(Gandharan Buddhist Texts)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\nThe Senior Collection l\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u00ean l\u00e0 Robert Senior. So v\u1edbi S\u01b0u t\u1eadp Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh th\u00ec s\u01b0u t\u1eadp n\u00e0y tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf c\u00e2y bu-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1ecf trong kh\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea5t nung, nh\u01b0ng m\u1edbi h\u01a1n. Salomon cho bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t)1 . Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u01b0u t\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thay v\u00ec g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh, S\u01b0u t\u1eadp Senior g\u1ed3m nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n kinh.<\/span><\/p>\nSenior c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 20 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ecf c\u00e2y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> Gandh\u0101ra c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> Kharosthi b\u1ecf trong kh\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea5t nung v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n trong c\u1ed5 t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi S\u01b0u t\u1eadp Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh. Salomon gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> \u201cTrong khi S\u01b0u t\u1eadp Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> do v\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u00ec S\u01b0u t\u1eadp Senior d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00fat ph\u00e1p v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu S\u01b0u t\u1eadp Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia<\/span><\/span> th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3ng v\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Senior cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111em ch\u00f4n gi\u1ea5u\u201d2 .<\/span><\/p>\nCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Salomon b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u0103n li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> trong Senior gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (Sa\u1e43yutta Nik\u0101ya)\u00a0c\u1ee7a Therav\u0101da v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Sanskrit nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gandh\u0101r\u012b Pr\u0101krit (n\u00ean nh\u1edb v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> Brahmi v\u00e0 Kharosthi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> Pr\u0101krit v\u00f9ng Gandh\u0101ra (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gandh\u0101r\u012b Pr\u0101krit) tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft Sanskrit – suy ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n P\u0101li v\u00e0 Sanskrit v\u00ec P\u0101li c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Sanskrit nh\u01b0ng sau th\u1eddi vua A-d\u1ee5c (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec 272-236 B.C.) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> Kharosthi v\u00e0 Brahmi \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft Sanskrit v\u00e0 P\u0101li3 .<\/span><\/p>\n2. S\u01b0u t\u1eadp Sch\u00f8yen <\/b><\/span><\/p>\nThe Sch\u00f8yen Collection nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Martin Sch\u00f8yen v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh Ph\u1eadt vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean v\u1ecf c\u00e2y, l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 da thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, xu\u1ea5t th\u1ed5 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng Bamiyan Gandh\u0101ra. S\u1ed1 kinh Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y Sch\u00f8yen mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a kinh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> Gandh\u0101ra (Gandh\u0101r\u012b Pr\u0101krit) nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kinh v\u0103n h\u1ec7 Sanskrit thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>. \u0110a ph\u1ea7n s\u01b0u t\u1eadp n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Brahmi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Kharosthi (ch\u1eef Brahmi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Kharosthi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u00e0n\/ Siddham) 4 .<\/span><\/p>\nPh\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Sch\u00f8yen l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> Kharosthi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (Dharmaguptaka) vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> L\u1ee5c Ba-la-m\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (\u1e63\u0101dp\u0101ramit\u0101) l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba5 . Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng m\u00f4n<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> \u0111ang h\u1ecdc T\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> (\u56db\u5206\u5f8b) – do Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-da-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> d\u1ecbch – th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n3. S\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Washington<\/b><\/span><\/p>\nSau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> \u201cD\u1ef1 \u00e1n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> Nguy\u00ean c\u1ea3o Kinh v\u0103n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> Th\u1eddi S\u01a1 khai\u201d (EBMP), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Washington c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecm mua th\u00eam t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> c\u1ed5 th\u01b0<\/span><\/span> t\u1ecbch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2002 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> Washington c\u0169ng mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u01b0u t\u1eadp kinh Ph\u1eadt vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean v\u1ecf c\u00e2y bu-l\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kinh lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> thu\u1ed9c
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