{"id":8166,"date":"2020-12-09T16:24:05","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T09:24:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/09\/giao-ly-nam-uan\/"},"modified":"2020-12-09T16:24:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-09T09:24:05","slug":"giao-ly-nam-uan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/09\/giao-ly-nam-uan\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd N\u0103m U\u1ea9n"},"content":{"rendered":"

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GI\u00c1O L\u00dd<\/span><\/span> N\u0102M U\u1ea8N<\/span><\/span><\/span>

Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\"L\u00e0m

U\u1ea9n, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> P\u0101li l\u00e0\u00a0khandha<\/i>\u00a0(Skt: skandha<\/i>) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u2018aggregates\u2019<\/i>\u00a0u\u1ea9n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>\u00a0khandha<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t b\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i,\u00a0m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng th\u00f4 tr\u1ecdng (ghana<\/i>)[1]<\/sup>\u00a0c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m \u2018nh\u00f3m\u2019 (r\u0101\u015bi, t\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed1ng<\/i>, hay b\u00f3, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/span><\/span> danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau).\u00a0\u00a0N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u1ea4m v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> che \u0111\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, u\u1ea9n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1edfm v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> g\u1eafnh n\u1eb7ng. N\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc\u00a0(nama-rupa).\u00a0<\/i>Trong Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (Sa\u1e43yutta nik\u0101ya)<\/i>\u00a0n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0\u2018B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, cho d\u00f9 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, hay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ed9i hay ngo\u1ea1i, th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> hay cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, xa hay g\u1ea7n: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>; b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0, \u2018qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, hay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ed9i hay ngo\u1ea1i, th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> hay cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, xa hay g\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>; v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span><\/span>.\u2019<\/i>[2]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo T\u1ef3 kheo<\/span><\/span> Bodhi, vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh trong thi\u00ean\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 u\u1ea9n (Khandhasamyutta)<\/i>, n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed1n l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Kh\u1ed5 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ea3 B\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh<\/span><\/span> \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/b>Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u0169 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n.[3]<\/sup>\u00a0Do v\u1eady, li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. N\u1ed9i dung n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>:<\/i><\/b>\u00a0N\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span>: s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. S\u1eafc l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 s\u1eafc do b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh; hay n\u00f3i<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o (\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng<\/span><\/span> \u2018bh\u00f9ta\u2019<\/i>) v\u00e0 s\u1eafc s\u1edf t\u1ea1o (up\u00e0d\u00e0ya).<\/i>Th\u1ecd, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>. C\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5, c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> vui v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> vui. T\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u00e0u xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng. H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee5.\u00a0\u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 kheo<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh.\u201d[4]<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> chua, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eafng, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> h\u0103ng, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 ng\u1ecdt, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eb9, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> m\u1eb7n, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo. \u2018V\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span><\/span>, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>.\u201d[5]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

