{"id":8185,"date":"2020-12-10T00:52:08","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T17:52:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/10\/trung-quan-triet-hoc-long-tho\/"},"modified":"2020-12-10T00:52:08","modified_gmt":"2020-12-09T17:52:08","slug":"trung-quan-triet-hoc-long-tho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/10\/trung-quan-triet-hoc-long-tho\/","title":{"rendered":"Trung Qu\u00e1n Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc Long Th\u1ecd"},"content":{"rendered":"

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<\/b><\/span>Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span> Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc<\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span>V\u0169 Th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> Ng\u1ecdc<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0
\"Trung

Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> hay Long Th\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> (N\u0101g\u0101rjuna<\/i>) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> (Madhyamika<\/i>),[1]<\/a>\u00a0trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai sau \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>[2]<\/a>\u00a0n\u00ean trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed3 t\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c v\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1ee5c k\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> (u\u1e63\u1e47\u012b\u1e63a<\/i>), v\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> vi\u00ean m\u00e3n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> xuy t\u00f4n ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 mang kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb Long Cung<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, t\u00e1m t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span>, Nepan, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> ch\u00f9a vi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 gia c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eafp t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. Ngay t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea1i minh<\/span><\/span> s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> (Madhyamika) m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a m\u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span>.[3]<\/a>\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101\u00a0<\/i>(C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>). T\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a lu\u1eadn\u00a0M\u016blamadhyamaka<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> coi l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Sanskrit c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n gi\u1eef trong\u00a0Prasannapada<\/i>\u00a0(Minh C\u00fa Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> (Chandrakirti<\/i>).[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u1ede \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u00e0\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>\u4e2d\u8ad6<\/b>\u00a0<\/b>c\u00f3 trong s\u1edb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> (Pi\u1e45galanetra<\/i>),[5]<\/a>\u00a0nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n t\u1eeb<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m 409.[6]<\/a>\u00a0(Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> kho\u1ea3ng hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.) Theo\u00a0truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nhi\u1ec1u Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u201cc\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u201d (m\u016bla<\/i>) trong t\u00ean lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a\u00a0Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>\u00a0sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u\u00a0tri\u1ec3n khai<\/span><\/span> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1eefng\u00a0l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1eeb\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>. T\u00ean \u201cTrung Lu\u1eadn\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> (madhyam\u0101-patipad\u0101<\/i>). Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> P\u0101li, \u201cTrung \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3\u00a0<\/i>ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>. Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. L\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span>, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span><\/span> \u201cl\u00eca hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d[7]<\/b><\/a><\/i>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1ecb bi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> (gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>).[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai trong ba b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> (vigrahavy\u0101vartan\u012b- k\u0101rit\u0101<\/i>)[9]<\/a>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng[10]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(madhyamakak\u0101rit\u0101<\/i>). Theo Stcherbatsky\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (Vasubandhu<\/i>\u00a0420-500) v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Na<\/span><\/span> (Dign\u0101ga<\/i>\u00a0480-540) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa lu\u1eadn l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> (hetu-vidy\u0101)<\/b><\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau.[11]<\/a>\u00a0N\u1ed9i dung\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u00ednh ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa sau m\u1ed7i k\u1ec7 h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n th\u00edch gi\u1ea3ng (v\u1e5btti<\/i>)[12]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra Hoa V\u0103n t\u1eeb<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn.[13]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 ba trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t Th\u1eadp Kh\u00f4ng T\u00ednh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(\u015a\u016bnyat\u0101saptati-k\u0101rik\u0101<\/i>)[14]<\/sup><\/b><\/sup><\/i><\/a>. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng Sanskrit[15]<\/a>\u00a0nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> ch\u1eef Sanskrit c\u00f3 d\u1eabn lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> (Bhavya th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6), Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> (Candrakirti th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8) v\u00e0 T\u1ecbch H\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (\u015a\u0101ntaraksita th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i Thanh Bi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u s\u1edb lu\u1eadn tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0Th\u1ea5t Th\u1eadp Kh\u00f4ng T\u00ednh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/i>Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n, cho n\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> Trung Hoa n\u00e0o tr\u00edch d\u1eabn quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadn danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> trong\u00a0Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb M\u00f4n Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p nguy\u00ean v\u0103n hai k\u1ec7 t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Nguy\u1ec7t X\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> (Chandrak\u012bti\u00a0<\/i>tk VII) th\u00ec\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>v\u00e0\u00a0Th\u1ea5t Th\u1eadp Kh\u00f4ng T\u00ednh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>l\u00e0 ba b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> vi\u1ebft nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i[16]<\/a>.\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Th\u1ea5t Th\u1eadp Kh\u00f4ng T\u00ednh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 hai lu\u1eadn Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> vi\u1ebft sau\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>[17]<\/b><\/a><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1ec1\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u201cnh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng\u201d (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng)[18]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>. Cho n\u00ean, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, ba lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> (m\u0101dhyamika<\/i>) m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>.[19]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec<\/span><\/span> LONG TH\u1ecc<\/span><\/span> (\u3863\u6a39)<\/span><\/p>\n

Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> (N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, 150-250)[20] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> xem s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> x\u1ebfp ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o “S\u00e1u B\u1ea3o Trang c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9”. Trong tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> sau Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi ch\u00f3p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u (nh\u1ee5c k\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u8089\u9afb, u\u1e63\u1e47\u012b\u1e63a), m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> (mah\u0101puru\u1e63a). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> (\u0101ryadeva) nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span><\/span> cho l\u00e0 v\u1ecb s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> Trung Qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> (m\u0101dhyamika) v\u00e0 t\u00e1m t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i t\u1ed5. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn qu\u00ed b\u00e1u v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ngo\u00e0i 7 quy\u1ec3n c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng Sanskrit c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch T\u1ea1ng v\u0103n v\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u0103n [21].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau g\u1ea7n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb<\/span><\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Hoa v\u0103n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> (Kum\u0101raj\u012bva<\/i>\u00a0344-413), Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> (Param\u0101rtha<\/i>\u00a0499\u2013569) v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span><\/span> (\u7384\u5958 600-665). C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u mang nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 xem n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat t\u00f9y theo<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, t\u1eebng d\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o c\u1ea5m cung<\/span><\/span>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> khi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 x\u1eed tr\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Long Th\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. Theo m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c do Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span><\/span> ghi th\u00ec Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i r\u1ed3ng m\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng Long cung<\/span><\/span> trao l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> do Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong s\u1ed1 kinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba La M\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (P<\/i>raj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101s\u016btra<\/i>).[22]<\/a>\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y nay, qua c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef7 gi\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n. Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00f9ng\u00a0Amar<\/i>\u0101vat<\/i>\u012b<\/i>\u00a0ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span> cho vua\u00a0Yaj<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>a \u015ar<\/i>\u012b<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u015a<\/i>\u0101<\/i>takarni<\/i>\u00a0(l\u00e0m vua trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 167-196, thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0S<\/i>\u0101<\/i>tav<\/i>\u0101<\/i>hana<\/i>)[23]<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> trong lu\u1eadn\u00a0B\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(r\u0101japarikath\u0101-ratn\u0101val\u012b<\/i>).[24]<\/b><\/a><\/i>\u00a0C\u0169ng nh\u1edd t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m sinh n\u0103m m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n (150-250) thay v\u00ec tho\u1ea1i c\u0169 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i tr\u1ee5 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m.[25]<\/a>\u00a0Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> lui v\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> khi tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng\u00a0Sr<\/i>\u012b<\/i>parvata,\u00a0<\/i>ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> (N<\/i>\u0101g\u0101rjunakonda<\/i>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u201cLong Cung\u201d m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c ra<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Tuy\u1ebft (Hy m\u00e3 l\u1ea1p S\u01a1n<\/span><\/span>) n\u01a1i theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00e0 khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cLong Cung\u201d theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> cho Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> (M<\/i>\u0101<\/i>dhyamika<\/i>) sau n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o l\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, tr\u00ean th\u00ec n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00ec m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 hai. Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 minh th\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> hay l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> cao qu\u00ed \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Th\u00edch Ca<\/span><\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>\u00a0[26]<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> m\u00f4n h\u1ed9, ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>. Theo Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111ang g\u1eb7p c\u01a1 nguy th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c qua quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di<\/i>) tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi (c\u1ea3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u201cTi\u1ec1u th\u1eeba\u201d l\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba\u201d[27]<\/a>) kh\u1edfi do t\u1eeb c\u00e1c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> vi t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> (t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi). C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, sau n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb h\u00ed lu\u1eadn\u201d (reductio ad aburdum<\/i>), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng \u201ct\u1ee9 c\u00fa ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d (catu\u1e63ko\u1e6di<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00ed trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi “bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> (M<\/i>adhyam\u0101 pratipad<\/i>) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Prapa\u00f1ca<\/i>\u00a0(La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00ed lu\u1eadn\u201d \u6232\u8ad6). C\u00e1c h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00ean bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01a1n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>. Hai h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span> trong 27 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\/ ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(\u015b\u0101\u015bvatav\u0101da<\/i>) “ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng”[28]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(ucchedav\u0101da<\/i>) “ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>,” v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I<\/span><\/span> LONG TH\u1ecc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean bi\u1ebft Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> kh\u1edfi \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>. Hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> cho th\u1ea5y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1eddng qui v\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> th\u00e2m s\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> (n\u00ean nh\u1edb\u00a0Ny<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ya S<\/i>\u016b<\/i>tra<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Aksapada Gautama, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n Minh H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y). Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span><\/span> (pad\u0101rtha<\/i>) theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quy lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. C\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span><\/span> (600-667) b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 qui m\u00f4 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh Huy\u1ec1n Trang<\/span><\/span> tham gia<\/span><\/span>, xem trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c K\u00fd<\/span><\/span>.[35]<\/b><\/a><\/i>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> l\u1ed1i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> l\u01b0u vong<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y hay ch\u00fa th\u00edch Kinh (S<\/i>\u016btra<\/i>\/ \u7d93 \u201cl\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt\u201d) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn (\u015b\u0101stra<\/i>) m\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u0103n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u8ad6\u00a0<\/b>(lu\u1eadn).[36]<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>. V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn\u00a0\u015b\u0101stra<\/i>\u00a0th\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> Kenneth Inada khi vi\u1ebft \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi do v\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm\u201d[37]<\/a>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span><\/span> vu kho\u00e1t. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u0103n lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn, v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec qua ph\u00e2n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 xa th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a vua A D\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng gi\u00e0<\/span><\/span> sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m quen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi vua quan Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> cung ph\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean x\u1ea9y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia<\/span><\/span> (m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>) nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c tu th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, t\u1ef1 tu, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> t\u0103ng s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u00ea t\u00edn<\/span><\/span>, ph\u1ea3i mang thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> ra m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span> hay \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ngo\u1ea1i lai<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. Khi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1eadc long t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m r\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9t<\/span><\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00ec sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ec1n Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb n\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eang d\u00e8<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.[38]<\/a>\u00a0Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d (v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d v\u00ec ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>.[39]<\/a>\u00a0Nay ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> theo \u0111\u00fang qui lu\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> (pram\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Ny<\/i>\u0101<\/i>ya<\/i>,[40]<\/a>\u00a0c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00fag t\u00fang. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a chung<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201cngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d (t<\/i>\u012b<\/i>rthika<\/i>\u00a0)\u00a0[41]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 H\u1eefu (sat, astitva<\/i>)[42]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 V\u00f4 (asat, n<\/i>\u0101<\/i>stiva)<\/i>[43]<\/a>\u00a0\u0111ang l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1\u00a0Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh trong sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> (S<\/i>\u0101\u1e43khya<\/i>) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> (V<\/i>ai\u015be\u1e63ika<\/i>). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.[44]<\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span> chung c\u00f3 trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> (Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y). Cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec v\u1ec1 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.[45]<\/a>\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft “nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0” hay \u201ctrong nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3\u201d (satk\u0101ryav\u0101da<\/i>). C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ebft\u00a0qu\u1ea3<\/i>\u00a0(phala) \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong\u00a0nguy\u00ean<\/i>\u00a0nh\u00e2n<\/i>\u00a0(hetu), nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\u00a0nh\u00e2n<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0qu\u1ea3<\/i>, n\u00ean m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span>.” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn\u201d (\u015b\u0101\u015bvatav\u0101da<\/i>) v\u00ec chu\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>. N\u00ean v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span> v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n khi Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho r\u1eb1ng hay \u201cnh\u00e2n trung v\u00f4 qu\u1ea3\u201d (qu\u1ea3<\/i>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong\u00a0nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span><\/i>) hay “nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3\u00a0b\u1ea5t<\/i>\u00a0nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0” (asatk\u0101ryav\u0101da<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>) th\u00ec c\u0169ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201c\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn\u201d (ucchedav\u0101da<\/i>)<\/i>\u00a0v\u00ec khi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 sau khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec3m \u1ea9n \u201cNh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> (hai tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u01b0u b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd) t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u00e1ch gia ch\u01b0 t\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi th\u00ec tuy nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ba lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft (sy\u0101dv\u0101da<\/i>), \u0110\u1ecbnh M\u1ec7nh<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft (\u0101j\u012bvika<\/i>) v\u00e0 Duy V\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft (lok\u0101yatika<\/i>). T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> (Jainism)\u00a0[46]<\/b><\/a>\u00a0v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn th\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn th\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0phi c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(anek\u0101ntav\u0101da<\/i>). K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo\u00a0thuy\u1ebft\u00a0<\/i>\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span><\/span>.