{"id":9336,"date":"2020-12-30T03:17:35","date_gmt":"2020-12-29T20:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tamhoc.org\/2020\/12\/30\/https-phatgiao-org-vn-triet-ly-tinh-khong-trong-triet-hoc-phat-giao-d20433-html\/"},"modified":"2020-12-30T03:28:26","modified_gmt":"2020-12-29T20:28:26","slug":"triet-ly-tinh-khong-trong-triet-hoc-phat-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamhoc.org\/trang-chu\/2020\/12\/30\/triet-ly-tinh-khong-trong-triet-hoc-phat-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u201cT\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng\u201d trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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I. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd “T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng” trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb Phatgiao.org.vn<\/h2>\n

Thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean sinh, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi r\u1ecdi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

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1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng<\/strong>

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Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, song c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xa l\u1ea1 trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Kurt Schmidt, D.T. Suzuki, Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9, \u1ea4n Thu\u1eadn, Th\u00edch T\u00e2m Thi\u1ec7n… b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.

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Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng (sunyata) trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00f4ng (sunya). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd cao si\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng…(*)\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Theo \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb – \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u00ec ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ta l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau, h\u01b0 v\u00f4. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 bi quan, y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf. Song, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1eeb l\u00fac sinh ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3.

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V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 

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Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 bao h\u00e0m. Thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc cao si\u00eau, th\u00e2m di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3.

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2. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/strong>

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Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm trong c\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ea1ng Nikaya hay A h\u00e0m. Theo \u0111\u00f3, Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5y v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo ph\u1ea3i an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o Kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng lo \u00e2u phi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5y v\u1ec1 v\u1ee3 con, ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, th\u00f4n x\u00f3m…(1). Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn. Xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, danh v\u1ecdng, d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, xu\u1ea5t gia t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh thanh cao, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n – thi\u1ec7n – m\u1ef9. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u01b0u t\u01b0 phi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5y v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.

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Trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n A h\u00e0m hay Nikaya, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu). Theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian th\u1eadt mong manh, ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng. \u0110\u00e1m b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh, ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y, c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng, sinh r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng mau ch\u00f3ng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 sinh ra th\u00e0nh c\u00f3, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc.(1) <\/div>\n
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T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng(2). Theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng sinh, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. Khi nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00ec s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sinh, s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng, b\u1edfi ta c\u1eaft x\u00e9n th\u1eddi gian, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u00fac \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, v\u00f4 t\u1eadn th\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 sinh, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfn hay \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do duy\u00ean, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh di\u1ec7t, di\u1ec7t sinh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng). Th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd duy\u00ean sinh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec Kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (Duy\u00ean sinh) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng. 

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V\u1ec1 sau, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng “\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Long Th\u1ecd B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t (Nagarjuna)(3) k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “Kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn”. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd “Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi” c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Long Th\u1ecd B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p(4). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, Long Th\u1ecd B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p sai l\u1ea7m hay m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng, sinh, di\u1ec7t…<\/div>\n
Tri\u1ec3n khai l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m Sunyata (r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt “kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3” hay “v\u00f4 ng\u00e3”, c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0  \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 (Sein, Existence) b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb v\u00f4 nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t sinh, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t t\u0103ng, b\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m. Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u01b0 v\u00f4. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh danh, s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m soi r\u1ecdi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.1(3)

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Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00f9ng c\u1eb7p ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 “s\u1eafc – kh\u00f4ng” v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u1eafc), l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (kh\u00f4ng). T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 “t\u01b0\u01a1ng y t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh cho nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u1eeb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. 

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Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n, lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i khi ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i; trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i duy\u00ean h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng. Do v\u1eady, “c\u00f3 c\u00f3” hay “kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng” trong m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 “s\u1eafc s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng” c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i khi \u1ea9n khi hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t trong c\u00e2u “s\u1eafc b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb s\u1eafc”(5), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c s\u1eafc, tuy hai m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u: “S\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb s\u1eafc”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chung quy c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p. T\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng. S\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng; n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng sinh, kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng), kh\u00f4ng nh\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch (t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t), kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n), c\u00f2n s\u00f3ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 con s\u00f3ng m\u1edbi sinh ra, c\u00f3 con s\u00f3ng \u0111ang l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n, c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ee5c, s\u00f3ng trong. 

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T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tho\u00e1ng qua c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Kh\u00f4ng, Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt g\u00ec; m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u “Th\u1ecb ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1ea5t sinh, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t t\u0103ng, b\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m”(6). Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng (l\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p “sinh di\u1ec7t”, “c\u1ea5u t\u1ecbnh”, “t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m” \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1edd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3, n\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng: V\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.2(5)

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Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt tuy c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p; th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng; v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng. L\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. 

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3. N\u1ed9i dung thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/strong>

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Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd duy\u00ean sinh, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1eefu, \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.

