{"id":8155,"date":"2020-12-09T12:05:50","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T05:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/09\/tong-quan-ve-tue-hoc\/"},"modified":"2020-12-09T12:05:50","modified_gmt":"2020-12-09T05:05:50","slug":"tong-quan-ve-tue-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/09\/tong-quan-ve-tue-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng Quan V\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 H\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

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T\u1ed5ng Quan V\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>

Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"T\u1ed5ng

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u, l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> gi\u00fap ta \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1 o l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 . Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u201cPh\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cung c\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9 n s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5 t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c khoa v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>. G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/span>, trong khi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng m\u00e0n v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> che l\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> ch\u01a1n t\u00e1nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>. Do v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft (c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>. B\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t nh\u00e3<\/span><\/span> Bala-m\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span><\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> soi x\u00e9t<\/span><\/span>. Th\u00e0nh ra, Tu\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t trong Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> (Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 ), d\u1eab n \u0111\u1ebf n m\u1ee5 c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3 i tho\u00e1t. S\u1edf d\u0129<\/span><\/span> Tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edb c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9 ng cao nh\u1ea5 t trong Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00ec khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0 nh thi\u1ec1 n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> s\u00e2u l\u1eafng th\u00ec lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ef7 , l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 . Nh\u1eef g c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0 y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 an tr\u00fa<\/span><\/span> trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span>. Tuy l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c ra<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u00fd<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> cao c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> trong s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd h\u1ebft, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> trong tam \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t sanh<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ca ng\u1ee3i<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang<\/span><\/span>, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u00e1nh l\u1eeda<\/span><\/span>, \u00e1nh chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 soi r\u1ecdi b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00eam \u0111en u t\u1ed1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> Nik\u0101ya, Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3 c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ead p xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 n\u00fa t th\u00e1 o g\u1ee1 cu\u1ed1 i c\u00f9 ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebf n ni\u1ebf t-b\u00e0n gi\u1ea3 i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>. Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 con dao. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1i cao<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 xua tan b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con dao s\u1eafc b\u00e9n v\u00ec n \u00f3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> trong Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> Nik\u0101ya v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb: s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span>, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> duy\u00ean sinh<\/span><\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> trong Nik\u0101yas \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ee9 hai, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> P\u0101li l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7\u201d (tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba, pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101bhumi), ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> khi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>. Ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb1m t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quan s\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00f9 m\u1edd ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p. Quy tr\u00ec nh n\u00e0 y tu\u1ea7 n t\u1ef1 theo c\u00e1 c b\u01b0\u1edb c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n tu\u1ec7 , t\u01b0 tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tu tu\u1ec7 \u201d. V\u0103n tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 nghe t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1edd i kh\u00e1 c, hay t\u1eeb s\u00e1 ch v\u1edf ; t\u01b0 tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span> suy ngh\u0129<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eef ng \u0111i\u1ec1 u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecd c; v\u00e0 tu tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u00e1 p d\u1ee5 ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ead p. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang qua ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 (ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li l\u00e0 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101, ti\u1ebfng Skt. l\u00e0 prajn\u0101) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Skt. j\u00f1\u0101 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u201d, \u201cgi\u00e1 c ng\u1ed9\u201d, \u201cminh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7\u201d, \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c quan\u201d. Trong ti\u1ebfng P\u0101li, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean quan<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 pa (Skt. pra), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9c tri (vin\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a), t\u01b0\u1edf ng tri (sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101), th\u1eaf ng tri (pari\u00f1\u00f1\u0101) v\u00e0 li\u1ec5 u tri (abhi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101) n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 vi-sam-pari- v\u00e0 abhi. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i dung Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101) v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> (pajanati) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>. Ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span><\/span> (Buddhaghosa), lu\u1ead n s\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed5 i ti\u1ebf ng, khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1ead n th\u1ee9 c theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1edd ng Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> . Gi\u1ea3 i tho\u00e1 t \u0111\u1ea1 o lu\u1ead n (Vimuttimagga) n\u00f3 i r\u1eb1 ng \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> (kusalacitta) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> . Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft (j\u0101nana) trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1 c v\u1edb i t\u01b0\u1edf ng tri (sa\u00f1j\u0101nana) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c tri (vij\u0101nana).