<\/i>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>. H\u1ecd b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec cho thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u00e2n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. C\u0169ng v\u00ec tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea9y ra theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n (ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u2013\u00a0predestinationism<\/i>\u00a0), n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi bi\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>. Thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 ba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy V\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M<\/span><\/span> C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C T\u00d4NG M\u00d4N<\/span><\/span> PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> H\u1eefu hay\u00a0H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u4e16\u89aa (Vasubandhu)[50]<\/a>\u00a0A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u963f\u6bd7\u9054\u78e8\u4ff1\u820d\u8ad6 (Abhidharmako\u015ba<\/i>–\u015b\u0101stra<\/i>) g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0\u00a0C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> tham h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> H\u1eefu r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> H\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n (coexistence<\/i>) c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p trong ba th\u1eddi \u2013 v\u1ecb lai<\/span><\/span>, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u2013 trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. Theo \u0111\u00f3, qua s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>, l\u00eca tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 nhau sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ct\u1ef1 t\u00ednh\u201d\u00a0svabh\u0101va<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p (bh\u0101va<\/i>\/ hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>) n\u00ean Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sau khi g\u00e2y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>), \u0111\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> l\u00fac b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> H\u1eefu c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i” (sarvam asti<\/i>), v\u1edbi h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng\u201d (\u015b\u0101\u015bvatav\u0101da<\/i>) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (svabh\u0101va<\/i>) hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, khi ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> H\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (svabh\u0101va<\/i>) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf T\u1ef1 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao” (param\u0101rtha<\/i>) m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0101tm<\/i>an<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u201ct\u1ef1 t\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d\u00a0<\/i>th\u1ef1c ra<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u201cstatus quo h\u00f3a\u201d m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u201cv\u00f4 minh\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cnghi\u1ec7p\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o\u201d v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t khi nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span><\/span> \u1edf trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra<\/i>), nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v.v. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (svabh\u0101va<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00ed\u00a0v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(an<\/i>\u0101<\/i>tman<\/i>) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u00f4t t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> S\u00e1t Na<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> (k\u1e63a\u1e47ikav\u0101da<\/i>) v\u00e0 sau l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y<\/span><\/span> \u201c\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn\u201d (ucchedav\u0101da<\/i>)<\/i>\u00a0 n\u00ean c\u0169ng b\u1ecb Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec theo lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc (s\u00e1t-na)<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee9c th\u00ec. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> theo th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nhau<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> phi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 c\u1ea3 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>v\u1edbi h\u00e0m \u00fd \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng\u201d (\u015b\u0101\u015bvatav\u0101da<\/i>) v\u00e0\u00a0nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t\u00a0<\/i>v\u1edbi h\u00e0m \u00fd \u201c\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t\u201d (ucchedav\u0101da<\/i>)<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> ngay trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u201cQu\u00e1n Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>.\u201d C\u00f2n hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u201cs\u00e1t na t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d (k\u1e63a\u1e47ikav\u0101da<\/i>) v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u201ct\u1ef1 t\u00ednh\u201d (svabh\u0101va)\u00a0<\/i>s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span> trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 tu h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eeb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i coi thuy\u1ebft\u00a0t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 ngay trong l\u00f2ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.[51]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0svabh<\/i><\/b>\u0101<\/i><\/b>va<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0svabh<\/i>\u0101va<\/i>\u00a0v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u81ea\u6027[52]<\/a>\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Trung Hoa. \u0110\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o T\u1ef1 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o linh h\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>. Trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0svabh<\/i>\u0101va<\/i>\u00a0n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> chung c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Brahma<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0101tman<\/i>. Ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb l\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> h\u00f3a qua tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>\u00a0S<\/i>\u0101\u1e43khya<\/i>\u00a0(S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>) cho r\u1eb1ng T\u1ef1 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u201cV\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t T\u1ed1i s\u01a1\u201d (m<\/i>\u0101la-kar<\/i>\u0101n\u00efa<\/i>), l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ef1-n\u00f3-v\u1ed1n-l\u00e0-th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> (sarvam nityam<\/i>) – v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> linh h\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span> v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span><\/span> tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> (sarvam anittyam)<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n Thu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>: \u201cT\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u00f3 ba ngh\u0129a: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> sinh). Th\u1ee9 hai: \u0110\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ee9 ba: Th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau.\u201d[53]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft\u00a0t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean\u201d[54]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong\u00a0Th\u1ea5t Th\u1eadp Kh\u00f4ng T\u00ednh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u201cN\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>) hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> do t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span>; n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> tan r\u00e3 m\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn th\u00ec ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span> (annihilationist view); n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> do t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> tan r\u00e3 m\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh\u201d[55]<\/a>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>[56]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (bh\u0101va)<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (svabh\u0101va)<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec khi c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (bh\u0101va<\/i>) c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c (duy\u00ean) \u0111\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> (xem k\u1ec7 22 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh<\/i>). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201ct\u1ef1 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0\u00a0Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din<\/i>\u00a0(Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec ph\u1ea3\u1ec9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>.[57]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: (1) Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3, trong hay ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> (2) v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi danh \u201cV\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\u201d[58]<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u201cT\u1ef1 T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng\u201d (\u81ea\u6027\u7a7a,\u00a0svabh\u0101va \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>) l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> then ch\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> cho nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng k\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau s\u00e1u tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>, sau l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ngo\u1ea1i lai<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. Cho n\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 hai thi\u1ec7n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> sau n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb che ph\u1ee7 trong s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (Mah\u0101sa\u00f1ghika<\/i>) ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (S<\/i>arv\u0101stiv\u0101din<\/i>) v\u00e0 Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (S<\/i>autr\u0101ntika<\/i>) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n chia<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft v\u00ec do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n<\/span><\/span> t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n. Ngay \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong d\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o ngay th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong \u0111\u1ee3i<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc long t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> chung c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> bi\u00ean ni\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u00f4i qua<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eed k\u00fd.[59]<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> mu\u1ed1n v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> trong di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>. Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> (M\u016blamadhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101<\/i>) th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p<\/span><\/span> ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> xa x\u00f4i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1eeba s\u00fac t\u00edch<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 thi k\u1ec7 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Sanskrit c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> (classical Sanskrit), m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a, ngh\u0129a l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u1eefng kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n Sanskrit v\u00e0 hai b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch T\u1ea1ng v\u0103n v\u00e0 Hoa v\u0103n. Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n Hoa v\u0103n v\u1edbi thi\u00ean t\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 cho ta m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n ng\u1eef t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Thanh M\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa th\u00edch, c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 h\u1ed9 ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea9n x\u00fac trong nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> xa h\u01a1n<\/span><\/span> n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (Abhidharma<\/i>) kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m sinh c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t ma<\/span><\/span> (hay\u00a0A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span><\/i>), c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2n h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.[60]<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> \u00a0\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/span><\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> trong 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 sinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span> A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4n th\u1edd\u00a0Abhidharma<\/i>\u00a0nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span>. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t 18 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>, tuy ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> trong c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. Gia t\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> hai b\u1ed9 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 khi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> trong khi lu\u1eadn th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>. V\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd (theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0abhidharma<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f4 t\u1ef7 Ph\u00e1p\u201d hay \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p\u201d ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u201cLu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng\u201d theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>). Trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, d\u00f9 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0Abhidharma<\/i>. Cho n\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ecdc Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u00a0Abhidharma<\/i>\u00a0ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> t\u1eebng khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u201c\u0111\u1eebng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1ef1 th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d Trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn, m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0[61]<\/a>\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3\u201d\u00a0prapa\u00f1ca<\/i>\u00a0 (La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00ed lu\u1eadn\u201d).<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> kinh vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 v\u1eeda qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> danh ti\u1ebfng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 Th. Stcherbatsky[62]<\/a>\u00a0d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf khi c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>. Sau Stcherbatsky (v\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1 ph\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> sau nh\u01b0 T.R. V. Murti\u00a0[63]<\/a>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Murti cho r\u1eb1ng H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> (radical pluralism). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a David J Kalupahana[64]<\/a>\u00a0ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Stcherbatsky (v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Stcherbatky\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 T.R. Murti, Marvin Sprung v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc g\u1ec9a l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c) l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea3 giao thoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> sau khi ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> (s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u00e2t nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>) Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span><\/span>, th\u00eam g\u1ea7n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa qua \u0111i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111ang c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee5c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> \u0111ang t\u00f4n th\u1edd, ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c gi\u00e1ng sinh<\/span><\/span>. Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 n\u00ean c\u00e0ng tri \u00e2n<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thanh t\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung trong su\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>. Cho n\u00ean h\u01a1n l\u00fac n\u00e0o h\u1ebft, thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean hu\u1ea5n\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> quan y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y nay. Sau \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

TRUNG LU\u1eacN<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 TRUNG \u0110\u1ea0O<\/span><\/span> (Madhyam\u0101<\/i>–patipad\u0101<\/i>)[65]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0\u00a0madhyamapratipad<\/i>\u00a0(Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>), khi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0\u00a0Madhyamaka<\/i>–s<\/i>\u0101<\/i>stra<\/i>\u00a0(Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng tu h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a \u201ctrung \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d (Madhyam\u0101<\/i>–patipad\u0101<\/i>). H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t xa c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> xa hoa<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u00e9p x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> nhanh ch\u00f3ng r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc hai l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> (the way of life) ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng.[66]<\/a>\u00a0Th\u1ef1c ra<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>. \u0110o\u1ea1n kinh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Sa\u1e43yutta-Nik\u0101ya<\/i>\u00a0(T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span><\/span> – trong t\u1ea1ng H\u00e1n ng\u1eef g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m<\/span><\/span>), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3\u00a0Kacc\u0101yanagotta -Sutta<\/i>[67]<\/a>. Trong kinh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho Ca Chi\u00ean Di\u00ean<\/span><\/span>[68]<\/a>\u00a0ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 do tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ca chi\u00ean di\u00ean<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecfi Ph\u1eadt:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u201cch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn\u201d Ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> Ca chi\u00ean di\u00ean<\/span><\/span>:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y Ca chi\u00ean di\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 hai m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span>: ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng. Do x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 n\u00ean cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e3, th\u00ec khi kh\u1ed5 sinh th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 sinh, kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> do Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span> ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y Ca chi\u00ean di\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. B\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> h\u1eb1ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> h\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00eca hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Trung<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o.\u00a0[69]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y \u201ctrung\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00ednh\u201d\u00a0\u6b63<\/b>\u00a0(ch\u00e1nh). \u201cCh\u00ednh\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00fang.\u201d Ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00fang, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u201cbi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn sai. \u201cTrung \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00fang, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> xa l\u00eca<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. C\u0169ng trong kinh\u00a0Sa\u1e43yutta<\/i>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 kinh ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> Ca Di\u1ebfp<\/span><\/span> l\u00fac c\u00f2n l\u00e0m du s\u0129 ch\u01b0a theo l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a\u00a0kh\u1ed5<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec7t\u00a0kh\u1ed5<\/i>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>. Sau khi kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 do t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, do c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u00f3, do c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu th\u00e0nh (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e0i c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>: \u201cN\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u2013 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 sinh th\u00ec s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0<\/i>th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0<\/i>\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. T\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> hai \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c \u1ea5y, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i Ph\u00e1p theo trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>.[70]<\/b><\/a>\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh, khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng, di\u1ec7t hay \u0111o\u1ea1n, ng\u00e0i gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> im l\u1eb7ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec n\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00ec h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> \u201ctrung dung\u201d hay b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00ean \u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. C\u0169ng trong\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span><\/span><\/i>, sau \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng Vacchagotta m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn[71]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u00e0y Vacchagotta, Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 xa l\u00eca<\/span><\/span> m\u1ecdi h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc. Do \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, xa l\u00eca<\/span><\/span> m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec5m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ecdi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0 ng\u1ee5y<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tan bi\u1ebfn\u2026\u201d V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> sau n\u00e0y, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 ba n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 ba theo ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa hai \u201cc\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> theo thuy\u1ebft duy th\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> xa hoa<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh\u201d[72]<\/a>\u00a0m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> (th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u00e2n t\u0103ng\u201d mang m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m<\/span><\/span> \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd).[73]<\/a>\u00a0Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa\u201d nh\u01b0 t\u00ean H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span> (\u4e2d\u9053) m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> Trung Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Trung Dung<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>\u4e2d\u5eb8 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ctrung b\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\u201d nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> d\u1ec5 gi\u00e3i d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> (n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a hai c\u00e1i sai v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, theo \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> sau n\u00e0y, Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn\u201d (samm\u0101d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di<\/i>) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00f3<\/i>\u00a0(bh\u0101va<\/i>)\u00a0<\/i>[74]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0kh\u00f4ng<\/i>\u00a0(abh\u0101va<\/i>)\u00a0[75]<\/a>, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (astitva<\/i>) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (n\u0101stitva<\/i>). Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng\u201d (\u015b\u0101\u015bvatav\u0101da<\/i>: permanency and eternality) l\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> \u201c\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t\u201d (Ucchedav\u0101da<\/i>: annihilationism). \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00fang, \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i\u00a0th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1<\/i>\u00a0[76]<\/a>\u00a0ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd\u00a0v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> Thi\u1ec1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1ed9\u201d \u609f\u00a0satori<\/i>.) Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> (up\u0101d\u0101na<\/i>). Ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng x\u00e3 to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t, ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong hai \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, \u201cTrung \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3ng trong nhi\u1ec1u kinh. \u201cTrung \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di<\/i>: ki\u1ebfn) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (samm\u0101d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di<\/i>). Trung \u0110\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> (m\u0101rga<\/i>) \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111i, m\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (samm\u0101m\u0101rga<\/i>) \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> trong k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. Trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101 \/<\/i>C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>) ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> (B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI<\/span><\/span> (Prat\u012btya-samutp\u0101da<\/i>)\u00a0[77]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 B\u00c1T B\u1ea4T<\/span><\/span> (\u516b\u4e0d)<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (causality, cause-effect law) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00e2u trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa (v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t) l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> sai Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3\u201d hay l\u00e0 \u201clu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3\u201d v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ecbch sai Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0causality\/ causation<\/i>\u00a0hay\u00a0cause-effect law<\/i>. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (causality, cause and effect) trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ee5ng theo ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> quan gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (cause) v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (result) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.[78]<\/a>\u00a0V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> rao gi\u1ea3ng \u201cl\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p, gieo gi\u00f3 g\u1eb7t b\u00e3o\u201d th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> chung chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. L\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (cause-effect law) \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 24 lo\u1ea1i Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>[79]<\/a>, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\u00a0<\/i>(duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, conditioned co-production, origination by dependence of one thing on another)\u00a0<\/b>trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh\u201d[80]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> hay tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span>), v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi<\/span><\/span> (sa\u1e43sk<\/i>\u1e5b<\/i>ita<\/i>) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0pratyaya<\/i>\u00a0(p. paccaya, h. \u7de3 \/ duy\u00ean, e. condition) hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> \u0111i song song v\u1edbi l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> (an<\/i>\u0101tman<\/i>) v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> (anitya<\/i>) v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (du\u1e25kha<\/i>) (sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctam ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n\u201d \u4e09\u6cd5\u5370 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay).[81]<\/a>\u00a0V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u201cTh\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> duy\u00ean\u201d r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span>[82]<\/a>. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean sinh<\/span><\/span> hay Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> (c\u00f2n r\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd) l\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb \u201cqu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang h\u00f3a\u201d xa ngh\u0129a Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201ctam ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n\u201d\u00a0[83]<\/a>. L\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4 s\u01a1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (theo ngh\u0129a cause and effect) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>[84]<\/a>. Th\u00e0nh ra Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y ngay l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t huy tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> theo ngh\u0129a t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean n\u00e0y t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i ph\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc lo\u1ea1i \u201cgi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> xem duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (cause -> effect) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft (\u201cS\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd<\/span><\/span> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 do\u00a0duy\u00ean h\u1ee3p<\/i>)[85]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u00a0t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span>). Cho n\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> vi\u1ebft Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu bi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u1ec1 Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/span><\/span> thuy\u1ebft, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (linear mode) m\u00e0 l\u00e0\u00a0l\u00fd h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>.<\/i>\u00a0V\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3\u00a0<\/i>l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> qua l\u00fd B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>: Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung chung v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1 t\u00e0, hi\u1ec3n ch\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span>.\u201d Tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 v\u1ec1\u00a0Trung<\/i>\u00a0Lu\u1eadn<\/i>\u00a0t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201chi\u1ec3n ch\u00e1nh\u201d tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m trong l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt. Tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n hai c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb1ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb\u00a0B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span><\/i>: Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> c\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u201cQu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi\u201d trong lu\u1eadn\u00a0M\u016bla-madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101\u00a0<\/i>(C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>)<\/i>. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u00e0 B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9a trong \u201cC\u0103n B\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn T\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>.\u201d Ngay trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 hai k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> cho ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

anirodham anutp\u0101dam anucchedam a\u015b\u0101\u015bvatam |
anek\u0101rtham an\u0101n\u0101rtham an\u0101gamam anirgamam |<\/i><\/span>
ya\u1e25 prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\u1e43 prapa\u00f1copa\u015bama\u1e43 \u015bivam |
de\u015bay\u0101m \u0101sa sa\u1e43buddhas ta\u1e43 vande vadat\u0101\u1e43 varam |<\/i>\u00a0[86]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u751f\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6ec5, \u4e0d\u5e38\u4ea6\u4e0d\u65b7<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u4e00\u4ea6\u4e0d\u7570, \u4e0d\u4f86\u4ea6\u4e0d\u51fa<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u7a3d\u9996\u79ae\u4f5b,<\/b>\u00a0<\/b>\u80fd\u8aaa\u662f\u56e0\u7de3\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5584\u6ec5\u8af8\u6232\u8ad6, \u8af8\u8aaa\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u00a0<\/b>[87]<\/b><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

(Kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i m\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> y\u00ean th\u1eafm m\u1ecdi h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>. B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafp hai k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. B\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u201cb\u1ea5t sanh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb, b\u1ea5t lai<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span><\/i>, t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0l\u1ea5y Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t nh\u1ecb bi\u00ean<\/span><\/span><\/i>. Theo Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>, B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Trung \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> (con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>)[88]<\/a>. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u201cv\u00f4 minh\u201d l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span>, theo Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> Kh\u00f4ng\u00a0[89]<\/a>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 sinh hay c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> hay h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span> v.v. (m\u00e0 B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong 4 c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi chung d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u00e0\u00a0prapa\u00f1ca\u00a0<\/i>(h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>). Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng B\u00e1t b\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> h\u00ed lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a l\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o (v\u00f4 s\u1edf tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span>), v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> ngay c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0[90]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> trung t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0[91]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00ec Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 an \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t v\u00ec c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: C\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung th\u00ec thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u2018sinh di\u1ec7t\u2019, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>[92]<\/a>\u00a0n\u00f3i chung th\u00ec thu v\u00e0o \u2018kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecbch\u2019, B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u2018th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019, Duy v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u2018\u0111o\u1ea1n\u2019, S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec tin v\u00e0o \u2018nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u2019, Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u2018nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t\u2019v.v. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0<\/i>gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> nh\u00ecn ra c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p B\u00e1t b\u1ea5t Trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span><\/span> m\u1ecdi bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u00e2t m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ca t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd\u201d trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> \u201ckhai kinh\u201d n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00c1NH KH\u00d4NG<\/span><\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 H\u01af V\u00d4<\/span><\/span> LU\u1eacN (n\u0101stika<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u201cB\u00e1t B\u1ea5t\u201d l\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>), t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn (\u015b\u016bnyav\u0101da<\/i>), v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span> (nihilistism).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> (an<\/i>\u0101tman<\/i>) quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0[93]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0\u015a\u016bnya<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, r\u1ed7ng l\u1eb7ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201ckh\u00f4ng l\u00e0\u201d\u00a0abh\u0101va<\/i>\u00a0m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong l\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>. Theo \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> \u201cl\u00e0\u201d (bh\u0101va<\/i>), ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> theo duy\u00ean sinh<\/span><\/span> (v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kia…) M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, cho n\u00ean Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00f3i\u00a0b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> (t\u00e1nh) c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng<\/i>, v\u1eafn t\u1eaft<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng\u201d (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101<\/i>). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u201ctr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng\u201d<\/i>\u00a0(\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>), v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ef1 t\u00ednh\u201d<\/i>\u00a0(svabh\u0101va<\/i>) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (nair\u0101tmya<\/i>). S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb k\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(b\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb, b\u1ea5t lai<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t) \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u201cQu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 Duy\u00ean\u201d Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> n\u1eefa \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (bh\u0101va)<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (svata\u1e25)<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3\u00a0(parata\u1e25)<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (ahetuta\u1e25)<\/i>\u201d (ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 sinh, di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t t\u00f9ng tha sinh<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>).[94]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1ea5t sinh<\/span><\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> sinh, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> sinh th\u00ec\u00a0b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec\u00a0t\u00e1nh<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u1ed1n\u00a0kh\u00f4ng<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u1ed3n \u00e0o<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec c\u00f2n g\u00ec l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 Tam B\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 B\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> T\u1ed9i Ph\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026n\u1eefa.\u201d\u00a0[95]<\/a>\u00a0B\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t B\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> t\u0129nh, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>… B\u1edfi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4m gi\u1eef T\u1ef1 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0sva<\/i>bh\u0101va<\/i>\u00a0(t\u00ednh duy tr\u00ec<\/span><\/span> nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng), th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ebft trong t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec\u00a0kh\u1ed5<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0s\u1ebd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u00f2n g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ec9 khi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5, m\u1edbi l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh B\u00e1t Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ea1ch ra. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kh\u1ed5. V\u00ec th\u1ebf Kinh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng, n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, \u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> Kh\u1ed5 T\u1eadp Di\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>.\u201d\u00a0[96]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng\u00a0th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1<\/i>\u00a0hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> theo l\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0trong c\u00e1i v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> \u201cba ph\u1ea3i\u201d nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d (m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129<\/span><\/span> \u201cc\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng\u201d th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> thi s\u0129 ng\u00e0y nay \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>.) Cho n\u00ean ch\u00ednh Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 r\u0103n c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ckh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebfu tu\u201d nh\u01b0ng \u01b0a tr\u00f2 ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>: \u201cCh\u1eb3ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng (\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>), ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> (a\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>), ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hai. Ch\u1ec9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u00f4ng tri<\/span><\/span> (gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span><\/span>) th\u00ec ta t\u1ea1m n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d[97]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kinh B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i n\u00e0y \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> cho v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t\u201d (Kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span><\/span>)[98]<\/a>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c \u201cs\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb s\u1eafc\u201d (T\u00e2m Kinh<\/span><\/span> B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span><\/span>.) C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> (tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>), m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, cho n\u00ean\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u0169ng n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> khi \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> (Niv<\/i>\u0101r<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a<\/i>) v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gian<\/span><\/span> lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> (Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra<\/i>): \u201cGi\u1eefa Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gian<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eaby may kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Gi\u1eefa Th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9y may kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. T\u00ednh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Gian<\/span><\/span>, hai t\u00ednh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9y may sai bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>.\u201d\u00a0[99]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis<\/i>) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i<\/span><\/span>, n\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> hay ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n minh<\/span><\/span> cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> hay t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o. T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>: \u201cT\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> xa l\u00eca<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis<\/i>). Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.\u201d\u00a0[100]<\/a>\u00a0Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c tu th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1i hay ba hoa<\/span><\/span> \u201cc\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng\u201d th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 mang \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i: \u201cNh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u0103n t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi ch\u00fa thu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng tay b\u1eaft r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span>.\u201d\u00a0[101]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>.[102]<\/a>\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> hay lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> hay m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ckh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c\u201d\u00a0praj<\/i>\u00f1<\/i>apti,<\/i>\u00a0[103]<\/a>\u00a0t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi t\u00f9y ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i\u201d\u00a0\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis<\/i>\u00a0[104]<\/a>. T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> hay m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>\u00a0[105]<\/a>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> trong\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i r\u00f5: \u201cN\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o.\u201d[106]<\/a>\u00a0(yadi k\u0101cana pratij\u00f1\u0101 tatra sy\u0101de\u1e63a me bhaveddo\u1e63a\u1e25| n\u0101sti ca mama pratij\u00f1\u0101 tasm\u0101nnaiv\u0101sti me do\u1e63a\u1e25||)<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span> (nihilistism<\/i>).\u00a0<\/i>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, danh t\u1eeb\u00a0\u015b\u016bnya<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0\u015b\u016bnyav\u0101da<\/i>\u00a0(t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng Long Th\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span> (n\u0101stika<\/i>) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> (negative). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i chung. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n theo c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u201cTam ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n\u201d (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u1ed5)[107]<\/a>\u00a0m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c coi l\u00e0 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1ch quan.[108]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

