{"id":8260,"date":"2020-12-10T23:11:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T16:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/10\/phuong-tay-da-kham-pha-phat-giao-nhu-the-nao\/"},"modified":"2020-12-10T23:11:00","modified_gmt":"2020-12-10T16:11:00","slug":"phuong-tay-da-kham-pha-phat-giao-nhu-the-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/10\/phuong-tay-da-kham-pha-phat-giao-nhu-the-nao\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0110\u00e3 Kh\u00e1m Ph\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf N\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ad_1]
\n<\/p>\n

\n

Ch\u1eef\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t\u00a0ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1\u00a0truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0, tuy ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0r\u1ea5t tr\u1ec5, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00fd th\u00fa<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, su\u1ed1t\u00a0th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>\u00a0d\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u00a0\u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00c2u ch\u00e2u, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c\u00a0h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng\u00a0gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng th\u1eeba sai\u00a0c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>th\u1eddi \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng, khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1\u00a0t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng\u00a0nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0manh m\u00fan t\u1ea3n m\u00e1c, s\u1ef1\u00a0s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\u00a0gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p\u00a0nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh\u00a0h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>, trong gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 trong\u00a0th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

I- S\u1ef1\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0-lan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t\u00a0\u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u1eafng v\u1ebb\u00a0\u0111i\u00eau t\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i\u00a0\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u00f3\u00a0\u00edt nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10 TL., \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t\u00a0trong kho\u1ea3ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 hay 12 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng\u00a0l\u00fd do<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3\u00a0tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i\u00a0g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng\u00a0d\u1ea5u t\u00edch<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ea3n m\u00e1c, manh m\u00fan, nh\u1eefng\u00a0d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng\u00a0b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t\u00a0\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>; ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Hi-m\u00e3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Nepal, c\u00f2n gi\u1eef v\u00e0i\u00a0b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u00e1o ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n; nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng\u00a0T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0hay ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7,\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra kh\u1eafp \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Ngay trong hai nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh,\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3\u00a0hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nhau trong nh\u1eefng\u00a0di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n\u00a0k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\u00a0t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0hay\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span>\u00a0hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u00e0\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3\u00a0tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u00e1m r\u1ec5:\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1edf Sri Lanka, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, L\u00e0o\u2026 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau;\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1edf\u00a0Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 1), \u1edf\u00a0Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6), \u1edf\u00a0T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8), \u1edf\u00a0M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12), v.v\u2026, c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1800,\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u1ec1\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1eabn \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a theo\u00a0v\u0103n minh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0\u00a0Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>. T\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 t\u00f9y\u00a0t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>: Buddou, Bouddou, Bodh, Budh;\u00a0li\u00ean h\u1ec7<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u2018B\u00fat\u2019 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi Sammonacodom (Th\u00e1i Lan), v\u1edbi X\u1eafc-Ca (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0hay v\u1edbi F\u00f4 (Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span><\/span>) c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y. Kh\u00fac quanh\u00a0tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0\u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb bouddhaisme, buddhaism, buddhaismus (= \u2018gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u1ee5t\u2019), sau \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u2018bouddhisme \u2013 buddhism \u2013 buddhismus\u2019 (= \u2018gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\u2019) v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1820.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1\u00a0v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1edbi s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, \u2018\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt\u2019 ch\u01b0a\u00a0hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai sinh ra t\u00ean g\u1ecdi\u00a0\u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn quanh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1820, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c\u00a0n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt\u2019,\u00a0xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\u00a0ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u1ecdc: d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1780, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1edf Nepal, b\u1edfi B.H. Hodgson, v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1820; c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 E. Burnouf v\u00e0 C. Lassen \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef P\u00e0li, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng\u00a0Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1edfi JP. Abel-R\u00e9musat; v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00e2u, ch\u1eef\u00a0T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Hungary l\u00e0 Alexandre Csoma de Koros.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\u00a0n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0b\u00e0n c\u00e3i<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u01b0ng, r\u1ea5t nhanh sau \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3\u00a0nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1\u00a0hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa\u00a0t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u00a0ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ri\u00eang. