\u1ea3y qua mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 ra v\u1ecbnh Oman. S\u00f4ng n\u00e0y\u00a0 c\u00f3 4 ph\u1ee5 l\u01b0u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng: Ravi, Thelum, Chenar v\u00e0 Sutleji. 5 con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Pendjab (\u00e2m VH, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ng\u0169 H\u00e0<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 5 con s\u00f4ng). L\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 \u201c<i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n minh<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus<\/i>\u201d( Indus valley civilization) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 3.000 n\u0103m tr. CN.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">S\u00f4ng <b>Gange<\/b> (\u00e2m VH, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">H\u1eb1ng h\u00e0<\/span>) ch\u1ea3y qua mi\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 ra v\u1ecbnh Bengal. S\u00f4ng Gange l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh thi\u00eang<\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> ( Ganges river is the most sacred river to Hindus). H\u1eb1ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i<\/span> t\u1eafm Kumbh Mela, c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eafm trong d\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> v\u00ec h\u1ecd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span> s\u1ebd r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span> , l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span> h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c \u201c<i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">S\u00f4ng <b>Brahmaputra<\/b> c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Tsangpo\u00a0 Bramaputra, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con s\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/span> (trans-boundary river) xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng-B\u1eafc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. S\u00f4ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ea3y v\u00f4 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y<\/span>\u00a0 Nam , r\u1ed3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Gange \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau ch\u1ea3y ra v\u1ecbnh Bengal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Mi\u1ec1n Nam <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 Cao nguy\u00ean <b>Deccan<\/b> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ec3n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu<\/b> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span> \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7t: mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n r\u1eb7ng Himalaya th\u00ec l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo, khi c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1m s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gia t\u0103ng<\/span> l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean Himalaya tan ra t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1eef d\u1ed9i<\/span> xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh kh\u1ee7ng<\/span>, v\u00e0 \u0111em ph\u00f9 sa ph\u1ee7 kh\u1eafp l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khu r\u1eebng r\u1eadm c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ecdp, beo, voi, ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span>, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00ec oi b\u1ee9c, s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> mau gi\u00e0, l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. R\u1eebng c\u00e2y soi b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i r\u1ea5t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span> cho c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu t\u1eadp<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u00e1t m\u1ebb<\/span> h\u01a1n, nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 4 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr. CN, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. Gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravidian l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 3.000 n\u0103m tr. CN, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc da s\u1eadm, m\u0169i to, m\u1eaft \u0111en. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Dravidian v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> cao, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di t\u00edch<\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Deccan, d\u00e2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Dravidian.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 2.500 tr. CN, gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u00e3y n\u00fai<\/span> Cause, (r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai Cause d\u00e0i 1.200 km, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n Caspienne v\u00e0 H\u1eafc h\u1ea3i), \u0111\u00e3 chia ra l\u00e0m 2 to\u00e1n: m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y &#8211; Nam \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> x\u1ee9 Iran, m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng-Nam \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span> v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y &#8211; B\u1eafc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, r\u1ed3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ea3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>: h\u1ecd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb<\/span> v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Gange, r\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111i l\u00ean<\/span> Cao nguy\u00ean Deccan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan c\u00f3 d\u00f3c d\u00e1ng to l\u1edbn, da tr\u1eafng h\u01a1n d\u00e2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/span>. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Aryen c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u0103n ho\u00e1 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravidian khi h\u1ecd m\u1edbi x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. V\u1ec1 sau, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Aryan <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> t\u1eeb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Dravidian, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span>, k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh<\/span> x\u00e3 th\u00f4n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Veda v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y. Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Aryan th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7.\u00a0 Phe th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c Aryan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u00f2n phe thua tr\u1eadn Dravidian v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u1edf ngo\u00e0i 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y.<b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.<\/b><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n minh<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus (<\/b>3.300 &#8211; 1.300 tr. CN<b>):\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1607356624_841_Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"nw-img-responsive imglazy imgcontent\" style=\"float: none; margin: 5px auto; width: 286px; display: block; clear: both;\" title=\"an do 1\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Su-Tich-Quan-The-Am-Bo-Tat-Nghien-Cuu.gif\" alt=\"an do 1\" width=\"286\" height=\"248\" data-info=\"286,248\" data-original=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1607356624_841_Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.gif\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1607356624_841_Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.gif\" data-info=\"286,248\" alt=\"an do 1\" title=\"an do 1\" style=\"float: none; margin: 5px auto; width: 286px; display: block; clear: both;\" class=\"nw-img-responsive\" width=\"286\" height=\"248\"><\/noscript><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">(B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 khu v\u1ef1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di t\u00edch<\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus.\u00a0\u00a0 ngu\u1ed3n: internet )<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">N\u0103m 1922, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc John Marhall \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>: R.D. Banerji, D.K Dikshita v\u00e0 Ernest Mackoy b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Mohenjo-daro, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Harappa. Mohenjo-daro l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m \u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Indus ( Vi\u1ec7t H\u00e1n: \u1ea4n h\u00e0) Harappa n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Mohenjo-daro \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i s\u00f4ng Indus. Hai \u0111\u1ecba danh n\u1ea7y hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Sindh, n\u01b0\u1edbc Pakistan .S\u00f4ng Indus ph\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf cao nguy\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb r\u1eb7ng Himalaya, d\u00e0i 3.180km ch\u1ea3y qua v\u00f9ng Penjab, c\u00f3 5 ph\u1ee5 l\u01b0u g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng: Ravi, Thelum, Chenar v\u00e0 Sutleji r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n \u00c1-r\u1eadp (Arabian Sea). S\u00f4ng Indus ch\u1ea3y qua T\u00e2y-B\u1eafc \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Pakistan hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ee5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y , v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 sa s\u00f4ng Indus \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1ea5y. Mohenjo-daro l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 l\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 2600 tr.CN, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1, c\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u0103n n\u1eafp<\/span>. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 th\u00ec v\u00f9ng n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 l\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 3000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN,\u00a0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di t\u00edch<\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho\u00a0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u201c<i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n minh<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a<\/i>\u201d (Ancient Indus valley civilization). N\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> c\u1ed5 Ai-c\u1eadp, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> c\u1ed5 Mesopotania,v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> c\u1ed5 Minoan (Minoan civilization) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Crete,\u00a0 ph\u00eda Nam th\u00e0nh Athene, n\u01b0\u1edbc Hy l\u1ea1p. N\u0103m 1980, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span>, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p<\/span> qu\u1ed1c ( UNESCO \/ United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di s\u1ea3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> r\u1ea5t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus, n\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Dravidian:<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u201c<i>D\u00e2n ch\u00fang\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 quy ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u<\/i> <i>nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> r\u1ed9ng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ecf h\u1ebbm<\/i> <i>l\u00f3t c\u00e1t, c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u (n\u1eef trang) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di t\u00edch<\/span> n\u00e0y\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> cao \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span>; <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> c\u1ee7a (v\u0103n ho\u00e1) V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 Aryan\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><i>\u00a0<\/i>( \u201c<i>The people who planned and built towns with houses, streets, path sand, underground drains as they had done, and used made of gold, silver and copper, must have been highly civilized; certainly more civilized than the Vedic Aryans<\/i>\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0 Suhas Chatterjee, <i>Indian Civilization and Culture<\/i>, New Delhi: MD Publications PVT Ltd, 1998, tr. 26<i>\u00a0 <\/i>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ( archaeological material) ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3\u00a0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ed3i , c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con d\u1ea5u<\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh, b\u00e0n c\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n \u0111o, n\u1eef trang b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u1ecdc th\u1ea1ch<\/span>, d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111ang v\u0169 m\u00faa, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Priest- King v..v <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con d\u1ea5u<\/span> ni\u00eam phong (seal) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i tr\u00e9o ch\u00e2n, hai b\u00e0n tay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thong th\u1ea3<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean hai \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lim dim<\/span> \u0111ang suy ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> s\u0129 \u0111ang <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span> (Yogi).<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1607356631_472_Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"nw-img-responsive imglazy imgcontent\" style=\"float: none; margin: 5px auto; width: 216px; display: block; clear: both;\" title=\"an do 2\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Su-Tich-Quan-The-Am-Bo-Tat-Nghien-Cuu.gif\" alt=\"an do 2\" width=\"216\" height=\"214\" data-info=\"216,214\" data-original=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1607356631_472_Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.jpg\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/1607356631_472_Tu-tuong-Triet-hoc-Ton-giao-An-do-co-truoc.jpg\" data-info=\"216,214\" alt=\"an do 2\" title=\"an do 2\" style=\"float: none; margin: 5px auto; width: 216px; display: block; clear: both;\" class=\"nw-img-responsive\" width=\"216\" height=\"214\"><\/noscript><\/a><\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (<\/b><b>h\u00ecnh c\u00e1i Seal, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di t\u00edch<\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5\u00a0 \u1edf\u00a0 Indus River Village &#8211; <\/b><b>ngu\u1ed3n: internet<\/b> )<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n<\/span> ( Yoga) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 3000 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Vedic-Aryan.