{"id":8230,"date":"2020-12-10T17:00:58","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T10:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/10\/su-song-va-su-chet-trong-phat-giao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-10T17:00:58","modified_gmt":"2020-12-10T10:00:58","slug":"su-song-va-su-chet-trong-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/10\/su-song-va-su-chet-trong-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 S\u1ed1ng V\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Ch\u1ebft Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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S\u1ef1 S\u1ed1ng V\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Ch\u1ebft Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\"giac

B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o th\u1ee9 23 do Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span> Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> (Alliance mondiale des religions) , \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10,11,12 \/3\/1989 t\u1ea1i Paris v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch “T\u00ecm \u0110\u1ea1o” c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> do Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> VN \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> n\u0103m<\/span> 1996.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, g\u1ed3m v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1t s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> (Gang\u00e2nadiv\u00e2lukopama). C\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 t\u1ec9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (ahamattagga).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>. Su\u1ed1t trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> d\u00e0i n\u00e0y, nh\u1eb1m h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c nhau, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> nhi\u1ec1u trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. T\u1eeb v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nay, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

Do c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

I. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> Th\u00edch-ca (S\u00e2kya), thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e3y Hy-m\u00e3-l\u1ea1p S\u01a1n (Himalaya). B\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u00e1m \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>, Ng\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0o l\u00fac 35 tu\u1ed5i, Ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> (Ph\u1eadt). Su\u1ed1t 45 n\u0103m, Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> (Gange). Ng\u00e0i vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 80 tu\u1ed5i , nh\u1eadp c\u00f5i an l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Parinirv\u00e2na). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t hoa sen tr\u1eafng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1t t\u1ed1i cao<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111?i.<\/span><\/p>\n

II. T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1ed3i bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau khi Ng\u00e0i m\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ba T\u1ea1ng (Tripitaka) b\u1eb1ng P\u00e2li, Sanskrit, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Hoa ng\u1eef, T\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef, Nh\u1eadt ng\u1eef, Anh ng\u1eef, Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef v.v… Tinh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

a. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> (Paticcasammuppada):<\/strong>\u00a0Ch\u00ednh do kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span> ra quy lu\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 v\u1ecb Hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> S\u00e2kya (S\u00e2kyamuni) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt. V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> hay t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>, t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

b. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> V\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> (Anatt\u00e2):<\/strong>\u00a0H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi”, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi” kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 (sankh\u00e2rapunja).<\/span><\/p>\n

c. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> (Anicca):\u00a0<\/strong>Theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh (h\u1eefu vi<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> (bhava).<\/span><\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> trong b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. Kh\u1ed5 (Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, Dukkha):<\/strong>\u00a0c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 sinh ra do c\u00e1c v\u1eadt h\u1eefu vi<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 sinh ra do v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

b. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5 (T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, Samudaya):\u00a0<\/strong>S\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> (d\u1ee5c \u00e1i<\/span><\/span>), s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (h\u1eefu \u00e1i<\/span><\/span>), s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> (phi h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> \u00e1i).<\/span><\/p>\n

c. Lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Kh\u1ed5, Kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> (Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, Nirodha):\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nirv\u00e2na).<\/span><\/p>\n

d. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 Kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> (\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, Magga):\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 T\u00e1m Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ba \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– Gi\u1edbi (S\u00eela)<\/span>
– \u0110\u1ecbnh (Sam\u00e2dhi)<\/span>
– Tu\u1ec7 (Pann\u00e2)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

III – Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, g\u1ed3m v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1t s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span> (Gang\u00e2nadiv\u00e2lukopama). C\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 t\u1ec9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (ahamattagga). Quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> n\u1ea7y gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a khoa thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 v\u0169<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ee5 (ki\u1ebfp-ba, kappa), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n mang. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh<\/span><\/span> (Samyuttanik\u00e0ya, II, 181) n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> phi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 v\u0169<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ee5: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 to l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t Yojana, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t n\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m th\u00ec ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i K\u00e0si. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u1ea5y s\u1ebd m\u00f2n h\u1ebft \u0111i m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhanh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 v\u0169<\/span><\/span> tr\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span>. Trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111ang tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y. Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 9 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3, pha l\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span> l\u1eabn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> \u1edf b\u00ean trong hay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>, Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> n\u00eau tr\u1ecf. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e3 s\u1edf<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>: s\u1eafc (h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>), th\u1ecd (c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span>), t\u01b0\u1edfng (suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>), h\u00e0nh (t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (\u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>). N\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> g\u1ed3m ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: d\u1ee5c \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> (mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea1c th\u00fa<\/span><\/span>), h\u1eefu \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> (mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> \u00e1i (mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>). Kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn d\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o trong v\u00f2ng<\/span><\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> (sams\u00e2ra). Ch\u00ednh do b\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rupa (s\u1eafc) + Tanh\u00e2 (kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
Vedana (th\u1ecd) + Tanh\u00e2 (nt)<\/span>
Sanna (t\u01b0\u1edfng) + Tanh\u00e2 (nt)<\/span>
Samkh\u00e2ra (h\u00e0nh) + Tanh\u00e2 (nt)<\/span>
Vinn\u00e2na (th\u1ee9c) + Tanh\u00e2 (nt)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

B\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> (Avija), b\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (Karma), c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 (Dukkha).<\/span><\/p>\n

IV – H\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo Aggannasutta (Dn. III,80-98), trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng (Abhassara) di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. H\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ef7<\/span><\/span> l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd di chuy\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span> trong kh\u00f4ng gian<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. Sau d\u00f3, v\u00ec \u0103n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ea5m, rau, tr\u00e1i), th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t \u00e1nh \u00e1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4 th\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bay l\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c sinh ra t\u1eeb thai m\u1eb9. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> khi mang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p (Karma) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V – H\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, khoa sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n ph\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1, tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 no\u00e3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> (patisandhivinn\u00e2na) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac th\u1ee5 thai: \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng khi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> di truy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ba th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo”.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

H\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (karma) v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> ra v\u00e0o l\u00fac h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. C\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e2n (n\u00e2m\u00e2rupa – danh s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> (ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>) m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> A-nan c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y A-nan, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 th\u00ec t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong b\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng.<\/span>
– N\u00e0y A-nan, n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y \u0111i th\u00ec t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1i n\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng.<\/span>
– N\u00e0y A-nan, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 trai hay m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i th\u00ec t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng. —\u00a0 (Dn,II,63)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> (bija) ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (karma-nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c) v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> (tanh\u00e2), nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> (bhavatanha – khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>) l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y A-nan, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> (ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>) v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt. C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> k\u00ecm gi\u1eef, b\u1ecb kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span> tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb t\u00ea c\u00f3ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5p (d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>)” (An,III,76)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 an l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> trong b\u00e0o thai<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, th\u1ee9c (c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>) ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c: s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u01a1i \u1ea5m, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> khi ch\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, khi c\u00e1i v\u1ecf \u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00e2m thanh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf \u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh… C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, khi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u01a1i \u1ea5m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m, v\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>, tai nghe \u00e2m thanh<\/span><\/span>, m\u0169i ng\u1eedi m\u00f9i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb, th\u00e2n ch\u1ea1m v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00fd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”. (Dn,II,338).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, t\u1eeb c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span> l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00e2n trong su\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1i ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> d\u00e0i l\u00e2u v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i sinh ra s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1i d\u00f2ng th\u1ee9c (vinnana-sota) kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> (Dn,III,105).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn r\u00f5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e1, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> (samvattannika-vinn\u00e2na , Dn , II , 262) v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1i s\u1eafc th\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> tan r\u00e3, c\u00e1c suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0ng d\u1ee9t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd<\/span><\/span> ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd (h\u00e0nh) t\u1ecbch l\u1eb7ng, th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 an ngh\u1ec9 (ta tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> nh\u00e0)” (Ud\u00e2na,93).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“Do tin ch\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c (vinn\u00e2na), Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>, th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p nam n\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> (ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>) to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gia t\u00e0i<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> (nghi\u1ec7p, karma) ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0o l\u00fac th\u1ee5 thai, trong thai b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 s\u01a1 sinh kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, m\u00e0 g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee9a ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> ti\u00ean s\u01a1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, sinh l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, s\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>. N\u00e0y Malunkyaputta, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 s\u01a1 sinh th\u01a1 d\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, n\u1eb1m ng\u1eeda<\/span><\/span> ra \u0111\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> (k\u00e2m\u00e2), th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span><\/span> (k\u00e2machanda) nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> (k\u00e2mesu) l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> \u1edf trong n\u00f3? Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00e1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh (k\u00e2mar\u00e2g\u00e2nusaya) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong n\u00f3”. (Mn, I, 433).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a b\u1edfi cha m\u1eb9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t l\u00f4-g\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