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi cho \u2018\u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c\u00a0b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. V\u00e0, sau m\u1ed9t\u00a0th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i b\u1ecb\u00a0hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1\u00a0nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950,\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n\u00a0uy t\u00edn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1ea5t \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c\u00a0x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7\u00a0ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00f2n l\u00e0\u00a0c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i gom v\u1ec1; r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1\u00a0g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng\u00a0nghi th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh\u00a0v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng\u00a0h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c,\u00a0tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3\u00a0thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0\u00a0tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0trong\u00a0qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u00e1t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1edbi, theo ki\u1ec3u\u00a0t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span>\u00a0quen thu\u1ed9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0khoa h\u1ecdc\u00a0hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>; nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u nghi\u00eang nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd,\u00a0tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1ebf gian<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, trong\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0\u00a0x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>. Ph\u1ea7n\u00a0tu t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, m\u1ed9t \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019 \u0111ang\u00a0th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u2019 \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc\u2019;\u00a0ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ed5 t\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u cho \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n\u2019 (c\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh\u00a0lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, thu\u1ed9c \u2018hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi\u2019) v\u00e0 \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng tu\u1ec7\u2019 (nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u2018tr\u00ed\u00a0tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u01b0\u1ee3t,\u00a0Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>, thu\u1ed9c \u2018ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt gi\u1edbi\u2019), \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>; v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>: v\u1edbi \u2018Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc\u2019 l\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kia,\u00a0ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>vi\u1ec7c\u00a0th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1ed9t \u2018h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>\u00a0phi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc\u2019 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3\u00a0ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00f4i:\u00a0c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0a\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1edbi\u00a0nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, qua\u00a0Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u00e0y 15-12-1999 c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3ng\u00a0Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c: l\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y\u00a0Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0sanh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0m ng\u00e0y h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a\u00a0nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

II- T\u1eeb\u00a0hy v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18,\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0v\u0103n minh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ri\u00eang. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u2013 \u1edf Calcutta, \u1edf Paris, \u1edf Bonn, v\u00e0 \u1edf Berlin (\u0110\u1ee9c), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\u00a0l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 nhanh, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>, hay nh\u1eefng\u00a0m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0chu\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 t\u1eeb xa \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch\u00a0th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n, \u00c2u ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i\u00a0l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, tin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3\u00a0t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span>\u00a0trong B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho nh\u1eefng\u00a0lo l\u1eafng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng\u00a0anh h\u00f9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ca, k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n, th\u01a1 ph\u00fa\u00a0\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00abtri\u1ebft gia s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng\u00bb, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c\u00a0ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span><\/span>m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0: Schlegel, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Leroux v.v. cho r\u1eb1ng\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00c2u ch\u00e2u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0t\u00e1i sinh<\/span><\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n\u00a0Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span>Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo\u00a0ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ea1i. Trong m\u1ed9t\u00a0th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u00abPh\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00bb (ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd), b\u1edfi \u00e2m vang \u0111a di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n l\u1ea7n\u00a0Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 16. C\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111ang m\u1edf ra, th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f2n xa x\u01b0a h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u1ed1c ngu\u1ed3n Hy L\u1ea1p. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi\u00a0quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7\u00a0tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1edbi g\u1ed1c ngu\u1ed3n Aryan\u00a0nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u00a0s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ra m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1edbi,\u00a0ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi\u00a0hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nhau nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau -, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c d\u00e0i s\u1eafp s\u1eeda kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ecd\u00a0hy v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u01a1i\u00a0\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 Herder (tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18) xem l\u00e0 \u00abc\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u00bb, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y mai. S\u1ef1\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, qua c\u00e1c\u00a0c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3\u00a0k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1\u00a0ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9. C\u00e1i\u00a0\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1eeba m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ea7y\u00a0suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 thi v\u1ecb h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o,\u00a0tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa\u00a0l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0\u00a0t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u01b0\u00a0n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1edbn\u00a0duy nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m\u00a0s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0, trong th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 18-12-1806, cho Windischmann, Schelling vi\u1ebft: \u00abT\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y l\u00e0\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho\u00a0gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u00e0\u00a0Tinh Th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111ang\u00a0t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/span><\/span>. \u00c2u ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 g\u00ec,\u00a0n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, c\u1eady t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp gh\u00e9p\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1edd n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp gh\u00e9p n\u00e0y?\u00bb. T\u1ea1i Paris n\u0103m 1842,\u00a0 Edgar Quinet, trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00f9ng\u00a0hy v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>: \u00abC\u00f9ng l\u00fac\u00a0th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0o\u00a0thi ca<\/span><\/span>, v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>, \u00c1 ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng\u00a0len l\u1ecfi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0o trong\u00a0c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/span>\u00a0thuy\u1ebft; si\u00eau th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3,\u00a0c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u00bb, trong s\u00e1ch Le G\u00e9nie des religion.