<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Pali- English Dictionary c\u1ee7a T. W. Rhys Davids v\u00e0 William Stede, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, minh s\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Trong khi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a SanskritEnglish Dictionary c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> (wisdom), s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> (knowledge), ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> hay tr\u00ed x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> (discrimination), s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1t (judgment). J\u00f1\u0101 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee9c\u201d (consciousness), \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c\u201d, hay \u201cs\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d (understanding), trong khi pra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ccao h\u01a1n\u201d, \u201cl\u1edbn h\u01a1n\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201ct\u1ed1i cao\u201d, hay \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra ho\u1eb7c m\u1ecdc l\u00ean\u201d, t\u1ee9c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 sinh ra v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> P\u0101li t\u1eeb pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u00f1\u0101 (Skt: j\u00f1\u0101), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d, nh\u1edd ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 pa (Skt: pra), m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> cho c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e1i n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\/praj\u00f1\u0101 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebft, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span>. Trong P\u0101li, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb praj\u0101n\u0101ti, (tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>), truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n danh t\u1eeb tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa kinh t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u1ea3y sinh qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> \u201ctr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Sangharakshita, Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u1eef c\u0103n j\u00f1\u0101 trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 pra nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i cao<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span>, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i cao<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00ed ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u00f3 , Tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc l\u00e0: \u201cHi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eadp th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, di\u1ec7t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u201d. Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> t\u1eadp V c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tu\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u201cth\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5\u201d<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tu\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201c\u2026 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> hay Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u201cDo c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Do c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Do c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh. Do c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t\u201d<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129 a n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3 ng qu\u00e1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> hay th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/span><\/span> , m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eef ng ph\u00e1p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>, ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec v\u1ead y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> y th\u01b0\u1edd ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1 ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> mang t\u00ed nh chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3 n ch\u1ea5 t lu\u1ead n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> , d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc, xa r\u1edd i th\u1ef1 c t\u1ebf . Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecb nh ngh\u0129 a x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 ng h\u01a1n t\u1eeb Trung b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecb nh ngh\u0129 a Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>: \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7? V\u00ec c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>. C\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec? C\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d <\/i>(Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, I-43). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>, bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, bi\u1ebft con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00eam \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3y l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o, d\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> d\u1ee5c, d\u1ee5c t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ee5c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ee5c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span><\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi d\u1ee5c. Bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 sanh di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadp b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> \u0111au\u201d<\/i>. Danh t\u1eeb P\u0101li chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00e0 Ariy\u0101ya nibbedhik\u0101ya samm\u00e0-dukkha-kkhayag\u0101miniy\u0101 (D. III, 237). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eef Nibbedhik\u0101ya c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadp, \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> \u0111au, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, hay tham, s\u00e2n, si \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> \u0111au. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tu\u1ec7 tri<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>: \u201cTr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1eafng tri (abhinn\u0101ttha), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span> (parinnattha), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn (pah\u0101nattha)\u201d.<\/i> Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eafng tri, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9c t\u01b0. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span><\/span>; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span>, d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham, s\u00e2n, si, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt ba \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> n\u1eef th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> tam th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, b\u00e1o th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1tnh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 sau nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t V\u0103n-th\u00f9 v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> hay t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>. Duy th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Y tha<\/span><\/span> kh\u1edfi t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> kinh Kim cang<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh, duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> Nik\u0101ya r\u1eb1ng: \u201cAi th\u1ea5y duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p, ai th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> qua m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> theo ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c quan<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 soi r\u1ecdi v\u00e0o t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span><\/span> sau n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 si\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea7m h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, ly t\u1ee9 c\u00fa<\/span><\/span>, tuy\u1ec7t b\u00e1ch phi\u2026 Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y th\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1<\/span><\/span> trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u00eam Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, \u201cTrong Ta kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, li\u1ec5u ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/i>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span>:<\/b> <\/span>
1. Encyclopaedia Of Buddhism; quy\u1ec3n 8; Sri Lanka; 1962. <\/span>
2. Bhikkhu Bodhi; In the Buddha Words, An Anthology of Discourses from the P\u0101li Canon; Wisdom Publications; Boston; 2005. <\/span>
3. T.W. Rhys Davids & William Stede; Pali- English Dictionary; Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2003. <\/span>
4. M. Monier Williams; A Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2002. <\/span>
5. Sangharakshita; Wisdom beyond Words, The Buddhist Vision of Ultimate Reality; Motilal Banarsidass; Delhi; 2006. <\/span>
6. Kinh T\u0103ng chi b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>; H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch. <\/span>
7. Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>; H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch. <\/span>
8. Kinh Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>; H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh
<\/span>V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span> s\u1ed1 333 ng\u00e0y 15-11-2019<\/span><\/div>\n

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