VI- Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gien \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u00fac th\u1ee5 thai. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i hay nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p sinh \u0111\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, d\u00f9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> chung quanh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (kamma) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “ng\u01b0\u1eddi” l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111eo b\u00e1m theo c\u00e1i d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/span><\/span> l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>, d\u00f9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> (Cf, Sn, II, 20).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i thai b\u00e0o t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd sinh ra, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang” (Mn, III, 203)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9c (vinnana) v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> (kamma), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> di truy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

VII – Th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> sinh ra<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> quanh qu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> trong v\u00f2ng<\/span><\/span> sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> (sams\u00e2ra), khi d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, khi d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Tr\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1. S\u1ef1 sinh ra t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng (no\u00e3n sinh<\/span><\/span> – andaja): nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 sinh ra c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim.<\/span>
2. S\u1ef1 sinh ra t\u1eeb b\u00e0o thai<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 (thai sinh<\/span><\/span> – jat\u00e2buja) nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 sinh ra c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u00fa v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>
3. S\u1ef1 sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span> hay t\u1eeb r\u1ecbn r\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc v.v… (th\u1ea5p sinh<\/span><\/span> –\u00a0 samsedja).<\/span>
4. S\u1ef1 sinh ra b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> (h\u00f3a sinh<\/span><\/span> – opp\u00e2tika) kh\u00f4ng qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i thai, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 sinh ra c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean<\/span><\/span> hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ee5c (Cf Dn, III, 230; Mn, I, 73; Kosa, III, 8). Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> thu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a sinh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S\u1ef1 sinh ra t\u1eeb b\u00e0o thai<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span><\/span>. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“H\u1eefu th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y (Gandhabha, C\u00e0n-th\u00e1c-b\u00e0), k\u1ebb mang t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao ph\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef, nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ph\u00f4i thai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh qua s\u1ef1 giao ph\u1ed1i \u1ea5y. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0u mang<\/span><\/span> b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafc d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i nam ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i n\u1eef, t\u00f9y theo<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i n\u1eef hay ph\u00e1i nam, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi ph\u00eda giao ph\u1ed1i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i”.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span> sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee5 tinh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho (ins\u00e9mination avec donneur, IAD) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00f4i (f\u00e9condation in-vitro avec transfert d’embry\u01a1n, FIVETE). Hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> sinh ra c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, theo b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span> (Cf, Dn, III, 84-86), nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng qua sinh \u0111\u1ebb do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