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (meditation) lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i-t\u00e1i sinh( rebirth), nghi\u1ec7p (Srt. karma, Av. action) v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (Srt. moksa, Av. liberation). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5\u00a0 trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n minh<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u00a0c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh thi\u00eang<\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> (pipal tree, bodhi tree) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con th\u00fa nh\u01b0 voi, nai.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> <b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> Veda (Vedic culture)<\/b>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span> l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1800-1500 tr.CN b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Aryan. D\u00e2n Aryan c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Iran, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 ( Asian minor), m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111i qua \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. D\u00e2n Aryan c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng \u1ea4n-\u00c2u (Indo-European). <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 1.500 tr.CN, d\u00e2n Aryan \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>: &#8211; 4 quy\u1ec3n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Veda, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u1ebf nghi th\u01b0<\/span> Brahman v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u00e0nh l\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i<\/span> l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span>. K\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Aryan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>:<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brahman:\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kshatriya: vua ch\u00faa, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, v\u00f5 s\u0129<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vaishya: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia<\/span>, l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n, \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shudra: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u00f4 b\u1ed9c<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ngo\u00e0i 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Parias, \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Candalas.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean thu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan, k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n Dravidian, k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 hai- Kshatriya: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, v\u00f5 s\u0129.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">[C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">giai c\u1ea5p<\/span>: <i>\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p (caste)<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i<\/span>,\u00a0 c\u00f2n <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">giai c\u1ea5p<\/span><\/i> <i>(class<\/i>) l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ef1a theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c , ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ] .<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 800 tr.CN, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Upanisad \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi nghi\u1ec7p (Srt. karma, Av. action) lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i-t\u00e1i sinh (Srt. samsara, Av. rebirth). <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> (Atman) h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> (Brahman) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (absolute almighty \/ ultimate reality).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Ph\u1ea7n II.- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3\u00a0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca ra \u0111\u1eddi:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>\u00a0<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Veda (Vedic period):<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.- <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong 4 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Vedas<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>(<\/b><b>VH<\/b><b>, T\u1ee9 V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>, <\/b><b>skt<\/b><b>.<\/b><b> Catur-Veda, <\/b><b>Av.<\/b><b> Four Vedas):<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Veda trong ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> (knowledge). <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Veda l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch th\u00e2u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Aryan qua c\u00e1c c\u00e2u th\u01a1 ca <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span>, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ec5 nghi<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Aryan d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Indus, Gange v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Hymalaya. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u<\/span> qua nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1500 tr.CN , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> n\u0103m 800 tr.CN th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u1ed5. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Veda c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Kinh thi<\/span> , l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u th\u01a1 ca v\u1ec1 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/span> do \u0110\u1ee9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1ea1i .<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kinh Veda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span> do nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong d\u00e2n gian Aryen.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">B\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> Veda <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 4 cu\u1ed1n:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">1-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rig-Veda: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span> .<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">2-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sama &#8211; Veda: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ca d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ca ng\u1ee3i<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/span> khi c\u1ea7u l\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yayur- Veda: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n<\/span>, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00fang t\u1ebf khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">4-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Atharva-Veda: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span>, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00f9 ph\u00e9p khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng<\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tai h\u1ecda<\/span> cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebb th\u00f9<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span>: c\u00f3 b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u cho c\u00f3 con, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 tai qua n\u1ea1n kh\u1ecfi; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebb th\u00f9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed1n kinh Veda \u0111\u1ec1u chia l\u00e0m 4 ph\u1ea7n:<\/span><\/p><ol><li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Mantra: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e1nh ca<\/span>.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Brahmana: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ghi c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5<\/span> cho c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu s\u0129<\/span> d\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu s\u0129<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Aranyaka: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u00e0 tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> d\u00f9ng, ho\u1eb7c cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111ang <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> trong r\u1eebng s\u00e2u.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Upanishad: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span>, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a Veda, c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Veda.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh ca<\/span> Veda \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span> ng\u00f4i sao <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> \u201cTh\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201dhay \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d Brahmanaspati. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> l\u00e0 Vicvakarman.<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">to\u00e0n n\u0103ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Veda th\u00ec c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u1edf kh\u1eafp 3 c\u1ecfi :Tr\u1eddi, Kh\u00f4ng trung , \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda Agni, th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> Mitra, th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/span> Varuna, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng , th\u1ea7n n\u00fai , th\u1ea7n gi\u00f3 th\u1ea7n m\u01b0a v&#8230;v\u2026 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n h\u00f3a<\/span> .<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kinh Veda , kinh Upanishad \u0111\u1ebfn Bhagavad gita v\u00e0 Vedanta l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng<\/span> 3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span>, 3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u1ea7y h\u1ee3p nhau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> ra <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> :<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">1 &#8211; Th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>: \u00a0Brahman<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">2- Th\u1ea7n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t: Shiva<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3- Th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span>: Vishnu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> Trong 3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean th\u00ec th\u1ea7n Brahman (\u00e2m VH, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span>) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> , hay l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3- \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 Atman- l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho nguy\u00ean l\u00fd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> xa x\u01b0a.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Aryan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 1.800 \u2013 1.500 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span>, h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o 3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i Dravidian v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n (Brahman) l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n : h\u00f4 phong ho\u00e1n v\u0169, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ma thu\u1eadt<\/span> ri\u00eang \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00fang t\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span>:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.-Brahmana : B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.-Ksatriyas : vua ch\u00faa, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c<\/span>, v\u00f5 s\u0129.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-Vaicyas: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia<\/span>, l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.-Cudras: \u00a0<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u00f4 b\u1ed9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ngo\u00e0i 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Parias; \u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Candalas l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Brahmana v\u00e0 cha thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Cudras.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">giai c\u1ea5p<\/span>: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <i>\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p (caste system)<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i<\/span>, c\u00f2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">giai c\u1ea5p<\/span><\/i> <i>(class system<\/i>) l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ef1a theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c , ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p .<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> \u201cT\u1ebf nghi th\u01b0\u201d-Brahmana (kho\u1ea3ng 1000 tr.CN \u2013 800 tr.CN )<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Brahmana<\/b>\/ T\u1ebf nghi th\u01b0\/ l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc trong khi l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ef1. Brahmana c\u00f2n ghi c\u1ea3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Brahmana , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Veda.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Braman<\/b>\u00a0 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span> , m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> trong h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m , v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt<\/span> cao si\u00eau , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> b\u00f9a ch\u00fa n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sai khi\u1ebfn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> , c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sai khi\u1ebfn<\/span> \u201cc\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> t\u1ed1i cao\u201d <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> n\u1ea7y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> Brahman t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span>. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u00f4ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt<\/span>, b\u00f9a ch\u00fa cao c\u01b0\u1eddng , n\u00ean nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sai khi\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201c<i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Anh, <i>God-Men; <\/i><i>Ph\u00e1p<\/i><i>, Hommes-dieux<\/i> )<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> Brahman nh\u1edd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/span> c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00fang <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf<\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Bramana, trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00fang t\u1ebf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ec3 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh l\u1ec3. L\u1ec3 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh l\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>. \u201cL\u1ec3\u201d l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi<\/span> gi\u1eefa <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> (Atman) v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1i v\u0169<\/span> tr\u1ee5, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> (Brahman, Vi\u1ec7t-H\u00e1n: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/span>).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u1ede Trung Hoa v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi x\u01b0a<\/span>, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u1edf v\u00e0i n\u01a1i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt<\/span>, b\u00f9a ch\u00fa .. chuy\u00ean lo vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang t\u1ebf l\u1ec3, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 C\u00f4 \u0110\u1ed3ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng), C\u1eadu \u0110\u1ed3ng ( ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng), Ph\u00e1p S\u01b0\/Th\u1ea7y Ph\u00f9 Th\u1ee7y.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u201cL\u1ec3\u201d trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a Brahmana l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1edf trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Trung Hoa v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Brahman th\u00ec gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span> , bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (karma)n\u1ed1i nhau ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c . N\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y t\u00edch nh\u00e2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u00edch thi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u bao nhi\u00eau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u201cduy\u00ean t\u1ed1t , h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201dcho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span> c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Kinh Brahma <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span> mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> , t\u00edch nh\u00e2n \u1edf ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y th\u00ec ngay trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i<\/span> , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n<\/span> , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span>. Thuy\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> ( skt.Karma) v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> ( skt.Samsara )s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> cho c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> sau n\u00e0y , trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Brahmana, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Prajapati l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> . S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt sinh ra r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u1eeda l\u00e0 \u201c<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/b>\u201d( kala) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span> c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u<\/span> d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span> \u1edf ch\u1ed7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh<\/span> l\u00fac <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>, nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/span> , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sanh sanh<\/span> h\u00f3a h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c . B\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean th\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> ra <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> Prajati m\u1edbi l\u1ea5y d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m d\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y xu\u00f4i r\u1ed3i ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. \u201c<b>Th\u1eddi gian\u201d <\/b>l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 sanh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> .<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u201cTh\u1eddi gian\u201d <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span> nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u. D\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span>. N\u1ebfu <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Trung hoa <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed<\/span> ( 551 tr. CN \u2013 479 tr. CN) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTh\u1ec7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0<\/span> t\u01b0 ph\u00f9, b\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 tr\u00fa d\u1ea1\u201d ( <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1eddi gian<\/span> \u0111i qua nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9\u201d- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, H\u00e9raclitus (Greek, 535 tr.CN \u2013 475 tr. CN ) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc : \u201c B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1eafm\u00a0 2 l\u1ea7n trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1t lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y<\/span> qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n . M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y, t\u1eebng ph\u00fat, t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na (srt. ksana). <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">S\u00e1t na<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span> r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn. Theo kinh Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> tho\u00e1ng qua \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 90 s\u00e1t-na.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/span>:<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> Brahmana l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> Veda v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Upanishad. C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Upanishad \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ma thu\u1eadt<\/span>, t\u1ebf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt<\/span> linh s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Upanishad \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai m\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">phong ph\u00fa<\/span> sau n\u1ea7y. Nh\u01b0ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b><br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc<\/span> trong Kinh Upanishad<\/b> (kho\u1ea3ng 800 tr. CN):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">B\u1ed9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Upanishad (\u00e2m VH: \u00c1o\u00a0 ngh\u0129a th\u01b0) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ec5 nghi<\/span> , tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u00e0i kinh<\/span> trong \u201c t\u1ee9 Vedas\u201d. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span> ( Hinduism) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c \u1edf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u01b0 :thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ( Karma, Av. action), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> ( Samsara, Av\u00a0 reincarnation), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><b> <\/b>(Moksha \/nirvana, Av. Liberation\/ release) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> ( atman, Av. soul) v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> ( Brahman, Av. Absolute almighty or ultimate reality)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Ch\u1eef \u201c Upanishad\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chi\u1ebft t\u1ef1<\/span> th\u00e0nh : Upa c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n, Ni c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u00eam trang<\/span>, Shad c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">H\u1ed9i \u00fd<\/span> 3 ch\u1eef n\u1ea7y th\u00ec Upanishad c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> l\u00e0 \u201c ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7n\u201d ( sitting down near) hay \u201c ng\u1ed3i g\u1ea7n\u201d( sitting close to) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nghe gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. R\u1ed3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span> Upanishad c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m (mystic doctrines) c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Upanishad kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span> ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span> \u201cT\u1ebf nghi th\u01b0 Bramana\u201d ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> B\u00e0-la-M\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.-Atman v\u00e0 Brahman:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Atman (<\/b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span>)\u00a0\u00a0 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh hoa<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i sinh v\u1eadt. M\u1ed7i sinh v\u1eadt <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u1ecf c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span> c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. Atman kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, v\u00ec th\u00e2n x\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Th\u00e2n x\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> cho t\u1edbi khi th\u00e2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft<\/span> \u0111i. Nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t t\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u0129nh vi\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brahman (<\/b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span>) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span> ( ultimate divine reality) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (great cosmic spirit) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u0129nh vi\u1ec3n , l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t .<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb Brahman( <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>) .Brahman <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>. Brahman theo ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit c\u00f3 ng\u1eef c\u0103n l\u00e0 Brha\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> l\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00e0m cho to l\u1edbn (expand).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Upanishad ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Atman (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Brahman (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00fang t\u1ebf h\u00e0nh l\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i , b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt , g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sinh t\u1ebf hay hy t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span>, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span> theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> b\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Brahman b\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Sau n\u1ea7y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> g\u1ecdi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Atman t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Brahman, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00fang sinh<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. Brahman l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> , l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> , l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri\u201d, b\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m linh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Upanishad l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \/Brahman \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> , r\u1ed3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> . Brahman t\u1ea1o ra th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span> s\u1eafc , Brahman thu v\u1ec1 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> Brahman. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> (Atman) ch\u01b0a h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> ( Brahman ) th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sanh t\u1eed<\/span> . Khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span>, th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00fang sanh<\/span>, s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sanh t\u1eed<\/span>: \u201cAtman- Brahman\u201d \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> trong m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> . Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Advaita c\u1ee7a Upanishad.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02.-Karma v\u00e0 Samsara.<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Karma<\/b><\/i><b> \u00a0<\/b>l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> \/ nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o\/ hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (action), nh\u01b0 trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> Veda v\u00e0 Bramana.