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1\u00a0li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0hy v\u1ecdng<\/span><\/span>, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, loan b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c\u00a0ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng, s\u1ef1\u00a0ph\u1ee5c sinh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9\u00a0\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 m\u00e0\u00a0th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c. M\u00e0 v\u00ec, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1820, khi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1ea3n m\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb N\u00e9pal,\u00a0Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0T\u00edch Lan<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/span>, Th\u00e1i Lan,\u00a0Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/span>, v.v., b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i,\u00a0so s\u00e1nh<\/span><\/span>; khi c\u00e1c n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e0\u00a0Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0r\u00f5, th\u00ec s\u1ee9c\u00a0h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tinh nguy\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0khinh gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft.\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay m\u1ed9t khi\u00eau kh\u00edch n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 trong l\u00f2ng\u00a0tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u1ecb\u00a0xem nh\u01b0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00abn\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd\u00bb r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi\u00a0t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n,\u00a0t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u1ea5y,\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\u00a0c\u1ed5 v\u00f5<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u\u00a0hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u00abkh\u00f4ng-l\u00e0-g\u00ec-c\u1ea3\u00bb, v\u1edbi\u00a0m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00e0\u00a0thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00e0\u00a0h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 tan bi\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn m\u1ecdi\u00a0n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0di\u1ec5m ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\u00a0di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00e0m sao, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i,\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong c\u1ea7u h\u01b0 v\u00f4?<\/span><\/p>\n

III- Chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1\u00a0ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft,\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u00a0h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a\u00a0truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>. Khi\u00a0d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, \u00c2u ch\u00e2u t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0Th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft h\u1ec7. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0Th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u1ed9t\u00a0con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u00a0v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/span><\/span>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, lu\u1eadt thi\u1ec7n t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi l\u1ebd\u00a0th\u1ea7n linh<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m \u2026 -, \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb\u00a0k\u00edch th\u00edch<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t\u00a0h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1eeb l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0k\u1ebft t\u1eadp<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch\u00a0l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/span><\/span>. H\u1ecd n\u1eafm b\u1eaft\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1eb1ng\u00a0th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng\u00a0tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0, \u1edf m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy t\u00ecm\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc m\u1edbi tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1\u00a0ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng di\u1ec5n theo\u00a0th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a\u00a0ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ee7a \u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eeda sang t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gia th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:\u00a0tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft l\u1edbn v\u00e0 x\u01b0a n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ni\u00ean h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a\u00a0v\u0103n minh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1\u00a0t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n\u00a0t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ky-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i\u00a0th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0o c\u1ea3; cho n\u00ean, c\u00e0ng\u00a0l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0bao nhi\u00eau,\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ee3 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u,\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1\u00a0tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft li\u1ec1n\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1edbi\u00a0ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi quan<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0\u00a0ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/span>; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0\u00a0t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span>, ngh\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm,\u00a0ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00abb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00bb c\u1ee7a\u00a0th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>, Ky-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o,\u00a0s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/span>, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2026 -. S\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, n\u01a1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c\u00a0tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0ma qu\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0y\u00eau ma<\/span><\/span>, m\u1ed9t\u00a0kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0qu\u1ec9 \u00e1m hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong nh\u1eefng\u00a0t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\u00a0tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c \u2013 Hegel, Schopenhauer, Schelling, Nietzsche\u2026 -, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c\u00a0h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ph\u00e1p \u2013 Cousin, Taine, Renan, Saint- Hilaire, Quinet, Comte\u2026, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Renouvier.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>. V\u00e0 Roger-Pol Droit \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1\u00a0sai l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00f3, c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3\u00a0\u00e1m \u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>\u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19; cho th\u1ea5y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, t\u1ea1i sao, b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c\u00a0c\u00e1m d\u1ed7<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0o m\u00e0, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa, \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng;\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0cho th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0, trong khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0\u00a0ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3\u00a0c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span>c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c\u00a0b\u1ea3n kinh<\/span><\/span>, c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n du ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec5n chinh v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec c\u00e1c\u00a0tri\u1ebft gia<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\u00a0d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt do nh\u1eefng\u00a0nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u1ecdc\u00a0cung c\u1ea5p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3\u00a0di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t\u00a0t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1eabn ph\u00ea b\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/span><\/p>\n