2.Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eeda c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n:\u00a0<\/i><\/b>V\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n: C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>: T\u1ea1i sao s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; th\u1ecd th\u1ee9 hai, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 ba, h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c?<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span><\/span> (Buddhaghosa)<\/i>\u00a0cho r\u1eb1ng, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo<\/span><\/span> m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> d\u1ec5 hay kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp. V\u00ec s\u1eafc d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cu\u1ed1i. Ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1eafc c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u0103n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 Th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> (vedan\u0101<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n; ni\u1ec1m vui hay n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 T\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> (Sanna<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec \u2018ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y\u2019 (M. III, 293) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> (sa\u1e45kh\u0101ras<\/i>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb T\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Yasomitra ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 vi t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a ra ba l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo \u00f4ng, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u00f4 u\u1ebf. Nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat nhau b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t\u00a0(r\u016bpa).<\/i>\u00a0R\u1ed3i h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(vedan\u0101),<\/i>\u00a0t\u1eeb nhau. S\u1ef1 h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edfng (sa\u00f1j\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> (klesa<\/i>) l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> (sa\u1e45kh\u0101ras<\/i>) m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m (vij\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>) b\u1ecb \u00f4 u\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0i minh ho\u1ea1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u (bh\u0101jana<\/i>), c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n<\/span><\/span> (bhojana<\/i>), nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 gia v\u1ecb (vya\u00f1jana<\/i>), h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5u \u0103n (pakt\u1e5b)<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> (th\u1ee9c) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n th\u1ecbt<\/span><\/span>.[6]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(khandhas),<\/i>\u00a0ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n. N\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang. M\u00e0 ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f9ng nhau, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00fang ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0\u00a0N\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> trong kinh Na Ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> T\u1ef7 kheo<\/span><\/span> (Milindapa\u00f1ha<\/i>)[7]<\/sup>, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Na ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> (N\u0101ga Sena<\/i>) tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vua Milinda v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 s\u00fap. N\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 s\u00fap, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u00fap, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau.[8]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span><\/span> (Sa\u1e43yutta nik\u0101ya)<\/i>\u00a0b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee9c tr\u00fa<\/span><\/span> ng\u1ee5. Th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb l\u00f2ng tham \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span>. (S. III. 9). V\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n-t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>; Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 Winston King n\u00f3i: \u2018Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span>, th\u00e2n-t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn ra<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e2n chia<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c.\u201d\u00a0N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c. B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 t\u00e2m kinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i, s\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> do b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tham d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. \u201cC\u00f3 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ecd th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> u\u1ea9n, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, h\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0N\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1\u00a0s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\u00a0gi\u1eefa u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft,\u00a0u\u1ea9n<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> ra nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 kheo<\/span><\/span>, ta s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c \u00f4ng n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. H\u00e3y nghe k\u1ef9… N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 kheo<\/span><\/span>, g\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n? Ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1eafc g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ecb lai<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>… xa g\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ecd g\u00ec… ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec… th\u1ee9c g\u00ec… xa hay g\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. G\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n? Ph\u00e0m s\u1eafc n\u00e0o, … xa hay g\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u00e0m th\u1ecd n\u00e0o, t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o, h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o… xa hay g\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 kheo<\/span><\/span>, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>, hay n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>: \u201cDo nh\u00e2n b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, n\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, do duy\u00ean b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Do nh\u00e2n x\u00fac, do duy\u00ean x\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Do nh\u00e2n x\u00fac, do duy\u00ean x\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Do nh\u00e2n x\u00fac, do duy\u00ean x\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Do nh\u00e2n danh<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc, do duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>: \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, k\u1ebb v\u00f4 v\u0103n<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e0m phu<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, hay qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc, hay qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u1edf trong t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, hay qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u1edf trong s\u1eafc… th\u1ecd… t\u01b0\u1edfng.. h\u00e0nh… qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, hay qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, hay qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9c \u1edf trong t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, hay qu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u1edf trong th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, hay kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n? \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>, \u201cN\u00e0y T\u1ef7-kheo, do duy\u00ean s\u1eafc, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u1ef7 g\u00ec, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tham, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc. Do duy\u00ean th\u1ecd… Do duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>… Do duy\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh… Do duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u1ef7 g\u00ec, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tham, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. N\u0103m v\u1ecb (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng)<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y,\u00a0<\/b>S\u1eafc, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, n\u1ebfu s\u1eafc l\u00e0 ng\u00e3, th\u1eddi s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cMong r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y! Mong r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y!\u201d V\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, v\u00ec s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>. Do v\u1eady s\u1eafc \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc: \u201cMong r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y! Mong r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y! T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5y v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, b\u1eadc \u0110a v\u0103n<\/span><\/span> Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> y\u1ebfm ly<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc, y\u1ebfm ly<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ecd, y\u1ebfm ly<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edfng, y\u1ebfm y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, y\u1ebfm ly<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c. Do y\u1ebfm ly<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ly tham<\/span><\/span>. Do ly tham<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Trong s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, tr\u00ed kh\u1edfi l\u00ean: \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u00f5: “Sanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn, Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf lui tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

5. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y, \u201cN\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng: c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d\u00a0[18]<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

