{"id":8349,"date":"2020-12-11T01:10:29","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T18:10:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/11\/thangka-ban-do-tu-tap-dan-den-giac-ngo\/"},"modified":"2020-12-11T01:10:29","modified_gmt":"2020-12-10T18:10:29","slug":"thangka-ban-do-tu-tap-dan-den-giac-ngo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/11\/thangka-ban-do-tu-tap-dan-den-giac-ngo\/","title":{"rendered":"Thangka – B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 tu t\u1eadp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Thangka l\u00e0 g\u00ec ?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Thangka ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda hay m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh th\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1ea3i lanh, v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng hay l\u1ee5a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n mang \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo trong t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n hay b\u00e0n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lama mang theo trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o m\u00e0u n\u1ec1n cho v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1ea1o m\u00e0u cho b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c Thangka c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecda ch\u00e2n dung \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hay c\u00e1c B\u1eadc Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i. Thangka lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt; nh\u1eefng Thangka h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd Mandala. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c Thangka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00e0u n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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(Thangka A Di \u0110\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng Himalaya trong \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i Naropa 2016)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Thangka l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c quan <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Thangka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng <\/span>gothang<\/span> (tranh th\u00eau, \u0111\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5a) v\u00e0 <\/span>trithang<\/span> (tranh v\u1ebd). Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Thangka th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, B\u1ea3n t\u00f4n trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c B\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0, th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang,Mandala… \u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tu t\u1eadp Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Thangka l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c quan cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Thangka cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ea3n t\u00f4n tr\u00ean Thangka m\u00e0 <\/span>h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu v\u1ecb B\u1ea3n t\u00f4n do h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u00e2m – m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng ba chi\u1ec1u – m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span>. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd Thangka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 tu t\u1eadp\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c vi t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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(Thongdrol Ph\u1eadt Quan \u00c2m Thi\u00ean Th\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean Nh\u00e3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o Th\u00e1p Mandala T\u00e2y Thi\u00ean)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

H\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ebd tranh Thangka th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u tranh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb B\u1ea3n t\u00f4n. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb B\u1ea3n t\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ebd. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ebd b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng\u2026 H\u1ecda ti\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e3n (v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed) gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n s\u1eafc sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Thangka lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n sau:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/p>\n

1) \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda, ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 hay \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho bi\u1ec3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2) Ph\u1ea7n khung v\u1ea3i ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u201cc\u1eeda\u201d t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3 v\u00e0 4) Ph\u1ea7n khung v\u1ea3i b\u00ean tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 (3) hay m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0 (4).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5) Ph\u1ea7n khung v\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m ngang ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang sinh khi h\u1ebft ph\u00fac b\u00e1o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6) Ph\u1ea7n khung b\u00ean trong bao xung quanh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 m\u00e0u c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb v\u1ecb B\u1ea3n t\u00f4n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7) Ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i b\u1ee9c thangka l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ee9c thangka kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp v\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9n l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho l\u1ecdng b\u00e1u che ch\u1edf cho ch\u00fang sinh kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8) Hai d\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho tr\u00e0ng phan chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1eb7ng th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1t (7) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh cho b\u1ee9c thangka kh\u1ecfi x\u00ea d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef b\u1ee9c thangka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1eb3ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9) Tay c\u1ea7m \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c hay ng\u00e0 voi \u2013 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thanh ngang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef b\u1ee9c thangka kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u00e0u n\u00e1t.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n\"\"\u00a0<\/p>\n

Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c Thangka l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c thangka l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, c\u1ee7a tay, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Di s\u1ea3n thangka kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ni\u1ec1m h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m linh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia tr\u00ec linh thi\u00eang t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m linh, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt M\u1eadt th\u1eeba, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

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