VIII- Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f3”\u00a0<\/em>(Dhp, 182; Mn, III, 169; Cf, An, I, 35-37), v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> cho ph\u00e9p<\/span><\/span> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong khi c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> thu\u1ed9c c\u00f5i th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1i sao ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u (tham, s\u00e2n, si) con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t (v\u00f4 tham<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>, v\u00f4 si<\/span><\/span>). V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1eedu th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bi<\/span><\/span>, qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn c\u00f3<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00e1i T\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean Ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3-kheo, c\u00e1i t\u00e2m n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady<\/span><\/span> n\u00ean Ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c” (An, I, 10).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Trong c\u00f9ng \u00fd \u1ea5y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span> (Mah\u00e2y\u00e2na) cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang th\u00e0nh (Nh\u01b0 Lai<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1ng-Tath\u00e2gatagarbha). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> (viriya), do \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> (attarika) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi mong \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/span> cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (chanda), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t\u00a0“con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1”<\/em>\u00a0hay m\u1ed9t Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 truy t\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m linh<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c,<\/span>
Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>
Tanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m<\/span><\/span> \u00fd m\u00ecnh,<\/span>
L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt”. (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa<\/span><\/span> 183)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> hay \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, thu h\u00fat, h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”. (An, I, 159).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> con c\u00e1 v\u00e0 con r\u00f9a, sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> “phi lu\u1eadn l\u00fd” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u0111ang nh\u1edfn nh\u01a1 b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i trong h\u1ed3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span><\/span> g\u1eb7p anh b\u1ea1n c\u0169 l\u00e0 con r\u00f9a v\u1eeba \u0111i ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ec1.<\/span>
– Ch\u00e0o anh – c\u00e1 n\u00f3i. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e2u<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p anh, anh \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5y?<\/span>
– \u1ed2 – r\u00f9a \u0111\u00e1p – t\u00f4i v\u1eeba du ngo\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 v\u1ec1.<\/span>
– Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 \u00e0 ? Th\u1ebf ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd<\/span><\/span> th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ebf ra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 \u00e0? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u anh n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c.<\/span>
– N\u1ebfu anh mu\u1ed1n tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i, ch\u1eb3ng ai ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> anh \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i v\u1eeba t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>
– N\u00e0y anh b\u1ea1n. H\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c du ngo\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a anh. Xin anh n\u00f3i cho t\u00f4i nghe \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i e r\u1eb1ng anh ch\u1eb3ng l\u00f4-g\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5y!<\/span>
– Kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt.<\/span>
– Th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u00e1t hay l\u1ea1nh?<\/span>
– N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh.<\/span>
– Th\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xuy\u00ean qua<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– Kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng trong v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span>
– N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ec1m nhuy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– Kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec1m nhuy\u1ec5n v\u00e0 anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span>
– N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– Kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng.<\/span>
– N\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u00f4 l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u00f3ng tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– Kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nh\u00f4 l\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u00f3ng tr\u1eafng.<\/span>
Nghe v\u1eady, c\u00e1 th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi r\u00f9a n\u1eefa v\u00e0 ng\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec5<\/span><\/span> v\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i:<\/span>
– T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi anh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Khi t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi anh \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec, anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 cho t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00edch c\u1ea3. V\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eebng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i t\u00f4i n\u1eefa b\u1ea1n \u1ea1 !<\/span>
– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu anh tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec anh c\u00f3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a anh. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4i l\u00e0m cho anh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 anh s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng anh hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t anh c\u00e1 ngu \u0111\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

IX – S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o ra (duy\u00ean sinh<\/span><\/span>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, do \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/span><\/span>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> (bhava). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

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“Th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00f9 du, \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span>, n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t s\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span> tan bi\u1ebfn khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> m\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e3nh x\u1ebb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c ch\u1ea3y cu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ecbt l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft” (An, III, 70).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh (h\u1eefu vi<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 con s\u00f4ng trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> t\u1eafm, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/span><\/span> sinh ra r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/span><\/span> m\u1ecdi l\u00fac trong su\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> Bouddhaghosa (Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong b\u1ed9 Visuddhimagga (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span> VIII):<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“Trong tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe, l\u00fac l\u0103n, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e8 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh xe, v\u00e0 l\u00fac ng\u1eebng, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e8 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m: ngay khi ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y d\u1ee9t, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng ng\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng”.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/span> sang m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng ng\u01b0ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ee9 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (h\u1eefu \u00e1i<\/span><\/span>) n\u1eb1m trong nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 sinh ra. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i, y\u1ebfu \u1edbt<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft:<\/span><\/p>\n