6. B\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span><\/span> T\u1eadp III – Thi\u00ean U\u1ea9n, ph\u1ea9m Hoa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, \u201cS\u1eafc v\u00ed v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt, Th\u1ecd v\u00ed bong b\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span>, T\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ed r\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, H\u00e0nh v\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u00e2y chu\u1ed1i, Th\u1ee9c v\u00ed v\u1edbi \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>.\u201d\u00a0(Qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5 m\u1ea1c, th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y th\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e0o<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi di\u1ec7m, ch\u01b0 h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ba ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span>, qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>.)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc v\u00ed v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt?<\/i>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c b\u1ecdt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0(sara),<\/i>\u00a0v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5c b\u1ecdt t\u01a1i x\u1ed1p, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span><\/span>. C\u1ee5c b\u1ecdt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khe h\u1edf v\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt, ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 tan v\u1edf, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>: \u201cV\u00ed nh\u01b0, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ea3y mang theo<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1t. Do nh\u00ecn chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1t n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng. L\u00e0m sao, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1eafc g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ecb lai<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i hay ngo\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c li\u1ec7t hay th\u1eafng, ho\u1eb7c xa hay g\u1ea7n; v\u1ecb T\u1ef7-kheo th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1t s\u1eafc. Do v\u1ecb T\u1ef7-kheo nh\u00ecn chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1t s\u1eafc, s\u1eafc \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng. L\u00e0m sao, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00f5i c\u1ee9ng trong s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> v\u00ed bong b\u00f3ng<\/span><\/span> n\u01b0\u1edbc?<\/i>\u00a0M\u1ed9t bong b\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> (bubbula<\/i>) l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> y\u1ebfu \u1edbt<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 ra ngay sau khi<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> tho\u00e1ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span><\/span> khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span><\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bong bong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhanh. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> kh\u1edfi l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng 100.000 kotis, T\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t g\u1ea3y m\u00f3ng tay (m\u1ed9t koti = 10 tri\u1ec7u). Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bong b\u00f3ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t sinh trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 x\u00fac, khi x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sao g\u1ecdi\u00a0T\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ed r\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi?<\/i>\u00a0T\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u00e1ng n\u1eafng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0(maricika<\/i>). R\u00e1ng n\u1eafng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean<\/span><\/span> khi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m l\u00f3e con m\u1eaft khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang. R\u00e1ng n\u1eafng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> \u1ea3nh, do \u0111\u00f3 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m b\u1eaft ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tham \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb9p, x\u1ea5u, vui v\u1ebd v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao v\u00ed ch\u01b0 H\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y chu\u1ed1i?<\/i>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y chu\u1ed1i (kadalikkhandha<\/i>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp v\u1ecf, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng?<\/i>\u00a0\u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span>, theo ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft. \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec n\u00f3 cho \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i, v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed7i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n: \u2018C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> m\u1ee7i t\u00ean, nh\u01b0 c\u1ecdc nh\u1ecdn, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh, v\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee7i t\u00ean th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Ho\u1eb7c, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 n\u1eafm tay tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> do th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> (\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb tr\u00e1i ngang), hay nh\u01b0 con nai r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb n\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o h\u1ed1 than h\u1eebng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang n\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o ki\u1ebft sanh, hay nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 sanh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span>, hay nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n, \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 tai h\u1ecda<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u00ean xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> b\u00e1nh xe \u0111ao v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3m nguy.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, th\u00ec n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi do t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span>, t\u00e2m c\u00f2n mang n\u1eb7ng ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> do v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ea5p th\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ta, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ta nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea5y g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00ean, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eafng tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> \u2018t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng mang th\u00eam g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o n\u1eefa, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1c. Do v\u1eady c\u1ea7n li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eafng tri v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho tu\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, hay n\u00f3i<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi th\u1eafng tri, li\u1ec5u tri<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> u\u1ea9n. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e2m s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n<\/span><\/span>, ly tham<\/span><\/span>, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn ki\u1ebft s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u1edf B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 t\u00e2m kinh<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0\u201cKhi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> Qu\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt \u0111a<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng, li\u1ec1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi<\/span><\/span> h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch<\/span><\/span><\/i>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup>\u00a0Bhikkhu Bodhi,\u00a0In the Buddha\u2019 Word<\/i>,\u00a0An Anthology of Discourses from the P\u0101li Canon<\/i>, Wisdom publications, Boston, 2005, p. 308.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup>\u00a0Bhikhu Bodhi, (trans.),\u00a0Sa\u1e43yutta nik\u0101ya<\/i>, Vol. 3, Wisdom publications, Boston,\u00a02000,\u00a0p. 886.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup>\u00a0Bhikkhu Bodhi,\u00a0In the Buddha\u2019 Word<\/i>,\u00a0An Anthology of Discourses from the P\u0101li Canon<\/i>, Wisdom publications, Boston, 2005, p. 305-06.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup>\u00a0Buddhaghosa & \u00d1\u0101\u1e47amoli, Visuddhi- Magga, The Path of Purification,\u00a0<\/i>Buddhist Publication Society, Columbo, 2010, p. 468.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup>\u00a0Bhikhu Bodhi, (trans.),\u00a0Samyuttara nik\u0101ya, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha<\/i>, Wisdom publications, Boston, 2000, p. 915.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup>\u00a0G. P. Malalasekera, M. A. Ph. D.\u00a0\u00a0Founder Editor-in Chief,\u00a0Encyclopaedia Of Buddhism<\/i>, Published by the Department of Buddhist Affairs, Ministry of Buddhasasana, Sri Lanka, 1962, p. 198.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup>\u00a0Rhys Davids, T.W (trs)\u00a0Question of King Milinda<\/i>, Part I, S.B.E, 1975, p. 97.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup>\u00a0Harcharan Singh Sobti,\u00a0Nibb\u0101na in Early Buddhism<\/i>, EBL, Delhi, 2011, p. 110.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00edch Trung \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ed1 328<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n

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