\u00a0 Theo Upanishad th\u00ec gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span> bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y t\u00edch nh\u00e2n, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>, t\u00edch thi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u201cduy\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh\u201d cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ki\u1ebfp sau<\/span> c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn . Do \u1edf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y ra c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ecb giam<\/span> h\u00e3m trong th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y qua ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c , \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> <b><i>Samsara<\/i><\/b>\u00a0 ( continuous flow), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sanh<\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a sanh, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eed [the repeating cycle of birth, life and death (reincarnation)]. Mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ( <i>Moksha<\/i>\/ Nirvana , liberation \/release) kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i d\u1ed1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span>, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m linh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1ed7 ch\u00ed thi\u1ec7n (karma yoga).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> ch\u1ed7 ch\u00ed thi\u1ec7n (Jnana yoga).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Upanishad ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> . Nh\u1edd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ebd \u201cki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh\u201d s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span> v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> , t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (moksha).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> trong c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Upanishads th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \/ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3 \u1edf trong 3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau :<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">1-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> l\u00fac th\u1ee9c: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">2-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1ed9ng: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> khi ng\u0169 m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span> \u0111\u1eb1ng sau con m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm .Khi ng\u0169 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u00fac th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> l\u1ea1i trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ng\u0169 say: ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t h\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thu\u1ef5 mi\u00ean<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> khi ng\u1ee7 th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Theo Upanishad c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ebfn \u1ea3o<\/span> n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> l\u00fac th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c, trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> m\u1ed9ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, c\u00f2n \u1edf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> ng\u1ee7 say th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ebft , n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, Upanishad g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3o h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0( Srt. Maya, Av. illusion) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00a0kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> , <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span> . C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> n\u1ea7y, trong Cung o\u00e1n ng\u00e2m kh\u00fac, c\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n gia Thi\u1ec1u (1741-1789) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u201c Tu\u1ed3ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3o h\u00f3a<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1ea5y,<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> Ki\u1ebfp\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00f9 sinh<\/span> tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111au.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Upanishads chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, khai m\u1edf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ea9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu t\u1eadp<\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> <\/b>(Ultimate Truth).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1ea7n III.- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> c\u00f9ng \u00a0\u00a0th\u1eddi v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca <\/b>(kho\u1ea3ng 654 tr. CN &#8211; kho\u1ea3ng 544 tr. CN):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 hai <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> tuy m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 <i>\u201cth\u1eddi<\/i> <i>k\u1ef3 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o &#8211; <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr. CN, khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> c\u00f2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>. T\u1ef1u trung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> ra th\u00e0nh 2 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> ch\u00ednh: &#8211; c\u00f3 6 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u1edbn (six major orthodox schools): Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimansa v\u00e0 Vedanta; -v\u00e0 c\u00f3 5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> l\u1edbn: Jain, Buddhism, Ajivika, Skepticism v\u00e0 Charvaka.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A<b>.-C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/b><b> (<\/b>Srt. Astika, Av. Orthodox systems):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, t\u1eeb astika c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i\/c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu, v\u1eady c\u00e1c\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> Veda ( Orthodox systems accept the authority of Veda): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> Brahmana<\/i>, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1eabn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span> ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. Ngo\u00e0i\u00a0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n c\u00f3 <b>6 ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh<\/b>: 1.Nyaya, 2.Vaisesika, 3.Samkhya, 4.Yoga , 5.Purva Mimansa, 6.Vedanta.\u00a0 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (Bramanism) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi<\/span> (early Hinduism).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*<\/b><b>I.-<\/b><b>B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/b><b>:\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t H\u00e1n, phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Brahman. B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (Brahmanism) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 khai<\/span> (early Hinduism), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> n\u0103m 1.500 tr. CN, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ai l\u00e0 v\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7<\/span>. \u0110\u1ebfn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>. B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> thu\u1ed9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> (Orthodox systems): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a 4 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> V\u00e9da, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u1ebf nghi th\u01b0<\/span> Brahmana, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Upanishads (\u00e2m VH. \u00c1o-ngh\u0129a th\u01b0), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Bhagavad Gita (VH. Ch\u00ed-t\u00f4n ca). B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111a th\u1ea7n (polytheism), th\u1edd 3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh:<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brahma : <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vishnu : \u0110\u1ea5ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shiva : \u0110\u1ea5ng h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng Brahma l\u00e0 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i> ( Ultimate reality) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> ra <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> (Brahma<\/i>)\/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span>. C\u00f2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> l\u00e0 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> (Atman<\/i>)\/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span>, khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea1i ng\u00e3<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (moksa).<\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng tin thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (Srt. Karma, Av. Action) v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> (Srt. Samsara, Av. Rebirth). Karma l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span>, Karma khi\u1ebfn cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/span> t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c theo s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong v\u00f2ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu t\u1eadp<\/span> t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00e1nh xe <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sinh t\u1eed<\/span>, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> : Atman h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Brahman. Mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i> <i>\u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> ( Karma\u00a0 yoga) v\u00e0 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i> ( Jnana- yoga) nh\u1eb1m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ecdi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span>, c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c<\/span>, ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> suy ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o <i>\u201c th\u1ef1c<\/i> <i>t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d,<\/i> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">giai c\u1ea5p<\/span> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7<\/span> tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> c\u00e1c 4 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.- Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp: ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span> ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.- Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span>, t\u1ea1o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.- Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m linh<\/span>: s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tho\u00e1t ly<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>, \u0111i tu: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a ra 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>: 1. Kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1t sanh<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (Ahimsa), 2. Kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span> (Satya), 3. Kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1ea5p (Asteya), 4. Kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> (Brahmacharya), 5. Kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tham lam<\/span> (Aparigraha), 6. Ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh khi\u1ebft<\/span> (Saucha), 7. Ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri t\u00fac<\/span>, bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng (Santasha), 8. Ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span> (Tapas), 9. Ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ( <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n) (Svadhyaya), 10. Ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ee5c m\u1ec7nh<\/span> tr\u1eddi (Ishvara pranidhana).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>*<\/b><b>II.-<\/b><b>S\u00e1u ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh<\/b><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.- Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vaisesika.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Samkhya.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yoga.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Mimansa.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a06.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vedanta.<b><\/b><\/span><\/p><p><b><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><b>1.- Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya<\/b><b>:<br \/><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (H.V. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span><\/b>, Av. Nyaya School)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>Nyaya<\/b> (HV. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd<\/span> hay Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd), ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a\u00a0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (Av. rule, method, judgement).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Nyaya Sutras, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 538 c\u00e2u l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9. C\u00e1c Kinh Nyaya Sutras <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span> ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn ( Nyaya Sutras primarily discusses logic, methology, and epistemology).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Khai t\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 Aksapada Gotama (kho\u1ea3ng 50 \u2013 150 CN). <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Gotama, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 Aksapada (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00fac M\u1ee5c<\/span>). T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Gotama lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> minh \u0111ang suy t\u01b0; m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n l\u1ecdt xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ebfng, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 v\u1edbt \u00f4ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00f4ng (t\u00fac= ch\u00e2n, m\u1ee5c= m\u1eaft) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan s\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111i.