{"id":8208,"date":"2020-12-10T07:48:51","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T00:48:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/10\/thoi-gian-y-thuc\/"},"modified":"2020-12-10T07:48:51","modified_gmt":"2020-12-10T00:48:51","slug":"thoi-gian-y-thuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/10\/thoi-gian-y-thuc\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1eddi Gian-\u00fd Th\u1ee9c"},"content":{"rendered":"

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TH\u1edcI GIAN-\u00dd TH\u1ee8C<\/span>

Th\u00edch n\u1eef<\/span><\/span> T\u1ecbnh Quang<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\"thoi

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/span><\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 hai t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>: Th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> (nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>) kh\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> (th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>). Bergson (Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>) cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c (Time is invention and nothing else_Henri Bergson).<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y tr\u00f4i qua<\/span><\/span> trong 9.192.631.770 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Caesium 133. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u2018S\u00e1t-na\u2019 kho\u1ea3nh k\u1e63a\u1e47a\/\u5239\u90a3) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span>). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 zero, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111o. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb t\u1eeb To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng Delta t, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu Delta t = 0, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> (t), b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t = 0. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 tan r\u00e3. Th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u cho tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span> Immanuel Kant v\u00e0 Gottfried Leibniz (\u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>) cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i \u2018v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a\u2019 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u2018\u0111i qua\u2019, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o \u2018tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y\u2019 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1) m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span>, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> x\u1ea3y ra xung quanh<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> hay tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra sau c\u00e1i kia. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> A m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3i l\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai A. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn A \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i. Th\u1eadt \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> khi g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong chu\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> n\u1eb1m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n. S\u1ed1 ghi nh\u00e3n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>; th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3? Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian? M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> (the second law of thermodynamics), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ng\u1eafn, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ed nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee7y tinh<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1ee1 tan<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> (h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0) s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd quan s\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng tin trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, hay l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u2018v\u00f4 k\u00fd\u2019 c\u1ee7a \u00dd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u2018nhanh\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1eadm\u2019, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0i. Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> g\u1ecdi hai \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a\u2019, khi c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (t\u00edch t\u1eafc) l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111em con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1eed v\u1eadt, c\u00f2n ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t v\u1eadt n\u00ean c\u00f3 sinh di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu t\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> (A-l\u1ea1i-gia) kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u0103m \u1ea5m<\/span><\/span> l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng, s\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed nh\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-gia kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n cung \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00fd c\u0103n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, th\u00e2n n\u0103m \u1ea5m<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft b\u1ec7nh, m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00ean th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. Trong c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> h\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n (t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u2018kh\u1ed5\u2019 coi nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>: \u201cch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc (c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>) l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au\u201d (upadhi dukkhassa m\u016blanti_Majjhima Nik\u0101ya\/Devadaha Vagga).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> (ng\u00e3+ph\u00e1p), s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (\u7531\u5047\u8aaa\u6211\u6cd5\u6709\u7a2e\u7a2e\u76f8\u8f49_\u552f\u8b58\u4e09\u5341\u980c); nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.T\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Theo Abhidhamma (Narada Maha Thera), th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> (ni\u1ec7m) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> \u0111i qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (uppada), giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (thiti) v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> (bhanga). Th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t; t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn; \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (\u8fc7\u53bb\u5fc3\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97 \u73b0\u5728\u5fc3\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97 \u672a\u6765\u5fc3\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97_\u91d1\u521a\u7ecf) ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>, kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1edf tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>. Con n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 con n\u01b0\u1edbc sau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t. Ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u2018t\u00f4i\u2019 hay d\u00ednh t\u1edbi \u2018t\u00f4i\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>; Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u1ee9 lang thang trong th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span> m\u00e3i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> (Sa\u00f1\u00f1aca di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi\u00f1ca ye aggahesu\u1e43 Te gha\u1e6d\u1e6dayant\u0101 vicaranti loketi_ Magandiya Sutta<\/span><\/span>).Tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng g\u00e1n nh\u1eefng tri gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> tham gia<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u2018chi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn\u2019 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> \u1edf n\u01a1i tr\u1ef1c quan<\/span><\/span> sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span>. N\u01a1i c\u0103n th\u00e2n kh\u00ed<\/span><\/span> gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thanh s\u1eafc, c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7m ch\u1ea5p, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hoa<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee7y nguy\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec ch\u00fang (\u6839\u8eab\u5668\u754c\u4e00\u5207\u955c\u76f8\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u7a7a\u82b1\u6c34\u6708\uff0c\u8ff7\u8457\u8ba1\u8f83\uff0c\u5f92\u589e\u70e6\u607c_\u516d\u7956\u795e\u5947\u9884\u8a00).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> khi ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, chu k\u1ef3 sinh l\u00e3o b\u1ec7nh t\u1eed\u2026nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (m\u00f3n qu\u00e0) ta c\u00f3\u2019 l\u00e0 \u1edf trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ta v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ta. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ta, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 xa ta (chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng); trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ta, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang c\u00f3, v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong samsara th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ra. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111ang n\u00f3i, \u0111ang c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 \u1edf \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> (\u4f9d \u7121\u4f4f\u672c\uff0c\u7acb\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u7121\u4f4f\u4e4b\u672c\u672c\u4e4e\u7121\u4f4f\uff0c\u82e5\u80fd\u5fb9\u4f4f\u5247\u842c\u6cd5\u4e00\u5982_\u4f5b\u679c\u5712\u609f\u771f\u89ba\u79aa\u5e2b\u5fc3\u8981). Th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1eb7n v\u1eb9o, ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span>, s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ba th\u1eddi r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u1ed5<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1c. Kinh ghi: \u201cAi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Brahmin-Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (yassa pure ca paccha ca majjhe ca natthi kibcanaj, akibcanaj anadanaj tam ahaj brumi brahmanaj_DP 421).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> (\u5e94\u89c2\u6cd5\u754c\u6027, \u4e00\u5207\u60df\u5fc3\u9020_\u83ef\u56b4\u7d93). Trong ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ni\u1ec7m khi ki\u1ebfn s\u1eafc v\u0103n thinh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>. Khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung, thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng quang<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3ng trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam tr\u0103ng s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng t\u00e2m v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> chi ph\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7ng thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> (\u4e00\u5207\u4f17\u751f\u7686\u81ea\u7a7a\u5bc2\uff0c\u771f\u5fc3\u65e0\u59cb\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u81ea\u6027\u6e05\u51c0_\u79aa\u6e90\u8af8\u8a6e).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch n\u1eef<\/span><\/span> T\u1ecbnh Quang<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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