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3.1. Thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng qua Duy\u00ean sinh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p<\/strong>

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Thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean sinh (Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi), hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh th\u00e0nh, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n (duy\u00ean) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0 \u1ea3o t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, sinh ra v\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p (s\u1eafc), di\u1ec7t \u0111i v\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean tan r\u00e3 (kh\u00f4ng). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u do duy\u00ean gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh – tr\u1ee5 – ho\u1ea1i – kh\u00f4ng (sinh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong) trong mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean th\u00ec sinh th\u00e0nh ra c\u00e1i kia, c\u00e1i kia \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i sinh ra c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. V\u00ec m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, n\u00ean x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo nhau m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, hay t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o coi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb v\u1eadt v\u00f4 tri \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.

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Theo thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean sinh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. Trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1ecd (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c), t\u01b0\u1edfng (tri gi\u00e1c), h\u00e0nh (suy t\u01b0), th\u1ee9c (\u00fd th\u1ee9c) c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee3i duy\u00ean h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00ean th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. 

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3.2. T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 ng\u00e3, V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong>

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V\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u00fd “v\u00f4 ng\u00e3”, “v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng”. V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i “t\u00f4i”, theo ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ng\u00e3”. B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p do h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ra c\u00f3 (t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i). C\u00e1i c\u00f3  \u1ea5y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. 

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Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft (v\u00f4 minh), th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i “ng\u00e3” t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 n\u00e0y. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: n\u01b0\u1edbc, kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t… Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111i (c\u00e1i t\u00f4i tan bi\u1ebfn), nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u00f4i ra \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00f4 t\u1eadn – m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e2u n\u00f3i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i ra \u0111i. N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t nh\u00e3(7): “T\u00f4i l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00f4i”. T\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ph\u00f9 du c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a “v\u00f4 ng\u00e3” trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3. Ch\u00fang sinh tr\u00f4i l\u0103n trong sinh t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec v\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, r\u1ed3i b\u00e1m v\u00e0o n\u00f3, ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00e1i “ng\u00e3” \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “th\u1eadt ng\u00e3”, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 danh, “gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m” m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. 

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V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu ki\u1ebfp h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”(8). V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n, kh\u00f4ng \u1edf y\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, lu\u00f4n thay h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea1ng, \u0111i t\u1eeb sinh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed3i tan r\u00e3. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt hay v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ebd v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m, cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. 

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Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quan ni\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p” \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00e2n x\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong), khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i th\u00e2n t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 cho t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i. Cho n\u00ean, th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ng\u00e3” trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y nh\u00f3m t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p n\u0103m u\u1ea9n (s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c) n\u1eb1m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi “c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t cho n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t”. Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 (c\u00e1i t\u00f4i) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh – di\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p tan c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. Do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 (c\u00e1i t\u00f4i). T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 trong d\u00f2ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft.

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Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 do Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i duy\u00ean \u1ea5y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1i \u201cng\u00e3\u201d (c\u00e1i \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d) n\u1eefa. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng (ch\u01b0 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng), cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng gian, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng) v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1ini\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft Duy\u00ean sinh v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.

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T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean sinh, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi r\u1ecdi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m, l\u0129nh ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u00e0nh vi cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh theo chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb bi, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u0103ng hoa \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n – thi\u1ec7n – m\u1ef9.

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Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn Ngh\u1ecb
T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 6\/2015<\/strong>
–<\/div>\n
T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/div>\n
1. Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Hoa. Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, quy\u1ec3n 3, Th\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Tp. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, tr.609.<\/div>\n
2. T.R.V. Murti. T\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng (Hu\u1ef3nh Ng\u1ecdc Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch), Nxb H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2013.<\/div>\n
3. Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng (d\u1ecbch). Linh S\u01a1n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh, Kinh t\u1eadp A h\u00e0m, t.5, Nxb H\u1ed9i V\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Linh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, 2000<\/div>\n
4. Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u1ee5c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, t.3, Nxb Tp. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 1997<\/div>\n
5. Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Kinh Trung A h\u00e0m, t.4, 1992<\/div>\n
6. H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed T\u1ecbnh. Kinh Ma ha B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt, t.1, Nxb T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006.<\/div>\n
(1) Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1992), \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Kinh Trung A h\u00e0m, t.4, tr.226.<\/div>\n
(2) Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng (d\u1ecbch) (2000), Linh S\u01a1n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh, Kinh t\u1eadp A h\u00e0m, t.5, Nxb H\u1ed9i V\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Linh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc.<\/div>\n
(3) Long Th\u1ecd kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I – II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung \u1ea4n, tri\u1ebft gia quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Trung \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/div>\n
(4) Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a, n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt – v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p). <\/div>\n
(5) H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed T\u1ecbnh (2006), Kinh Ma ha B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt, t.1, Nxb T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, tr.527.<\/div>\n
(6) Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Hoa (2002), Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, quy\u1ec3n 3, Th\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Tp. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, tr.609.<\/div>\n
(7) Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Ma-ha B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a T\u00e2m kinh, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 t\u00e2m kinh hay T\u00e2m kinh – B\u1ed9 kinh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng.<\/div>\n
(8) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u1ee5c (1997), L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, t.3, Nxb Tp. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, tr.206.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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II. Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 theo PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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III. T\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng – N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba – Th\u1ea7y Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ebfn 2017<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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