a. K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u, c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span> (kamma),<\/em>\u00a0v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed<\/span><\/span> h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, th\u00f3i quen<\/span><\/span>…<\/span><\/p>\n

b. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y (kammamitta),\u00a0<\/em>v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1edd c\u00fang<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e1c s\u0129<\/span><\/span>, s\u00fang \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh…<\/span><\/p>\n

c. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o (gatinimitta),<\/em>\u00a0v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00f5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c (naraka) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n, c\u00f5i sung s\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span> (devaloka) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec1n<\/span><\/span>,…<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba lo\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft (c\u1eadn t\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>, \u00e2cinna kamma) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd<\/span><\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng sau c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00fac th\u1ee9c d\u1eady<\/span><\/span>. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng (garuka kamma), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng<\/span><\/span> trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span>. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> \u1ea5y v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u00e1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/span><\/span> (katatt\u00e2 kamma) t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/span> g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

X – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 t\u1eed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed? X\u01b0a nay<\/span><\/span>, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 t\u1eed c\u00f3 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t (v\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> \u00e1i: vibhavatanha). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span> kh\u00e1t khao t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 \u0111au b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft do t\u1ef1 t\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft do b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/span><\/span> ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> m\u1edbi sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n v\u00ec v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u1ebft, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> x\u1ea5u: th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t, c\u0103m gi\u1eadn, bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u<\/span><\/span>…<\/span>
S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

XI – S\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> ? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/span><\/span> h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ch\u00fang (An, III, 99 ; Sn, XVI, 9).<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u1eeda m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> sinh ra kh\u00e1c. Hai s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> (\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> (patisandhi-vin\u00e2na) (Cn, Mn, 106 ; An, I, 224) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o l\u00fac th\u1ee5 thai t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. C\u00e1i th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd sinh ra” (C\u00e0n th\u00e1c b\u00e0, Gandhabha). Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi (Bhavangasota) m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1ea1o ra. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>. T\u1eeb c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng qua trung gian<\/span><\/span> (antarabhava). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1eddi r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi sau<\/span><\/span>. T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng d\u1ed9i, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n, d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n d\u1ea5u hay h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span> trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hai s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> k\u1ebf li\u1ec1n nhau th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c (Milindapanna, tr.40 : Naca-sonacaanno).<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> (kamma-vip\u00e2ka) x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng trong su\u1ed1t<\/span><\/span> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span> ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh :<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span><\/span>, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span><\/span> (cetan\u00e2) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (cetan\u00e2hambhikkhave kammam vad\u00e2mi) v\u00ec ch\u00ednh do b\u1edfi<\/span><\/span> \u00fd mu\u1ed1n<\/span><\/span> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>… c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00f5i s\u00fac sinh<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> trong c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec g\u1ed3m ba lo\u1ea1i : ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y (ditthadhammavedan\u00eeyakamma), ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn (upapajjavedan\u00eeyakamma), ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> sau \u0111\u00f3 (apar\u00e2par\u00eeyaveda-n\u00eeyakamma) (An, VI, 63).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y n\u00ean do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong 31 n\u01a1i thu\u1ed9c n\u0103m th\u00fa h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

a. Ch\u1ed7 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> (niraya).<\/span>
b. C\u00f5i s\u00fac sinh<\/span><\/span> (tirach\u00e2na).<\/span>
c. Ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7<\/span><\/span> (peta).<\/span>
d. Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> (manussa).<\/span>
e. C\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> (diva) l\u1ea1i chia l\u00e0m ba lo\u1ea1i : c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c (k\u00e2maloka), c\u00f5i s\u1eafc (rupaloka), c\u00f5i v\u00f4 s\u1eafc<\/span><\/span> (arupaloka).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