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sau n\u00e0y, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Vatsyayana \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch Bhasya (lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span> Nyaya Sutras r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ol><li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><b>V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya cho r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi g\u1eb7p <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean<\/span> kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf. C\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy tr\u00ec<\/span> s\u1ef1 sanh t\u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy tr\u00ec<\/span> s\u1ef1 sanh t\u1ed3n, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ecb t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec3m: tham, s\u00e2n, si. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (Srt. Pravratti) l\u00e0m cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span> b\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu m\u1edd<\/span> khi\u1ebfn ta b\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> (Srt. Dosa). <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span> l\u00e0 do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 tri<\/span> (Srt. Mithyajnana). V\u1eady mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span> \u0111au th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 tri<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 tri<\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u01b0u t\u01b0<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o<\/span>. Thuy\u1ebft Nyaya cho r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 rang bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 rang bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed<\/span>, t\u1eed sanh. Mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/span> lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n<\/span> qu\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>b.- V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> quan:<\/b><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e1i Nyaya cho r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> b\u1edfi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span> nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eefu, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>. Ph\u00e1i Nyaya cho r\u1eb1ng <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span><\/i> (Srt. Atman) l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>c.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn <\/b>trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn <\/b>trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 6 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i><b> <\/b>(Srt. Pramanas, Av. Sources of knowledge) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>Pramana<\/i>, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Av. Sources of knowledge).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>Prama<\/i>, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (Av. Correct knowledge).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (<i>Prama<\/i>), ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang (<i>Pramana)<\/i> ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1<\/b>.- <i>Pramata<\/i> (ch\u1ee7 tri, Av. the subject, the knower): ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span>.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.-<i>Pramana<\/i>: c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Av. the means of obtaining the correct knowledge).<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>3.<\/b>&#8211;<i>Prameya:\u00a0 <\/i>(<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1edf tri<\/span>, Av. the object, the knowable): \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>*S\u00e1u ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/b> hay <b>s\u00e1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/b> (Av. Six Sources of knowledge or Six means of knowledge) trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c<\/span> Lu\u1eadn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1<\/b>.-<b>Pratyaksa<\/b> (Av. Perception) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. C\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i: &#8211; m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp do c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan, &#8211; m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> do nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>2.<\/b>&#8211;<b>Anumana<\/b> (Av. Inference) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Av. perception), nh\u01b0ng do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span>. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span> qua <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trung gian<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>3<\/b>.-<b>Upamana<\/b> (Av. Analogy) l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">so s\u00e1nh<\/span> hai ph\u00e9p <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span> v\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>4<\/b>.-<b>Arthapatti<\/b> (Av. Circumstantial implication) l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> (Av. Postulation or Accepted Statements) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> \u1ea5y (the use of postulation and derivation from circumstances).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>5<\/b>.-<b>Sabda<\/b> (Av. Word or testimomy): T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng<\/span> t\u1eeb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> hay l\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <i>Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span>, <i>Sabada<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh Kinh<\/span> Vedas, ho\u1eb7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> hay v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy t\u00edn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ng\u00e0y nay, <i>Sabada<\/i> (<i>Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Testimony<\/i>) l\u00e0 l\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span>, l\u1eddi khai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi l\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u01a1 quan<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>6.<\/b>&#8211;<b>Anupalabdhi<\/b> (Av. non-perception or proof by the absence of cognition) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <b>Kh\u00f4ng &#8211; Nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c. <\/b><i>Kh\u00f4ng-nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c<\/i> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, hay m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span>, hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) m\u00e0 n\u00f3 <b>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/b> m\u1eb7t. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u hay m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span> hay m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt <i>kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/i>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> b\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> &#8211; b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u00e0y <i>kh\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy l\u00fd<\/span> (inference)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<b>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 4 trong 6 ngu\u1ed3n<\/b> <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <\/b>(Pramanas) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch\u0111\u00e1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tin c\u1eady<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1<\/b>.-<b>Pratyaksa<\/b> (Av. Perception, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>2<\/b>.-<b>Anumana<\/b> (Av. Inference, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy l\u00fd<\/span>). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00fang: 1.- <b>T\u00f4n<\/b> (Pratityna). 2.- <b>Nh\u00e2n<\/b> (Hetu). 3.- <b>D\u1ee5<\/b> (Udaharana). 4.- <b>H\u1ee3p <\/b>(Upanaya). 5.-<b>K\u1ebft<\/b> (Nigamana). (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span> s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chi ti\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n <i>Nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya<\/i> trong b\u00e0i <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> v\u00e0 trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/i>). V\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i Vasubandhu (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span>), Dinaga (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span>) v\u00e0 Dharmakirti (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u00e1p X\u1ee9ng<\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu ch\u00ednh<\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya th\u00e0nh m\u00f4n <b>Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd H\u1ecdc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/b> (Buddhist Logic) r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>3<\/b>.-<b>Upamana<\/b> (Av. Analogy, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>): nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>4<\/b>.-<b>Sabada<\/b> (Av. Testimony, Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh l\u00fd<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>2.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vaisesika<\/b> (HV. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Av. Vaisesika School):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Khai t\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 Kanada Kashyapa (kho\u1ea3ng 150 \u2013 50 tr. CN), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 Vaisesika Sutra, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 370 c\u00e2u.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vaisesika cho r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> n\u00ean l\u00e0 do 6 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 6 Padartha (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 C\u00fa-ngh\u0129a):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1<\/b>.- <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span><\/i> (Srt. Dravya, Av. Substance) l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5<\/span> th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda, ch\u1ea5t ether, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> (Srt. Atman, Av. Self\/ Soul) v\u00e0 \u00fd (Srt. Manas, Av. mind).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>2<\/b>.-<i>\u0110\u1ee9c<\/i> (Srt. Guna, Av. Quality) \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>3<\/b>.-<i>Nghi\u1ec7p<\/i> (Srt. Karma, Av. Activity) l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>4<\/b>.-<i>\u0110\u1ed3ng<\/i> (Srt. Samanya, Av. Generality) \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span> khi 3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Th\u1ef1c, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>5.<\/b>&#8211;<i>D\u1ecb <\/i>(Srt. Visesa, Av. Particularity): khi 3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Th\u1ef1c, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>6<\/b>.-<i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">H\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/i> (Srt. Samavaya, Av. Inherence): khi 5 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean lien k\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1edbi nhau<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>b.- V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span> quan<\/b>:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vaisesika cho r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span> b\u1edfi 8 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span>:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1.<\/b>&#8211;<i>Atman<\/i> (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3<\/span> \/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t sinh<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>2<\/b>.-<i>Manas<\/i> (\u00dd) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u01a1 quan<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> (sense organ) th\u1ee9 6, manas <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">li\u00ean l\u1ea1c<\/span> gi\u1eefa Atman v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u0169 c\u0103n<\/span>, Av. 5 sense organ). <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> hay ph\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>: 3.-Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, 4.-Nh\u0129 c\u0103n, 5.-T\u1ef7 c\u0103n, 6.-Thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n v\u00e0 7.-Th\u00e2n c\u0103n.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u0169 c\u0103n<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n<\/span> \/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh<\/span> (Av. Objects), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>: S\u1eafc, Thanh, H\u01b0\u01a1ng, V\u1ecb v\u00e0 X\u00fac. Atman l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trung t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1c quan<\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>8.<\/b>&#8211;<i>Adrsta<\/i> (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span>) l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>, mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u1ef1c, mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">di\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> l\u1ef1c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span> c\u1ee7a Atman, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vaiseika c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> ch\u1ec9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00f3 hai ngu\u1ed3n\/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1<\/b>.-<b>Pratyaksa<\/b> (Av. Perception, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<b>2<\/b>.-<b>Anumana<\/b> (Av. Inference, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy l\u00fd<\/span>).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Samkhya<\/b> (Hv.Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Av. Samkhya School):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Samkhya, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a: \u0111\u1ebfm, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> do t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean con s\u1ed1, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> th\u00ec <b>Samkhya<\/b> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1, n\u00ean T\u00e1u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Khai t\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Kapila (T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 Ca-t\u1ef3-la) [kho\u1ea3ng 350 tr. CN\u00a0 &#8211; 250 tr. CN]. C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 Samkhya Karika (B\u1ed9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span>) do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> Isvarakrsna (T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 T\u1ef1-h\u1ea1i-h\u1eafc) vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c 4 CN.