{"id":8044,"date":"2020-12-08T01:33:45","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T18:33:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/08\/su-khac-biet-giua-tuong-tri-thuc-tri-va-tri-tue\/"},"modified":"2020-12-08T01:33:45","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T18:33:45","slug":"su-khac-biet-giua-tuong-tri-thuc-tri-va-tri-tue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/08\/su-khac-biet-giua-tuong-tri-thuc-tri-va-tri-tue\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1c Bi\u1ec7t Gi\u1eefa T\u01b0\u1edfng Tri, Th\u1ee9c Tri, V\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7"},"content":{"rendered":"

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S\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1c Bi\u1ec7t Gi\u1eefa T\u01b0\u1edfng Tri, Th\u1ee9c Tri, V\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>

Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\"S\u1ef1


T\u01b0\u1edfng tri, th\u1ee9c tri v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>. Th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/span>, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> theo quan ki\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u00a0(sanj\u0101nana)\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0th\u1ee9c tri\u00a0(vij\u0101nana) <\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0<\/i>tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>(paj\u0101nana<\/i>),<\/i>\u00a0theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> chi\u1ebft t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1\u00a0r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi g\u1ed1c\u00a0jna<\/i>\u00a0mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0bi\u1ebft,\u00a0<\/i>hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung, t\u00f9y trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi th\u1ee9c tri\u00a0(vijanati)\u00a0<\/i>v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u00a0(sanjanati)\u00a0<\/i>kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>. Trong khi, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> hay tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1eafng tri\u00a0(pari\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(abhi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i>\u00a0mang m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c tri v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn do\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u00a0(sann\u0101j\u0101n\u0101ti):<\/i>\u00a0L\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.[1]<\/sup>\u00a0T\u01b0\u1edfng tri l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c, mang \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.T\u01b0\u1edfng tri (ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng\u00a0(sa\u00f1janati),<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u xanh, v\u00e0ng,\u2026 \u0111\u1ecf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span><\/span> trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng tri nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng? Nh\u1eadn r\u00f5, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 m\u00e0u xanh, nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. Nh\u1eadn r\u00f5, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.\u201d[2]<\/sup> C\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m vui, \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> trung t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c tri <\/b><\/i>(vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>):<\/i><\/b> C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c tri l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng kinh<\/span><\/span> nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>.[3]<\/sup> C\u00e1i th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9c tri ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>. \u201cV\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c? R\u00f5 bi\u1ebft, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. R\u00f5 bi\u1ebft g\u00ec? R\u00f5 bi\u1ebft chua, r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eafng, r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft cay, r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft ng\u1ecdt, r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m… r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m, r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft m\u1eb7n, r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7n. R\u00f5 bi\u1ebft, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.\u201d[4]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span><\/span> ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng am hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng qua suy ngh\u0129<\/span><\/span>, kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan<\/span><\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c\u00a0qui tr\u00ecnh<\/i>\u00a0nh\u01b0\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c<\/span>, s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd,\u00a0tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/span>, s\u1ef1\u00a0\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span>, s\u1ef1\u00a0\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>, s\u1ef1 l\u00ed<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span>.\u00a0Theo \u201cT\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1ch quan trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3.[5]<\/sup>\u00a0C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh cung c\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd s\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qua ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>: kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span>, suy lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ngang qua hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tri.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> so v\u1edbi hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. T\u01b0\u1edfng tri v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1ch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c tri v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri (sa\u00f1j\u0101nanavij\u0101na\u0101k\u0101 ravisi\u1e6d\u1e6dham<\/i>). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0\u00a0bi\u1ebft<\/i>\u00a0b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch (n\u0101nappak\u0101rato Nanam<\/i>). C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 non n\u1edbt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>. \u0110i xa h\u01a1n<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3, tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng qua tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span><\/i> (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i>: Tu\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li l\u00e0\u00a0pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101,<\/i>\u00a0Skt.\u00a0Prajn\u0101<\/i>. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n\u00a0J\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u2018Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u2019 (wisdom), \u2018gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019 (gnosis<\/i>), minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> (insight<\/i>), hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> (understanding)<\/i>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c \u2018ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c quan\u2019 (intuitive Knowledge<\/i>). Trong ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li-ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1\u00a0pa<\/i>\u00a0(Skt.\u00a0pra<\/i>), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9c tri (vin\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>), t\u01b0\u1edfng tri (sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>), th\u1eafng tri (pari\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(abhi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0vi-sam-pari-\u00a0<\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0abhi<\/i>.