XII – S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> theo nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm<\/span><\/span> trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n sinh n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>. V\u1ecb l\u00e0m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A la h\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> (kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, Arahant). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 A la h\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u00e1i d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i qu\u1ea1t m\u00e1y : d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea1t v\u1eabn quay nh\u1edd v\u00e0o v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/span>. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sinh<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 (Cf, An, II, 38). Do v\u00ec ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7<\/span><\/span> (nghi\u1ec7p, karma), n\u00ean ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span> trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khung tr\u1eadt n\u00e0o n\u1eefa c\u1ea3 (Sun, 499). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n<\/span><\/span> sau khi ch\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> :<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb l\u00f2 ph\u00e1t ra l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t<\/span><\/span> t\u1eaft \u0111i.<\/span>
V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u.<\/span>
C\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\u0110\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n qua d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1t \u00e1i<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>
\u0110\u00e3 v\u00e0o trong t\u1ecbch l\u1eb7ng,<\/span>
Th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft”. — (Ud\u00e2na 93).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kinh Trung b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span> (Majjhimanikaya) 72 c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 Vaccha, m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u0129<\/span><\/span> lang thang, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span> sau \u0111\u00e2y :<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– Th\u01b0a Gotama (C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m<\/span><\/span>), m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u (Vaccha mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n<\/span><\/span>).<\/span>
– N\u00e0y Vaccha, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/span>
– Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, th\u01b0a Gotama, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> \u01b0?<\/span>
– N\u00e0y Vaccha, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/span>
– Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, th\u01b0a Gotama, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh?<\/span>
– N\u00e0y Vaccha, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/span>
– Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, th\u01b0a Gotama, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh?<\/span>
– N\u00e0y Vaccha, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> , \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nghe nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, Vaccha l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tin nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, sau khi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vaccha, c\u1ed1 minh h\u1ecda cho \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi :<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– N\u00e0y Vaccha, gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda than tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u00e1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– Th\u01b0a Goatama, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda than tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4i.<\/span>
– Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y Vaccha, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng t\u1eaft \u0111i, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> \u00f4ng t\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng?<\/span>
– Th\u01b0a Gotama, n\u1ebfu ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4i t\u1eaft, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span> t\u00f4i t\u1eaft.<\/span>
– Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y Vaccha, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng: “Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y, nam hay b\u1eafc?” th\u00ec \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/span>
– Th\u01b0a Gotama, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span> v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y. V\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u1eefa th\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u1edbi t\u1eaft \u0111i.<\/span>
– \u0110\u00fang th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y Vaccha, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ecb nh\u1ed5 b\u1eadt, b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y tala th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1eaft di\u1ec7t \u0111i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. N\u00e0y Vaccha, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span>, r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang h\u1ee3p.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/span><\/span> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span> t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span> tr\u1eeb. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> th\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span> v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2 ai \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span> c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>. Tuy nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> n\u1ed5i danh<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong kinh Ud\u00e2na VIII, b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t s\u1edf sinh, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf vi. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span><\/span>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t s\u1edf sinh, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf vi, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t s\u1edf sinh, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf t\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>, b\u1ea5t s\u1edf vi, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5”.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e1i b\u1ea5t s\u1edf sinh (b\u1ea5t sinh<\/span><\/span>) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 ng\u00e3<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, v\u00ec n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span> v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/span><\/span> vi di\u1ec7u<\/span><\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/span><\/span> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0o n\u00f3, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

* * *<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 thay cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span><\/span> Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span> b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau v\u1edbi t\u00f4i :<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 ai?\u00a0<\/strong>Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/span><\/span> t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ngth\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span> t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn?\u00a0<\/strong>Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di s\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9<\/span><\/span> ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> hay xa h\u01a1n<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span> gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0<\/strong>N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span> qu\u00fd b\u00e1u<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span> ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/span><\/span> t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u sau khi ch\u1ebft?<\/strong>\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span> trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span> ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span> n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 x\u1ea5u (c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span> b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>): tham d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/span>, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, si mu\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span> kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed<\/span><\/span> (sams\u00e2ra-lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i), v\u00e0) n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span> nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00f5i C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span> (Parinirv\u00e2na).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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