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e1i Samkhya ch\u1ee7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> (Av. dualism): <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i> (Srt.Purusa, Av. Consciousness) v\u00e0 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i>(Srt. Prakrti, Av. Matter).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span>. <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt (Srt. Jiva, Av. Living being).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Samkhya, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> th\u00ec c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5m ch\u00ecm trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> cho n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u1ec7p lu\u00e2n<\/span> h\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u1ec7p lu\u00e2n<\/span> h\u1ed3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>(Yogic oractices) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> di\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Theo ph\u00e1i Samkhya, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 minh<\/span> (Srt. Avidya, Av. Ignorance) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u01b0u luy\u1ebfn<\/span> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> (Srt. Samsara). Theo ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> (Srt. Viveka, Av. Knowledge) \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> (Srt. Moksa, Av. Liberation).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b.&#8211;V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Samkhya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span> (enumerationist philosophy), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3 trong s\u00e1u ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> (Srt. Pramanas, Av.Sources of Knowledge) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span>\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span>: &#8211;<b>Pratyaksa<\/b> (Av. Perception, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>), &#8211; <b>Anumana<\/b> (Av. Inference, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy l\u00fd<\/span>) v\u00e0 <b>Sabda<\/b> ( Av. Word or Testimony of reliable sources, \u00a0<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n th\u01b0<\/span> hay l\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>4.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yoga<\/b> (Hv. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Du-gi\u00e0, Av. Yoga Shool)<b>:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Khai t\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> Patanjali (T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 B\u00e1t-t\u1eed-s\u00e0-l\u00ea) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c kinh Yoga Sutras (c\u00e1c Du-gi\u00e0 kinh), c\u00e1c kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span> 400 \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 450 CN. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5<\/span>, th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yoga c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 Yoga.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yoga <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1nggi\u00fap l\u00e0m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/span> cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m linh<\/span>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cT\u1ea1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5<\/span>, khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span> n\u00ean n\u1ec1nv\u0103n minh \u1edf tr\u00ean song Indus, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ti\u1ec1n tr\u00fa xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span> minh t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thanh v\u1eafng<\/span>, ho\u1eb7c trong r\u1eebng n\u00fai u t\u1ecbch. \u1ede th\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 khai<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span> minh t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3nh n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u1ecfi b\u1eadn t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u1edd an th\u00e1i cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>. V\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span>, l\u1ea5y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> \u00dd. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ngo\u00e0i ra<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1i th\u00e2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n c\u0103n m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ec9 t\u0129nh<\/span> t\u1ecda m\u1edbi l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gi\u1edd<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> \u201c<i>r\u00fat<\/i>\u201d th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t long m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> t\u0129nh m\u1ecbch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span> k\u00ec di\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1c th\u1ee9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0111\u1ea1i cao c\u1ea3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef b\u1ea3n c\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span>, c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span>, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span> r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i Yoga l\u1ea5y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> l\u1ed1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> theo Yoga l\u00e0 Yogin, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Muni (b\u1eadc t\u00f4n qu\u00fd).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yoga c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <i>th\u1ed1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i.<\/i> Th\u1ed1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m<\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1ea7n t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> b\u1ecb v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi<\/span> m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i k\u00ecm gi\u1eef n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thanh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>. Mu\u1ed1n cho kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span>, l\u00e1nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 xa v\u1eafng u nh\u00e0n m\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i ngay ng\u1eafn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/span> th\u1eadt l\u00e2u, hai ch\u00e2n v\u00f2ng l\u1ea1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u01a1i th\u1edf<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thong th\u1ea3<\/span> nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng dung \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u0169 quan<\/span> n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung h\u1ebft\u00a0 m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a <i>\u00dd<\/i>, c\u1ee7a <i>Ch\u00ed<\/i> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho <i>T\u00e2m<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh\u201d.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Th\u00edch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">M\u00e3n Gi\u00e1c<\/span>, <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, Saigon: Ban <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu th\u01b0<\/span> \u0110H <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh<\/span>, tr. 259 -259. In l\u1ea1i:NXB <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> Saigon, 2007)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>a.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yoga <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Samkhya: <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i> (Srt. Purasa, Av.consciousness) v\u00e0 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/i> (Srt. Prakriti, Av. Matter). <i>Sinh V\u1eadt<\/i> (Srt. Jiva, Av. Living being) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> m\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u00e1m v\u00edu<\/span> v\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>b.- V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn:<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Yoga, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Samkhya, ch\u1ec9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> 3 trong 6 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span>: 1.-Pratyaksa (tri th\u1ee9c\/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span>, Av. perception); 2.-Anumana ( <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy l\u00fd<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span>, Av. Inference); v\u00e0 3.- Sabda (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n th\u01b0<\/span> hay l\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span> t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady, Word or Testimony of reliable resources).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh<\/span>:<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Yoga ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu h\u00e0nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 8 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1.<\/b>&#8211;<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">C\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf<\/span> <\/b>(Srt. Yamas, Av. do not do these) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf\/ 5 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span>: <b>a<\/b>.- <i>Ahimsa<\/i> (non-violence\/ non- harming other living beings): kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1t sanh<\/span>; <b>b<\/b>.-<i>Satya<\/i> (truth-fulness, non-falsehood); <b>c<\/b>.-<i>Asteya<\/i> (non-stealing): kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp; <b>d.<\/b>&#8211;<i>Brahmacarya<\/i> (non-cheating on one\u2019s partner, marital fidelity or sexual restraint): kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e0 d\u00e2m<\/span>; <b>e.-<\/b> <i>Aparigraha<\/i> (non-possessiveness): kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.-<b>Khuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf <\/b>(Srt. Niyama, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao, Av, positive duties or observances \/ recommented activities and habits for healthy living, spiritual enlightenment and liberated state of existence). Ph\u00e1i Yoga \u0111\u01b0a ra <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> t\u1eadp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan s\u00e1t<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span>. Yoga khuy\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> gi\u1eef cho t\u00e2m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, gi\u1eef cho long \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00f4n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> m\u1ecdi c\u00e1m d\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i danh.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Yoga Sutras \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span> 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf (five Niyamas): 1.-<b>Sauca <\/b>(purity, cleaness of mind): gi\u1eef t\u00e2m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong s\u1ea1ch<\/span>. 2.-<b>Santosa <\/b>(contentment \/ satisfied, acceptance of others: Santosa, l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">g\u1ed3m c\u00f3<\/span> Sam= c\u00f9ng nhau, Tosha = <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 Santosa c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span> hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd, lu\u00f4n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ea1c quan<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3.-<b>Tapas <\/b>(persistence, austerity):<b> <\/b>ti\u1ebfng\u00a0 Sanskrit, c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngh\u0129a \u0111en<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng (to heat), <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. 4.-<b>Savadhyaya<\/b> (Self-reflection, study of Vedas): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy x\u00e9t<\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Vedas. <b>5<\/b>.-<b>Ishvara Pranidhana<\/b> (contemplation of Ishvara): suy ng\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. Ishvara, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> \/ Brahman\/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span>. Pranidhana, ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u1ecda ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/b> (Srt. Asana, Av. Steady, comfortable seat): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef t\u00e2m l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng, khi t\u1ec9nh t\u1ecda ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u00eam trang<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.-<b>\u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ee9c qu\u00e1n<\/b> (Srt. Pranayama, Av. Breathing exercices): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef nh\u1ecbp th\u1edf nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng trong l\u00fac <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>5<\/b>.-<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3m<\/span> ph\u00e1p<\/b> (Srt. Pratyakala, Av. gaining power to dominate or defeat external influences): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span> quan \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">giao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>6<\/b>.-<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec<\/span> ph\u00e1p<\/b> (Srt. Dharana, Av. Concentration of the mind):\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u00fa t\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span> l\u1eafng y\u00ean trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u0129nh t\u1ecda<\/span>; t\u1eadp trung <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>7.<\/b>&#8211;<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u0129nh l\u1ef1<\/span> ph\u00e1p \/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ph\u00e1p<\/b> (Srt. Dhyana, Av. meditation that requires deep mental concentration): t\u1eadp trung <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy\u00ean th\u00e2m<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">vi di\u1ec7u<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>8.