\u00a0Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> (paj\u0101nana<\/i>) kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u\u00a0t\u01b0\u1edfng tri (sanj\u0101nana)\u00a0<\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0th\u1ee9c tri (vij\u0101nana)<\/i>. V\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0bi\u1ebft<\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong\u00a0t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i>, trong\u00a0th\u1ee9c<\/i>, v\u00e0 trong\u00a0tu\u1ec7<\/i>, song\u00a0<\/i>t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 xanh hay v\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0\u00a0v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ee9c<\/i>\u00a0bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 xanh, v\u00e0ng, vv. v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh do tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>. Tu\u1ec7 v\u1eeba bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> do tinh c\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span>.[6]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n, c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, trang tr\u00ed, h\u00ecnh d\u00e0i, vu\u00f4ng hay tr\u00f2n, song n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea th\u00ec bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng n\u1eeda gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span>, vv. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span>, nghe ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi g\u00f5, ng\u1eedi, n\u1ebfm, th\u1eed tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 trong l\u00f2ng tay, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0o, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai hay b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng, do b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y n\u00e0o l\u00e0m ra.[7]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u00a0l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec khi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u xanh, vv.\u00a0Th\u1ee9c tri<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 m\u00e0u g\u00ec, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f2n\u00a0tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, vv. m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9.[8]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> tu h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>: l\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tri, c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1eafng tri, c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span>.[9]<\/sup>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eafng tri, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span><\/span>;\u00a0v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(\u0101savas<\/i>), d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span> (k\u0101m\u0101sava<\/i>), h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(bhav\u0101sava<\/i>), v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span> (avijj\u0101sava<\/i>),\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham s\u00e2n si<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y, t\u01b0\u1edfng tri (sanj\u0101n\u00e0ti)<\/i>\u00a0nh\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edfng (sann\u0101)<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u00fd tri\u00a0(j\u0101n\u0101ti)<\/i>\u00a0do \u00fd\u00a0(manas)<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u01b0\u1edfng tri, th\u1ee9c tri v\u00e0 \u00fd tri l\u00e0 ba s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, v.v… \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam Th\u1eafng tri v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ngang qua thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>. Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn tham s\u00e2n si<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1eafng tri, li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span>, ly tham<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span>. \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, th\u1eafng tri, li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span>, ly tham<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> \u0111au.\u201d[10]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eadn m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd \u0111ang gi\u1eadn m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9 o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00f9 o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> m\u00ecnh. Do t\u01b0\u1edfng tri sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span><\/span>. Th\u00e0nh ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m chia s\u1ebd n\u00ean kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u00eam kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> b\u1edbt c\u00e1i quan ki\u1ebfn theo t\u01b0\u1edfng tri v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tri, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>. Con m\u1eaft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> m\u00f9 m\u1edd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span>. Con m\u1eaft tu\u1ec7, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 nhau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nghi ng\u1edd<\/span><\/span> xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/span><\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n. C\u00e1i th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng tri d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, th\u00ec c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft vi\u00ean dung<\/span><\/span> tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>. Trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh an<\/span><\/span>; c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> h\u00e3y t\u1eadp nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb nh\u00e3n th\u1ecb ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> sinh\u201d (m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Lu\u00f4n nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eddi theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>. Lu\u00f4n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 t\u00e2m can<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 ni\u1ec1m \u0111au \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> chia s\u1ebd. Con m\u1eaft tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> x\u1ea5u, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup>See, Maurice Walshe (trans.),\u00a0Digha nik\u0101ya, The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/i>, Wisdom publications, Boston, 2012, p. 594.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup>Bhikhu Bodhi, (trans.),\u00a0Samyuttara nik\u0101ya, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha<\/i>, Wisdom publications, Boston, 2000, p. 915.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup>This is exemplified by the usage\u00a0cakkhu\u00f1ca paticca r\u016bpe ca uppajjati cakkhuvi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101nam<\/i>\u2026.Majhimanik\u0101ya<\/i>, Vol. 1, p. 111.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup>\u00a0Ibid, p. 915.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup>\u00a0Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 m\u1edf Wikipedia, https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup>\u00a0Buddhaghosa & \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli, Visuddhi- Magga, The Path of Purification,\u00a0<\/i>Buddhist Publication Society, Columbo, 2010, p. 432.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup>\u00a0Ibid, p. 432.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup>\u00a0Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>, (dich)\u00a0Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIV (a) M\u00f4 T\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> V\u1ec1 C\u00e1c U\u1ea9n (Khandha-Niddesa).<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup>\u00a0Th\u00edch N\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0To\u00e1t Y\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> Kinh Trung B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u1eadp 1, NXB. T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, 2010, p. 14.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup>\u00a0F.L. Woodward,\u00a0The Book of the Kindred Sayings,\u00a0<\/i>Vol. 4, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2005, p. 10.
<\/span>
T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ed1 319<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span>T\u01b0\u1edfng tri, th\u1ee9c tri v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/div>\n

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