IV- \u0110\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, khi\u00a0truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh,\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i\u00a0s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span><\/span>\u00a0d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nghe v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng\u00a0l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3\u00a0gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kinh c\u00f3 n\u00f3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 trao truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u00f3a b\u1edfi\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u01b0a\u00a0hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/span><\/span>. Ngay c\u1ea3\u00a0n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec\u00a0ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u00e0\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ph\u1ea3i\u00a0s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span>, \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1eefng\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ra nh\u1eefng\u00a0ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1edbi\u00a0c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch\u00a0tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Ng\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u00f4m nay, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc TL.,\u00a0ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/span><\/span>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0s\u1ebd ban l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec\u00a0ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe \u0111\u00e3\u00a0tr\u1ea3i qua<\/span><\/span>\u00a0g\u1ea7n 26 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a\u00a0kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0Kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u00eam \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf\u00a0tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\u00a0nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf\u00a0t\u00e2m t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0h\u00f3a b\u1edfi\u00a0h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i n\u1ec1n\u00a0v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span>, b\u1edfi ki\u1ec3u\u00a0t\u01b0 duy<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 khung t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u00a0x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i\u00a0th\u1eddi k\u1ef3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u0103n minh<\/span><\/span>, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\u00a0vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng\u00a0gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i chung,\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb tr\u1ebb trung trong\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng\u00a0th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u1eefng\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3\u00a0hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gi\u00fap g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u\u00a0c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0gieo tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0\u00a0truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0l\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch\u00a0nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1edbi. L\u00e0m\u00a0s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1eefng\u00a0ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, m\u1ed7i\u00a0Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>\u00a0s\u1ebd\u00a0tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa\u00a0qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0ti\u1ebfp thu<\/span><\/span>\u00a0qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0b\u1eb1ng\u00a0th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb\u00a0h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1edbi h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o\u00a0ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u00f3\u00a0\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0cho\u00a0hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>. Kh\u00e1c \u0111i,\u00a0qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u00a0l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00ec m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u\u00a0th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, ki\u1ec3u \u2018h\u1eadu Descartes\u2019, chia\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u00e0nh hai khu v\u1ef1c: thu\u1eadn l\u00fd (rationnel) v\u00e0\u00a0phi l\u00fd<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(irrationnel),\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nhau. Trong khi\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y\u00a0ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u2018l\u00fd\u2019 (rationnel) v\u1edbi\u00a0ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u2018quan h\u1ec7\u2019 (relationnel), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0hai m\u1eb7t<\/span><\/span>c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi\u00a0hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n nguy\u00ean, gi\u00fap n\u1eafm b\u1eaft\u00a0th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>tr\u00ean\u00a0to\u00e0n th\u1ec3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi\u00a0h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb\u00a0gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0trong\u00a0tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh<\/span><\/span>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ngang t\u00e0ng<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi\u00a0ni\u1ec1m tin<\/span><\/span>, c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0\u00a0th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/span><\/span>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>, th\u1ebf nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi\u00a0nh\u00e2n sinh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho\u00a0m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, ph\u1ea3i \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0nh\u1eefng \u2018ni\u1ec1m tin\u2019 m\u1edbi, v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung\u00a0v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/span><\/span>: s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft\u00a0s\u00e2u xa<\/span><\/span>c\u1ee7a\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/span>, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/span><\/span>\u00a0th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i;\u00a0c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m\u00a0s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u1eefng\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/span><\/span>\u00a0m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gieo h\u1ea1t trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed<\/span><\/span>. Nh\u1eefng\u00a0h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea9y n\u1edf (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch\u00a0t\u00f9y duy\u00ean<\/span><\/span>) trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n\u00a0v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n minh<\/span><\/span>\u00a0r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3\u00a0th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/span>\u00a0v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/span>\u00a0r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang:\u00a0s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/span><\/span>, s\u1ef1\u00a0gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/span>), v\u00e0 \u2018t\u00ednh\u00a0t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/span>\u00a0ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u2019 (Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh<\/span><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\/ Le Culte du N\u00e9ant, Les philosophes et le Bouddha.<\/em><\/span>
Roger-Pol Droit. (Le Seuil, 1997).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[ad_2]
\n
Ngu\u1ed3n : Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ad_1] Ch\u1eef\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t\u00a0ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1\u00a0truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0, tuy ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt\u00a0r\u1ea5t tr\u1ec5, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u00a0v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng\u00a0l\u00fd th\u00fa.\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8261,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[104],"tags":[],"td_series":[],"class_list":["post-8260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giai-dap-nghi-hoac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8260"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8260\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8261"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8260"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8260"},{"taxonomy":"td_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/td_series?post=8260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}