<\/b>&#8211;<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec<\/span> \/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tam mu\u1ed9i<\/span><\/b> (Srt. Samadhi, Av. concentration or unification of mind): gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span> x\u00e1n l\u1ea1n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tam mu\u1ed9i<\/span>. Trong Yoga, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span> (non-duality).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>5.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Mimansa<\/b> (Hv. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nh\u0129-man-t\u00e1c\/ Di-man-t\u00e1c Av. Mimansa School):<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mimansa, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t (critical investigation) v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Khai t\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 Jaimini (T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m: S\u00e0-y-nh\u0129-ni) [kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 hay 4 tr. CN], ng\u00e0i sang t\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Mimamsa Sutra l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mimansa Sutra h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n (Brahminical thought) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh<\/span> nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Mumansa chuy\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span>, ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Vedas. H\u1ecd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Vedas l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd cao si\u00eau v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>a.-<\/b>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Mimansa ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201c<b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00e2m thanh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/b>\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00e2m thanh<\/span> in \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0o kh\u1eafp <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tan m\u1ea5t. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Vedas g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span><\/b> l\u1eabn <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/b>, l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o l\u1ec7nh<\/span> m\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ee5ng h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Vedas.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>b.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Mimansa l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sang t\u1ecf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a <i>Ph\u00e1p<\/i> (Dharma), th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span> (Gods) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Vedas\u00a0 t\u00f4n vinh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span> h\u1eefu \u1edf ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> (Mantras), c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dharma (Ph\u00e1p), theo ph\u00e1i Mimansa, l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn hay \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00fd (duty or morality), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span> v\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Vedas.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn<\/b>:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Mimansa c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau: c\u00f3 hai <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>1<\/b>. Ph\u00e1i <b>Prabhakara<\/b> l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7. Prabhakara ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 5 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span> l\u00e0: <b>1<\/b>.-<b>Pratyaksa <\/b>(Perception): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>. <b>2<\/b>.-<b>Anumana (Inference): <\/b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy l\u00fd<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span>. <b>3<\/b>.-<b>Upamana<\/b> (Analogy): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lo\u1ea1i suy<\/span>. <b>4<\/b>.-<b>Arthapatti<\/b> (Circumstantial implication): <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh\/ m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span>, (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span>). <b>5<\/b>.-<b>Sabda<\/b> (Word or Testimony): Th\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">suy lu\u1eadn<\/span> c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy t\u00edn<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span> c\u1eady, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Vedas.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>2.<\/b>&#8211; Ph\u00e1i <b>Bhata, <\/b>do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Kumarila Bhatta <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span>.Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> v\u00e0o kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: <b>Anupalabdhi<\/b> (non-perception or proof by the absence of cognition): \u201cKh\u00f4ng-nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u201d l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec\/ m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n\/ m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>6.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vedanta<\/b> (HV. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-ta, Av. Vedanta School):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vedanta, ch\u1eef Sanskrit, l\u00e0 \u201c<i>s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Vedas<\/i>\u201d (end of Vedas), t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Vedas \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> \u00c1o-ngh\u0129a-th\u01b0 (Upanishads). C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u00c1o-ngh\u0129a-th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">xem nh\u01b0<\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/span> Vedas v\u1edbi c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.-\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Vedas.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.-\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb<\/span> \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> Vedas.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span> trong t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p sinh vi\u00ean Brahmacharya [Brahmacharya (student stage].<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Khai t\u1ed5<\/span> l\u00e0 Badarayana (T\u00e0u phi\u00ean \u00e2m: B\u00e0-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-gia-na) [kho\u1ea3ng 400 \u2013 450 CN]. Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Vedanta Sutras, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Brahma Sutras.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span> Badarayana \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span>, qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00c1o-ngh\u0129a-th\u01b0 (Upanishads) v\u00e0o Vedanta Sutras.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>a.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vedanta ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Brahman (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3<\/span>) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span>, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span>. Brahman l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span>. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e1i Vedanta cho r\u1eb1ng Brahman khai tri\u1ec3n ra <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Brahman (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3<\/span> \/ <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o<\/span>) t\u1ea1o ra \u201c<i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i>\u201d r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u201ch\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng\u201d ph\u00e1t sanh ra \u201c<i>gi\u00f3<\/i>\u201d, t\u1eeb \u201cgi\u00f3\u201d ph\u00e1t sanh ra \u201c<i>l\u1eeda<\/i>\u201d, t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1eeda\u201d ph\u00e1t sanh ra \u201c<i>n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d<\/i>, t\u1eeb \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d ph\u00e1t sanh ra \u201c<i>\u0111\u1ea5t<\/i>\u201d. 5 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span>. Theo Vedanta Sutras th\u00ec Braman (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3<\/span>) v\u00e0 Atman (<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ti\u1ec3u Ng\u00e3<\/span>) l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span>. Khi \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec Atman tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c Brahman, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec Atman c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span> c\u1ee7a Atman. Atman (self\/ soul, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span>) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (karma) v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> n\u00e0y. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> g\u00e2y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> gi\u1edbi. Mu\u1ed1n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span> h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Brahman th\u00ec Atman <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu luy\u1ec7n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Brahman.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>b.-<\/b> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <b>Vedanta <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o<\/b> (Jainism), h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> nh\u01b0: Nyaya, Vaisheshita, Samkhya, Yoga v\u00e0 Mimansa).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c.-V\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> lu\u1eadn:<br \/><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Vedanta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1ea1n 6 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span> theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh v\u0103n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0(Xem th\u00eam: \u201c<i>s\u00e1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/i>\u201d trong ph\u1ea7n \u201c<i>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nyaya<\/i>\u201d).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <b>C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <i>kh\u00f4ng<\/i> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/b><b> (<\/b>Srt. Nastika, Av. Non-orthodox \/ Hetorodox systems):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Trong ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, t\u1eeb <i>Nastika<\/i> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i\/c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, v\u1eady c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">bao g\u1ed3m<\/span> nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">uy quy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> Veda, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> Brahmana<\/i>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.- <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy v\u1eadt<\/span> (Materialism) v\u1edbi Charvaka \/ Lokayata<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a02.- K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o (Jainism) v\u1edbi Mahavira.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Ajivika v\u1edbi Makkhali Gosala<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.- Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> (Skepticism).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5.-\u00a0<span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> (Buddhism) v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca \/ Sakya Buddha.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span> n\u00e0y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span> th\u00eam, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c nh\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh<\/span>. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/span> h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> h\u01a1n trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> c\u0169, \u0111\u1ed5i thay c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u0169 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u0169, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span>\u00a0 c\u0169.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">C\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u1edbn, h\u1ecd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span> h\u1ecd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">theo quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Duy v\u1eadt<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/i><b> <\/b>(Materialism).<b> <\/b>Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch s\u1ed1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea1y theo<\/span> nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft<\/span> h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh l\u1ec3 c\u00fang t\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">phong tr\u00e0o<\/span> t\u00ecm <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> m\u1edbi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *1.-Charvaka\/ Lokayata<\/b> \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span> ra <b><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy v\u1eadt<\/span><\/b> (materialism) ph\u00e1i n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> n\u1ea7y. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed \u00f3c. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span> ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span> h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> su\u1ed1t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Charvakca cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 l\u00fd<\/span> khi khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u00e3y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o<\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u00e3y qu\u0103ng \u0111i h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh<\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi v\u1ecf tr\u1ea5u. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy v\u1eadt<\/span><\/i> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> h\u00e3y t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span> v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m linh<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *2.