[ad_1]\n<\/p>\n
Damien Keown<\/b><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ed7 Kim Th\u00eam d\u1ecbch<\/noscript><\/a><\/b><\/div>\nL\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch:\u00a0<\/b><\/span>Hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ecf ra<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span>: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> n\u00e0o cho ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\nSau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng<\/span> ni tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia<\/span> chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u khi \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e2m nguy<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0: s\u00e1t sanh<\/span> vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 hay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, quy\u1ec1n tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> (Jus ad bellum). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong l\u00fac tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> khi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, Damien Keown kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n Th\u00f9 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nH\u00e0nh phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ba c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi. Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con<\/span> th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
L\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch:\u00a0<\/b><\/span>Hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh<\/span> qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ecf ra<\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3<\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t<\/span>, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span>: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> n\u00e0o cho ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\nSau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng<\/span> ni tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia<\/span> chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u khi \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e2m nguy<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0: s\u00e1t sanh<\/span> vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 hay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, quy\u1ec1n tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> (Jus ad bellum). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong l\u00fac tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> khi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, Damien Keown kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n Th\u00f9 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nH\u00e0nh phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ba c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi. Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con<\/span> th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span> l\u00e0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng<\/span> ni tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia<\/span> chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u khi \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p<\/span> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e2m nguy<\/span>, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd<\/span> kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0: s\u00e1t sanh<\/span> vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 hay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, quy\u1ec1n tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> (Jus ad bellum). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong l\u00fac tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> khi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, Damien Keown kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n Th\u00f9 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nH\u00e0nh phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ba c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi. Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con<\/span> th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> l\u00e0: s\u00e1t sanh<\/span> vi ph\u1ea1m<\/span> gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span> ngay c\u1ea3 khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 hay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, quy\u1ec1n tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> (Jus ad bellum). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong l\u00fac tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> khi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, Damien Keown kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n Th\u00f9 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nH\u00e0nh phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ba c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi. Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con<\/span> th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra<\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, Damien Keown \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u<\/span> \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span> ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> trong hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span> chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, quy\u1ec1n tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span> (Jus ad bellum). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong l\u00fac tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> khi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span> ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf<\/span> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, Damien Keown kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n Th\u00f9 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nH\u00e0nh phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ba c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi. Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con<\/span> th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span>, Damien Keown kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> S\u1edf Thuy\u1ebft, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span> nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n Th\u00f9 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>. C\u01b0 s\u0129<\/span> Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span> l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/span> phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nH\u00e0nh phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ba c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi. Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con<\/span> th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
H\u00e0nh phi \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo<\/span> con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo<\/span> ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean<\/span> m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ba c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt t\u1edbi. Duy Ma C\u1eadt<\/span> bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/span> gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span>, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span> B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span>. D\u00f9 trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh<\/span>, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span> x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/span> cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span> \u0111i\u00eau linh<\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy t\u00e0n<\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span> c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 minh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 con<\/span> th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn<\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
Trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong<\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng<\/span> b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
***<\/span><\/p>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span> k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kinh ho\u00e0ng<\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i New York mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/span> kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp do nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> g\u00e2y ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span> nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh m\u1ea1ng. Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span> “9\/11”, Stephan Batchelor, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n s\u0129<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng<\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” \u0110\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/span>, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span> gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span> c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span>, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span> s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jerryson v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgensmeyer, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span> l\u00e0 \u00edt theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span> h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span> hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span> hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span> b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy y<\/span> t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span> ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/span>. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i<\/span>, tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span>, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span> l\u00e0 do l\u00fd do<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Schmithausen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span>, m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span>, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/span> theo phe<\/span> hi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span> m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span> nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span> cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/span> (jus ad bellum), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong khi tham chi\u1ebfn (jus in bello).<\/span><\/p>\nNgay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
Ngay sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o World Trade Center, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span> kh\u1edfi di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span> an ninh<\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span> tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t<\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span>. Tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7<\/span> l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi”, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2<\/span> l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span> li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Afghanistan chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p Osama bin Laden v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n<\/span> “T\u1ef1 do cho Iraq” v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 2003. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama loan b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n<\/span>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i NATO t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/span> thay, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra sau khi Obama nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0 Binh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Khi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Obama \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nTrong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
Trong \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh Gandhi v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i<\/span>. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh<\/span>, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span> do l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/span>, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m<\/span> trong t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span> ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span>, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span> l\u00e0 gian tham<\/span>, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea<\/span>. Do d\u00f3, c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i
![\"Chien](\"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Bien-minh-cua-Phat-giao-ve-chinh-nghia-cho-chien.jpg\" "\\"Chien")