NH\u1eca \u0110\u1ebe<\/span><\/span> (satyadvaya<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf\u201d (satyadvaya<\/i>\u00a0hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>) m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>.[109]<\/a>\u00a0Hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c\u00a0sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti-<\/i>satya<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0param\u0101rtha-satya<\/i>\u00a0\u201cV\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>), hai l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> (\u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nghi\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebf).\u201d\u00a0[110]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>\u201cHai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d? Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d (satya<\/i>\/ \u8ae6\/ \u0111\u1ebf) m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>. T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> (sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti-<\/i>satya<\/i>) nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u4e16\u4fd7\u8ae6 (th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>) d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea1m ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> \u201cLokasa\u1e43v\u1e5btisatya\u1e43<\/i>\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb k\u00e9p g\u1ed3m\u00a0loka<\/i>\u00a0(th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>),\u00a0sa\u1e43v\u1e5bti<\/i>\u00a0(che \u0111\u1eady<\/span><\/span>)\u00a0satya<\/i>\u00a0(s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>) \u2013 Cho n\u00ean\u00a0t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ecb che \u0111\u1eady<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n.\u201d C\u00f2n \u201csatya\u1e43 ca param\u0101rthata\u1e25\u201d La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf\u201d \u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9\u8ae6 (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0\u00a0param\u0101rtha<\/i>\u00a0\/Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf) v\u00ec t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean\u00a0paramattha<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d (para: tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>). V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> k\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec theo nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> (conventional) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i cao<\/span><\/span> (\u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>.\u201d V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u \u201chai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d (Two Truths) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5c (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111ang n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u00a0c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> che khu\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u03c0 (pi)\u00a0<\/i>l\u00e0 3,1415. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 nh\u00ecn ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n lai di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00e2n l\u00fd qui \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span>, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f2n b\u1ecb che ph\u1ee7\u00a0Lokasa\u1e43v\u1e5btisatya\u1e43.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> hay \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nghi\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebf) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb. L\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> chung (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3) n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> trong kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft\u201d (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c). Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng trong v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> dung t\u1ee5c, l\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c dung t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 (khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 phim \u1ea3nh hay truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh) ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u1edf sa m\u1ea1c kh\u00f4 n\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3u tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i hay bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cV\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> dung t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p\u201d. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? Trung Qu\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u201cph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea7y ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebf\u201d (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 24, k\u1ec7 10). V\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd nghi\u00e3 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> s\u00e2u xa\u201d (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 24, k\u1ec7 9).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>. Ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eady \u201cl\u1eddi ta nh\u01b0 ng\u00f3n tay ch\u1ec9 tr\u0103ng\u201d\u00a0[111]<\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m ng\u00f3n tay l\u00e0 tr\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebb phi\u00eau d\u1ea1t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o hay b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ngu xu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i r\u00f5, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span><\/span> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c g\u00eda tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u2018kh\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 \u2018kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p\u2019 l\u1ea1i hay th\u01b0\u1eddng ba hoa<\/span><\/span> \u201cb\u1ea5t l\u1eadp v\u0103n t\u1ef1\u201d ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00e1n<\/span><\/span> nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc c\u0103n c\u01a1<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o n\u00fai s\u1eaft th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean nh\u1ea9y d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111eo d\u00f9 ra kh\u1ecfi phi c\u01a1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. B\u1ecdn ba hoa<\/span><\/span> ng\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh hu\u1ea5n nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span><\/span> t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>.[112]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG<\/span><\/span> TRUNG LU\u1eacN<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>. T\u1eeb \u201cbi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng\u201d (dialectic) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i\u201d (dialogue). N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> cao h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quan<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1edbi v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quan<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0 K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span><\/span> trong gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> hay lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn bi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn bi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> trong\u00a0H\u1ed3i Tr\u00e1nh Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i>v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean: \u201cN\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> xem Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> (dialectician) hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9ng th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>. Trong\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2u g\u00f3p l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00eau ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span><\/span> m\u00ecnh (gi\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0reductio ad absurdum[113]<\/b><\/a><\/i>\u00a0(gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb b\u1ed9i l\u00fd) m\u00e0 t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb h\u00ed lu\u1eadn\u201d.) Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> Gi\u1ea3m Tr\u1eeb H\u00ed Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> trong Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0\u00a0Catu\u1e63kot\u012b<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0[114]<\/b><\/a><\/i>\u00a0(T\u1ee9 C\u00fa<\/span><\/span> Lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1p hay T\u1ee9 C\u00fa Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>) v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3 hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u201clu\u1eadt b\u00e0i trung<\/i>\u201d (law of excluded middle) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00e0 \u201clu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u201d (law of noncontradiction). B\u1ed1n m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cn\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cn\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

3. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> (1) v\u00e0 (2) \u201cn\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ebf v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 (1) v\u00e0 (2) \u201cn\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m tranh bi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> hay ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis<\/i>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 xa v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> (t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>). Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i k\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u201cQu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi\u201d Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> T\u1ee9 C\u00fa Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (bh\u0101va)<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (svata\u1e25)<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3\u00a0(parata\u1e25)<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (ahetuta\u1e25)<\/i>\u201d (ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 sinh, di\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t t\u00f9ng tha sinh<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>). B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (<\/i>bh\u0101va) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (<\/i>svata\u1e25):<\/i>\u00a0Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201csvata utpatti\u1e25\u201d (do t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u00e0 sanh) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> (S<\/i>\u0101\u1e43khya<\/i>) m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0<\/span><\/span> v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d (satk<\/i>\u0101ryav<\/i>\u0101da<\/i>) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. D\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng “Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c \u0111oan<\/span><\/span> Th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> (\u015b\u0101\u015bvatav\u0101da<\/i>) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/span><\/span> v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> (li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> T\u1ef1 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (svabhava) c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0K<\/i>h\u00f4ng sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3\u00a0<\/i>(parata\u1e25)<\/i>: Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201cparata utpatti\u1e25\u201d (do v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 sanh) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> (V<\/i>ai\u015be\u1e63ika<\/i>) m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft\u00a0asatk<\/i>\u0101ryav<\/i>\u0101da<\/i>\u00a0(nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft “Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0” (asatk\u0101ryav\u0101da<\/i>), th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng sa l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o \u0110o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> (ucchedav\u0101da<\/i>)<\/i>\u00a0hay \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0K<\/i>h\u00f4ng sinh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3:<\/i>\u00a0Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201cdv\u0101bhy\u0101ma upattih\u201d (do c\u1ea3 hai m\u00e0 sanh ra) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba gi\u1ed1ng nhau l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u201cnh\u00e2n trung h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n trung v\u00f4 qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn\u201d n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0K<\/i>h\u00f4ng sinh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (<\/i>ahetuta\u1e25)<\/i>: Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u201cahetutah Utpatti\u1e25\u201d (v\u00f4 nguy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 sanh ra, ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 sanh) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> hay duy v\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (lok<\/i>\u0101yatika<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hay nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0reductio ad absurdum<\/i>\u00a0nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i\u201d (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis)<\/i>. C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> xem c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u00fd T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> Kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> hay m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dis<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>. H\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. H\u1ecdc Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh<\/span><\/span>, cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ecdc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> tu\u1ec7 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n th\u1eadt xa nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng xa ch\u00fat n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00c1C PH\u1ea8M<\/span><\/span> C\u1ee6A LONG TH\u1ecc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

S\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> (classical<\/i>\u00a0Sanskrit<\/i>), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n pha t\u1ea1p (Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit<\/i>) th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>. Sanskrit c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Latin l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi n\u00f3) nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Ngo\u00e0i Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0M\u016bla-madhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101<\/i>\u00a0ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng v\u0103n m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> nghi ng\u1edd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span><\/span> Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai danh m\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>. Danh s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 13 s\u00e1ch do Christian Lindtner \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi Lindtner l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> cho gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n nay. Danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Sanskrit (ba quy\u1ec3n c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Sanskrit, v\u00e0 ba quy\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Sanskrit). Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u0103n l\u1eabn T\u1ea1ng v\u0103n. Danh s\u00e1ch 13 quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u00edt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> g\u1ed1c \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 123 s\u00e1ch mang t\u00ean Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong Tam t\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span><\/span>. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ngo\u00e0i s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n Sanskrit c\u00f2n th\u00eam 18 t\u00ean s\u00e1ch tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 19 s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 51 s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n Sanskrit m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00eam danh s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> H\u00e1n v\u0103n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n Sanskrit nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 danh<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> (344-413) d\u1ecbch ch\u00fa ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch trong danh s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc long t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> \u1edf \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

DANH S\u00c1CH TH\u1ee8 NH\u1ea4T (Theo C. Lindtner,\u00a0Nagarjuniana<\/i>, Motila, 1982, tr.11)<\/span><\/p>\n

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  1. M\u016blamadhyamaka-k\u0101rik\u0101<\/i>\u00a0(Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way\/\u00a0C\u0103n b\u1ea3n trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span><\/i>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span><\/i>, ho\u1eb7c\u00a0Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(madhyamaka-\u015b\u0101stra<\/i>), C\u01b0u Ma La Th\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u0103n, c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef v\u00e0 Sanskrit. *<\/span><\/li>\n

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T\u1ed5ng quan l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ph\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> chia b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 theo gi\u00e1o s\u1eed th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 18 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> H\u1eefu hay Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (sarv\u0101stiv\u0101d<\/i>a<\/i>)[47]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (sautr\u0101ntika<\/i>). Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean A t\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0m<\/span><\/span> hay A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (\u963f\u6bd7\u9054\u78e8\/ abhidharma)[48]<\/a>\u00a0v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 T\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (svabh\u0101va<\/i>)[49]<\/a>\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. S\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh v\u00ec sao Kinh<\/span><\/span> l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi H\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span> Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00ed c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p theo Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> h\u1eefu b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> (abhidharma<\/i>) trong khi Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Kinh t\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span>. Sau s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u00e0y, hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> th\u00eam h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d (satk\u0101ryav\u0101da<\/i>) v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u201d (asatk\u0101ryav\u0101da<\/i>) c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nho nh\u1ecf cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay khi v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Cho d\u00f9 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> hay m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o,[29]<\/a>\u00a0nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> qua kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>. Ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, d\u00f9 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n minh th\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> hay l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 giao gi\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> ch\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t sinh<\/span><\/span> ho\u1ea1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3 coi ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb Long Cung<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.[30]<\/a>\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u8056 \u5929 (\u0101ryadeva<\/i>)\u00a0[31]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 sau Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 La H\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> \u0110a La<\/span><\/span> (R\u0101hulabhadra)<\/i>\u00a0[32]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9t tuy\u1ec7t.[33]<\/a>\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00f3. N\u00ean nh\u1edb Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> sau Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00e1nh l\u1edbn l\u00e0\u00a0Trung Qu\u00e1n T\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp\u201d c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>) v\u00e0\u00a0Du Gi\u00e0<\/span><\/span> H\u00e0nh T\u00f4ng \/ yog\u0101c\u0101ra<\/i>\u00a0(t\u1ee9c Duy Th\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> \u1edf Trung Hoa) do huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> (Asa\u1e45ga)<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (Vasubhandu,<\/i>\u00a0th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch) s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n tu theo Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da<\/i>) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc Kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> Du gi\u00e0<\/span><\/span> h\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng.[34]<\/a>\u00a0V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Thu\u1eadn Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0(\u9806\u4e2d\u8ad6) d\u00f9ng\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea9m\u00a0Nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0s\u01a1 ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ch\u00fa th\u00edch hai k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a\u00a0Trung Lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n