-K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o ( Jainism):<\/b> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mahavira t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> n\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 chung<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1eddi gian<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n<\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span> Jaina:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1t sinh<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> (Srt. Ahimsa, Av. non-violence): h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0103n chay<\/span> (jain vegetarism) \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span> gi\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00fac v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf l\u1ec3 (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <i>hy t\u1ebf<\/i> hay <i>sinh t\u1ebf<\/i>). Mahatma Gandhi \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> trong vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tranh \u0111\u1ea5u<\/span> gi\u00e0nh <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> cho <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>. B\u1ea5t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i<\/span> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (karma).<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span> (Srt. Anekantvad, Av. non-absolutism) \u00fd ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> \u0111a di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (Srt. Aparigraha, Av. non-possessiveness) ng\u01b0\u1eddi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span> ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span> nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span> (followers should minimize material possessions) c\u1ea7n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span> s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u01b0u luy\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span> \u0111ang c\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt<\/span> (Srt. Satya ,Av. truth) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Jainism ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> kh\u1ecfi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> (Karma) v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i-t\u00e1i sinh (Samsara) th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu t\u1eadp<\/span> th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 (severe asceticism).<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o chia ra l\u00e0m hai ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf: 1. Ph\u00e1i Svetambaras ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cho ph\u00e9p<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu s\u0129<\/span> m\u1eb7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">y ph\u1ee5c<\/span> tr\u1eafng (white\u00a0 clothed). 2. Ph\u00e1i Digambaras ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng cho m\u1eb7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">y ph\u1ee5c<\/span>, n\u00ean c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i l\u00f5a th\u1ec3 (space-clothed).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *3.-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> \u00a0Ajivika<\/b> [ c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Ajivaka, theo ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit,c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c<i>sinh s\u1ed1ng<\/i>\u201d (living)]\u00a0\u00a0 do Makkhali Gosala v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129<\/span> tu kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> (Srt. niyati, Av. destiny or fate) <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/span> g\u1eafng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m linh<\/span> hay <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> g\u00ec h\u1ebft. Ajivita tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> (rebirth) nh\u01b0ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span> (power of karma) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> n\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1i sinh<\/span> l\u00e0 do <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> m\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span>. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span>. Ajivika ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n<\/span> (non-theistic) v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> Jain v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*<b>4.<\/b>&#8211; <b>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span><\/b> (Skepticism) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi ng\u1edd<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span>, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span>, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/span> kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ebft. Khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00e1nh xa<\/span> c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> tranh c\u1ea3i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">lung tung<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<b>5.-Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca<\/b> (<b>Sakya Buddha<\/b>):<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span>, th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span> Ng\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u00f3m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c<\/span>, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gia nh\u1eadp<\/span> nh\u00f3m <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>. R\u1ed3i Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n theo <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> v\u00e0 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ed1i tu<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 tu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>. Sau khi \u201c<i>gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u201d,<\/i> Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span>: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u1ed1i cao<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span> ra <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span> Veda; <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">l\u1ed1i tu<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3-na gi\u00e1o; kh\u00f4ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span> thuy\u1ebft <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ajivika v\u00ec thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tu t\u1eadp<\/span> c\u1ee7a <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span>; <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span> nh\u1eadn <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">duy v\u1eadt<\/span> c\u1ee7a Charvaka, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi; c\u00f2n <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> th\u00ec <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> khi <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span> Th\u00edch-ca \u0111\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">thuy\u1ebft minh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m<\/span> linh \u0111\u1ec3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span> kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span>. <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ch\u00fang ta<\/span> s\u1ebd <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">s\u00e2u xa<\/span> v\u1ec1 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ti\u1ebfp theo<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<i>Vi\u1ebft l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> t\u1ea1i Toronto, 15 Nov. 2014<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0 <i>S\u1eeda ch\u1eeda v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 xung<\/i>, 25 Nov. 2018<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0<b>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b><br \/><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>&#8211;<\/b>Dr. Dinod Bihari Satpathy, Indian Culture and Heritage, Source: http:\/dceutkalac.in\/Syllabus\/MA-history\/paper-8.Pdf<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> -Hiriyanna, M., <i>Outlines of Indian Philosophy<\/i>, London: George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd; 1932.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> -Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u1ee5c, <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/i>, g\u1ed3m 5 t\u1eadp, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Saigon:-T\u1eadp I: NXB <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Linh S\u01a1n<\/span>, 1956; T\u1eadp II: NXB <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Linh S\u01a1n<\/span>, 1956; T\u1eadp III: NXB <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>, 1956; T\u1eadp IV: B\u1ed9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Qu\u1ed1c Gia<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c<\/span> Saigon, 1962; T\u1eadp V: B\u1ed9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Qu\u1ed1c Gia<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c<\/span> Saigon, 1964.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -in l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 5 t\u1eadp do NXB TPHCM, 1991.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> -Radhakrishman, S., <i>Indian Philosophy<\/i>, Published by S. K. Mookerjee, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> -Sinha, J., Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Calcutta: J.N.Sen, 1985.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">&#8211; Suhas Chatterjee, <i>Indian Civilization and Culture<\/i>, New Delhi: MD Publications PVT Ltd, 1998<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">-Th\u00edch <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">M\u00e3n Gi\u00e1c<\/span>, <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, Saigon: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">v\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh<\/span>, 1967.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in l\u1ea1i NXB <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 2007<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> -Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean, <i>S\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, Saigon: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span> x.b., b\u00e0i cours cho sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span>, \u0110HVK Saigon, 1965. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> -Th\u00edch Thanh Ki\u1ec3m, <i>L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/i>, Saigon: L\u00ea Thanh Th\u01b0 x\u00e3, 1963.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> \u00a0-Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Hoa, <i><span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span> <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a I \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a XII <\/i>(g\u1ed3m 12 quy\u1ec3n), \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Saigon t\u1eeb 1955 \u2013 1964. T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n: <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n<\/span> Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Sepulveda, CA, USA, 1982.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">-Wikipedia, <i>Culture of India<\/i>, last edited on 13 Nov. 2018.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n:<\/b><b><\/b><\/span><\/p><p><b><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>*Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf<\/b> ,\u00a0 <b>USA<\/b>, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh:<\/span><\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> trong <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">V\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd. 1998<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>*Amazon, USA, <\/b>ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<b>:<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 2016<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 <span class=\"nw_linkedtag\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"1\">T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span> \u2013 Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3ng. 2018<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div><p><b><b>[ad_2]<\/b><\/b><\/p><p>Ngu\u1ed3n : <a href=\"https:\/\/hoavouu.com\/p23a45732\/3\/tu-tuong-triet-hoc-ton-giao-an-do-co-truoc-va-cung-thoi-voi-duc-phat-thich-ca\">Source link <\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2534f1b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2534f1b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fea0f19\" data-id=\"fea0f19\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e00c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95e00c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"19045\" class=\"elementor elementor-19045\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f8b8b8e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f8b8b8e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-509c7c7\" data-id=\"509c7c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-611697d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"611697d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Online &#8211; Th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf T\u00e2m H\u1ecdc 2022 : m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1ng webs , s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt , c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp. Ngo\u00e0i ra s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n tra c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca \u00a0 GS Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1eddi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Vi\u1ec7c\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8020,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[210,205,104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-8015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cau-hoi-pho-bien-ve-dao-phat","category-cau-hoi-ve-cuoc-doi-duc-phat","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8015","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8015"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8015\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21420,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8015\/revisions\/21420"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8015"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8015"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8015"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=8015"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}